[HN Gopher] Central Spain records temperatures of -25degC after ... ___________________________________________________________________ Central Spain records temperatures of -25degC after snowstorm Author : zeristor Score : 145 points Date : 2021-01-12 20:23 UTC (2 hours ago) (HTM) web link (www.bbc.co.uk) (TXT) w3m dump (www.bbc.co.uk) | maaaaattttt wrote: | To put this in context as well, most places (at the least in the | southern parts of Spain) don't have central heating systems or | proper insulation. A fireplace or reversible A/C if you're lucky. | saool wrote: | I wouldn't extrapolate. | | Most places in Spain have and need heating, apart from a few | coastal enclaves in the south. Spain is the 5th largest user of | energy for residential heating in the EU, behind Germany, | France, Italy, and Poland. | dieortin wrote: | In the central parts of Spain they do have heating systems and | proper insulation. Winters are cold there, just not as cold as | this year. | cs702 wrote: | For those accustomed to US/Imperial units, -25x9/5+32=-13degF. | Temperatures in Madrid dropped to -16degC (3degF). | | As others here have mentioned, these temperatures are unusually | low for January in this region of Spain. They are the kinds of | temperatures one would have seen in January during the "Little | Ice Age" between the 15th and 19th centuries.[a][b][c] | | Let's hope this unusual drop in temperature is just a "one-off" | rare climate event, and not a portend of things to come. | | -- | | [a] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ice_Age | | [b] https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/01/how-the- | little... | | [c] http://www.iberianature.com/material/iceage.html | baxtr wrote: | Wasn't this kinda expected? It's an El Nino year I believe? | Australian summer is also colder than usual I think. | | EDIT: Seems like it's a "La nina" Winter... | ben_w wrote: | The average minimum in Madrid in January is +3degC, and | -3degC in Molina de Aragon, so no. | | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Madrid | | https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/spain/molina-de-aragon- | clim... | knowhy wrote: | According to Wikipedia [0] that should not affect Europe. | | 0: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a#/media/File:La_ | Ni... | nojokes wrote: | In principle snow is good. It is better than rain as it will | not flow quickly away. Melting snow lets more water to sink | into ground and build up water table. | throw0101a wrote: | As someone who lives in Canada: you don't have to shovel | rain. | serf wrote: | as a former citizen of Huntington Beach CA during the 1997 | El Nino storms, i'd take the snow. | | I have the newspaper clipping of my grandmother being | rescued from her home via dinghy by city rescue workers. | Everyone I knew had their house ruined in hours after weeks | of shoveling sandbags fruitlessly in front of the | neighborhoods and homes. | | And that was just the flood damage and personal effect , | itself. | | Untold amounts of environmental and biological damage | occurred when sea-levels were temporarily higher than any | of the sanitation and oil-recollection facilities that were | in town. | | That said , snow _sucks_ , but i'd rather sweep it off my | roof and winterize my plumbing than attempting to figure | out the physics behind flood-proofing acres of land (almost | always fruitlessly) and having to surf in sewage for years | past the event. | dsego wrote: | There is a funny joke about a Bosnian in Canada, you may | appreciate it. https://www.reddit.com/r/Jokes/comments/3dcn | 76/the_diary_of_... | PeterisP wrote: | It absolutely is an example of things to come - scenarios like | this are caused by the weakened polar vortex that generally | separates European weather from Arctic weather; the polar | vortex has become weaker over the last years because of recent | climate change / regional warming, and it is strongly expected | to become even weaker in the coming decade(s), making weather | like this more frequent. | waheoo wrote: | Is this related to the polar vortex collapse discussed just | the other day, https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25713704 | throwaway5752 wrote: | This isn't related to the polar vortex splitting, this _is_ | the polar vortex that has split. This is a part of the cold | air mass that normally sits on the North Pole, but on top | of Spain. Normally the cold arctic air spins around the | north pole stably because it is cold and low pressure in | the northern hemisphere winter. Warm air intruded into it, | destabilized it, and it spun out into lower latitudes with | corresponding intrusions of equally hot temperatures | elsewhere (Tibetan plateau https://twitter.com/extremetemps | /status/1348693028022738951/...) | nextos wrote: | It looks unusual, and