[HN Gopher] A review of correlations between big five personalit...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       A review of correlations between big five personality types and
       life outcomes
        
       Author : dynm
       Score  : 213 points
       Date   : 2021-05-09 17:00 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
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 (TXT) w3m dump (dynomight.net)
        
       | de_keyboard wrote:
       | Anyone done a correlation analysis of Big-5 traits and favourite
       | programming languages?
        
         | thinkingemote wrote:
         | Or Emacs and Vim users....
        
       | hyko wrote:
       | _we can infer that we're at an equilibrium point with no real
       | advantage either way_
       | 
       | We can do no such damn thing! This analysis completely conflates
       | natural selection and sexual selection, and ignores the role of
       | genetic drift.
        
       | jawns wrote:
       | I think a lot of this analysis is tautological -- meaning that
       | when you boil it down, you're just saying that things are as you
       | have defined them to be.
       | 
       | For instance, take a Big Five trait such as agreeableness. How do
       | we know that a person is agreeable? Because we define
       | agreeableness in a certain way and then measure the degree to
       | which someone conforms to the definition. If that measurement
       | includes questions such as, "Do others find you easy to get along
       | with?" then of course there's going to be a negative correlation
       | with loneliness, because you've essentially defined it that way.
       | 
       | I am the author of Correlated.org, which commits many different
       | types of statistical errors for humor's sake, so this leaps out
       | at me. By the way, for a surprisingly vast number of things,
       | agreeableness is quite predictive. Food preferences, public
       | policy positions, and even willingness to answer poll questions
       | :)
        
         | anbende wrote:
         | While this is true for a lot of common psychological
         | constructs, the Big Five were not defined according to
         | agreement or consensus. The definitions were driven by the
         | lexical hypothesis whereby the wide variety of personality
         | descriptive adjectives in human language were factor analyzed
         | and found to cluster into 5 distinct factors.
         | 
         | So this isn't tautological in the way that you've described,
         | though it is certainly related to the way human beings describe
         | each other and the way that instantiates in human language.
         | 
         | Source 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_hypothesis
         | 
         | Source 2: I'm a psychologist and did research in this area
        
           | vlovich123 wrote:
           | Humorism was a field of academic study for two millennia
           | before germ theory demonstrated how laughable the entire
           | field was. It's always important to remember that doing
           | research in a field doesn't necessarily mean that the field
           | itself is on a solid foundation that maps to reality.
           | Psychology and psychiatry really do struggle to demonstrate
           | statistically meaningful results behind most therapies (CBT
           | is perhaps a notable exception, although even there results
           | can be mixed). Analyses like the big 5 are squarely in the
           | "let me read your tea leaves" camp of "science" IMO. They
           | basically play a trick of "sure, the other personality
           | theories were bogus but this time we did stumble upon a good
           | way of characterizing it" while taking at face value that the
           | entire endeavor as valid. Neuroscience has a bit more behind
           | it because it's actually rooted in quantifiable measurements
           | somewhat and even there it's difficult. It's like trying to
           | reverse-engineer a modern CPU from X-ray lithography. If you
           | know the theory underpinning everything, you can start to
           | make educated guesses. Without that you're not going to get
           | anywhere close to what's going on let alone root cause if
           | something is broken.
        
             | anbende wrote:
             | A major problem with humorism was that it did not have any
             | empirical evidence to support it.
             | 
             | Modern personality theory DOES. Personality theory uses a
             | variety of techniques to show that a construct is
             | internally consistent and related to real-world indicators.
             | If independent people can view a video or a person and they
             | reliably rate that entity similarly (inter-rater
             | reliability), we can say with some certainty that there is
             | something there. Relating a construct like this to a
             | variety of real-world outcomes allows us to ascertain its
             | relationship to the world. This evidence is messy and not
             | nearly as solid as what's found in the harder sciences, but
             | your dismissal of the modern statistics of questionnaire-
             | based measurement does a very well-researched field of
             | inquiry a huge disservice.
        
               | vlovich123 wrote:
               | My analogy to humorism was not to imply that there's no
               | empirical evidence at all here. Just that the field of
               | psychology has continually struggled to actually develop
               | testable hypotheses that lead to scientific theories.
               | 
               | There's a giant chasm between "I have a signal" and
               | "here's what that signal means". You can't start out with
               | a data set, pick out some signals and then say what they
               | mean. That's scientific theory 101. You build a
               | hypothetical model and then design experiments to test
               | those theories. It's not me doing the field a disservice.
               | The practitioners have consistently and repeatedly done
               | bad science and statistics. I'll be more supportive once
               | the field actually starts producing falsifiable theories
               | that are supported by evidence and the practitioners are
               | better at calling out their peers.
        
