[HN Gopher] All-electric Cessna Grand Caravan makes maiden flight ___________________________________________________________________ All-electric Cessna Grand Caravan makes maiden flight Author : prostoalex Score : 120 points Date : 2020-05-30 03:59 UTC (19 hours ago) (HTM) web link (www.flightglobal.com) (TXT) w3m dump (www.flightglobal.com) | flyGuyOnTheSly wrote: | Amazing that the only thing you hear is the wind rustling by. | | Silent planes would be welcomed by many people living in densely | populated cities with high air traffic. | | They're almost giving away apartments near Pearson Airport in | Toronto, for example. | | The price per square foot in that area is ~10x lower than the | rest of the city and for good reason. (You are constantly | bombarded by the sound of jet engines passing by). | AdrianB1 wrote: | Not true; the only aircraft that does what you describe is a | glider. Any propeller will generate a lot of noise, the tips of | the blades get close to the sound barrier. Disclaimer: pilot | here, I did fly gliders and I fly propeller planes regularly. | m4rtink wrote: | Well, even in a glider all the air moving by does quite some | hissing, so its not completely silent (judging from the two | flights I took as a passenger in a Blanik and Super Blanik | respectively). Still much quieter than a small prop aircraft | & you can talk with the pilot just fine. | | On the other hand from the ground - yeah, a glider is pretty | much silent. You might sometimes hear some rather earie | whistling from some types when they are directly above, but | thats it. | AdrianB1 wrote: | He said the wind is the only thing you hear. Yes, in a | glider you hear the air moving, but adding a propeller adds | a huge amount of noise over that base sound. | dmitrygr wrote: | I love the sound of airplanes and all things airplane related. | I think you may have just given me a great tip as to where to | buy real estate. Thanks! | [deleted] | perl4ever wrote: | For all that you read about people complaining about airplane | noise, I grew up only a mile or two from an airport and never | thought about it nor do I remember anyone else complaining. | But one of my recurring dreams/nightmares for most of my life | is of watching a plane overhead and realizing at first | something is wrong and then that it's going to crash in the | back yard. | jeffbee wrote: | Considering the rate at which the general aviation fleet turns | over (~none in ~forever), and that the typical Cessna is flying | around with a World War 2 engine or its closely related | descendant, I predict that it will be roughly infinity years | before people who live at the ends of airports stop cursing the | noises. | | Of course, if they just outlaw 100LL avgas and pass some noise | regulations the problem will solve itself. | unchocked wrote: | Those people can curse all they want, but the airports | predate their homeownership. | briandear wrote: | Or maybe people could stop buying houses next to an airport | that has been around for 80 years and arriving surprised that | people fly airplanes around airports. | catalogia wrote: | The typical non-electric Cessna Grand Caravan doesn't use | avgas (they have turboprop engines), so outlawing leaded | wouldn't ground them. | perl4ever wrote: | I was never clear on why leaded avgas wasn't banned long ago. | I know I've run across information on the internet about | aircraft engines that can run on unleaded. | NikolaeVarius wrote: | They're working on it. Can't ban it since many airplanes | still require it. | amluto wrote: | I'm not entirely sure I buy this argument. Ban it | effective on a fixed date in a few years and introduce a | favorable regulatory regime to help with replacements. If | some planes won't be able to fly, so be it. | | Alternatively, introduce a Pigouvian tax: charge an | obscene and increasing amount to burn leaded fuel. | | This is kind of like the regulations that permit grossly | polluting old collectible cars to operate. Sure, they | have history, but that's not a sufficient excuse to allow | them to operate unmodified near other people. | dpe82 wrote: | Most piston engine aircraft in the country require, by | regulation, 100LL. Oil companies and the FAA have been | working for years to develop a replacement and came very | close a couple years ago, but since the FAA _strongly_ | favors safety and reliability over almost any other | consideration it takes a very long time to collect enough | data to have confidence a potential replacement is truly | equivalent. We have ~80 years of safety data for 100LL. | | Generally speaking, airports are reluctant to spend money | on a second set of tanks, pumps, etc. required during a | transition period; though some have - particularly in the | midwest where there are a lot of less regulated homebuilt | aircraft that can burn alternative fuels. | | A lot of pilots would love to burn something else. 100LL | is relatively nasty and builds up in engines, shortening | their