I agree with you that it might be an | example of the things to come. But I'd love to see an | analysis of snowstorms in central Spain using extreme value | theory. It might not be that infrequent. In EVT terms, the | return level might not be more than a few decades. | | Central Spain is quite cold. For example, when the | International Brigades came to fight in the Civil War they | were expecting a mild Winter, but they were shocked by pretty | extreme temperatures. Luckily, everyone got prepared as next | few years were even worse. In 1937, Teruel Battle was | consistently fought below -20 C. | | Aside from 1937, 1956 and 1971 saw pretty intense snowstorms. | The 1971 one was much worse than the current storm according | to the data I've seen. | evgen wrote: | I believe that this is due to the recent collapse of this | year's polar vortex. The same thing happened last year and | pushed large amounts of cold polar air into Europe. We are | expecting a few more waves of this over the next few weeks. | oh_sigh wrote: | Wouldn't a little ice age be great right about now? Then we can | burn all the oil we want and be helping stay within our | temperature bounds, not blowing through them. | Shared404 wrote: | Not an expert by any means, but... | | The issue is that this is caused by the collapse of standard | weather systems. | | This isn't a sign of an ice age, it's the sign of | instability. | GnarfGnarf wrote: | That's brutal. What kind of heating do these people have? Central | heating, or electric registers in some rooms? | spapas82 wrote: | Wow that's really strange because here in Greece we have probably | the hottest January of the last years with temperatures around | 20c! | _Microft wrote: | It's not that surprising. While climate change is often | discussed in terms of increasing average temperature, the | change will come with much larger variations than we are | currently experiencing. A lot of these extremes will ,average | out' but that won't make hot summers or cold winters less | unpleasant (or deadly). | mobilio wrote: | In Bulgaria too. | | But this weekend temperatures are going to drop to -10 to -15. | renedet wrote: | Where's the global warming(lie)? | tgv wrote: | It's been called (anthropogenic) climate change because of | insipid replies like yours. It's like my daughter saying that's | she having social interaction because she's looking at tiktok, | "and it's called social media." | kube-system wrote: | weather =/= climate | | Climate is more or less the average weather over time. Think | about it this way: | | Let's pretend (and for the sake of simplifying the problem), we | have a tiny planet with only two equally sized places, A and B. | And here's the seasonal temperatures for each: | (winter/spring/summer/autumn) | | A: 10, 20, 30, 20 | | B: 15, 25, 35, 25 | | The global average temperature (if you average all the numbers) | is: 22.5 | | Now, lets say numbers change to this: | | A: 8, 22, 30, 20 | | B: 12, 28, 35, 27 | | Now the global average temperature has _increased_ by a 0.25 | degree to 22.75. But all of these things are also true: | | 1. A didn't get any warmer in year 2 than it did in year 1. | | 2. Both places got _colder_ during the winter. | | 3. B only got 2 degrees warmer than last year. | | 4. The largest temperature fluctuation is 60% more extreme in | year 1 than in year 2. | | Now, expand this example to the thousands of places that we | measure weather on earth and you can see why the weather in one | location would contribute statistically very little to the | overall climate. | jwcacces wrote: | This is global warming. The globe as a whole gets warmer, and | the weather gets more erratic. | | See: | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/01/clima... | | https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/01/30/this... | | https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/12/if-global-warming... | | or anything else you get when you search "global warming colder | winters" | eznzt wrote: | Global warming at its finest. | paulintrognon wrote: | *climate change ;) | BelenusMordred wrote: | The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) was | established in 1988, 32 years ago. | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Cli... | _nothing wrote: | You can't have gone the past couple decades without anyone | pointing out there's a difference between weather and climate, | so I'm assuming you understand the difference but choose to | ignore it in hopes that there will be people ignorant enough to | believe you. | bfieidhbrjr wrote: | Maybe we could ban them like Parler for all the WrongThink! | just_steve_h wrote: | I know you're being snarky, but it actually IS likely a result | of anthropogenic climate change! The north polar region is | warming much faster than most places on the globe. Without