               | acituan wrote:
               | You seem to be conflating psychology the science vs
               | psychotherapy the practice. The latter approximates
               | engineering and producing real life results takes
               | precedence over proving things from first principles.
               | Just like with medicine, you don't categorically reject
               | medications even though it can't always explain the
               | mechanisms of action fully (yet). Big tech doesn't hold
               | off on making billion dollar business decisions based on
               | the same techniques either. Science has its place but it
               | is not always above real life pragmatism.
        
               | tikhonj wrote:
               | > _Big tech doesn 't hold off on making billion dollar
               | business decisions based on the same techniques either._
               | 
               | I've seen how large companies make [?]$X0 million
               | decisions and probably $X00 million decisions and I
               | suspect $ billion decisions aren't treated fundamentally
               | differently. I wouldn't use that as evidence for how to
               | make decisions well.
               | 
               | My current theory is that companies are successful not
               | because they consistently make specific tactical or even
               | strategic decisions well but because (through design or
               | evolution) they are resilient systems that can weather
               | surprisingly poor decision making at all levels.
        
               | vlovich123 wrote:
               | It's remarkable how similar this is to the argument that
               | an acupuncturist will make is. The modern pharmaceutical
               | industry in many instances has the same issues by the
               | way. Lots of drugs that have questionable efficacy at
               | best.
        
             | CompelTechnic wrote:
             | Turns out that the big 5 have predictive power. Hard to
             | call it "tea leaves" if it has broad correlates with human
             | behavior that are replicable across cultures and predict
             | forward-looking behavior.
        
               | mcguire wrote:
               | That's the argument usually presented for intelligence
               | testing.
        
           | jawns wrote:
           | But isn't that just tautology with an intermediate step?
           | 
           | You might have Personality Descriptive Adjective X that is
           | found to cluster into what we call a Big Five trait.
           | 
           | But Adjective X has its own definition, and it's likely that
           | the tautology (at least insofar as these life satisfaction
           | correlations are concerned) happens at that level.
        
             | anbende wrote:
             | Tautology implies that the definition we give is redundant,
             | but none of these things were defined in this way. This is
             | because none of the research relies on this kind of
             | dictionary definition.
             | 
             | Instead, they literally ask people hundreds of questions of
             | the type:
             | 
             | "To what extent would you consider yourself to be
             | [adjective]?" (0 - 'not at all' to 5 - 'complete')
             | 
             | Then they factor analyze the results to see which
             | adjectives tend to be highly related to each other. Factor
             | analysis builds on correlation to find shared variation
             | among large groups of indicator variables.
             | 
             | So it is related to how people think of the adjectives and
             | what they mean, but it is not the case that we are just
             | lumping definitions together or "saying the same thing in
             | different words" in the way of a tautology. Instead, what
             | we're saying is that "Most of these personality adjectives
             | mostly mean the same thing. Here's the thing they all
             | mostly mean. If humans in all languages have tons of words
             | that mostly mean this common thing, maybe this common thing
             | is significant and worthy of study."
             | 
             | Regarding life satisfaction, the sense that one finds their
             | life satisfactory and "would change nothing" (one of the
             | items in the Satisfaction with Life Scale that was most
             | likely used to measure it) doesn't show up in those other
             | traits in any major way. In fact, to the extent that a
             | description of the self is related to a world-view, belief
             | or other external factor, it will never be a tautology,
             | because a self-view and other-view or world-view will never
             | share a common definition or tautology by virtue of the
             | self-other distinction.
        
             | dr_dshiv wrote:
             | I suppose they asked 1000s of different questions, each
             | representing a different personality characteristic. After
             | factor analysis, some arbitrary number of factors were
             | found to account for most of the variance. Why did they
             | settle for 5 vs 8 vs 12?
        
               | anbende wrote:
               | There are a number of metrics that are commonly used to
               | settle on a number of factors to extract. There's some
               | judgment in it to be sure, but you are looking at data-
               | driven phenomena as well like percentage of variance
               | explained, a precipitous drop in new added value, and
               | etc.
               | 
               | Essentially you come to a point where extracting another
               | value isn't explaining much more variance or producing a
               | factor that's meaningful (e.g., two items of
               | conscientiousness with negative wording are the entire
               | new "factor" and only take variance explained from 80% to
               | 82%).
               | 
               | https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/factor-analysis-how-
               | many-f...
        
               | planet-and-halo wrote:
               | Other models actually did settle for higher numbers of
               | factors, but higher numbers were usually found to have
               | categories that could be reasonably collapsed into one of
               | the Big 5.
               | 
               | Fwiw, my understanding is that most psychologists believe
               | that with further study, these categories will map to
               | actual functioning of the brain and nerve systems. For
               | example, "Neuroticism" will somehow map to the
               | excitability of certain nerve systems and "Agreeableness"
               | will somehow map to functioning of our mirror and
               | mentalizing systems. "Conscientiousness" will map to
               | inhibiting functions, "Openness" will map to
               | approach/flee type emotional functions, and
               | "Extraversion" will map to systems like dopamine release
               | on securing rewards for behavior.
        
