[HN Gopher] Efficiency Is the Enemy
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Efficiency Is the Enemy
        
       Author : tmfi
       Score  : 356 points
       Date   : 2021-05-04 12:09 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
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 (TXT) w3m dump (fs.blog)
        
       | whall6 wrote:
       | Here's a counter argument: maybe Gloria doesn't need to have
       | defined tasks for every hour of every day, but it absolutely
       | could not hurt for her to make proactive decisions that fill her
       | time when she isn't busy tending to Tony's schedule.
       | 
       | Ideally, an organization would be able to attract the candidates
       | that would spend their free time doing constructive things. This
       | _would_ be an org where everyone is busy all the time.
       | 
       | Suggesting that it's always OK to be doing nothing when we don't
       | have a pressing task in the name of "Slack" is not what the
       | author intends (in my interpretation) and absolutely a waste of
       | the extremely powerful minds we have as humans.
        
         | underdeserver wrote:
         | Counter-argument to that - Maybe Tony wants Gloria to "slack
         | off" so that she has 100% of her mental energy available to
         | solve whatever problem he needs to her to solve.
        
           | baobabKoodaa wrote:
           | This works the other way as well: if you are constantly bored
           | and idle, you will not be in a good state of mind when you
           | suddenly need to focus on an urgent task.
        
           | whall6 wrote:
           | Hmm if it's a question of mental capacity, I don't really
           | have anything to add. That's a good point.
        
         | axiosgunnar wrote:
         | I feel bad giving our employees ,,fillers" when there is no
         | important work to be done.
         | 
         | I feel like a dirty capitalist exploiting the fact that we have
         | a contract of employment with this person and I can legally
         | command what he will do in his next 30 minutes (and I'm fairly
         | conservative otherwise, mind you).
         | 
         | I rather wait until there is meaningful stuff to do. Of course
         | at some point ,,hey we have a few days of no urgent tasks. how
         | about we try to improve our test coverage a bit?" becomes a
         | completely reasonable thing and I believe/hope that the
         | employee will agree and be motivated since he knows that he I
         | value his time even though I am paying for it and don't give
         | him fillers.
         | 
         | But things like ,,ok wow that was quick! well umm, lets check
         | the issues list...oh yeah! since you have 26 minutes left,
         | could you fix that one misaligned pixel please?" make me
         | cringe.
        
         | jl2718 wrote:
         | The value of your employees voluntary contributions are capped
         | at the least valuable thing you put on their list of things to
         | do.
         | 
         | If your employee's best chance at success are in the success of
         | your business, they'll do great things without being asked,
         | that you don't even know about. If not, it doesn't matter what
         | you ask them to do.
        
           | whall6 wrote:
           | I can't really see how the value of employee contributions
           | are capped at the least valuable thing they have the
           | responsibility to do.
           | 
           | As for the second part of your reply, I entirely agree. When
           | employees catch the vision of the company as a whole, it
           | makes sense that they would be motivated to bring something
           | to the table on their free time. Much harder to do within
           | larger orgs.
        
       | Shadonototro wrote:
       | no, it depends
       | 
       | if it is to do things only just for yourself, the nobody gives a
       | shit
       | 
       | if you work on a team, and do things with other people, then
       | efficiency is your friend, same for performance by default
       | 
       | thinking the opposite is lying to yourself, worse, it is very
       | selfish, you basically waste everyone's time and ressources
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | mtalhaashraf wrote:
       | I see slack in my personal life as having unplanned periods of
       | time. I think it's really important for improvement to have some
       | free time everyday that is not dedicated for a specific thing.
       | 
       | Because there are so many things we don't know and also many
       | things we don't know that we don't know. So I make sure that I
       | have enough slack in my day to allow some random digressions
        
       | swayvil wrote:
       | We place more faith in authoritative ideology than personal
       | judgment and observation. So when authority (be it boss,
       | consensus, convention or propaganda) says "be more efficient" (or
       | whatever), we do it. Despite any observed mountain of evidence to
       | the contrary. And despite our feelings on the matter.
       | 
       | As a rule, that's people. Little goddamn robots.
        
       | feoren wrote:
       | If it's true that "Slack represents operational capacity
       | sacrificed in the interests of long-term health", then who
       | exactly is the target audience of this article? Corporations have
       | not cared about "long-term health" since the 80s. CEOs and CXOs
       | and CYOs and Senior Vice Presidents play musical chairs both
       | within and between companies in a neo-feudalistic Game-of-
       | Thrones-style competition for titles, where companies and their
       | various divisions are just pieces. Decision-making happens via
       | primarily the Principal Agent Problem and is focused on what
       | makes me, personally, look the best and give me the best chance
       | of gaining a better Title in the next quarter. Eating up all
       | available slack is one of the more mundane ways to cannibalize
       | the company for your own benefit. Long-term health of the
       | company? Who cares!?
        
         | mmcgaha wrote:
         | I work for a company that has been in the same family for over
         | one hundred years. The CEO started work there at sixteen and
         | has worked in every department in the company. I am not saying
         | that he wants to see people sitting around on his dollar, but
         | he staffs appropriately and genuinely cares about the long-term
         | health of his company and employees.
         | 
         | Companies like this exist all over the country; they are not
         | glamorous jobs but they are great places to work.
        
           | enraged_camel wrote:
           | For every well-run family-owned business like this, there are
           | a dozen that are hell holes full of nepotism and corruption.
           | That is to say, I think you're pretty lucky to have found one
           | of the rare good ones.
        
             | scruple wrote:
             | I've worked for one and consulted for another. Both were as
             | you describe. The CEO was the grandson or son of the
             | original founder and were little tyrannical despots.
        
               | hunter-gatherer wrote:
               | I wonder if you work with my mother... But seriously. She
               | works for a guy who over his career has made a net-worth
               | of ~50 million (deals in real estate). He has always kept
               | his employee's salaries just above minimum wage, kept the
               | employee numbers down to avoid having to dish out
               | benefits, and so on... Nice guy, but basically made his
               | wealth by treating him employees like pseudo-slaves.
        
           | spoonjim wrote:
           | I spoke to a family owned business tycoon from South America
           | and he was convinced that publicly owned companies are doomed
           | in the long run. His rough quote (my Spanish was not
           | fantastic) was something like, "I'm managing this company for
           | the next 10 generations and your country's companies are
           | managed for the next quarter. Which of us will be here in 100
           | years?"
        
             | throwaway6734 wrote:
             | What's the market cap of his company?
        
               | phkahler wrote:
               | Why would that matter to a privately held company?
        
               | throwaway6734 wrote:
               | To give an idea of the scale of the company this person
               | is managing
        
               | AnthonyMouse wrote:
               | How's the market cap of GE? Sears? Kodak?
        
               | throwaway6734 wrote:
               | GEs market cap is over 100 billion dollars.
               | 
               | Sears and Kodak went out of business.
        
               | AnthonyMouse wrote:
               | GE's market cap was over 500 billion dollars in 2000.
        
               | throwaway6734 wrote:
               | Yes their value has decreased.
        
               | spoonjim wrote:
               | $1-10b
        
               | periheli0n wrote:
               | Another way to put this is: where would you rather make a
               | long-term investment?
        
               | spoonjim wrote:
               | How long term? For 10 years I'd invest in Google but for
               | 100 I'd invest in his company.
        
               | throwaway6734 wrote:
               | How do they handle picking new executives? How will they
               | replace this person when they are no longer able to
               | perform the job at a high level?
        
               | spoonjim wrote:
               | The CEO I spoke to was at least the fifth or sixth. His
               | son was the CEO in waiting and that guys son was a
               | teenager doing dirty jobs on the factory floor so that
               | when he is CEO he will have the workers' respect and know
               | how the business is done.
        
               | throwaway6734 wrote:
               | This sounds like an interesting model for choosing future
               | leaders but also it seems very risky as it is entirely
               | dependent on a very small selection of people (those in
               | the hereditary line) being able to lead and grow a
               | company.
               | 
               | Based on the fate of monarchies around the world, I
               | wouldn't bet my money on it
        
               | spoonjim wrote:
               | There are two advantages that the family business has:
               | they get to pick the son (In South America, it's usually
               | the son, but in China it's frequently the daughter), it's
               | not always the oldest, and sometimes when there are no
               | suitable sons they go outside the family. In contrast,
               | succession to monarchies is usually fixed, but crafty
               | monarchies often pick the successor as well, such as
               | Mohammed bin Salman in Saudi Arabia and Kim Jong Un in
               | North Korea.
        
           | feoren wrote:
           | I'm glad to hear you found it. That's the kind of company I
           | would want to work for; even one I would want to start! Oh,
           | excuse me, I apologize: I almost said the taboo "lifestyle
           | business" words!
           | 
           | Seriously though they sound like a gem.
        
         | ZephyrBlu wrote:
         | What's a CYO? I've never seen that used in relation to the
         | c-suite before.
        
           | tremon wrote:
           | X and Y are used as distinct variables here.
        
         | Florin_Andrei wrote:
         | I think the point of the article is this:
         | 
         | If people are like CPUs - if all CPUs are busy 100% all the
         | time, then latency, as we all know, sucks, and processes may
         | crash occasionally. You want decent latency, and avoid crashes,
         | then keep the CPU usage below the ceiling level.
        
         | carbonguy wrote:
         | > Who exactly is the target audience of this article?
         | 
         | If I had to guess, it would probably be most useful for those
         | companies that have not yet reached the stage where they can
         | serve as the venue for the executive-musical-chairs stage of
         | management you describe.
         | 
         | My assumption is that when the company is small enough, that
         | which "makes me look the best" and that which "is in the long
         | term interests of the company" are probably _mostly_ aligned
         | due to the higher visibility of those early executives and
         | managers. Not that this stops the ladder-climbers, of course -
         | it 's just more obvious when they personally contribute to
         | wrecking a company if the company is small, which presumably
         | the personal-brand-conscious executive would try to avoid.
         | 
         | > Eating up all available slack is one of the more mundane ways
         | to cannibalize the company for your own benefit.
         | 
         | Otherwise known as "maximizing shareholder value."
        
           | diragon wrote:
           | > > Eating up all available slack is one of the more mundane
           | ways to cannibalize the company for your own benefit.
           | 
           | > Otherwise known as "maximizing shareholder value."
           | 
           | It can also be done by the employees by slacking off on
           | surplus.
        
             | carbonguy wrote:
             | > It can also be done by the employees by slacking off on
             | surplus.
             | 
             | Can't argue with that, given that we're having this
             | conversation while I, at least, am on the clock. However, I
             | suspect my bosses have a much greater capacity to benefit
             | from cannibalizing the company than I do.
        