its | usual thick mass of ice, the region isn't cold enough to | sustain the usual "polar vortex." Global models have been | predicting for weeks that the vortex would split, and a lobe of | very cold air would spin off over Europe, causing record cold | temps. | | The debates are over and we are already living with the | consequences of burning up so much fossil fuel. But your snark | is, uh, really funny! Ha ha! | imnotlost wrote: | Snow in Madrid is definitely unusual but Spain gets snow every | year. | | "You can go to Puerto de Navacerrada for a few hours of skiing | then return to Madrid to continue visiting the many attractions | in Europe's fourth-largest city." | | https://www.justapack.com/best-ski-resorts-in-spain-ski-reso... | harperlee wrote: | It used to be more frequent. When I was in school, there was at | least a day per winter when snow would not melt and you woke up | to whit(ish) streets in Madrid (city). Nothing that jammed | traffic or made us skip school by far, but you got some snow to | throw around. Currently that does not happen; and when it | happens it seems heavier. Last traffic-disrupting snowfall was | 2009 in Madrid. | | In Madrid (region), at less than an hour driving, we have a | Sierra where we used to have 3 skiing stations. Now we only | have 2 (Navacerrada and Valdesqui) because Cotos had to close. | And snow melts more quickly. My father always boasts that he | once skied in the Madrid Sierra on May 15th, and with current | climate that's difficult to believe. But I've seen how the | skiing season gets shorter year after year. 15 years ago | everybody made plans for going skiing to the Pyrenees on the | Inmaculada holiday (early November), and currently all bets are | off even for the Constitution holiday (early December). | tgv wrote: | But that's over a kilometer higher. | raarts wrote: | For those interested in events like this. There's a guy[1] that | collects reports on cold weather records and maintains a mailing | list. | | He's a wonky guy and kinda bent on the solar minimum but if you | can see past that, his list does a good job of reporting on cold | extremes across the world. | | [1] electroverse.net | dukeofdoom wrote: | This is killing temperature even for the hardiest palm. So I'm | wondering how much of their mature trees and landscaping will be | destroyed | kace91 wrote: | The city of Madrid, where I live, is currently full of fallen | trees. I went for a walk a couple days ago and could count | easily 10-20 just in the nearby streets. | | It's been pretty chaotic, since we're not used to snow at all. | After 4 days roads are still unusable, supermarkets can't | restock shelves...The city's pretty much stopped. | mytailorisrich wrote: | -16C, as has been recorded in Madrid, is definitely lethal for | olive trees. | | I don't know about the temperatures in the all of Spain or | where the main olive orchards are but that has the potential | for being devastating for growers. | yk wrote: | So "Day after tomorrow" is the SF film that came true? | tpmx wrote: | No. It sometimes gets very cold in the mountains. | duxup wrote: | >This woman in Madrid was doing her best to deal with the icy | conditions on Monday | | No... not hot water to melt the ice and then have it freeze | again. | Jtsummers wrote: | It was comical, but also sad, seeing people doing that in | middle Georgia (US state, not country) a few years back when we | had an unusual (for the area) cold spell with a lot of ice. | Very few had scrapers and brushes for their cars to clear them | so I was cleaning a lot of neighbors' cars while my own car was | warming up. | mschuster91 wrote: | Isn't pouring boiling hot water on car glass a pretty certain | way to shatter them by thermal stress?! | Jtsummers wrote: | It could, though I've never seen it happen when people | tried it. It usually just refreezes and scraping (plus | running the car heater) is the better option. | pengaru wrote: | It's predicted that Europe will get colder due to climate change. | "Europe will get cold toes" - NASA [0] | | [0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DldSBIja2Kw&t=46s | qayxc wrote: | Only Spain isn't Europe - meanwhile 12deg further north, | temperatures are normal (even a bit on the warmer side) for the | season. | | A single night of record breaking low temperatures doesn't mean | much. 24 years ago today, it was -18degC in my little corner of | the world, the next night it was more than 12degC warmer | already. | | Freak weather extremes will increase in both intensity and | frequency, but doomsday predictions usually don't hold much | water as we know too little about the system as a whole and the | feedback mechanisms involved. | loosetypes wrote: | These same areas have also seen increasingly warmer summers in | recent times, right? | | While it may be hard to speculate