Reprinted from TidBITS by permission; reuse governed by Creative Commons license BY-NC-ND 3.0. TidBITS has offered years of thoughtful commentary on Apple and Internet topics. For free email subscriptions and access to the entire TidBITS archive, visit http://www.tidbits.com/ 802.11ac Promises Better Coverage, but Won't Hit Advertised Speeds Glenn Fleishman Apple's towering revisions to the AirPort Extreme Base Station and the Time Capsule [1]tout the speed bump that will come from its inclusion of the 802.11ac standard, the latest in wireless local area networking. Instead of (up to) 450 Mbps with 802.11n, your data will zip around at (up to) 1.3 Gbps*' ยช'! (Note the parenthetical, asterisk, footnote, clarification, and proviso ' it's not that simple.) Now, it is true that 802.11ac can offer higher speeds than 802.11n, and Apple's implementation is technically capable of 1.3 Gbps. But as Apple notes at the bottom of the page, 'Actual speeds will be lower.' I'll say. In practice, I would wager that most home users and some business users will see only modest improvement in net throughput across their networks. What 802.11ac should achieve, however, is far better coverage. Those who moved from 802.11g (a 2003-era standard) to 802.11n (released widely in 2007) remember what a difference that was. Dead spots in your home and office were suddenly lit up. Areas in which you had slow data rates but a good signal were now able to communicate at several times the previous data rate. Apple doesn't ignore range and coverage, but that's really the benefit of 802.11ac for most users, not speed. Let's dig into Apple's claims. Closed Course with Professional Drivers -- I object to Apple's chart because it's exceedingly misleading about average, typical performance, and sets expectations far too high. It's as if Toyota were permitted to advertise that its consumer sedans could travel at 'up to 150 miles per hour!' ' ('' Closed course with professional drivers on a sunny day with new tires on a nearly frictionless surface.') Most drivers will be lucky to average 15 to 30 mph in the city. When Apple says that its implementation of 802.11ac can achieve up to 1.3 Gbps 'and other manufacturers with beefier radio systems already say up to 1.7 Gbps ' the reality is that a lot of conditions have to be met to achieve that raw data rate. And, as you well know from decades of network-technology advertising, dear reader, a 'raw' data rate (often incorrectly called 'theoretical') is the maximum number of bits that can pass over a network. That includes all the network overhead as well as actual data carried in packets and frames. The net throughput is often 30 to 60 percent lower. The key improvements in 802.11ac that give it the potential for higher data rates are: * 5 GHz only. 802.11ac works only in the higher-frequency 5 GHz band, which, in the countries in which channels are available to use in that range, has many fewer problems with interference. The United States has 23 nonoverlapping channels in 5 GHz, but Apple supports only 8 of those. All '802.11ac' base stations and adapters, like in the new MacBook Air models are really multiple layers of Wi-Fi standards. They can fall back to 802.11n (in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz), 802.11a (in 5 GHz), and 802.11g (in 2.4 GHz) if necessary to make a connection. * Support for super-wide channels. While 802.11b, g, and a allow only for channels that are 20 MHz wide, which max out at a raw rate of about 54 Mbps in those standards, 802.11n allows for channels that are up to 40 MHz wide in 5 GHz and hit about 150 Mbps. (Most base stations won't try to find and bond two adjacent channels in 2.4 GHz; Apple's doesn't.) With 802.11ac, however, base stations can combine multiple adjacent channels into super-wide channels that are either 80 MHz or 160 MHz wide, and thus have much higher raw data rates! * More efficient encoding. 802.11ac's 80 MHz and 160 MHz channels not only provide more raw spectrum, but also use a more efficient way to pack bits into the radio waves because of that extra frequency space. About 33 percent more data can be squeezed into 80 MHz or 160 MHz on top of the doubling or quadrupling of data by the channel width. That's 433 Mbps and 866 Mbps in the highest-speed configuration! (There are some technical choices that could reduce those rates, but Apple and most others are going for the gusto.) * Multiple spatial streams. 802.11n introduced MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) radio systems to Wi-Fi networks. MIMO can send and receive different streams of data, each at the maximum channel bandwidth, as they follow a different path through space, reflecting off and traveling through objects. This is called spatial multiplexing. Apple's current 802.11n equipment in laptops, desktops, and pre-2013 Extreme and Time Capsule (and current AirPort Express) can handle up to three streams. Some corporate gear can handle four streams. 802.11ac bumps that to up to a maximum of eight streams, although we will likely see so many streams only in expensive business equipment for quite some time. (Apple took years to go from two to three streams in its consumer 802.11n gear, while corporate hardware has four.) If you do the math for current Apple's 802.11n systems, you get an ideal case of 75 Mbps times two (two 20 MHz channels) times three spatial streams or 450 Mbps ' that's when using the 5 GHz band. With 802.11ac, Apple bumps that up: using 80 MHz (the biggest channel it opted for) with the improved encoding calculations out to 433 Mbps times three streams for roughly 1.3 Gbps. (Some companies that sell to corporations are already using four streams, which gets you that higher 1.7 Gbps advertised top rate.) But the trouble is we'll rarely see that data rate. Play Nice -- With all Wi-Fi standards, the technology tries to play nice with other networks and potential nearby interferers. Networks slow down when there's other traffic nearby on the same or adjacent channels, unless the signals can clearly be discriminated from one another. MIMO helps with this, because the multiple antennas allow overlapping signals to be teased out. (Some people argue there's no such thing as interference, but merely a limit to how effectively a receiver can tease out an incoming signal.) 802.11n had to go a step further. With 40 MHz channels, the chances of stepping on other networks is higher because of the increased radio space. 