           | analog31 wrote:
           | Given that the definitions of words and phrases are possibly
           | subjective, I've often wondered if the personality test
           | largely measures how people interpret the questions.
        
         | mathrando wrote:
         | Articles like this answer the question, "what if 1920s
         | eugenicists got hold of 1980s magazine relationship tests?"
         | 
         | The scary thing is a lot of commercial "people analytics"
         | systems marketed to HR departments, lenders, and government
         | agencies are little more than dressed up relationship tests
         | from 1980s magazines.
         | 
         | https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~arvindn/talks/MIT-STS-AI-snake...
        
           | hansvm wrote:
           | If you know the tests are snake oil, is it ethical to give
           | the "right" answers to get a job?
        
             | bryanrasmussen wrote:
             | I would say yes, but do you want the job at the place that
             | is giving you snake oil?
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | I _want_ a job at a place where I can noodle around with
               | <my hipster technology of choice> all day, but I'll
               | settle for one that asks me to actually ship stuff, and
               | pays the bills.
               | 
               | Whether or not their HR department is ran by a licensed
               | phrenologist is a distant second concern.
        
               | greesil wrote:
               | Maybe they pay really well
        
               | satellite2 wrote:
               | Or they control entire sectors of the economy.
               | 
               | https://www.pgcareers.com/assessment-overviews
        
             | moksly wrote:
             | I think it's perfectly ethical to game the tests, but it
             | can be hard to tell what's actually being tested.
             | 
             | One or ours was deliberately set up so that prospect hires
             | applying for a leadership position would end up with very,
             | very, little in their empathy score if they chose answers
             | that sound like the "right" ones for a leadership position.
             | It was done to catch people off guard in their next
             | interview, and see how they handled getting shown a result
             | they'd very likely not agree with.
             | 
             | HR departments know these things are bullshit. They know
             | people game the systems, exactly like people practice for
             | the coding interview. The test and the results are often
             | extremely irrelevant to anyone getting hired, it's how
             | people handle their results that's important.
        
             | taberiand wrote:
             | Yes, of course it is. Working out how to work with people
             | is the core competency of most jobs. In this case, if
             | you've worked out how to give the 'correct' answers on such
             | a test, then you've got a good start on knowing how to
             | navigate the corporate machine - and get your real job done
             | despite corporate garbage (which in my opinion is what
             | makes it ethically ok).
        
             | Nition wrote:
             | Related to this, often I see a survey question along the
             | lines of say, "which cup do you think would hold more
             | water" with one that looks like it'd hold a lot more than
             | the other. I'm never sure whether to answer with the meta-
             | analysis of the fact that it's a survey question included
             | in my answer.
             | 
             | That is, if I saw the two cups in my example naturally I'd
             | say the obvious one holds more water, but often there'd be
             | no point in putting it as a survey question if the obvious
             | answer was the case. Therefore I'm almost sure the correct
             | answer is the seemingly wrong one.
             | 
             | So I put that as the answer and get it right. But for
             | whoever's running the survey, I'm probably messing up their
             | results by meta-analysing the questions.
        
               | tikhonj wrote:
               | I don't know if this question is an example, but people
               | intentionally include "obvious" questions in surveys to
               | check whether people are actually paying attention to the
               | survey. There's a name for these, I just don't recall it
               | at the moment--which shows you I don't have any survey-
               | design experience myself :).
        
               | jaredsohn wrote:
               | According to a Google search, "Attention check questions"
               | sounds like the right term
        
             | analog31 wrote:
             | Is it ethical to give the "right" answer to a regular
             | interview question? An interview might be a stressful
             | situation for some people, who often suffer from a bias of
             | downgrading themselves compared to others. So a calibrated
             | interpretation of the questions may be necessary to provide
             | a faithful result in the first place.
        
           | moksly wrote:
           | Unless a HR department is doing something wrong, the test
           | results aren't the point of the tests. It's the conversation
           | following, where possible employees are confronted with their
           | answers and results that's the point.
           | 
           | It's just easier to get there when you use a disguised
           | relationship tests from 1980ies magazines. Not only does it
           | touch on relevant areas, most people that you'd use the HR
           | resources on secretly love taking those things and then
           | talking about themselves.
           | 
           | As with most things, it can obviously go wrong or get used in
           | the wrong situations. HR is a department that's there to help
           | managers, but they really shouldn't waste their resources
           | testing people for a position as a software developer. If
           | your company is doing that, something went wrong. Maybe HR
           | found a way to keep themselves busy, or you're not bolstering
           | a management culture or people who can make hiring related
           | decisions without consulting HR.
        