short and long term regional | changes, does anyone have a recommendations for interactive tools | to explore, say, monthly temperatures for a given area for the | past however many years? | cal5k wrote: | Cold-blooded Canadian here, so forgive me for asking - is this | highly unusual? | darthcoder4242 wrote: | I am from Madrid, and I can tell this is in fact highly | unusual. From time to time it might snow in Madrid a couple of | days, but nothing like this. In the mountains of course it | happen almost every year, but not in the plains... | | All the cities in central Spain are collapsed by the ice and | snow (including the capital), there are no public | transportation, emergencies services can barely make it into | affected zones, a lot of people don't have water supply because | of frozen pipes (including myself), trucks with food and | supplies are still stuck and cannot enter in the city... | | This chaos is of course because we are not prepared for this | extreme cold weather, and we are not prepared because this is | VERY unusual. | | Let's say this is the same unusual as in the covid-19 | pandemic,nobody would have imagined it a year ago. | Jare wrote: | I remember back in 1984 or so, we once had snow in Madrid in | May. Younger people laugh at me as if I'm just making that up, | but what has just happened is way more unusual. | otoburb wrote: | ... and we wonder why so many Canadians move down south to | California or Florida. Even cold-blooded reptiles like basking | in the sun once in a while. | cmrdporcupine wrote: | It's no colder in most of Canada (the most populated parts) | than most of the midwest or the northeast. Average | temperatures in the winter in Toronto are only slightly | colder than NYC. | | Yes, where I'm originally from in central Alberta, it gets | cold as hell. But most of the population of Ontario (the most | populous province) lives significantly south of the 49th | parallel, on the same latitude as much of Oregon. Further | south than Vermont, Maine, or New Hampshire, and due to | weather patterns this side of the lake is actually a tad | warmer on average than the south side in central NY. | | TDLR: Most of Canada isn't as cold as the stereotypes. Lots | of Americans live in colder areas. | RspecMAuthortah wrote: | Yeah I am one of those cold blooded Canadians. Weird thing is | if you look at what's going in Canadian real estate, the | shitty weather is not reflected in price at all. | | Weather and the high cost of living in all the major Canadian | cities (compared to the average tech income) were the two | main reasons wife and I decided to move down South. Don't | regret it for a moment. | TeMPOraL wrote: | Isn't Canadian real estate mostly a parking spot for | foreign capital these days, and has nothing to do with the | actual demand of people living there? | mschuster91 wrote: | > Weird thing is if you look at what's going in Canadian | real estate, the shitty weather is not reflected in price | at all. | | Some Chinese investor needing a safe heaven for their | assets (and/or, in case some purge happens like with Jack | Ma, for their family) that can't be seized at random by the | CCP does not care at all about the weather, only about the | country showing a spine to China. That is why the real | estate market of Canada is so thoroughly messed up - a | third of Vancouver's market, for example, was Chinese | (https://www.fortunebuilders.com/one-third-of-vancouvers- | real...). | bobthepanda wrote: | Also, in terms of weather, it's all relative. | | Canada can get quite cold, but Vancouver is actually | relatively moderate and is borderline Mediterranean due | to its west coast location. Beijing gets both much colder | and much hotter on a regular basis. | | Also, air quality in Vancouver is significantly better | than in Beijing, which would have more impact on living | conditions than just climate by itself. | antiman0 wrote: | Spain almost never sees degrees below 0degC [1]. | | [1] https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/spain | marvel_boy wrote: | Not true. In the north range mountains there are below zero | temperatures every winter. | madia_leva wrote: | Spain has very different climates. I live only 30 kms away | from the cost in the North of Spain and temperatures of -4 or | -5 C are quite common in the winter. Some times we even have | -10 C. So temperetures bellow zero are definitely common | here. | Xenoamorphous wrote: | In the north it's completely normal to have sub zero | temperatures in the winter. My hometown doesn't have a | particularly high altitude (650m, i.e. not in the mountains) | and the average low for January is below zero. | CodeGlitch wrote: | Seems pretty unusual. Compared to the UK [1] which is much | further North. | | [1] https://blog.metoffice.gov.uk/2012/10/16/top-ten-coldest- | rec... | cogman10 