802.11n is designed to make devices and base stations listen for signals outside of a core 20 MHz channel, such as networks in adjacent businesses, houses, or apartments. If none are detected, it uses the whole 40 MHz channel; otherwise, it sticks with the regular 20 MHz channel. Users don't notice whether a narrower or wider channel is in use, although they might notice the variation in throughput. 802.11ac starts with a disadvantage for its 80 MHz and 160 MHz channels: there are simply not enough of them available without restrictions in most countries to allow multiple networks in the same general vicinity to rely channels that aren't already in use. In the United States, only two 80 MHz channels (four contiguous 20 MHz channels) are actually available: channels 36 to 48 as one chunk and 149 to 161 as another. Europe has even fewer clear channels, with likely just one consistent 80 MHz chunk possible. (Channel numbers are in increments of 5 MHz, so channel 36 comprises 36'39 as a total of 20 MHz, and so forth. Yes, it is confusing!) Europe and the United States have additional 5 GHz channels that can be used, but with a strict requirement that base stations on these channels (15 more 20 MHz channels in the United States!) must listen for telltale signs of weather-sensing radar used by governments. If detected, the base station has to tell clients that it is switching to another channel and then immediately move to that channel. Manufacturers have told me for years that the detection mechanism has a lot of false positives, and is thus triggered frequently where no radar installations exist! It's hard to use these channels reliably and introduces complexity in networking software. As a result, Apple has never included these channels as options in its base stations, and most consumer gear avoids it as well. (Meru Networks, an enterprise wireless network hardware maker, [2]has a chart with more detail.) For the channels in which checking for radar isn't required, 802.11ac is much cleverer than 802.11n about backing off when it senses there's traffic on any of the narrow channels it might be combining into one of its wide ones. So it's quite efficient about using up to 80 MHz (in 20 MHz to 40 MHz swaths) as available for each chunk of data sent. If there are no other networks nearby, or those that exist are mostly quiet, an 802.11ac network can get great throughput. But in places with active networks, throughput drops significantly. This problem might not exist forever. Future 802.11ac gear could combine 20 MHz or 40 MHz channels that aren't directly adjacent from different parts of the 5 GHz band. With Laser-Like Focus -- Don't let the speed discussion get you down, because 802.11ac does have three distinct advantages: better coverage, better performance at greater distances, and multiple-device simultaneous transmissions. Let's take these one at time: * Coverage improves. 802.11ac fully implements a feature touted for 802.11n called 'beamforming.' With 802.11n, the industry never quite got its act together, and very few devices actually shipped with this option correctly enabled. What beamforming does is use different amounts of power on each antenna to 'steer' a wireless signal directly to a device. It's a way to put some english ' just like spin on a billiards ball ' on the signal and twist and turn it to hit the receiving device dead on. Beamforming is why Apple now has two separate sets of antennas for these new base stations: the 5 GHz band needs a separate set to form beams uniquely. * Better performance at distance. Because of beamforming and the raw increases in speed, even if you can't get the top raw rate close up, you're much more likely to get a quite high rate ' much higher than with 802.11n 'when you're dozens to even hundreds of feet away from a base station. * Multiple-device...what did he say? Called MU-MIMO, for [3]multi-user MIMO, this option lets a base station target more than one receiver simultaneously, each with a unique stream of data. This is nifty, because a lot of mobile devices have only single-stream support in 802.11n, and are likely to retain that in 802.11ac. An iPhone on a network now slows everything down even though it can only receive one-third of the network traffic that a MacBook Pro can. With 802.11ac, the iPhone could be served at its full speed while one or two other devices maintain a full-stream connection at the same time. These three new features require new 802.11ac radios in all the gear you want to use, which will disappoint those who hoped for some backward-compatible improvements. Unlike the shift from 802.11g to 802.11n ' where 802.11g devices saw improvements merely by talking to an 802.11n-capable base station ' you won't see these improvements without new adapters. It worked with 802.11n because its benefits came from more sensitive receivers, multiple antennas, and more directed and powerful transmitters, even without beamforming. 802.11ac uses essentially the same basic technology as 802.11n in that regard and thus requires that all devices have new chips and radios to take advantage of the improvements. (For a vastly more detailed and technical discussion, Cisco has [4]a very nice explanation from last year.) Eventually, 802.11ac Will Be the New Normal -- Just as 802.11n gradually made its way first into base stations, then into desktop and laptop computers, and finally into tablets and then smartphones, 802.11ac will follow the same progression as chips get smaller, require less energy, and become cheaper. For most of us, 802.11ac isn't a must-have feature, especially when homes and offices that really need throughput already have cheap gigabit Ethernet everywhere. However, as 802.11ac becomes commonplace, we'll slowly see improvements in speed and more significant ones in coverage. We might finally reach a point where, instead of the three 802.11n base stations I need to cover my modest main floor and basement home and office (riddled as it is with signal-blocking older building materials),a single 802.11ac base station could handle the whole shack. References 1. https://www.apple.com/airport-extreme/ 2. http://www.merunetworks.com/products/technology/80211ac/ 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO 4. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps11983/white_paper_c11-713103.html#wp9000400 .