       | hinkley wrote:
       | One of the uncomfortable conversations we're going to have to
       | have soon is about how 'Flow State' is efficient but ineffective.
       | 
       | One of the characteristics of Flow State is a diminished sense of
       | considering the consequences of an action. Exactly the "so busy
       | figuring out if they could do it that they didn't stop to think
       | if they _should_ do it ".
       | 
       | In particular I've noticed that people get extremely defensive
       | about code they wrote in Flow State. My working theory is that we
       | think somewhere on a spectrum from, "how could anything that made
       | me feel that good really be bad?" to "I got three days of work
       | done in one day you are crapping all over it instead of
       | congratulating me? Fuck you!"
       | 
       | I know that the efficacy of my code tends to be higher when I
       | 'come up for air', reason out what to do next, and if I find that
       | Flow Me is disagreeing with Planning Me, I stop and regroup. This
       | is essentially the same skill I use to, among other things, keep
       | from overspending at a store - setting ground rules and stopping
       | when I'm tempted to violate them.
       | 
       | Pomodoro might be a little to structured for many of us, but as a
       | starting point it might be a reasonable antidote.
       | 
       | I think in general that programmers have an easier time entering
       | Flow State, but if you're going to willingly exit it, you had
       | better have some confidence you can find it again, so you need to
       | have better than 50:50 odds of being able to enter it at will
       | instead of just going with it when it happens. This seems to be a
       | rarer skill.
        
         | megameter wrote:
         | I agree with this. Flow is a useful adaptation for something
         | like learning muscle memory - practicing athletics or
         | performing music. But when we're talking about intellectual
         | pursuits like programming, if what you've done by entering flow
         | is convert thinking into muscle memory - a cycle of mashing
         | edit and debug keys - you may have just "laborized" your work.
         | And this has some implications for what kinds of software can
         | be sold to people, as well as how software is created.
         | 
         | The norm of programming is really to flip between "trivial 5
         | minute task" and "requires a day off to contemplate". And in
         | the industrial context, it's evident that most of software is
         | built to restate a preexisting belief - this is good, if we
         | make an app that does it, it's better. This means disengaging
         | from the philosophical problem of whether it's actually "good"
         | and contemplating it until the resulting belief structure has
         | grown so unwieldy and contradictory that it is a technical
         | challenge to maintain it. But selling a preexisting belief is
         | one of the best markets to be in: if you're selling to artists,
         | you sell software that looks like a paint canvas. If you sell
         | to musicians, you sell software that looks like studio gear
         | from 50 years ago. If you sell to investors, you sell a thing
         | that looks like money. What you can't sell(easily) is: new ways
         | of making visuals, new ways of describing and performing music,
         | new ways of explaining credit and value transfer in an economy.
         | 
         | Hence there is an awful conundrum; if you are experiencing a
         | _lot_ of flow, a lot of  "wind in your sails", the whole thing
         | is almost certainly on the wrong track and you'll only wake up
         | to it later, because it means your ability to contemplate went
         | out the window. The problem is not just that you can write
         | something bad this way, you can even be praised and given
         | access to more resources if your wrong belief is shared!
         | 
         | That is probably why software has this underlying tendency
         | towards mysticism and cargo cults, in fact; "It's a good
         | practice." "Why?" "It makes me feel good and the customer likes
         | it." "What's the benchmark?" "I get paid, and it hasn't failed
         | yet."
        
         | rocqua wrote:
         | Very interesting idea, and honestly quite scary. I love my flow
         | state, but I do recognize the defensiveness. Not sure I have
         | run into making bad decisions "in the flow" yet, but I could
         | see how it happens.
         | 
         | If true, the bad decisions coupled with defensiveness could be
         | a potentially really toxic combination.
        
         | pfraze wrote:
         | I think you're completely right and one way to counteract it is
         | to bake in "non work" or "idle work" time regularly. This
         | doesn't have to be a vacation, but it does mean staying out of
         | flow and reflecting on the project as a whole. This can also be
         | a good time to fix little boring things like individual UI
         | elements.
        
       | dfilppi wrote:
       | This combined with the mirage of multitasking are effectiveness
       | killers
        
       | seoaeu wrote:
       | There are two subtly different kinds of efficiency:
       | 
       | 1) How little input resources are used to produce a given amount
       | of output. Tools that let you spend one hour to do a task instead
       | of two fall in this category. As does growing twice as much wheat
       | on a given plot of land.
       | 
       | 2) What fraction of resources aren't used productively at all.
       | The "slack" from the article, or wheat that gets grown but not
       | eaten.
       | 
       | Improving the first kind of efficiency is usually a good thing.
       | The second can also be positive, _but only in moderation_. If you
       | try to reduce slack too much then you 'll end up with systems
       | that are brittle and have serious failure modes (like famine
       | caused by wheat production being lower than expected)
        
       | raman162 wrote:
       | I've only been working professionally for 5 years and this is
       | something I am only recently beginning to appreciate. Optimizing
       | for efficiency makes you get a lot of work done but it reduces
       | your ability to think creatively which can potentially impact the
       | quality of ones work.
        
         | jrs235 wrote:
         | But the MBAs have already done the [creative] thinking. They
         | just want to throw the spec over the fence and have coders code
         | it. /s
        
           | loopz wrote:
           | Your job is to make their wishful thinking the thundering
           | success they deserve.
           | 
           | To counter the original point, I find removing obstacles and
           | latency-inducing loops helpful, to start seeing what the work
           | really should be. Gaining efficiency through simplifying is a
           | good thing, and can be creative too. The goal is not
           | efficiency though.
        
             | carbonguy wrote:
             | I think you're on to something important here - the word
             | "efficiency" is used to describe optimization in two
             | different mental regimes: one, "how to meet a given quality
             | of work with the minimum of friction/wastage" vs two, "how
             | to perform the maximal work within a fixed resource
             | allocation."
             | 
             | They sound similar, which is probably why we use the word
             | "efficiency" to describe improvements in both regimes, but
             | the fundamental constraint is different: in the first case,
             | it's the standard of work that must be achieved; in the
             | second, it's the resources allocated to the work. I'd
             | summarize the first "do enough with enough" and the second
             | as "do more with less."
             | 
             | What you describe sounds like "doing enough with enough:"
             | given the work to be done, how can we remove resource-
             | draining obstacles, idle loops, etc. and identify "what the
             | work really should be?" - is that a fair assessment or am I
             | off the mark?
        
               | loopz wrote:
               | With both words, efficiency and effectiveness, intention
               | is missing.
               | 
               | I'd rather people come up with their own ideas.
        
             | bckr wrote:
             | > I find removing obstacles and latency-inducing loops
             | helpful, to start seeing what the work really should be.
             | 
             | Should MBA's be studying DevOps?
        
               | loopz wrote:
               | XOps.
               | 
               | It helps to ask around.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | renewiltord wrote:
       | That example is actually the same as The Goal: i.e. you optimize
       | at the bottleneck. The bottleneck in that system is the CEO.
       | Optimizing at the secretary is pointless since she's not a
       | bottleneck.
       | 
       | We have an intuitive understanding of this as engineers. If
       | you've got a program that's CPU-bound then you don't optimize the
       | IO. If you've got a program that's IO-bound you don't optimize
       | the CPU.
        
       | redisman wrote:
       | I like the analog of the sliding puzzle because also if you
       | remove one more piece it will be even easier to solve. Also if
       | you remove too many pieces then you're not actually getting
       | meaningful work done.
        
       | jjk166 wrote:
       | I prefer the term robustness to slack. And the concept applies to
       | more than just time. Keeping sufficient inventory to deal with
       | spikes in demand, having redundant systems so you can keep
       | running while doing maintenance, programs designed to fail safe
       | rather than leading to cascade failures, these are all ways that
       | systems can deal with the inevitable perturbations of the real
       | world. The reckless pursuit of efficiency leaves systems fragile,
       | which may be fine in good times but is catastrophic in bad times.
       | In the long run, you need robustness.
        
       | kiba wrote:
       | This may be obvious to others but it serves as an "ah ha" moment.
       | 
       | I like being efficient in doing work to get things done. I also
       | like slack because I want to enjoy life.
       | 
       | I also recognize increasing workload doesn't mean being
       | efficient, just that you do more work.
        
         | nine_k wrote:
         | Work has negative utility. It's something that you _spend_ ,
         | actually the irreplaceable time of your life.
         | 
         | Increased efficiency means more money (or joy, or other things
         | with positive utility), or less work :)
        
           | bumby wrote:
           | Iff you consider your work a net-negative or just a means to
           | an end. There's certainly a case to be made for optimizing
           | for work that is an end in itself where more work may
           | increases positive utility in some areas (joy, fulfillment,
           | whatever) and possibly decreasing it in others (money,
           | status, whatever).
        
             | bluGill wrote:
             | I hope work isn't a net-netagive, but there are always
             | things that must be done that you don't want to do.
             | Sometimes you can hire someone else, but often you cannot.
        
               | bumby wrote:
               | I was probably too sloppy in my wording. I interpreted
               | the OP to mean work may have negative utility for the
               | individual person, but not in the aggregate. I don't know
               | that the idea that work is essential individual sacrifice
               | for some end goal is particularly healthy.
        
             | nine_k wrote:
             | My idea is that "work", or maybe more precisely, a "job",
             | is something that you only do because you have to, because
             | you need something it gives in exchange, and otherwise
             | won't do.
             | 
             | If you do something because you enjoy it, it's a "hobby".
             | If you are paid for that, too, you are just lucky to have
             | the best of both worlds :)
        
       | moksly wrote:
       | I work in public sector digitalisation and have for a decade, so
       | this article sort of rings home with me. Especially now, having
       | passed a year of thousands of office workers working from home
       | and having seen a rise in efficiency and quality across all our
       | sectors. I'm not saying working from home is an all-good sort of
       | thing, we have also seen an increase in stress and depression
       | related sickness, but in terms of getting shit done, things have
       | been never been better.
       | 
       | Which is sort of ironic from my department, because this has also
       | been a year where our process optimisers and MBAs have been
       | almost completely unable of performing their usual efficiency and
       | benefit realisation consulting in our different departments, as
       | that's a hands on sort of thing. Not that they've done nothing,
       | they've been to really good work helping managers coordinate
       | remote work and teaching both the CEO and Political layers how to
       | use Microsoft teams efficiently.
       | 
       | Anyway, if we've increased efficiency and quality more in a year
       | or not trying to, it sort of begs the question what good trying
       | really does. You obviously can't really conclude anything
       | scientific on our anecdotal measurements as we've seen the major
       | change of going remote on top of it, but it is something to think
       | about.
       | 
       | Not that we will, we're already trying to figure out how to go
       | back to the way things were, as the majority of our managers
       | still seem to think people work better if they spend 7 and a half
       | hours in an open office 5 days a week.
        