life. It's even actively discouraged to burn 100LL | in some more modern small aircraft engines like the Rotax | 912 and pilots like myself who run that engine look for | non-leaded fuel whenever practical because it's healthier | for the engine. But well maintained aircraft last just | about forever and the legacy fleet is absolutely | enormous. | parsimo2010 wrote: | I'm an owner and pilot of one of the previously mentioned | planes that run on leaded fuel. The current issue with | your plan is that for a vast chunk of the GA fleet there | is no certified alternative to leaded fuel. Some planes | have supplemental type certificates (STC) available that | allow them to burn unleaded fuel, but many do not (such | as my Grumman Tiger). It's not just the engine, it's the | fuel system in the plane that must be certified- this is | not just a paperwork drill, there have been failed | certification attempts because the fuel system couldn't | deliver enough fuel pressure at certain temperatures. | | The FAA is required to evaluate the impact of new | regulations on the existing fleet. A change that would | eliminate or place a prohibitively high tax on leaded | fuel would likely be shown to eliminate half of the GA | fleet. This will not be approved until the impact can be | reduced. Developing and certifying new engines and fuel | system components for all the different aircraft type | certificates is totally infeasible; a new fuel substitute | is pretty much the only option. | | The FAA has made huge regulation changes before but there | has always been an alternative. The recent ADS-B mandate | requires about $5k of new equipment before a plane is | allowed to fly where Mode C transponders were previously | sufficient. This is/was expensive for many private | pilots, but was deemed to be acceptable for the safety | benefits gained. Some owners have chosen not to add the | ADS-B equipment and haven't been allowed to fly in some | parts of the country, but they can still fly most places. | A fuel regulation that grounds half the fleet with no | alternative regardless of the price is a completely other | level of impact. | | The FAA and most pilots want an alternative to leaded | fuel (at least for the assumed cost savings if not for | the environment). Energy companies are working on | unleaded substitutes but current options still require an | STC to burn. You probably won't see leaded fuel going | away until there is a universally approved replacement | that can just take the place of 100LL at every airport in | the country. | sokoloff wrote: | Props still make significant noise, especially at takeoff RPM. | | A friend of mine owned a house under the approach path to a | medium-volume reliever airport (KBED). All of the piston | airplanes that flew overhead were perfectly pleasant (at least | to me), but the jets were notably more annoying. | | Carrying more power/noise, more speed, and more disturbance to | stay flying while dirtied up, the difference was night and day. | I suspect the PT-6 powered C208 would already fall on the "not | so annoying" side of that spectrum (closer to the piston props | than the turbojets' noise profile), so changing fuel might not | provide that much relief to those who bought houses near | airports. | inamberclad wrote: | I have a theory that we'll be able to reduce the RPM and | increase the torque of these engines, versus conventional gas | turbines and piston engines, thereby reducing the tip speed | of the blades | sokoloff wrote: | Maybe. The PT6A already has a gearbox, so the engineers are | presumably able to choose a reduction ratio and prop RPM | quite independently of the gas and power generator | rotational speeds. (There are still torque limits in the | gearbox output, though it seems the same constraints would | face an electric motor.) | dpe82 wrote: | In most planes, pilots are already able to chose their | propeller RPM somewhat independently of torque by varying | the pitch of the propeller. However, pilots typically | optimize for rate of climb and not noise in order to get | out of the low altitude / low airspeed danger zone as | quickly as possible. | sokoloff wrote: | Yes. What GP is talking about though is changing the | _range of speeds available_ for pilot selection by | changing the prop length, airfoil, maybe number of | blades, and other design parameters. IOW, the design | elements, not so much the operational element. Similar to | how the C421 cruises at 1800-1900 prop RPM to give a(n | eerily) quieter cabin. | sokoloff wrote: | I'm skeptical about the $6 of electricity for the 30-minute | flight, or at least want to see the assumptions there. | | Even at super cheap $0.06/kWh rates, and 100% plug-to-motor | efficiency, that's only 100kWh. For a rated power of 560kW, that | suggests an _average_ power setting of around 35%. | darksaints wrote: | That may be cheap for residential, but commercial and | industrial rates are much lower. $.015 isn't uncommon. | [deleted] | sergeykish