wrote: | Interestingly, even the UK doesn't get a lot of snow. That's | because the gulf stream keeps it relatively warm for it's | latitude. | | One of the major concerns of climate change is that may | disrupt the gulf stream which would be disastrous for the UK. | Their ecosystem depends heavily on the fact that water from | the gulf of mexico keeps them unusually warm. | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream | Ma8ee wrote: | Not only the UK, but the whole of Northern and Western | Europe are kind of screwed without the Gulf Stream. | [deleted] | alpaca128 wrote: | From the article: | | > Spain's coldest night for at least 20 years | u678u wrote: | The Spanish people definitely dont have Canada quality heating | or insulation. | | Compared to most of the world Canada is pretty much like living | in the arctic. :) Even Americans dont want to live in the top | half of the USA any more. | dieortin wrote: | I don't think heating quality or insulation is a problem for | most people in central Spain. | ficklepickle wrote: | Lot's of Canada doesn't have "Canada quality" insulation, | including my apartment but also a variety of houses I have | lived in. | | I grew up in the Okanagan, where temps range from -20degC to | 40degC. Many houses there couldn't deal with either extreme | well. | | Even in Vancouver, -16 would freeze some pipes and kill some | people. Not as bad as Madrid, but we are more accustomed to | it here. | soyyo wrote: | In Madrid city it may snow one or two times a year, but not all | years, also most of the time the snow goes away the same day it | falls. A few years the snow remains in the city for a couple of | days, but is not that common and is usually seen as a joyful | event. | | But this time, the whole city was completely covered in snow, | all of it. Cars abandoned in the middle of the street, people | skying in the main avenues, it was crazy, no one I know has | ever seen this here so if it has ever happened, it must been at | least 80 years ago. | [deleted] | inglor_cz wrote: | Spain is kinda prelude to Africa, at least climate-wise. It | gets cold and snowy in the mountains during winter, but | something like that is highly unusual in Madrid. | skrebbel wrote: | Madrid is generally considered one of the hottest places of | Europe. | tpmx wrote: | In the mountains, at about 3k feet or 1k meters elevation. Yes, | the headline is quite misleading. _I expect more from the BBC_. | | From the article: | | > The temperature plunged to -25C (-13F) in Molina de Aragon and | Teruel, in mountains east of Madrid | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molina_de_Arag%C3%B3n | | > Elevation 1,065 m (3,494 ft) | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruel | | > Elevation 915 m (3,002 ft) | dan1234 wrote: | Even in Madrid it got down to -16C (average low for January is | 2.7C). | 88840-8855 wrote: | THIS. | | Plus, it is not that unusual. It happened 18 years ago already. | nend wrote: | That doesn't seem very misleading. The estimated temperature | difference for every 1000 meters in additional elevation is | only 5-6C. | [deleted] | cs702 wrote: | Mentioning elevation without any context or reference to | historical temperatures is not very helpful. Consider updating | your comment. | [deleted] | [deleted] | mytailorisrich wrote: | The Wikipedia page for Molina de Aragon, which you linked to, | says that the average low in January for that locality is | -3.5C, and that the _record_ low is -28C, which happens to also | be the record low ever recorded _in the whole of Spain_ (still | according to the Wikipedia page). | | -25C is thus certainly newsworthy and, well, that's in central | Spain, which is elevated, but "central Spain" does not imply | that it isn't and Spanish geography is what it is. This is not | misleading. | xeromal wrote: | Yeah, how its written is like it's -25 at massive population | centers. Intentional vague. | tomalpha wrote: | The headline doesn't come across as misleading to me. I | interpreted it as the temperature having been recorded | somewhere in central Spain which appears to be accurate | (granted my Spanish geography isn't great). The tone also | appears to be consistent with what else is being reported - | that this is unusual or possibly even extreme weather. | | I'm assuming your expectation was different. If so I'd be be | curious as to how you did interpret it? | tpmx wrote: | Knowing the topography of Spain helps. | | My interpretation is that the very, very woke BBC staff | picked what seems like extreme temps from a mountain region | and then technically correctly wrote that "Central Spain" | "records temperatures of -25C". That is all. | | Do note: I'm not a climate change denier. I just hate crap | like this, with a passion. I don't think we should have to | abandon facts in this