         | mumblemumble wrote:
         | Just throwing peanuts from the gallery, is it possible that
         | process optimizers' hands-on efforts have been confounded by
         | the Hawthorne effect?
        
       | allenu wrote:
       | Something that I've noticed recently is that in my work life, I'm
       | finding there's more bureaucracy in what I do, mostly in the name
       | of "efficiency". When you encounter a problem to solve, there's
       | often a process already defined that is most efficient (or at
       | least thought to be most efficient), when accomplishing tasks,
       | there's a pre-defined way of laying out the tasks (i.e. tickets),
       | updating them, reviewing them, and organizationally figuring out
       | what's best to do next.
       | 
       | In my opinion, these processes are an attempt at organizational
       | efficiency. However, the flip side is it reduces personal agency
       | for the worker. There's little room to diverge or think about
       | what you're doing. If you diverge, such as taking longer to do
       | something than what was prescribed, or using a different pattern
       | to solve a problem, there is a cost to you within the system. You
       | must explain why, which itself "costs" something. In a sense,
       | you're punished for doing things differently.
       | 
       | That loss of personal agency is absolutely soul-sucking. You feel
       | like a machine, again at the cost of organizational efficiency.
       | Slack is definitely important because it lets people acquire some
       | sense of personal agency again.
        
         | gherkinnn wrote:
         | I recently heard a clever man argue (can't remember who), that
         | process does make things more efficient. Starting at chaos, the
         | more things are defined, the more you get done.
         | 
         | Until it doesn't, at which point the relation inverts and you
         | eventually end up stagnant.
         | 
         | The problem is that because adding ever more processes worked
         | so far, and now that you've hired process people, you continue
         | adding more and more and ever more.
         | 
         | The process machine feeds itself.
        
           | tremon wrote:
           | _that process does make things more efficient._
           | 
           | In my experience, process is to make things predictable, not
           | efficient. Nothing scares a middle manager more than having
           | to say "I don't know". They'd much rather say "this will take
           | my team 8 months" than "this will take between 3 weeks and 6
           | months to complete".
        
           | joakleaf wrote:
           | I heard Jim Keller (the chip-designer) say this (or something
           | similar) recently in a podcast with Lex Fridman.
           | 
           | It is at the 24.40 mark in "Jim Keller: The Future of
           | Computing, AI, Life, and Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast"
           | 
           | https://youtu.be/G4hL5Om4IJ4?t=1480
           | 
           | "So there is a graph. Y-axis is productivity. X-axis at 0 is
           | chaos and infinity is complete order. As you improve order,
           | you increase productivity. And at some point productivity
           | peaks, and it goes down again. Too much order -- Nothing can
           | happen... Once you start moving towards order, the force
           | vector that drives you towards order is unstoppable."
        
             | Xunjin wrote:
             | Holy Molly, loved this point of view, really makes sense.
             | 
             | Ty for the reference :)
        
         | Laarlf wrote:
         | Overregulation and bureaucracy are the downfall of the west.
         | The sooner we realise that, the sooner we can fix it.
        
           | createmyname wrote:
           | this is the best thing you as a person have. believe me. the
           | point you lost all those regulations etc. some idiot will
           | come and make you miserable... you won't even be able to
           | believe you are controlled and manipulated by a idiot bunch!
           | until then have fun...
        
             | Laarlf wrote:
             | You are always controlled and manipulated by idiots. The
             | question is: how much can you do about that without doing
             | something unlawful?
        
           | periheli0n wrote:
           | There is a whole spectrum of bureaucracy and overregulation
           | in the "West". The EU is probably worst. The US are quite
           | relaxed in comparison. The UK is somewhere in the middle.
        
             | AnthonyMouse wrote:
             | > The US are quite relaxed in comparison.
             | 
             | This is basically a myth at this point, bolstered by how
             | much more we complain about it.
             | 
             | The US made the colossal mistake of trying to do regulation
             | at the federal level, basically equivalent to doing it at
             | the EU level, which the EU is now attempting to do more of
             | and discovering what a trash fire it is.
             | 
             | And one of the big reasons for that is that the more
             | centrally the regulation happens, the more corruption it
             | attracts. That's where the US got the reputation for not
             | regulating -- it's not that there aren't rules or that the
             | rules aren't long and arduous and inefficient. It's that
             | they're, on top of that, less effective because there is
             | more regulatory capture by incumbents.
        
               | Laarlf wrote:
               | YES YES YES. Policies and laws should be more local to
               | adhere to the local situations in local areas. A
               | politician in Berlin cannot understand the situation in a
               | random town with 500 inhabitants and therefore should
               | rarely have something to say about how life functions
               | there.
        
               | barrkel wrote:
               | Many regulations cannot be local because of basic game
               | theory. Beggar-thy-neighbour policies, for example; if
               | one region allows a little more pollution and attracts
               | industry because of that, then other regions are forced
               | to do the same or lose out. As a result industry
               | socializes the cost of its pollution and takes a private
               | profit. Similar effects occur for safety standards,
               | consumer standards, employment standards, tax, and so on.
        
               | pdonis wrote:
               | _> industry socializes the cost of its pollution and
               | takes a private profit_
               | 
               | Um, isn't this what is happening now, with centralized
               | regulation?
        
               | HWR_14 wrote:
               | Do the needs of that town with 500 inhabitants require
               | different streaming laws? Freedom to repair laws. Special
               | export restrictions?
               | 
               | Should they be allowed to dump chemicals in the water we
               | all share? Host servers that serve copyrighted material?
               | 
               | What needs do they have that _evil laws_ are ignoring.
        
               | HWR_14 wrote:
               | Federal regulations prevent a race to the bottom for
               | things like pollution, labor rights, etc. And IP,
               | internet, and other regulations only make sense at a
               | federal level.
               | 
               | But, in terms of how to lay out a town in terms of
               | residential zones vs. commercial zones, sure that should
               | be local.
        
               | AnthonyMouse wrote:
               | > Federal regulations prevent a race to the bottom for
               | things like pollution, labor rights, etc.
               | 
               | Not really. Local people suffer the most from local
               | pollution and low local wages etc., so they have the most
               | incentive to strike a reasonable balance. Federalizing
               | e.g. minimum wage is just an excuse for high cost of
               | living areas to screw over low cost of living areas by
               | depriving them of their natural cost advantage,
               | pressuring wage laborers into higher cost of living areas
               | where they get less for their money because businesses
               | stop operating in lower cost of living areas if they
               | would have to pay the same wages.
               | 
               | Also, there is no point in trying to do this at the
               | federal level because any company whose primary
               | motivation is "lack of environmental regulations" has
               | already moved to e.g. China.
               | 
               | > But, in terms of how to lay out a town in terms of
               | residential zones vs. commercial zones, sure that should
               | be local.
               | 
               | Ironically, this is the thing that actually suffers from
               | being too local, because residency is required to vote in
               | local elections, and then you get exclusionary policies
               | and zoning designed to inflate housing costs which can't
               | be reformed because everyone with an interest in reform
               | is excluded by the unreformed policies from eligibility
               | to vote in the jurisdiction.
               | 
               | Though of course that could be fixed by moving to the
               | state level from the cities; almost nothing actually
               | needs to be done at the federal level.
        
               | kbenson wrote:
               | > Not really. Local people suffer the most from local
               | pollution and low local wages etc., so they have the most
               | incentive to strike a reasonable balance.
               | 
               | I don't know. On the one hand, you can look at the Kansas
               | Experiment[1] as vindication of the federal and state
               | system, where the states experiment. On the other hand,
               | you could see that as stupid people (or at least some a
               | bit divorced from reality) willing to throw caution to
               | the wind to the detriment of their constituents, and for
               | the most part not learn anything from the fallout.
               | 
               | 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_experiment
        
           | enkid wrote:
           | What does this mean? I'm pretty sure the main alternative-
           | China - is both over regulated and is very bureaucratic.
        
             | Laarlf wrote:
             | The main alternative is noticing what went wrong over the
             | last 70 or so years in the west and fixing that. You cannot
             | escape the madness because globalisation made most
             | countries very similiar. Growing the governments further
             | and further did not help anyone but the biggest of
             | companies.
             | 
             | And because the chinese really don't care a lot about
             | regulations or bureaucracy, they actually achieve
             | something.
        
               | seniorThrowaway wrote:
               | The difference is in China the corruption is more
               | organized then it is in America.
        
               | mint2 wrote:
               | It's stopped river being able to be lit on fire due to
               | pollution.
        
               | throwaway6734 wrote:
               | Achieve what exactly?
               | 
               | Where is china producing cutting edge tech? They've
               | consistently failed at in house chip design and
               | production over the last 50 years.
               | 
               | Most major tech breakthroughs are still coming out of
               | west plus japan and SK.
        
               | thesuitonym wrote:
               | Where do you think cutting edge tech is actually
               | produced?
        
               | throwaway6734 wrote:
               | the US, Europe, Japan, SK
        
               | Laarlf wrote:
               | Comparably rapid growth of economy and political
               | influence
        
               | idiotsecant wrote:
               | At the cost of enormous damage to the health of Chinese
               | citizens, the repression of Chinese minorities, and
               | rampant destruction of Chinese ecology.
               | 
               | Make no mistake, China is just as deeply sick as the
               | west, perhaps more so - it just manifests in different
               | ways.
        
             | SuoDuanDao wrote:
             | You might be surprised. Enforcement is certainly draconian,
             | but there are not absurdly many regulations, and it is also
             | surprisingly (to westerners) Feudal - personal
             | relationships and high agency in a narrowly defined area
             | are very important to the system functioning.
        
               | quixoticelixer- wrote:
               | Sorry but you can't be serious that a feudal system is
               | actually a good idea
        
               | phkahler wrote:
               | Good for who? I'd add Effective at what?
        
               | SuoDuanDao wrote:
               | Bureaucracy and Feudalism are just opposite poles of a
               | spectrum. Of course the extremes lead to bad outcomes.
               | Not sure what I said that suggested otherwise.
        