wrote: | We have numbers for | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_X-57_Maxwell | | > maximum flight time of approximately one hour. | | > 47 kWh (170 MJ) battery packs weight 860 lb (390 kg) for a | 121 Wh/kg density. | | 47 * 0.06 => 2.82 | latchkey wrote: | $0.06 isn't super cheap for commercial electric rates, even in | the US... for that, you're looking around $0.01-$0.03. | goodcanadian wrote: | _. . . average power setting of around 35%_ | | That actually sounds about right. You only need full power for | take-off. | | EDIT: Thanks for the corrections. | dmitrygr wrote: | not even close. | | Piston planes cruise at about 75% rated power (engine | manufacturers do not suggest running engines beyond that for | extended periods of time). Jets closer to 90 | sokoloff wrote: | Jets typically _can't make_ 90% power in cruise and are | often flying at 50% or lower fuel flows than takeoff. (You | might be setting almost 100% N1 speed as your power | setting, but that's not the same as setting 100% actual | power in a jet in high-altitude cruise.) | | Fuel flow is a good proxy for power. From the Citation II | flight manual: max cruise thrust settings (104% N1 over 25K | feet) have a peak fuel flow of 1716 lb/hr at 15K feet vs | 1083 lb/hr at 35K vs 721 lb/hr at 43K ft. Sea-level takeoff | fuel flows are not given in the manual, but are around 2000 | lb/hr, so typical low 30s cruise flight is 55-65% power. | SomeHacker44 wrote: | As a pilot, I fly full power at takeoff, of course. In my | usual piston plane, I fly at 75% power until it cannot | maintain that power (due to normal aspiration and no boost | from, eg, a turbocharger), and then "flat out" beyond that. | | I do not think I have ever flown at 35% power except in the | short time between final and touchdown. | goodcanadian wrote: | At the risk of sticking my foot in it even further . . . | | _I fly at 75% power until it cannot maintain that power_ | | Does that not mean that you are actually flying at well | under 75% of the rated power even if it is the maximum | power available at that altitude? | sokoloff wrote: | Yes, though normally aspirated pistons typically stay | under 8500 MSL and very rarely exceed 12500 MSL. IIRC, | you can make 75% power unboosted through around 7000' | MSL. I'd guess at least 90% of normally aspirated flight | is under 7000'. It certainly was for me, even though my | previous airplane could climb higher, it was slower up | there, so I rarely flew it over 10K unless there was a | screaming tailwind up high or terrible turbulence down | low. | | If I looked over all my engine monitor downloads for | power settings under 35% while airborne, I bet the | average would be under 1 minute per flight and it would | be between 200' and landing. | AdrianB1 wrote: | It happens to fly low power, but only in rare occasions. I | do that when I cross the mountains and I reduce the power | while loosing altitude from ~ 10k to 200 ft at landing. The | longest I flew with the engine turned off was ~ 30 miles, | that was in a motorglider with the propeller feathered. | These cases are so rare, but still exists. | sokoloff wrote: | Like the others, I'm also a pilot and confirm that we cruise | in the 65-75% of rated power range in piston ops. Turboprops | do have a larger power reserve / larger spread between rated | and cruise power, but it's nowhere near 25% in cruise. | abdullahkhalids wrote: | How much would that change if you had a possibly lighter | engine, and an empty hull (all extra weight disposed off)? | sokoloff wrote: | It's only on max range flights that I throttle back as my | airplane gets lighter. On typical flights, I instead take | the 3-4% speed increase as the fuel burns off. | | Lightness is a hugely important feature in airplanes. I'm | not sure that current battery tech is poised to deliver | on lighter aircraft for a given mission range. An | additional drag (pun intended) for electrics is that | landing weight is the same as takeoff weight except for | skydiving ops. | thoraway1010 wrote: | That is ridiculous - you wouldn't carry the weight around for | that power level for such a short flight segment need. If you | are averaging 35% power you have WAY to big an engine in your | plane!! | londons_explore wrote: | Electric motors are very cheap and light for a given power | output, especially for forced air cooling, so oversizing | them doesn't impact the cost or weight too much. | | They might use that fact to oversize them giving better | redundancy (eg. one can fail during takeoff and it not be | an issue). | AdrianB1 wrote: | In aviation where every kilogram matters and where you | can put more batteries instead of an over-sized engine, | that logic does not work. There is zero redundancy from | oversizing the engine. | sacred_numbers wrote: | Probably a better way to estimate battery capacity is through | weight. The article says that the battery weighs "roughly one | tonne", and li-ion batteries weigh between 150-200 wh/kg