           | ghaff wrote:
           | Or Myers-Briggs, which is a lot older.
           | 
           | The main useful thing about this sort of thing, including the
           | more modern Tilt 365 for example, is that it can be a useful
           | exercise in helping people understand that the way they think
           | about and approach the world differs from how others do.
           | 
           | Years ago, I remember a book (Tog on Interface) that had a
           | chapter which discussed how Apple engineers tested on MBTI
           | versus the general population. He went to discuss
           | implications for how it was easier for engineers to have
           | mental models for how systems operated than users. Was this a
           | correct explanation _based on MBTI_? Who knows. But it was a
           | useful reminder in this case that your users may not be like
           | you.
        
             | vmception wrote:
             | Myers Briggs is astrology for people that scoff at
             | astrology
             | 
             | I will code switch between star signs and personality
             | acronyms to get in your pants and assign zero weight to
             | either
        
               | Icathian wrote:
               | "I will lie to manipulate you into fucking me, and also I
               | think I'm smarter than everyone".
               | 
               | You charmer, you.
        
               | vmception wrote:
               | You decided to read that
               | 
               | I dont lie about my astrology signs or myer briggs result
               | 
               | I judge which one will likely help create an intimate
               | consensual scenario and judge when to avoid criticizing
               | either school of thought as disagreement is usually
               | counterproductive to a consensual reproductive scenario
               | 
               | Pick your battles wisely
               | 
               | Out of even more adaptive curiosity, how do you read that
               | as lying?
        
         | jokoon wrote:
         | I'm often skeptical about those things, because they try to
         | measure, but those measure are based on a definition of
         | vocabulary, which is difficult to define.
         | 
         | Personality is vague. It's pretty common knowledge that the
         | brain is a complex machine and it's quite difficult to
         | distillate some sort of evaluation, metric or measure for
         | something that obviously has a million or billions ways to be
         | measured.
         | 
         | It's already hard or difficult to treat psychiatric illness, so
         | evaluating personality seems like an odd quest.
        
         | HPsquared wrote:
         | My (lay) understanding is that personality data tend to be
         | clustered such that it's best explained by five factors, with
         | the names of the factors (Openness, Conscientiousness, etc.)
         | having been added later.
        
           | infogulch wrote:
           | Wikipedia states it pretty well, "When factor analysis (a
           | statistical technique) is applied to personality survey data,
           | it reveals semantic associations: some words used to describe
           | aspects of personality are often applied to the same person."
           | [1]
           | 
           | The Big Five are a statistically-derived groupings of phrases
           | that are reasonably stable when measured from different
           | angles. I think it would be fair to call it a "modest initial
           | result" if compared to the physical sciences, or "wildly
           | successful" if compared to basically anything prior that came
           | out of the social sciences. There are some quite reasonable
           | critiques listed on the wikipedia page, such as a lack of
           | modeling theory, or only accounting for a portion of
           | personality differences, or arguments for a slightly
           | different number of factors, etc. That said, it seems to be
           | one of the first actually solid findings that ever came out
           | of the social sciences. It's like the whole field has been
           | flailing around, swept down a river in the dark, and for the
           | first time we found a stone that has a bit of purchase, even
           | if it's covered with moss and slippery.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits
        
         | toast0 wrote:
         | > If that measurement includes questions such as, "Do others
         | find you easy to get along with?" then of course there's going
         | to be a negative correlation with loneliness, because you've
         | essentially defined it that way.
         | 
         | Lack of agreeableness may drive others away, but if disageeable
         | people also want less socialization, they might not be more
         | lonely than agreeable people.
         | 
         | I personal think I'm pretty agreeable, but it would take a lot
         | for me to feel lonely, so even if I were very disagreeable, I
         | imagine I'd still have enough people around to suit me.
        
           | eCa wrote:
           | Quite a leap from "I'm agreeable but prefers to be alone" to
           | "disagreeable people prefers to be more alone than agreeable
           | people".
        
         | tikhonj wrote:
         | My understanding is that the point of the Big Five model is
         | that the design was the other way around--we _started_ by
         | looking at how answers to personality-related questions
         | naturally clustered, then we gave names to those clusters. We
         | define  "agreeableness" because a particular set of
         | answers/preferences/etc were correlated and could be
         | _interpreted_ as  "agreeableness".
         | 
         | Of course, there are limitations to this kind of approach and
         | there's been a lot of research and refining done on top of this
         | --not being an expert, I'm not familiar with it--but the core
         | of the Big Five model is observational, not tautological.
        