particular fight. | | It seems like a bunch of people here think we should. That's | very scary and destructive, IMO. | tomalpha wrote: | That's really interesting - thank you for replying. | markdown wrote: | > technically correctly wrote that "Central Spain" "records | temperatures of -25C". That is all. | | They are technically correct, which is the best kind of | correct. You're mad that their reporting is factually | correct? | tpmx wrote: | You should go to reddit or something. | CraigJPerry wrote: | It's the first time in 20 years those elevated areas have | reached these temps. | | The average low is around -3.5c for January. | | You might be giving the BBC an overly hard time here. This | does appear to be a significant (1 in 20 year) deviation. | [deleted] | Ma8ee wrote: | The elevation of Madrid is 667 meters according to Wikipedia. | So we are not talking about the temperature of an isolated | mountain top, even if they report the most extreme temperature. | _Microft wrote: | Central Spain contains a large plateau at an elevation of | ~500-1000m above sea level. | | Checking https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meseta_Central , I was | almost correct. With an area of 200000 km^2 (from german | Wikipedia) it is even larger than I expected. | antiman0 wrote: | A few days ago, someone posted a blog post here on HN [1] | explaining the phenomenon which causes this: https://www.severe- | weather.eu/global-weather/polar-vortex-co... | | [1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25713704 | guidedlight wrote: | We are also entering a solar minimum, the last one was linked | to a "little ice age" in Europe. | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maunder_Minimum | | I don't know how climate change will affect this. But we might | be in for an interesting few years. | CraigJPerry wrote: | No we just left a minimum, there's been sunspots of opposite | polarity appearing since early 2019 if memory serves - round | about that timeframe anyway but the end of the minimum wasn't | confirmed until earlier in 2020. | | It wasn't a Maunder Minimum. | | For the next 4 years or so we'll proceed to maximum then back | down to the next minimum thereafter. | throwawyeverytm wrote: | > The Maunder Minimum occurred with a much longer period of | lower-than-average European temperatures which is likely to | have been primarily caused by volcanic activity.[citation | needed] | Teckla wrote: | There are literally two citations immediately following | that sentence in the Wikipedia article. | guerrilla wrote: | As I recall, many comments there were very dismissive. I wonder | if that senrinent will change. | tgv wrote: | I don't think the two are related. At least, I haven't heard | anyone mention it as the cause. | melenaboija wrote: | Also last week "Spain records lowest temperature ever at -34C | (-29F)" [1]. This is in the Pyrenees where is not unusual to | reach low temperatures, but still freaking cold. | | [1] https://www.reuters.com/article/spain-weather-snow/spain- | rec... | m12k wrote: | It's worth reiterating that the problem is climate change, not | just global warming. There's more energy in the atmosphere, and | that can lead to warmer weather (on average this is the case) but | it also means there's more energy to whip up storms or move | regions of hot or cold air much further, to places that are not | used to them. So unusually cold weather can in fact be a result | of climate change. | arcturus17 wrote: | Madrid continues to be in utter disarray after this weekend's | snowstorm, with most streets still covered in ice, many hardly | penetrable even by foot. Supplies in some downtown supermarkets | are low, with fresh produce completely out-of-stock. | | The fact that snowplows are nowhere to be seen and streets | continue to be in such a poor state suggests to me that not only | we are completely ill-equipped for this situation (which is | normal), but that the situation is overwhelming and the few | resources we do have are spread thinly across the country. | throwaway5752 wrote: | This is completely abnormal weather for Madrid. It would be | objectively stupid for them to have prepared well for arctic | weather, given the average temperature in January is not even | below 0 C and they get on average almost no snowfall in an | average year. | arcturus17 wrote: | That's what I meant when I said it's normal that we are ill- | prepared for this situation. | maxerickson wrote: | Just for the sake of comparison, Detroit gets ~33 inches of | snow a year (~84 cm) and takes a number of days to clear | out after much of a blizzard. It's not real worth it to | have an excess of equipment that really only sees a few | days of use a year (or decade!). ___________________________________________________________________ (page generated 2021-01-12 23:00 UTC)