at the | pack level, so the battery is probably between 150 and 200 KWh. | mceachen wrote: | From the article: "charging times correlate closely to flight | times, says Ganzarski. That means the batteries would need about | 30-40min of charging following a 30min flight. The weight of the | batteries makes swapping spent cells for fresh cells unfeasible | between flights, he says." | | Does utilization for these short-hop routes correlate to this | sort of down time? | eigenvector wrote: | It becomes more and more feasible the shorter the flight is, | since the 'turnaround' time on the ground starts to become | longer than the actual flight time. That's why Harbour Air, | which operates ~20 minute seaplane flights from Vancouver, will | probably one of the first airlines to operate electric aircraft | in commercial service. | | https://www.harbourair.com/about/corporate-responsibility/go... | ShakataGaNai wrote: | It's probably longer than required for passenger flights. The | Caravan is 9-13 passengers (depending), plus a little baggage. | Wouldn't be hard to unload/load 10 people in less than 30 mn. | However the question is how many small commuter airlines are | operating a flight with repeated as-fast-as-possible turn | around? | | Cargo configuration, certainly seems like you could charge it | faster than a load/unload. | | The thing about fast turn around's is that planes only make | money when flying. However a big part of flying is the expense | of fuel. So if you can make your hour flight in $12 of | electricity, that brings the cost way down. That offsets the | cost of sitting on the ground for an extra X minutes. | | Also gotta take into account the electric versions reduced need | and cost of maintenance. So there is reduced aircraft downtime | for less maintenance, and it costs less each time. Overall, | that probably greatly increases the time available to fly and | therefor the profit potential for the plane. | dzhiurgis wrote: | > Wouldn't be hard to unload/load 10 people in less than 30 | mn. | | Ryanair is probably best at it, executing within time above | but in a 737. You can hate Ryanair for some things, but I | admire for how affordable they make flying. | danielfoster wrote: | This is amazing for rural communities and student pilots. And if | it became safely possible to run the plane with just one pilot | onboard for commercial service, this lower cost plane would have | even more potential. | | Up to 40 minutes for charging could be an issue for airlines who | want to turn planes around quickly, though I doubt Cessna | operators are striving for Ryanair economics yet. | AdrianB1 wrote: | The number of pilots has no correlation with the electric | propulsion. | | For student pilots it is not amazing, in the flight school you | need to do a raid (this is how it is called on this side of the | ocean) flying between 3 cities and 500 miles minimum; you | cannot do it with the electric plane and as a student you are | not good enough to fly a different plane model (with ICE power | plant) just for the raid, so you cannot complete the school. | inamberclad wrote: | You'll still be able to do most of your pattern work and | general handling training in vastly cheaper electric | aircraft. | AdrianB1 wrote: | Then what do you do, transition on a different plane during | school? At that point you will need a full 45 hours or more | on the second plane, negating the cheaper first plane. | Gibbon1 wrote: | I think if you were able to get the range up to 250-300 miles | that would be a very big deal for far flung communities. All of | those are underserved by air transport. Offhand thought is you | probably could justify small pilotless freight aircraft. | ggm wrote: | How much further could an ePlane fly if it was possible to | discard spent batteries? (Serious question) | josephcsible wrote: | In your hypothetical scenario, do you care whether the | batteries are recoverable and reusable? If not, then you lose a | lot of benefit of electrification. | crazygringo wrote: | Imagine if there were large fields (or lakes) every few | hundred miles designated as drop zones where huge battery | packs would be parachuted down into and recovered every | couple weeks, from cross-country commercial flights. | | I'm sure there are a million problems with it, but you never | know. | ShakataGaNai wrote: | The Cessna 208 Caravan has an empty weight of 2,145 kg. The | article states the battery is roughly 1 tonne (1,000 kg). One | could assume the electrified version is slightly lighter, sans | batteries, empty due to the lack of need for a lot of the gas | related items. | | So if the plane is now somewhere in the range of 3,000 kg at | takeoff, clearly shedding up to 30% of the planes weight would | allow it to fly quite a bit farther. That's one of the | advantages of gas, as you burn it, you get lighter, you get | more fuel efficient. | brent_noorda wrote: | Even as I bet against electric flight being commercially feasible | except in