       | paulpauper wrote:
       | not personality trait obviously, but in terms of success IQ
       | probably matters more than big 5. I think personality can be
       | improved or changed though effort but intelligence cannot.
       | Someone who is introverted can make an effort to be extroverted
       | in situations where it matters.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | austincheney wrote:
         | Is there data on that?
         | 
         | Perceptions of intelligence are variable to practice and
         | preparation if the measure is nonrandomized convergent
         | standardized tests, which is not IQ but is the more accepted
         | assessment of intelligence. IQ only seems to matter up to 135
         | after which other factors become more dominant in determining
         | success.
        
           | paulpauper wrote:
           | https://www.vox.com/2016/5/25/11683192/iq-testing-
           | intelligen...
           | 
           | I look at it like this, for creative, intellectually
           | demanding work IQ is a necessary but perhaps insufficient
           | condition. You need to be smart to achieve success cause you
           | are competing with other people, so smarter people will have
           | an edge. Google is not hiring people with 90-110 iqs. So
           | having a high IQ is needed to at least be sufficiently
           | proficient in coding, to be considered for a good paying job,
           | but not guarantee you will be hired, but being smart sure
           | helps.
        
             | the_dune_13 wrote:
             | > high IQ is needed to at least be sufficiently proficient
             | in coding,
             | 
             | Should I even bother on what's the source of this claim?
        
             | rkk3 wrote:
             | Google hires no one within 1SD of the Avg IQ? This I find
             | hard to believe.
        
               | paulpauper wrote:
               | for technical postitions, i am sure IQs cluser around
               | 125-140
        
               | rkk3 wrote:
               | Top 2-3% of IQ seems very high... Remember everyone with
               | IQ above 100 is above average and like you said in your
               | other post, it is for the most part a
               | threshold/satisfying criteria.
        
               | austincheney wrote:
               | I find it interesting that people are willing to invent
               | data on the spot to qualify a bias.
        
           | im3w1l wrote:
           | Here's a thought. When you reach IQ 135 you start becoming
           | "io-bound". But this is a function of the complexity of our
           | society. As our society and technology gets more complicated
           | the "skillcap" will shift upwards, and a higher IQ will be
           | needed for full performance.
        
             | epivosism wrote:
             | Check out SMPY - here's an image of their results showing
             | that academic output, patents, tenure, income continues to
             | increase well beyond IQ 135. Details in the later links.
             | 
             | https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4b8ThyfDgzs/U29nQEBAQTI/AAAAAAAA
             | E...
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_of_Mathematically_Preco
             | c...
             | 
             | https://my.vanderbilt.edu/smpy/
             | 
             | The obvious question is, if IQ (or whatever SAT is
             | measuring) is irrelevant, why is it so predictive of
             | lifetime academic output?
             | 
             | Also, people try to attack the SAT as nothing more than
             | test prep - but I don't think that argument works well
             | because it supposes you can produce kids who score 700 on
             | the math SAT before age 13; such a training program has
             | never been observed.
        
               | sokoloff wrote:
               | Some amount of test prep is surely helpful in terms of
               | understanding the test format and strategies, but it does
               | seem (almost?) obvious that the SAT is actually measuring
               | _something_ other than test prep.
               | 
               | NB: SMPY qualifications for at least the early cohorts of
               | the study are "before 13" (so, 12 or younger).
        
               | [deleted]
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | michaelcampbell wrote:
         | Many recent studies related to "grit", determination, practice
         | and effort vs "talent" seem to refute this entirely.
         | 
         | They could just be out to sell books though, too; I don't have
         | a strong opinion either way.
        
         | dandanua wrote:
         | I would say it's the opposite - intellect can be trained by
         | practice and hard work, tough it's unlikely that you'll become
         | a genius. But changing your personal temperament looks
         | impossible to me. It's like changing software vs hardware, the
         | latter is obviously harder.
         | 
         | Sure, a smart introvert can learn how to act like an extrovert.
         | But this will never be natural to him and will cause an
         | additional cognitive load.
        
         | jcims wrote:
         | I'm just amazed that we're still happy to condense one of the
         | most complex phenomena, if not *the* most complex phenomenon
         | that we were aware of into a single scalar performance value.
        
           | sokoloff wrote:
           | It seems a convenient shorthand. Intelligence is surely a
           | multi-dimensional vector, but it's convenient in a lot of
           | circumstances to talk about its magnitude.
           | 
           | "All models are wrong; some models are useful."
        
             | orthoxerox wrote:
             | > Intelligence is surely a multi-dimensional vector
             | 
             | There's a single component responsible for almost half of
             | the difference:
             | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_factor_(psychometrics)
        
               | jcims wrote:
               | This is just another layer of aggregation, emphasis mine:
               | 
               | >It is a variable that _summarizes_ positive correlations
               | among different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that
               | an individual 's performance on one type of cognitive
               | task _tends to_ be comparable to that person 's
               | performance on other kinds of cognitive tasks.
        