             | Aperocky wrote:
             | > China - is both over regulated and is very bureaucratic.
             | 
             | It's complicated, but that's not a correct assessment.
             | 
             | China is not very much regulated at all - a regulation must
             | be regular, but the enforcement of rules in China is
             | anything but regular.
             | 
             | On one side, you have the wild west (east?) of unregulated
             | capitalism, on the other side, you have the Party coming
             | down with the hammer over things it doesn't like, The
             | bureaucracy mainly serves the latter.
             | 
             | Obviously, this is recognized as a problem, rule of law has
             | been the drive for years but the system cannot and does not
             | change over a day.
        
               | enkid wrote:
               | Sure. I was being mostly flippant, and you're correct, a
               | regulation has to be regular. But I doubt the OP is
               | seriously advocation we start inconsistently applying
               | laws.
        
           | jjk166 wrote:
           | The problem is not so much that we have excessive regulation
           | and bureaucracy but rather that we have a strong tendency to
           | put regulations in place but never evaluate how they are
           | actually performing nor modify them if they are performing
           | poorly. For some reason we equate implementing a rule
           | intended to solve a problem with actually solving the problem
           | - those who implement the policy are praised for doing so
           | long before any improvement in the actual situation is ever
           | seen, and being opposed to the policy intended to solve the
           | problem is widely construed as being opposed to solving the
           | problem itself, even if there is evidence the policy makes
           | the real problem worse. Finally policies are often evaluated
           | based on the message their implementation conveys rather than
           | the actual effects of the policies - for example despite zero
           | tolerance policies being almost universally seen as extremely
           | poor way to deal with complicated issues, they are frequently
           | implemented to express how important the problem they were
           | meant to solve is. So long as we don't make decisions based
           | on efficacy, of course effectiveness will degrade over time.
        
         | mlac wrote:
         | The thing that kills me about the ticketing systems is that
         | they are often put into place in a way that is locally
         | efficient but does not make sense globally.
         | 
         | For example, an application owner might have to submit a ticket
         | to request an upgrade once a year (or when a new OS is
         | supported). What often happens is that the application owner
         | now has to know about, find, and correctly understand a form
         | that they see once (or less) per year. That work has been
         | offloaded from a single team (measurable impact to efficiency)
         | to immeasurable shadow work for others in the organization. A
         | form that would take 1 minute of effort from the team that runs
         | the upgrade to fill out and track, because they are in it all
         | day, ends up taking a half hour, cut across multiple starts and
         | stops due to other similar interruptions.
         | 
         | This becomes pervasive (book your own travel with this system,
         | book your own PTO here, track your time here, fill out tickets
         | for this system, use the help desk ticketing system to request
         | an application installation) and ends up eating a huge chunk of
         | employee time doing unfamiliar overhead tasks on systems
         | optimized for the team doing the work and not the customer. I
         | think we are getting to the point where all of the systems that
         | were designed to take away the need for administrative
         | assistants may once again require an assistant to navigate
         | efficiently.
        
           | zmmmmm wrote:
           | > all of the systems that were designed to take away the need
           | for administrative assistants may once again require an
           | assistant to navigate efficiently
           | 
           | Made me laugh. My org has a completely automated online self-
           | service travel booking system that even includes dedicated
           | support from a corporate travel agent - and I recently needed
           | a single flight booked for a day in another city (about the
           | simplest travel you can do) and somebody "loaned" me their PA
           | to do the booking because it takes much time and knowledge to
           | do it right. Part of the problem is that the org has
           | implemented a gigantic set of strict rules about what kinds
           | of flights can be booked to save money. So it can be quite
           | hard to select the right flight that won't get knocked back
           | further downstream or alternatively navigate through the
           | forms to justify why you aren't selecting a compliant
           | flight...
        
           | spaetzleesser wrote:
           | "What often happens is that the application owner now has to
           | know about, find, and correctly understand a form that they
           | see once (or less) per year."
           | 
           | That's the worst. I have several processes I do once or twice
           | a year like booking travel or submitting documents to our
           | document management system (worst system ever). Each time it
           | takes me forever to figure out these tasks because I forgot
           | from last time how works. Or the UX has changed in the
           | meantime. It would save huge amounts of supposedly expensive
           | engineering time if we had somebody who did this full time.
        
           | jerome-jh wrote:
           | Great insight! It literally happened in my company where the
           | system to order physical goods is so complicated and ugly.
           | Now a secretary handles feeding and tracking requests in this
           | system.
           | 
           | BTW our time tracking tool is a company wide motivation
           | killer that costed 300kEUR and does not auto-fill holidays.
        
             | thesuitonym wrote:
             | >BTW our time tracking tool is a company wide motivation
             | killer
             | 
             | HINT: They all are.
        
               | pantalaimon wrote:
               | With cryptic overly specific tasks and one that ends up
               | being the 'catch all' for everything that doesn't fit one
               | of the narrow categories?
        
         | periheli0n wrote:
         | Reminds me of Neal Stephenson's "Snow Crash", where he
         | described the ancient world being so stuck in a set of fixed
         | algorithms for how to do things that made any progress
         | impossible. Only the Babylonian Confusion fixed this deadlock
         | by destroying the ability to communicate (and exchange
         | algorithms). Highly recommended read.
        
           | pantalaimon wrote:
           | Isaac Asimov describes a similar situation about the downfall
           | of the Galactic Empire in ,,Foundations"
           | 
           | It's basically the fall of the Roman Empire, but set in the
           | future and with a outpost at the edge of the galaxy to
           | preserve some of the knowledge across the dark ages.
        
             | periheli0n wrote:
             | Psychohistory FTW ;)
        
         | spaetzleesser wrote:
         | That's the price of a low trust environment and management
         | theory where managers are supposed to be able to manage
         | anything without being subject matter experts. Everything needs
         | to be controlled. On the surface it looks more efficient but
         | the result usually isn't.
         | 
         | Government contracting is a prime example. To avoid mistakes
         | and fraud everything gets specified to the last detail. The
         | result is that nobody is empowered or motivated to make changes
         | on the way and everything costs way more than it should and
         | takes longer.
        
         | kippinitreal wrote:
         | The Goal is one of my favorite "business" book (it's written as
         | a novel). it addresses all of the wasted energy when you target
         | efficiency at the expense of hitting your true goals.
         | 
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goal_(novel)
        
         | arthur_sav wrote:
         | That's true for most things in life.
         | 
         | Some people "define a process / lay the foundation" and many
         | more build on top of that.
         | 
         | Processes are disrupted by those few that stop to think of a
         | better way but most people just go along.
         | 
         | It does make sense though, if we stopped to think and question
         | every process then we'd be stuck at the start line instead of
         | getting closer to the finish line.
        
         | rcfaj7obqrkayhn wrote:
         | also feel like these processes are there so when the crap hits
         | the fan, there's a trail to see whom to point the fingers at.
         | everyone is just trying to cover their own butts
        
           | allenu wrote:
           | I think there's low-key some of that, as a sort of way to
           | "pass the buck", i.e. somebody who owns some outcome thinks,
           | I don't like how the output of this system, let me go
           | upstream and talk to this team to see if they can take on
           | some new process to improve the output I care about.
           | 
           | A lot of this is also just "good intentions". Somebody
           | encounters a problem and thinks "I want to prevent this
           | problem, so I am going to propose this process to avoid it".
           | It works if you have a small number of these processes, but
           | once it gets to a large number, now you're frozen by
           | bureaucracy. Every time you do something, you need to look up
           | the exact process to get it done.
        
           | throw_nbvc1234 wrote:
           | Or (maybe same idea just phrased a different way) shit hit
           | the fan in the past and these were put in place to "prevent
           | it" from occurring again. Postmortem driven development.
           | 
           | Do you really need to worry about someone making the same
           | mistake again? Answer to that question probably depends
           | mostly on the type of organization (size, complexity,
           | turnover, ect..) you're working for.
        
           | periheli0n wrote:
           | Correct. That's what I tell newcomers in my org during
           | onboarding, when they start to wonder why there are so many
           | seemingly pointless bureaucratic processes: it's all about
           | arse covering.
           | 
           | This is by far the best justification for bureaucracy.
           | 
           | It's also a sign that many things went wrong previously,
           | since every rule has been created because somebody screwed
           | up.
        
       | benlivengood wrote:
       | In other words 99th percentile latency is what matters, not
       | utilization. Anyone who's tried to get things done with batch-
       | class resources has probably noticed this as well.
       | 
       | There's a similarity to the overall economy as well. Just in time
       | inventory is certainly efficient but it's incredibly fragile.
       | Just look at how much "damage" is being claimed for a boat that
       | made other boats two weeks late.
        
         | marcosdumay wrote:
         | Just to add, 99th percentile latency to the institution
         | processes is an ok metric, but 99th percentile latency to
         | personal or departmental processes is a naive and bad one.
         | 
         | If you are not making an effort to be complete on what you are
         | measuring, you'll probably want to put more 9s there.
        
       | trias wrote:
       | I agree totally. It matches my learnings in my career as well.
       | But how much slack is the right amount? What do you think?
        
       | feralimal wrote:
       | This is the problem of collectivised solutions from experts.
       | 
       | They cannot allow the individual to work out how to do his
       | business in the most efficient way for him, oh no. Technocrats
       | and their ilk insist they know best for everyone! And we as
       | technologists are their enablers.
       | 
       | If you don't like the present bureaucracy, you won't enjoy the
       | coming years at all, as bureaucratic processes will swell, with
       | vaccine passports, environmental constraints, more health and
       | safety BS, etc, etc. You'll do about 5 mins per day of something
       | that is actually useful. In fact, even those 5 mins will be on a
       | project that any sensible person could have called as a sure fire
       | failure from the start.
       | 
       | As we apparently we want a communistic/socialistic approach to be
       | governed by, we will get it.
        
       | austincheney wrote:
       | The problem isn't efficiency, its distraction. Efficiency can be
       | numbed down to the movement from one focus to another without
       | unnecessary expenditure of time or energy. If you eliminate
       | distractions such that there is nothing to transition to/from you
       | are both more productive and more efficient.
       | 
       | There is quite a bit more depth and nuance to the achievement of
       | focus versus distraction than it seems at face value. Distraction
       | often applies to things unrelated to a given task, but also
       | applies to the frequency of steps in a given task. Consider the
       | following:
       | 
       | * Do you have to go to multiple locations for project
       | documentation?
       | 
       | * Do you have to configure a bunch of tools and steps in a
       | certain order for your project to work?
       | 
       | * Do you have to jump through a bunch of meetings to know what's
       | going on?
       | 
       | Efficiency is the graceful transition between the points of
       | insanity. The problem therein is that you are busy thinking about
       | the granular minutia of those pieces and the transition points
       | instead of thinking about achieving the end state. You become
       | most efficient by eliminating the need for efficiency which
       | allows the slack time the article talks about.
        