extremely limited conditions, I'm excited by any news | that I might possibly be worng. | lstodd wrote: | a range of 100 miles with 4-5 passengers | | where the kerosene-powered variant has about a thousand miles | with ~7 passengers | war1025 wrote: | First thought seeing this was of the Dodge Grand Caravan minivan | we had growing up. | | It's interesting how often names get reused. | Havoc wrote: | As a workload it sorta makes senses. You want raw output for | take-off and then steady efficient power for cruise. Both of | which electric motors can do. | | ...just a question of battery weight, which is dropping | [deleted] | AdrianB1 wrote: | Piston engines can also do. You want max output for take-off, | but to maintain the cruise speed you need around 75% of the | engine output and you fly at "steady efficient power" (75%) for | cruise; there is no difference here. It's not like cars where | you brake and accelerate many times. | chrisseaton wrote: | Wow that's a strange choice for a name. Can't think of anything | I'd less like to fly in than a caravan. Makes me think of boring | trips and cheap flimsy tacky boxes liable to be blown away by the | wind. | wheels wrote: | To resolve the confusion: that's British usage. In North | America, the thing you're thinking of is called a "camper", and | the association most Americans have with the word "caravan" is | to a Dodge minivan. | anamexis wrote: | If it's any consolation, the Cessna Caravan predates the Dodge | Caravan by 3 years. | mr_spothawk wrote: | we drove a dodge caravan around the country a number of times | while i was a kid. | chrisseaton wrote: | I don't know what a Dodge Caravan is specifically. This is | what 'caravan' makes me think of though - | https://www.practicalcaravan.com/wp- | content/uploads/2018/02/... - not what you'd want to fly in! | mr_spothawk wrote: | this is what i was thinking | | https://duckduckgo.com/?q=caravan+waggon&t=brave&iar=images | &... | the8472 wrote: | Why is everyone thinking of cars? There is a far more | picturesque and older meaning of the word. | | http://remarkablejourneys.com/wp- | content/uploads/2015/09/Day... | userbinator wrote: | Because of this: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Caravan | | They were immensely popular throughout the 90s and early | 2000s. | joncp wrote: | To be fair, Cessna had the name before Chrysler co-opted it | chrisseaton wrote: | Caravans have been a thing before either Cessna or Chrysler | were founded. | inamberclad wrote: | Light aircraft aren't really known for having enlightening | names. | lallysingh wrote: | I'm not sure people will be as ready to go back into 200+ | passenger aircraft as before. | | Small party flights could become more popular as the range goes | up. | ahelwer wrote: | There's a very long way to go before safety is comparable. Last | time I looked into it, you have better odds skydiving from a | small plane than landing in it. | AdrianB1 wrote: | Not at all, skydiving from a plane without a parachute is | almost always deadly (very few exceptions) while landing with | an engine failure is something every student practice in the | flight school (at least in my country). | | The smaller the plane, the easier to land it with an engine | failure, the smaller the plan the fewer pieces that can | break. yes, the average General Aviation pilot is quite bad, | that explains the huge accident rate compared to airliners, | but the reliability of the planes is not bad at all. | m4rtink wrote: | That's why I like gliders - one less component to fail (the | engine) and every landing is an engine out landing, with | the plane built and pilot trained to do that. :) | AdrianB1 wrote: | All pilots are trained to land with the engine out. Some | are better and most are not, that's not the plane's | fault. Yes, glider pilots are the best at this :) | alfalfasprout wrote: | Most small aircraft accidents are completely preventable loss | of control (either by taking off with too much weight, | stalling during takeoff, or stalling during landing) or | flying into IMC (instrument metereological conditions | including clouds, fog, etc.) and becoming disoriented and | losing control. Simple engine failure is something that every | private pilot trains for. | | Improvements in training can significantly help with both. | Instrument training in particular drastically reduces the | risks of inadvertent IMC. Some technology also assists with | the latter (eg; synthetic vision on foreflight on aircraft | with garmin G1000 cockpits gives you references for how the | plane is positioned and any terrain around you you could | hit). | purplezooey wrote: | _...receives power from a 750V lithium-ion battery system | weighing roughly one tonne..._ | | It's like a giant flying battery with a few seats. | umvi wrote: | Is it any quieter than gas engines? Last time I flew in a Cessna, | the propeller was bone-jarringly loud. | alfalfasprout wrote: | Unfortunately the real limitation here is still