           | fighterpilot wrote:
           | IQ tests don't do that. They give you different scores for
           | verbal etc.
           | 
           | It's useful to put it into one dimension though because all
           | those different scores are quite correlated. A well
           | functioning brain is usually generally just good at many
           | different things.
        
           | HPsquared wrote:
           | Money is another scalar value which matters a lot.
        
       | Reimersholme wrote:
       | I guess "emotional stability" is an inverted rebranding of
       | neuroticism as it's usually known?
        
         | anbende wrote:
         | Psychologist here. Yes, that is correct. Without the inversion,
         | it is sometimes also referred to as "emotionality" or even
         | "negative emotionality". "Neuroticism" sounds pejorative to
         | many.
        
       | doggodaddo78 wrote:
       | I need more emotional stability (inverse of neuroticism) and less
       | conscientiousness.
       | 
       | Fine-tune your agreeableness to suit income or popularity, as
       | needed.
       | 
       | I wonder what a rich, intelligent artist's traits look like. :)
        
         | ZoomZoomZoom wrote:
         | >I wonder what a rich, intelligent artist's traits look like.
         | :)
         | 
         | Unfortunately, that's a "chose 2" situation. :)
        
           | Consultant32452 wrote:
           | Pretty much any sort of artist that has to consistently
           | produce long term could fit this. Examples that come to mind
           | are the writer for Garfield comics, the South Park guys, etc.
        
       | massysett wrote:
       | "Broadly speaking, they are more happy, successful, intelligent,
       | creative, and popular."
       | 
       | This reads like an extrovert's life wish list - particularly
       | "popular," but even "happy" and "creative." I disagree that
       | someone who exhibits these characteristics is somehow "better" or
       | is living a better life.
        
       | periheli0n wrote:
       | Are these personality types really scientifically grounded?
       | 
       | I once was sort of compelled to take a Myers-Briggs test and I
       | found it utterly flawed. So much of one's personality depends on
       | the contact and environment, yet Myers-Briggs wants to force you
       | into one type.
       | 
       | Making things way too simple. But maybe simple is what was sought
       | here rather than really resolving personality.
        
         | clairity wrote:
         | it's claimed that myers-briggs is reliably repeatable, but my
         | personal experience contradicts this, with a flip-flopping of 3
         | of the 4 attributes over time. it doesn't seem too reliable to
         | me.
        
           | periheli0n wrote:
           | Yes, my experience exactly. I could imagine myself in
           | different situations suiting different answers, and therefore
           | having different personalities.
           | 
           | That might even make sense but then it's not a description of
           | personality, but of context-dependent behaviour. Only useful
           | within a defined context.
        
         | anbende wrote:
         | That's a good question, and your reaction to the Myers-Briggs
         | is justified! It is not evidence-based and is roundly rejected
         | by modern personality psychology. The work the author of this
         | piece was describing on the other-hand is one of the most well-
         | researched phenomena in the history of psychology.
         | 
         | It is based on a massive amount of research looking at clusters
         | of personality adjectives found in dozens of languages that
         | tend to cluster along five dimensions. And the same five
         | clusters are found in virtually all languages (sometimes to
         | include a 6th cluster often called "honesty/humility").
         | 
         | And to your point about types, this system doesn't assign types
         | to people, but instead places them on a continuous dimension
         | that is considered to be much more useful.
         | 
         | And to your point about complexity, the 5 dimensions are higher
         | level structures. Within each dimension is a branching tree of
         | complexity that is where the current work lies.
         | 
         | Further reading:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_hypothesis
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits
        
           | periheli0n wrote:
           | Thank you for this deep answer, and for confirming my
           | impression of Myers-Briggs!
           | 
           | I can see how a continuous scale can already fix a few
           | issues. However, isn't it still too simplistic to say
           | "personality feature X correlates with real-life success
           | measure Y?"
           | 
           | Take for example "Openness". It's not hard to imagine how the
           | very same person can be very open with one group of people,
           | but act totally differently in another group.
           | 
           | Is Openness then really a feature of personality? Or maybe
           | rather a description of the social behaviour of one person in
           | a specific context?
        