       | bonthron wrote:
       | J. R. "Bob" Dobbs taught us the importance of Slack years ago.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | giantrobot wrote:
       | J. R. Dobbs approves.
        
         | h2odragon wrote:
         | As usual, prophets aren't really understood 'til later.
        
       | seem_2211 wrote:
       | We've replaced secretaries with software, and now we have people
       | making $150k+ a year busy working on things that they should be
       | paying someone $40k a year to handle.
        
         | supernovae wrote:
         | Like?
        
         | alerighi wrote:
         | Do really programmers in the US get all that money? I mean, I
         | don't even get the money that a secretary gets... and in
         | Europe, not in India
        
         | TeMPOraL wrote:
         | And the same happened to everyone else too, just with smaller
         | dollar amounts.
         | 
         | During my high school and early university years, I was in love
         | with the concept of being able to run errands over the
         | Internet. Why go to the bank when I can order a transfer on-
         | line? Why make orders over the phone when I can choose what I
         | want on a webpage with few clicks? Why ask anyone to do
         | anything, when I could just click or type my way through?
         | 
         | As an adult with a bit more years behind me, I now feel the
         | exact opposite way. Why on Earth am I doing these errands, when
         | I could ask or pay someone else to do them? Why do I waste my
         | time clicking on this bloated, user-hostile page full of
         | upselling garbage, when I could just phone the company and tell
         | them what I need? Alas, companies jumped at the opportunity to
         | outsource the effort to customers, so increasingly I _can 't_
         | phone anyone. Self-service becomes the only option.
         | 
         | I suppose the shift in perspective comes from the fact that
         | back then, I had no money and a lot of time; these days, I have
         | some disposable income, but very little time to spare.
        
           | seem_2211 wrote:
           | Phoning for anything is my favorite thing. Absolutely I want
           | to talk to customer service. No I don't want this automated
           | (especially when I'm trying to get myself a slightly better
           | deal). And I hate phone trees with a passion, just get me the
           | operator now.
        
             | dsr_ wrote:
             | Phoning is my least favorite thing (well, except for in-
             | person visits), but I also want a human on the other end of
             | the line when I call. If I'm calling, it means I couldn't
             | get the website to do the right thing for me.
        
               | rocqua wrote:
               | Agreed. I detest calling, and will do all the automated
               | website things I can to avoid it. When I do call, gimme a
               | human.
        
           | someguydave wrote:
           | Ideal customer service has both an api/app/webpage and a
           | human to call for support.
        
           | ryandrake wrote:
           | Same with self checkout at the grocery store: I know a lot of
           | people like it, but whenever I do it I'm thinking "this is
           | someone else's job! Why the hell am I having to do it now? ?"
        
             | tremon wrote:
             | Around here we have two self-service checkout systems: one
             | is as described, where you have to take each item
             | individually out of your card and present it to a scanner.
             | I detest those, as it makes me feel like a fool fumbling
             | around with the scanners while the cashiers are 10x faster
             | than I am.
             | 
             | The other one is where you pick up a handheld scanner at
             | the store entrance, and you build up your item list while
             | you're in the store loading your cart. Those ones I like,
             | as they feel much faster and much more reliable to me.
             | Moreover, I can look at the display of the scanner to see
             | if I have all the items I came for, I don't have to search
             | the cart.
        
             | lordgrenville wrote:
             | For me checkout with a cashier doesn't feel like less work
             | though. I bring them my bag, take out each item, they scan
             | them, and then I put them back in my bag. All they're doing
             | is swiping! (Growing up we had disposable bags and human
             | baggers, so maybe it saved a tiny bit more time.)
        
               | HWR_14 wrote:
               | Good lord, you do all that with cashier? I load the stuff
               | onto the belt (or don't even do that now thanks to
               | COVID), and get a cart full of bagged groceries on the
               | other side.
        
               | Tenhundfeld wrote:
               | I buy a lot of fresh produce, which is way faster with a
               | good cashier who knows all of the codes. I also tend to
               | buy multiples of an item, which is also way faster when
               | the cashier can swipe one and then hit 6x or whatevs.
               | 
               | And that's assuming the self-checkout system is working
               | perfectly, which is rare. They often have some janky
               | anti-theft sensors that freak out if you remove a bag or
               | item from the bagging area. Self-checkout is fine or
               | maybe even better if you have a few items, but for a cart
               | full of groceries, it is inarguably way slower than a
               | decent human cashier.
        
             | scruple wrote:
             | And inevitably there are always at least 2 employees
             | standing around the self-checkout helping customers that
             | are having problems with the machines.
        
               | Jtsummers wrote:
               | 2 employees assisting with 6-12 self-checkout stations is
               | still a net-win for the employer if the objective is
               | cutting "overhead" of personnel. It's only a problem if
               | the self-checkout system is flawed in a way that requires
               | frequent and lengthy intervention by the employees,
               | versus the occasional ID check for alcohol purchases and
               | item check for something not scanning correctly.
        
           | jfengel wrote:
           | To me, the web page nearly is always faster than asking a
           | human. Even setting aside the phone trees designed to slow me
           | down, I'm more comfortable with the bloated, user-hostile
           | page than trying to understand a human voice through a 4000
           | Hz telephone channel. I like not having to try to explain to
           | them what I want. With the web I can do it whenever I want,
           | at my own pace.
           | 
           | It feels like a voice call is an admission of failure:
           | sometimes of their web interface design, sometimes of my
           | ability to read. If I am calling on the phone it's only
           | because I want to talk to a human being, and I want that
           | disgusting process over with as soon as possible.
           | 
           | There is never anything I want from the phone tree except a
           | human operator. If you could automate my request then you
           | should have done it over the far clearer interface of the web
           | page. Maybe there are some people who have a phone but not a
           | computer, but I am not one of them. I'm only talking to you
           | because the easier (for me) ways have failed.
        
             | tartoran wrote:
             | The idea was that all the jobs of someone handling errands
             | for you were automated away and it became a self service
             | thing. Yes, sometimes it is easier to buy something online,
             | no doubt about that but when problems creep in it takes too
             | much of our precious time and from our mental context
             | dealing with things that would be dealt with if those jobs
             | existed. If those jobs existed in higher numbers you could
             | just call a number and a human responds and assists on the
             | other end of the line.
        
             | pdonis wrote:
             | _> There is never anything I want from the phone tree
             | except a human operator. If you could automate my request
             | then you should have done it over the far clearer interface
             | of the web page._
             | 
             | This. It's particularly infuriating that now many phone
             | trees don't even have a built-in "I want to talk to a
             | human, now" option. Hitting "0" used to be a fairly common
             | way to do that, but doesn't appear to be any more. Often I
             | have to wade through three or four levels of phone menus
             | just to get to _something_ that will take me to a human.
        
         | jfim wrote:
         | It's easier to prove that one "saved" the company money by
         | removing a support position than to evaluate the amount of
         | money wasted yearly by engineers having to buy paperclips and
         | figuring out how to expense them in the horrible expensing
         | software.
        
           | steveBK123 wrote:
           | yes and there is also often departmental budget arb going on
           | here
           | 
           | Devs in engineering org now have to spend more time on self-
           | service portals & chasing tickets because the manager of the
           | infrastructure org laid off a bunch of sysadmins.
           | 
           | I once worked at a bank where even replacing a physical disk
           | in a US datacenter involved a ticketing system which
           | dispatched tickets to India. The remote guys would then,
           | presumably, raise some sort of internal ticket so the guy
           | physically in US could you know.. replace a bad disk.
           | 
           | Turnaround on bad disk swaps went from hours to weeks. As the
           | hardware aged, we started to have enough disk failures pile
           | up on RAID arrays that data losses occurred.
           | 
           | Somewhere someone in infra cut his budget though!
        
           | seem_2211 wrote:
           | It's a very human tendency: we can see the downside so
           | obviously, but the upside is a lot harder to see.
           | 
           | Open offices: another amazing example of enormous value
           | destruction in the name of saving a little bit of money.
        
             | thesuitonym wrote:
             | I never thought open offices were about cost savings, I
             | always thought it was about someone reading that we spend
             | too much time isolated and need more interaction or some
             | such BS.
        
               | rocqua wrote:
               | Open offices, especially with flexible seating, are a
               | huge cost saving on real-estate. You need much less floor
               | space, and much less interior walls. I think at my
               | company, we are sticking with it despite arguments
               | against, because it is just cheaper. The advent of more
               | people working from home is going to mkae this even more
               | attractive probably. :(
        
           | bluGill wrote:
           | Systems are better too though. When I was an intern all
           | meeting scheduling was done on some convoluted mainframe
           | system. Most of my co-workers had forgot their login to the
           | system, they either grabbed a room that was empty and left if
           | someone showed up, or they had the secretary schedule it
           | (these were computer programmers Sun workstations on their
           | desk, not computer haters who refused to learn). One day we
           | rolled out a new system that was easy to use and suddenly all
           | meetings got scheduled by whoever wanted to have one (then
           | that got replaced by exchange/outlook which we could figure
           | out but wasn't anywhere near as easy).
           | 
           | So some of the savings is good. It is faster for me to
           | schedule a meeting in outlook (not the same company) than to
           | find a secretary to schedule my meetings. However the
           | secretary might be worth going back to just because they
           | always knew important gossip that was worth knowing.
        
             | jfim wrote:
             | Your example definitely is something that should have been
             | automated and not good use of an administrative assistant's
             | time, but humans are good at navigating unclear processes
             | and organizations.
             | 
             | For example, in one of my internships, it turns out that
             | someone mistyped my address so my paychecks were sent to
             | the wrong building; after a few weeks of that not getting
             | resolved through HR, the administrative assistant took it
             | upon herself to fix it and figured out whom to go yell at
             | to get it resolved within a few days.
             | 
             | They're also good for things where having specialized
             | knowledge of a process that's not done often can be done by
             | someone who does it more often.
             | 
             | For example, when it comes to corporate travel, our company
             | has a self service portal, and every time I need to book
             | business travel I have waste an hour to figure out the
             | right combination of flights and hotels to use, and another
             | hour after returning to enter all of the expenses in the
             | expensing system; I'd much rather send an email like "need
             | to go to office X between Y and Z, no red eye flights" and
             | "here's the receipts from our last trip, we took client W
             | for a business dinner on May nth" and have it all happen.
             | 
             | Someone who does it several times per week would be much
             | more efficient at doing it than me doing it a few times per
             | year. But maybe in a few years we'll get some AI assistant
             | that figures out that I like seat 3A, departures that are
             | not too early, and figures out how to determine the expense
             | types from various receipts.
        