weight. You can | get excellent torque and incredible reliability from electric | motors vs. gas powered engines but the biggest difference is that | as you fly longer the plane gets lighter with a gas powered | plane. With an electric plane you're always at full weight and | that limits your flexibility. | | Worse, batteries are still very, very heavy compared to the | energy they store. I suspect that as battery technology improves | we'll see a drastic shift toward electric planes being more | appealing. | | For GA aircraft they'd be amazing. Excellent power, significantly | higher reliability, much lower maintenance costs, and much lower | cabin noise. But at the weights listed, I can't imagine a Cessna | 182 going electric anytime soon. | baybal2 wrote: | Regular 208 spends 150 kg per hour, which is microscopic by | aviation standards. A piston An-2 spends the same, but in super | expensive avgas, and flies half as slow. A more comparable | DHC-3 flies a bit faster, at 135 kg per hour, again, avgas. | the-dude wrote: | Doesn't a full battery carry more electrons and is therefore | heavier? | jbotz wrote: | No. Aside from the fact that the weight of the electrons, | although not zero, is negligible, they also don't get "lost" | in the process... they just get moved around, in the case of | battery power literally from one end of the batery to the | other. Combustible fuel in contrast, gets turned into gases | (CO2 and H2O) which are blown out the exhaust and thus lost. | jcims wrote: | Think of it like a mousetrap. Two energy states, same mass. | jedberg wrote: | Darnit. I saw Grand Caravan and thought it was an all-electric | minivan. | | I've been waiting years for an electric minivan. The moment | someone comes out with one, I'm turning in my current minivan, | which I love, for an all electric van. | Tade0 wrote: | Toyota, out of all companies, is planning on releasing an | electric Proace: | | https://www.autoevolution.com/news/new-toyota-proace-ev-sche... | | Not exactly a minivan and probably won't reach the US, but it's | a start. | jedberg wrote: | At least they'll prove it makes sense! Maybe it will motivate | Honda to do an electric Odyssey. | BrentOzar wrote: | > I've been waiting years for an electric minivan. The moment | someone comes out with one, I'm turning in my current minivan, | which I love, for an all electric van. | | Bad news: while you can still buy minivans, they're being | phased out in favor of SUVs. Dodge just put the nail in the | coffin for the Grand Caravan, and production stops this year: | https://www.thedrive.com/news/33702/death-of-an-icon-dodge-g... | | The investments are in the SUV/CUV segment where profit rates | are higher. | jedberg wrote: | Yeah I noticed that trend too. :( It's a shame because we had | both and the van is just so much easier for hauling 6 people | than any SUV out there. | legitster wrote: | Same. | | The Model X gets pretty close, but is way too gimmicky with | it's touchscreen everything and cutesy doors. | | A modern minivan is already the most sophisticated vehicle on | the road. I just want one in electric. | jedberg wrote: | The Model X sadly does not have nearly the versatility of my | Honda Odyssey. | | And it costs an extra $100K. :) | ashtonkem wrote: | The model X is more expensive, but it's not $100K more than | a new Honda Odyssey. Heck, it's not $100K more than your | _current_ Odssey! The X starts at $80k, while the Oddysey | costs somewhere between $30k and $45k. | | It's only the top of the line performance trim that costs | $100K. | jedberg wrote: | Maybe I'm misremembering but in 2017 I think the maxed | out Model X was $138,000 and my Honda was $45,000, so | almost $100K difference. | ashtonkem wrote: | I believe you're right, prices appear to have dropped. | dzhiurgis wrote: | Nissan had one since 2012, but only recent oneS have reasonable | battery sizes | jedberg wrote: | Apparently not here in the US. :( | 1123581321 wrote: | Ford is launching an electric Transit at the end of 2021 ('22 | models.) We have a larger family, so we're hopeful the range, | power and cost will be acceptable. Swapping out low MPG large | commercial and passenger vans for electric will prevent a lot | of gasoline and diesel usage. | p1esk wrote: | Chrysler sells Pacifica Hybrid (which is actually a plug in | hybrid, so pretty close to all electric in every day | situations). 2021 Toyota Sienna is also going to be a hybrid | (but not a plug in). | jedberg wrote: | Yeah I looked at that Pacifica hybrid. Sadly the all-electric | range is too small for our use case. | | Didn't know about the Sienna. That could be interesting. From | what I understand the Toyotas are fairly hackable to turn | them into plugin hybrids. | arecurrence wrote: | Only 6 months after the first commercial airplane electric | flight. https://www.harbourair.com/harbour-air-and-magnix- | announce-s... ___________________________________________________________________ (page generated 2020-05-30 23:00 UTC)