             | anbende wrote:
             | >Is Openness then really a feature of personality? Or maybe
             | rather a description of the social behaviour of one person
             | in a specific context?
             | 
             | This is a great question! And it touches on what's call the
             | "person-situation" debate, first popularized by Walter
             | Michel[1]. Essentially there was a major debate about
             | whether traits were a thing or we should just be focused on
             | context-specific behavior. Mischel believed that traits
             | weren't useful, and situations ruled.
             | 
             | In many ways this debate has been resolved by the "person
             | as a density distribution" [2]. People do vary a lot
             | within, and that variation is vitally important. However,
             | their average or "set point" upon which they vary is also
             | important and predictive.
             | 
             | When we talk about the correlation between a trait and some
             | external marker, we are only looking at correlations with
             | averages or set-points, which as you mention is only a
             | limited picture of that person, but it is still useful and
             | valuable to look at. For example, I'm a fairly open person.
             | This means that on average I'm more open in more
             | situations. And this is predictive. It's also important to
             | note that this only loosely predicts what I'll do in any
             | particular situation or at any particular timepoint.
             | 
             | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person%E2%80%93situation_
             | debat...
             | 
             | [2] https://personality-
             | project.org/revelle/syllabi/classreading...
        
               | periheli0n wrote:
               | Excellent--that sounds almost like a Bayesian approach,
               | where personality corresponds to the prior, the context
               | in which the person behaves is the likelihood, and the
               | posterior is a distribution of behaviours.
               | 
               | I guess a personal goal should then be to seek the
               | context in which one's strengths match best the demands.
               | 
               | I would suggest an MCMC approach but I guess the
               | evaluation of individual outcomes is too costly to make
               | this practical ;)
        
               | wizzwizz4 wrote:
               | I think it's more "a personality is a function over the
               | continuous domain of situations".
        
               | periheli0n wrote:
               | Not a contradiction! Bayesian inference is fully
               | compatible with this definition.
        
               | wizzwizz4 wrote:
               | I don't see how you could get a prior over this without
               | some really dubious assumptions. Plus, it's not what GGP
               | described.
        
             | namenotrequired wrote:
             | > Take for example "Openness". It's not hard to imagine how
             | the very same person can be very open with one group of
             | people
             | 
             | Lest this be misunderstood, note that "Openness" in this
             | context is not about being honest. It is short for
             | "Openness to Experience". Roughly, it's about creativity
             | and curiosity.
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openness_to_experience
        
               | periheli0n wrote:
               | Good point. Still, a person that radiates creativity and
               | curiosity in an environment that they find inspiring
               | could be the exact opposite in another environment that
               | they find less suitable. Hence my point that this
               | personality trait stuff is at least as much dependent on
               | context as on personal traits.
        
               | planet-and-halo wrote:
               | That's widely accepted as part of personality theory. The
               | idea is that you have some "base setting," not that you
               | will literally try anything (or refuse to try anything).
               | It should also be noted that personality is one aspect of
               | your psychology. It doesn't absolutely determine how you
               | will behave under a given set of circumstances. Example:
               | you might be very open to experience, but as a child you
               | were bit by a dog. Next time you see a dog, your
               | experience-based fear could easily overwhelm your natural
               | curiosity.
        
           | mycologos wrote:
           | The author of the featured article has also written a defense
           | of the Myers-Briggs system that argues against several of
           | your points: https://dynomight.net/in-defense-of-myers-
           | briggs.html
           | 
           | (I'm not particularly invested in either model, but it is
           | somewhat cute that the author of both pieces is the same.)
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | fsloth wrote:
         | Myers-Briggs is pseudoscientific bs. The only reason it's so
         | famous is that it's an easy snake oil to peddle by consultants.
         | 
         | It was literally concocted by two persons without scientific
         | method or context. It's fiction. Some fiction mirrors life
         | quite well, but that does not turn it into a scientific tool.
         | 
         | The only time Myers-Briggs has some utility is as a
         | facilitation tool when a consultant needs to convince a
         | roomfull of people that diverse teams are good, and that
         | cognitive diversity is an asset and what it might look like.
         | I.e. it's a usefull proxy for a scientific measure when we've
         | been brainwashed to trust only high-modernist fantasies and
         | have no space for actual humanist rumination.
        
           | periheli0n wrote:
           | lol this was _precisely_ the context in which I was exposed
           | to this test :D
        
         | danaris wrote:
         | The Big 5 Personality Inventory is pretty much the gold
         | standard in the field of psychology. The traits it measures are
         | reasonably (though not completely) stable over a person's
         | lifetime, have decent predictive power, and have been tested
         | and studied rigorously for decades now. They have nearly
         | nothing in common with Meyers-Briggs.
         | 
         | In particular, each of the traits is measured on a separate
         | spectrum--none of them are treated as binary the way M-B does,
         | and they don't seek to pigeonhole you based on your levels of
         | the different traits into some oversimplified bucket.
        
         | minikites wrote:
         | Myers-Briggs is astrology for office workers. You can read
         | anything into it, helpful or unhelpful.
        
         | mettamage wrote:
         | See [1]. It's a lot, I don't fully understand it myself. I find
         | it convincing enough to say it's scientifically grounded, in
         | the linguistic sense at least. I wouldn't say this research is
         | grounded in the biological sense (not the five factor model
         | anyway, perhaps the concept of "personality" is though).
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits#Hi...
        