         | fouric wrote:
         | The difference is that a single $150k/year programmer can make
         | software that replaces an unlimited amount of $40k/year
         | secretaries.
         | 
         | Software scales - that's why programmers have such high
         | salaries (which are usually only a fraction of the value that
         | they're delivering anyway).
        
           | Jtsummers wrote:
           | Software can only replace some roles that administrative
           | staff filled. Most often, like in the case of email and word
           | processors, it distributes the work and eats up everyone's
           | time by moving it from specialists to non-specialists.
        
             | TeMPOraL wrote:
             | Isn't it ironic.
             | 
             | The optimum should be, of course, software _empowering_ the
             | specialists, so they can do more with less, providing
             | better service to more people. But hey, a specialist costs
             | $X in salary; a specialist + software that empowers them
             | cost $X + $Y for the expensive license. Meanwhile, a SaaS
             | that allows everyone to do the task lets us save $X on the
             | specialist, and costs peanuts... plus a good fraction of
             | everyone 's salary, but nobody notices that.
        
               | bluGill wrote:
               | The secretaries were specialists: in language. How much
               | better would my posts be if someone who was good at
               | writing and so would correct my grammar (grammar checkers
               | are horrible - or were last time I tried, mostly I don't
               | even look anymore). Often what I saw should be worded a
               | little differently. Spell check doesn't notice when I
               | spelled a different word than what I wanted.
               | 
               | I'm a faster typist than I am at talking, so I don't need
               | a typist. I could really use someone to proofread for me.
               | We have lost both.
        
           | seem_2211 wrote:
           | I'm saying those programmers should have secretaries to help
           | them with all of the admin etc. They shouldn't be booking
           | their own flights, or making dinner reservations, or running
           | expenses (or a lot of other manual work)
        
             | Jtsummers wrote:
             | My previous office went through that cycle.
             | 
             | Circa 2000 (and continuing through the 00s) there was a
             | massive cutback in administrative personnel. By the time I
             | got there (circa 2010) there were essentially no
             | administrative support personnel except for those at the
             | very top. During the 10s they realized that they were
             | spending around $10k/year/person on travel related stuffs
             | not because it was necessary, but because of the time lost
             | to deal with the software that was supposed to remove the
             | need for the full-time administrative staff.
             | 
             | By the end of the 10s, they'd restored the administrative
             | teams and were spending much less per year on "overhead"
             | (non-billable hour) even if you counted the admin teams as
             | only overhead. Down from around $10 million to less than $1
             | million by just having a dedicated team that dealt with
             | travel and finance stuffs.
             | 
             | The problem was that most people only traveled once a year,
             | at best, and so they had no real experience with the
             | unintuitive software. The average traveler was spending a
             | week extra per trip, which was not billed to customers,
             | dealing with reservations (1-2 days total pre-trip) and
             | finances (2-3 days total post-trip).
        
             | closeparen wrote:
             | Mythical Man Month describes secretaries in a software
             | context. What spoke to me about it was none of things, but
             | instead: scheduling meetings, taking and distributing
             | agendas and notes for those meetings, being the curator and
             | librarian of project documentation. Just because these
             | things are digital now, doesn't mean any of the engineers
             | on the team will step up to do them consistently or well.
             | Many projects could run more smoothly with someone in that
             | role.
        
               | ketzo wrote:
               | Many of those responsibilities have moved into the domain
               | of the Product Owner / Scrum Master roles, which can work
               | pretty well in my experience.
        
       | Scarbutt wrote:
       | TL;DR Take walks
        
         | SketchySeaBeast wrote:
         | That still seems efficiency focused - adding a deliberate "off
         | time" to try to be more effective.
        
       | nine_k wrote:
       | Ah, "Antifragile" done quick? Nice.
       | 
       | Even shorter: there's no single absolute optimum; if you optimize
       | for efficiency, you lose in other areas. But if you optimize in
       | other areas, you lose in efficiency, of course. Everything in
       | real life is a compromise.
        
         | bumby wrote:
         | Doesn't this just imply that the cost function is over
         | simplistic rather than there is "no single absolute optimum"?
         | E.g., maybe a more appropriate cost function factors in both
         | resilience and efficiency.
         | 
         | It reminds me of working a scheduling problem that failed to
         | factor in union concerns. It was a bad solution because it
         | didn't factor in all the dimensions of the actual problem and
         | only originally concerned itself with "management's" cost
         | concerns, not the "union's" cost concerns.
         | 
         | Tbf, I never finished "Antifragile" as I felt like it just kept
         | going over the same concept from different angles without
         | introducing anything new after the first 50 or so pages.
        
       | carlosf wrote:
       | Nice read.
       | 
       | As a sysadmin / DevOps / SRE / whatever, I also realized at some
       | point that being constantly busy is actually a state of extreme
       | fragility.
       | 
       | Nowadays I try spending a significant part of my day just trying
       | new stuff and reading, not being micromanaged helps a lot.
        
         | tetha wrote:
         | I was about to write that. This is very visible in operational
         | teams.
         | 
         | Depending on what is going on, an operational team will spend
         | 20 - 40% of their time firefighting or at tightening screws and
         | oiling wheels - maintaining systems. Sometimes it's a good week
         | and it's just 10%. Sometimes you launched a new product, and
         | it's 60% because everything is failing.
         | 
         | As a conclusion from there, it's not a good idea to schedule
         | more than 50% - 60% of deliverables with deadlines, because the
         | right outage is going to toss those estimates really quickly.
         | 
         | That's in itself the definition of sufficient slack. If you
         | don't have that, prod fails and no one is around to fix it. If
         | you do, someone can usually start poking at it quickly.
        
         | hinkley wrote:
         | I did some refactoring work a few months ago, replacing the old
         | way we did something with the new. I didn't have to do it, I
         | could have punted like the creator did. But I was used to the
         | new thing and I wasn't about to write new code that was already
         | deprecated.
         | 
         | Nobody called me out on it but it wouldn't have been the first
         | time in my career.
         | 
         | But now I find out belatedly that we're changing our auth
         | system, and now that work is going to save me from having to
         | drop everything to get it done on time.
        
           | loopz wrote:
           | If there's something you _feel_ you can do, it 'd be good,
           | you absolutely should investigate that path. If it turns out
           | it didn't work out, someone stomped on it or you get pulled
           | elsewhere, it wasn't meant to be. You _feeling_ that goal
           | within your grasp, is anyways valuable as learning exercise.
           | 
           | No matter your efforts, there's a time for everything.
        
       | jdashg wrote:
       | For a more macro/systemic discussion of slack, I liked this SSC
       | article: https://slatestarcodex.com/2020/05/12/studies-on-slack/
        
       | Pet_Ant wrote:
       | Maximising utilisation usually means an increase in latency. You
       | don't want your ambulances or fire fighters at high utilisation.
        
         | cogman10 wrote:
         | It's a balance. If 10 firefighters don't see high utilization,
         | you don't want to increase the staff to 20, just in case.
         | That's just a waste of money.
         | 
         | The rule of thumb is that you want utilization to be where
         | there is an acceptable latency depending on some percentile of
         | cases. For a firefighter, you'd probably look at p99 latency.
         | For a hamburger joint, p50 on order time would be good enough.
        
           | Yeroc wrote:
           | Seems like the original article/book and your comment tie
           | back to Little's Law from queuing theory which is used as
           | justification in Kanban for minimizing WIP.
        
           | jschveibinz wrote:
           | Great interchange of comments.
        
           | ErikVandeWater wrote:
           | I doubt you will ever see even firefighters with low
           | utilization. They can use extra time to do inspections to
           | make sure there aren't any fires, or put on presentations at
           | neighborhood association meetings teaching the public about
           | fire hazards. If they aren't doing those things and there
           | aren't any fires, they're just lazy.
        
             | burnished wrote:
             | Absolutely not. Not that those things aren't great, and
             | hopefully already being done, but there is zero need to ask
             | firefighters to be at 100% utilization at all times. There
             | is value in having some one perform busy waiting in the
             | event of an emergency. Did you know thats a training drill
             | they perform? How fast they can be out and on their way
             | from the moment of getting a call.
        
               | ErikVandeWater wrote:
               | > there is zero need to ask firefighters to be at 100%
               | utilization at all times.
               | 
               | That's why I didn't call for it.
        
           | omginternets wrote:
           | >you don't want to increase the staff to 20, just in case.
           | That's just a waste of money.
           | 
           | I believe OP's point is that you _do_ want the staff of 20,
           | for the once-in-a-lifetime fire that requires 20 people. See
           | also: the recent Texas power grid debacle, or the saturation
           | of ERs due to COVID.
        
             | wott wrote:
             | > you do want the staff of 20
             | 
             | No, you don't. Resources are not infinite, and at some
             | point the budget has to be taken from other services which
             | are more useful than a once-in-a-lifetime event.
             | 
             | Or you do want the staff of 20, but then it must be a
             | volunteer and/or on-call duty system. Otherwise it is not
             | sustainable.
             | 
             | In my country, the shift/switch to professionalisation that
             | started 30 years ago has gradually become a big problem.
             | Despite the fact that they still represent only 20% of the
             | firemen, they are killing the budgets, and they always want
             | more ( _lots_ of strikes); apart from  'standard' raises,
             | the most common thing they ask for, is that on-call hours
             | should be paid full-rate, as active hours. Which, beside
             | being extremely costly, is absurd when they are 'working'
             | 24h shifts! It contains a few hours of training and,
             | depending on location, a few hours of duty; the rest is on-
             | call (at home or on premises depending on the type of
             | station), the number of service calls is limited, and 1 in
             | 4 shifts happen without a single call (even more for 12h
             | shifts).
             | 
             | There are plenty of other problems which surround this
             | professionalisation, but they are not directly related to
             | this subject.
        
         | the-dude wrote:
         | In The Netherlands it is more like our IC beds.
        
           | NotSammyHagar wrote:
           | What does ic bed mean?
        
             | SunlightEdge wrote:
             | Intensive care
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | pegasus wrote:
             | IC = Intensive Care
        
       | PartiallyTyped wrote:
       | Simply, the system becomes significantly less responsive the more
       | utilized it is. Isn't this one of the most important discoveries
       | of Queuing theory?
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | pjungwir wrote:
       | The most famous book to discuss this idea is _The Goal_ by
       | Eliyahu Goldratt, published in the days when American
       | manufacturing was trying to compete with Japanese methods. That
       | book inspired _The Phoenix Project_ by Gene Kim and others, which
       | applied the ideas to DevOps.
       | 
       | It's been several years, so I don't remember how TPP tied slack
       | to concrete DevOps practices. But in Google's SRE book (published
       | by O'Reilly), they talk about how if more than half of an SRE's
       | time is consumed by incident response, they push maintenance back
       | to the developers. Reserving 50+% time for project work is a way
       | to maintain slack. (See _Time Management for System
       | Administrators_ by Thomas Limoncelli for more techniques.)
       | 
       | (EDIT: I'm starting to remember more details from TPP now: One
       | way to add slack is to find & remove bottlenecks, e.g. the
       | sysadmin who was "too good" at solving everyone's problems. This
       | is also why you may want to mix more generalists into your teams
       | than is strictly efficient. Likewise with having "cross-
       | functional teams". They can share work so there are fewer
       | bottlenecks.)
       | 
       | In other software development, you can achieve slack by filling
       | each sprint with a mix of high- and low-urgency work. (And btw,
       | we should replace the word "sprint".) Or leaving 20% of your time
       | for refactoring. Or practicing the Boy Scout method (and
       | factoring it into your estimates). Or when the graybeards double
       | any estimate before sharing it with the customer. Google's 20%
       | time is another form of slack.
       | 
       | Webdev shops struggle with this since utilization is a major
       | driver for profitability. I've seen many start in-house products
       | to fill the time between client work. You'd think these would
       | turn out great, since they are (or ought to be) experts at
       | building and launching new tech ventures. But I've only seen a
       | couple work out. In practice they get neglected as soon as more
       | billable work arrives.
       | 
       | What works better is a focus on internal tooling. This is much
       | like Toyota's continuous improvement (a connection also made in
       | _The Goal_ ). You don't get continuous improvement unless you
       | have slack, and it's a good way to "use" your slack. If you don't
       | have any ideas for internal tooling (ha), maybe encourage your
       | devs to make some open-source contributions.
       | 
       | It's notable that you don't achieve slack by sleeping in. The
       | secretaries still had to show up to work, even if they didn't
       | have too much to do. So you still need a good work ethic. This
       | makes me skeptical of the author's idea that you can motivate
       | yourself with tight deadlines. I often wait until the last minute
       | to do things, but that's not really buying me slack.
       | 
       | On the other hand playing Counterstrike may be genuine slack,
       | since you can always turn it off if something comes up. :-)
       | 
       | For developers, another way to use slack time, besides building
       | tools and playing games, is personal development: read a book, do
       | a course, write a blog post, etc. Your greatest asset is your
       | mind, and you must invest in it! Or engage in a community and
       | meet new people. That is a kind of investment too.
       | 
       | I suspect slack is better managed in the small than in the large.
       | I'm thinking of Hayek's critique of central planning in _Road to
       | Serfdom_ , or Michael Polanyi's objection to centrally-planned
       | scientific research. I knew a company once that devoted one in
       | four sprints to refactoring. While that would be an improvement
       | in many places, it feels a bit too centrally-planned to me. Give
       | people slack, but let them use it how they like.
        
         | Jtsummers wrote:
         | It's worth noting that part of how TPS (Toyota Production
         | System) achieves continuous improvement is by
         | creating/exacerbating pain points. By reducing inventory, in
         | particular, it reveals issues in the system that might get
         | papered over elsewhere.
         | 
         | Things that high inventory can cover up:
         | 
         | - Low yield. If half your produced product is low quality and
         | unsellable, but you can still make enough and have enough
         | inventory you can still hit your targets. But you're not
         | motivated (or insufficiently motivated) to improve the yield.
         | 
         | - Maintenance/repair downtime. If you can run flat out 24 hours
         | a day for 3 months and get enough inventory to cover that one
         | month of repair work, you're not encouraged to improve the
         | maintenance program or maintainability of the system.
         | 
         | - Tooling changeover (a _big_ one in TPS). Related to the
         | preceding one. If tooling changeover introduces a week of
         | downtime, but your inventory is high enough to absorb that
         | loss, then you 're not motivated to improve the changeover.
         | 
         | By reducing inventory (it's not the only way, but it is a way)
         | these issues become much more apparent and can then be
         | addressed. Continuing with this, in TPS/Lean as you improve one
         | area you can either produce more (which means selling more) or
         | produce _enough_ (but less than before, because there 's less
         | need to paper over issues with high inventory) and free up
         | capital and resources for the next area with issues. Which also
         | introduces slack into the system so you can handle surges in
         | demand more effectively.
        
       | carbonguy wrote:
       | One of the quotes suggests that DeMarco (the author of the book
       | under discussion in this post) himself views 'slack' somewhat
       | negatively:
       | 
       | > "Slack represents operational capacity _sacrificed_ in the
       | interests of long-term health." [emphasis mine]
       | 
       | Quibble it might be, but nevertheless: surely if the goal is to
       | appreciate the value of 'slack,' it would be better to describe
       | it as an _investment_ in long-term health, rather than a
       | sacrifice for it?
       | 
       | To be fair, I suspect he was trying to implicitly refer to
       | "opportunity cost" - every investment implies a "sacrifice" of
       | the alternatives. But it seems to lead the blog post author into
       | a similar dissonant frame of thinking:
       | 
       | > Slack consists of excess resources... Slack is vital...
       | 
       | Here I quibble with the use of "excess." Excess compared to what?
       | Presumably, excess compared to the resources one might assume
       | were necessary to guarantee a healthy operation - but as the
       | author then notes, these resources are not "excess" at all, but
       | indeed "vital!" In other words, they are fundamental to the
       | continued existence of the operation. Why imply anything else?
        
         | bumby wrote:
         | > _Excess compared to what?_
         | 
         | I was reading this in the operations research sense of
         | optimality. From this standpoint, they are excess in the
         | current set of constraints but may be vital (an non-excessive)
         | if those constraints change in the future.
        
       | mauvehaus wrote:
       | And this is why you schedule flights in the morning: there's so
       | damn little slack in the system that if things go wrong at 10:00
       | AM at O'Hare, flights for the whole rest of the day are screwed
       | up owing to the cascading delays.
       | 
       | At least in the morning the airlines have had the overnight to
       | unsnarl the previous day's mess because of the reduced revenue
       | traffic overnight and the corresponding slack that accrues as a
       | happy side effect.
       | 
       | This is _also_ why things like the healthcare system,
       | transportation network, and postal system shouldn 't be run for
       | maximum utilization/efficiency under normal load: if there isn't
       | any slack in the system it gets real ugly when things get
       | squirrelly. In cases of localized disturbance, we get by on
       | mutual aid: linemen and bucket trucks from far away respond in
       | the aftermath of e.g. a hurricane or tornado. Likewise, fire
       | departments from all over The greater Boston area responded to
       | the gas explosions in the Merrimack Valley[0] and companies from
       | even further away repositioned trucks to cover the departments
       | that responded directly.
       | 
       | When it's national or global scale event, you're left leaning on
       | whatever slack was in the system. As we're all painfully aware,
       | there hasn't been enough. The public health and healthcare
       | systems have been doing heroic work, but if they weren't
       | stretched so tight in the name of efficiency beforehand, there'd
       | be less need for the heroic efforts.
       | 
       | [0]
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrimack_Valley_gas_explosion...
        
         | nonameiguess wrote:
         | Been seeing this with UPS after the Texas snow storm. Packages
         | were canceled or delivered late, often missing parts of it, for
         | over a month. It's an obvious problem with homebuilders, too. I
         | keep seeing all these constructions just halt all work,
         | sometimes for a few weeks or months, sometimes for a couple
         | years. They seem to operate with absolutely no margin for error
         | and run out of money really easily.
        
         | Quanttek wrote:
         | Shortly before the Covid-19 pandemic, a highly-influential
         | think tank (the Bertelsmann-Stiftung) suggested closing half of
         | Germany's hospitals because of the low bed utilization and
         | simple inefficiencies that pop up when smaller hospitals deal
         | with less-common cases.
         | 
         | That plan has now been effectively scrapped. The large number
         | of ICU beds per capita has been one of the main reasons why
         | Germany got so well through the first wave. The plan also
         | overlooked that the main bottleneck has always been staff, who
         | were already running with very low slack.
        
         | knuthsat wrote:
         | Yep, I started my programming career optimizing stuff
         | (traveling salesmen, roster, schedules) and the optimizing
         | criteria in academia is very far from reality. The effects of
         | not having slack are disastrous.
         | 
         | Although, the effects start showing after the optimization
         | makes people believe they can squeeze even more work. The
         | initial optimized schedules create more slack than handcrafted
         | ones.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | tsm_sf wrote:
           | The problem imho is that most places want to shed the freed
           | labor rather than redistribute the load. Just slowing hiring
           | a little adds burden.
        
         | marcus_holmes wrote:
         | OK, but the corollary to this is that there are a fair few
         | people sitting around doing not a lot on the taxpayer's dime.
         | That's the visible side-effect of organisational slack (as TFA
         | points out: the secretary spends most of her day doing
         | nothing).
         | 
         | There's been a lack of tolerance for that. We tend to feel that
         | if our tax dollars are paying for someone, that someone had
         | better be busy all day long. Politicians have made political
         | capital from "cutting slack" in public services.
         | 
         | We need a cultural recognition that slack is good. And I doubt
         | that's going to happen any time soon.
        
         | highfrequency wrote:
         | The magnitude of the delayed flight effect is fairly small:
         | flights at 3pm are only delayed by 10 mins more on average than
         | 6am flights.
         | 
         | https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/fly-early-arrive-on-tim...
        
           | mauvehaus wrote:
           | It's a little disappointing that 538 didn't talk about the
           | distribution on this.
           | 
           | I'm looking to avoid the one flight that's delayed an hour
           | that means I miss my connection because my layover was an
           | hour. Only 5 flights have to arrive on time to hit an average
           | arrival delay of 10 minutes. Those are not favorable odds, as
           | I see them. Especially if it's cutting into my vacation time.
        
           | jfim wrote:
           | It's been several years since I looked at the data, but if I
           | remember correctly most flights actually arrive ahead of
           | time. The median if I remember correctly is actually negative
           | (ie. at least 50% of flights arrive ahead of time).
           | 
           | However, this means that there's a long tail of flights that
           | get delayed an hour or more, which brings the average up. Not
           | a good situation to be in if one has to make a late
           | connection during the day.
        
           | thehappypm wrote:
           | The article doesn't paint quite the rosy picture:
           | 
           | "The best time to fly is between 6 and 7 in the morning.
           | Flights scheduled to depart in that window arrived just 8.6
           | minutes late on average. Flights leaving before 6, or between
           | 7 and 8, are nearly as good.
           | 
           | But delay times build from there. Through the rest of the
           | morning and the afternoon, for every hour later you depart
           | you can expect an extra minute of delays. Delay times peak at
           | 20.7 minutes -- more than twice as long as for early-morning
           | flights -- in the block between 6 and 7 p.m. They remain at
           | 20-plus minutes through the 9 p.m. hour."
        
         | Jtsummers wrote:
         | > This is also why things like the healthcare system,
         | transportation network, and postal system shouldn't be run for
         | maximum utilization/efficiency under normal load: if there
         | isn't any slack in the system it gets real ugly when things get
         | squirrelly.
         | 
         | A couple years before the pandemic, the counties neighboring
         | mine (where I lived at the time) cut out most public medical
         | services (mind you, these aren't _free_ , just publicly funded,
         | people still paid for them). There wasn't enough money for a
         | private hospital to bother so this was a critical piece of
         | infrastructure. They kept emergency and urgent care clinics in
         | each county, but directed people to the other (more populated,
         | higher income) counties like mine for many services. Last year
         | was not a good year for those counties as people were now being
         | shuttled 40+ miles if they needed to be treated (at a hospital)
         | for COVID.
         | 
         | Lean means cutting the fat, not the meat. They didn't just cut
         | the fat and meat, they cut to the bone. This is when
         | organizations find themselves in trouble and fail their
         | clients/customers: eliminating things they don't think they
         | need because they're "underutilized", only to discover later
         | there was a sound reason to have that capability to begin with.
        
       | therouwboat wrote:
       | I used to work in machining shop using saw to cut stock for big
       | expensive milling machines. They allowed only one shift, because
       | that was just barely enough to keep milling machines running
       | evening and night, but often machines would stop. If we had
       | second shift, machines would never run out, but the boss was the
       | kinda guy who rather have 100e+/h machines stop, than see some
       | worker not being 100% busy all the time.
        
       | GuB-42 wrote:
       | Isn't that a well studied problem, applicable to many fields?
       | 
       | Here the article is about people, but the same reasoning can be
       | made with computers or service centers. I mean, no sysadmin will
       | expect their network to be a 100% capacity all the time. We have
       | mathematical models for that, the stuff with binomial laws and
       | Poisson distributions.
       | 
       | So how can we expect people to be 100% efficient if even machines
       | can't be 100% efficient?
        
         | bumby wrote:
         | > _So how can we expect people to be 100% efficient if even
         | machines can 't be 100% efficient?_
         | 
         | The article addresses this, I think, in the "Total efficiency
         | is a myth" section:
         | 
         | "it is impossible to keep everyone in the organization 100
         | percent busy unless we allow for some buffering"
        
       | choeger wrote:
       | In retrospect, yes, this is absolutely true. One is _much_ more
       | effective with slack. The question is how to set one up for that.
       | Ironically, slack (the app) is really counterproductive here. It
       | takes some effort not to react immediately to every request.
       | While this might look like the setup of Gloria, the secretary,
       | often the sheer amount of requests kills any slack.
        
         | Jtsummers wrote:
         | You get slack by not delaying on the things that can be done
         | immediately (with no or minimal planning), and then planning
         | the rest so that you tackle it in an appropriate fashion. If
         | you don't plan it, you'll end up creating additional work on
         | top of the desired work to fix the issues produced by skipping
         | planning.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | RcouF1uZ4gsC wrote:
       | I am worried most about how our system pushes efficiency to the
       | detriment of resiliency.
       | 
       | Businesses use just in time inventory to increase efficiency, but
       | that means a small disruption anywhere in the supply chain can
       | grind everything to a halt.
       | 
       | Also, instead of maintaining cash savings, businesses will rely
       | on cheap credit. However, if enough businesses do that, any type
       | of credit crunch results in widespread economic disaster.
       | 
       | Often business efficiency is a way to privatize the gains from
       | efficiency, but but have the public bear the losses from lack of
       | resilience.
       | 
       | Just like banks are required to keep a reserve (which is
       | inefficient in some sense), I think some type of regulation or
       | increasing the personal moral hazard for business leaders is
       | required to make sure businesses don't sacrifice resiliency for
       | too much efficiency (and the profits of efficiency).
        
         | matheusmoreira wrote:
         | Agreed. Businesses optimize profit generation. Providing good
         | products or services are merely the means to such an end.
         | Increases in efficiency often means sacrificing some quality
         | they view as superfluous but is likely valuable.
        
       | grouphugs wrote:
       | nazis are the enemy, efficiency matters when it matters
        
       | myfavoritedog wrote:
       | Some good food for thought in the article. You want enough slack
       | time and energy to be able to accomplish the high priority items.
       | You definitely want to avoid low ROI busy work.
       | 
       | But also beware the easy seduction of the idea that you don't
       | have to work hard to have a good chance of success.
        
       | Litost wrote:
       | This quote "You're efficient when you do something with minimum
       | waste. And you're effective when you're doing the right
       | something." reminds me of a Systems Thinking talk Russell Ackoff
       | gave a long time ago [1] where he talks about the difference
       | between doing "the right thing wrong" and the "wrong thing right"
       | and getting more efficient at doing the wrong thing obviously
       | might not be optimal :). This is actually a concept that Peter
       | Drucker came up with, but I've not managed to find a good link to
       | that, I'd be interested if anyone has?
       | 
       | The whole talk is quite interesting, but I've linked to the
       | relevant segment: [1] https://youtu.be/OqEeIG8aPPk?t=591
        
       | 29athrowaway wrote:
       | Optimizing for individual productivity is different than
       | optimizing for team productivity.
       | 
       | Writing code as fast as possible does not produce readable code.
       | Code with low readability is not productive at scale or over
       | time.
        
       | lbacaj wrote:
       | Nearly every system in nature has some slack baked into it.
       | 
       | Take the human brain, pound for pound it packs more neurons in it
       | than any other animals brain on the planet. 20% of the glucose we
       | burn goes to power the brain, in children it's closer to 50-60%.
       | Yet even though nature powers this incredibly powerful computer,
       | 24/7, we use it's power, maybe once in a while if we're lucky. We
       | can't remember more than 6-7 things at a time, we can never fire
       | every single part at once. You might assume this is a defect,
       | it's not, it's a feature.
       | 
       | The brain has so much capacity, they have found people that can
       | literally remember every single thing that happens to them their
       | whole lives. Guess what happened to them? They had no slack for
       | reasoning in abstraction, the things that make us human, they
       | could detail every aspect of a story but couldn't summarize it,
       | and the list goes on and on. What would happen if we ran our
       | chips at 100% capacity 24/7?
       | 
       | We assume we need to do more, we need more information, we need
       | to squeeze every ounce out of our life and work but in reality
       | this has the opposite of the intended effects.
       | 
       | This article is great because it puts it all into perspective. I
       | recently wrote about the same topic but it's not as good as this
       | article but still if you are interested:
       | 
       | https://louiebacaj.com/what-happens-if-we-squeeze-too-much/
        
       | thesnide wrote:
       | This is HN, and no-one yet mentionned the "Boimler Effect" ?
        
       | arthurjj wrote:
       | I'm sympathetic to the argument but the just-so-story at the
       | start actually made me question it. The 60s and 70s had a baby
       | boom entering the workforce which likely led to the productivity
       | growth rate[1]. We have less slack because it's relatively more
       | expensive. Focusing on the cult of efficiency can distract you
       | from the real causes
       | 
       | [1] "Fully Grown" goes into exhaustive research of every possibly
       | cause of the productivity slow down. https://amzn.to/3nN1ZrR
        
       | robbmorganf wrote:
       | I had an off-topic thought that the _ideal_ of Slack (the chat
       | service) is actually very well explained by  "slack" as defined
       | in this article. This article holds "slack" as the ability to
       | respond to a new task immediately, and Slack (chat service) is
       | built around responding immediately to tasks or questions from
       | peers.
       | 
       |  _However_ , executives clearly aren't quite getting the benefit.
       | They expect employees to respond immediately to every new need
       | and new task, but they didn't actually give the employees enough
       | time availability to do so. So instead of getting faster
       | responses from employees, the employees just get overloaded; this
       | leads to the tasks actually being completed LATER than they would
       | have without Slack (chat service) _and_ employees getting burnt
       | out quickly.
        
       | jdauriemma wrote:
       | At my first tech job many of us had quite a bit of idle time.
       | Some impactful and interesting projects were initiated during
       | those moments of inertia.
       | 
       | "Creativity is the residue of time wasted" - probably not Albert
       | Einstein but it's attributed to him
        
       | bluGill wrote:
       | Efficient is very important when you are doing the same thing
       | over and over again. If you job is to type, than the faster you
       | type the better, and anything that gets in the way of typing is
       | bad. If you job is to think, than the faster you think the
       | better, anything that slows thinking is bad. If you are a
       | programmer or manager, then you are in the later group. If you
       | work an assembly line than it is the former.
        
       | Jtsummers wrote:
       | TL;DR: Author has discovered another author who has written about
       | a topic that's been known since queuing theory and statistical
       | modeling were explicitly applied to businesses some time last
       | century which merely revealed what many people already understood
       | intuitively (but probably couldn't quantify or articulate).
       | 
       | 100% utilization is moronic, you need slack in your system or you
       | will introduce the risk of a severe backlog of work that may
       | never finish (or will finish because clients cancel the requests
       | and go elsewhere).
       | 
       | See also _The Goal_.
        
       | markus_zhang wrote:
       | I think everyone needs different block of time to slack, to
       | remove burn-outs and reserve more energy for next step. Some
       | people such as John Carmack probably doesn't need that much of
       | time to slack (he seems to use "researching how to do difficult
       | things" and programming retreats as a way to slack from daily
       | programming jobs) but most of us need it.
        
       | betwixthewires wrote:
       | The title is a little sensational, and that is a good thing.
       | Sensational titles usually do one of two things: clickbait, or
       | playfully intrigue the target and deliver something in its vein.
       | 
       | This actually made me think about somewhere I might be wrong. I
       | just got the book the article references and I'm going to read
       | it. I've always been about efficiency, and still am where things
       | can be automated. But the idea that you're less effective if you
       | cram your life with tasks is intriguing, and maybe a little
       | enticing. I'd like to explore the concept further.
        
       | Paradox0 wrote:
       | Counterpoint (kinda): https://efficiencyiseverything.com/
        
       | jl2718 wrote:
       | >> Imagine if Tony decided to assign her more work to ensure she
       | spends a full eight hours a day busy.
       | 
       | Tony invents "agile/scrum".
        
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