           | periheli0n wrote:
           | Thanks for the link. So if I read this correctly, these
           | personality traits refer to how one is perceived by others.
           | OK, I guess that makes sense.
           | 
           | But it would be total nonsense to conclude about personality
           | traits from a self-taken test.
        
         | justbored123 wrote:
         | That is a problem of interpretation by amateurs more than a
         | problem with the test itself. Myers-Briggs gives you
         | PERCENTAGES of every trait, then it uses 4 letter labels to
         | make things simpler for people, but you are supposed to
         | understand that a person that scored 49% introvert in the
         | introvert-extrovert spectrum is going to be far similar to a
         | person that scored extrovert with 51% than to a person that
         | scored introvert 10% because its a spectrum not an absolute
         | value.
         | 
         | That is the reason that modern tests like Big Five did away
         | with the labels, because people were incapable to reason beyond
         | them and kept making dumb assumptions like "He scored introvert
         | so he must hate parties or I scored introvert the first time
         | but extrovert the second (a potential 1% difference between the
         | labels without the percentages associated to them) so the test
         | is crap".
        
           | david_allison wrote:
           | > you are supposed to understand that a person that scored
           | 49% introvert in the introvert-extrovert spectrum is going to
           | be far similar to a person that scored extrovert with 51%
           | than to a person that scored introvert 10% because its a
           | spectrum not an absolute value.
           | 
           | This doesn't fit well with my mental model of how Myers
           | Briggs works (regardless of the veracity of Myers Briggs).
           | 
           | As I understand it: Myers Briggs maps to the Jungian
           | cognitive functions[0] and the side that you fall on the J/P
           | dichotomy will invert these.
           | 
           | An INTJ would be: Introverted Intuition, Extraverted
           | Thinking, Introverted Feeling, Extraverted Sensing
           | 
           | An INTP would be: Introverted Thinking, Extraverted
           | Intuition, Introverted Sensing, Extraverted Feeling
           | 
           | Getting near the 50% mark on the J/P aspect appears to show
           | low confidence in any part of the model
           | 
           | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_cognitive_functions
        
             | pseudalopex wrote:
             | Myers and Briggs were inspired by Jung. And some
             | enthusiasts insist on interpreting it how you do. But
             | basically every test treats the axes as continuous.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | guerrilla wrote:
       | It's impossible to take this seriously when it's using profiles
       | of random famous people as if that means anything. If that wasn't
       | done by actually interviewing them, then however it was done, the
       | methodology diverges and is already invalid but even worse, it
       | was just third-person subjective nonsense.
       | 
       | Edit: Why would Reimersholme's comment be buried? Neuroticism is
       | what it's usually called in Big Five. [1][2]
       | 
       | 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroticism
       | 
       | 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits
        
         | kijin wrote:
         | They probably inverted the neuroticism scale in order to make
         | it consistent with the other four traits, most of which have
         | positive connotations unlike neuroticism. One might argue about
         | the labels, but there's nothing wrong with inverting a scale
         | for convenience of presentation.
         | 
         | The personality traits of famous historical people are well
         | established and widely available online. I have no idea how
         | accurate they are, but they do fulfill their role as easily
         | recognizable stereotypes. In any case the author probably used
         | a publicly available dataset and didn't just make it up.
        
       | stephc_int13 wrote:
       | I have a really hard time taking this kind of "analysis"
       | seriously.
       | 
       | It does not seems rigorous or scientific at all, and I don't
       | understand how it can be visible here on HN, to be honest...
        
         | emdubbelyou wrote:
         | If you're going to post a comment of skepticism, please try to
         | support your argument with actual criticism. Currently, all I
         | have is your opinion on the article, which is in contrast to
         | the # of people who upvoted the post.
         | 
         | I can easily say that I DO think the article is rigorous and
         | scientific but then we'd disagree without any insight into what
         | we disagree on.
        
           | stephc_int13 wrote:
           | I did that on purpose, simply to voice my opinion.
           | 
           | Let's say I vote to see less article like this one on HN.
           | 
           | This is merely annoying, not enough to warrant a full debunk.
        
       | johnwheeler wrote:
       | i suspect this is horseshit off the top of this guy's head.
        
       | hawthornio wrote:
       | The premise of this article is ridiculous. Your personality
       | doesn't cause you to be autistic. The personality traits are
       | almost certainly caused by the "outcomes" the author is
       | assessing, or both are caused by some other hidden variables.
       | Personality tests are just reading the tea leaves of self-
       | reported questionnaires.
        
         | michaelcampbell wrote:
         | I thought the article was quite clear it was about
         | correllations, not causation.
        
       | planet-and-halo wrote:
       | The book "Personality" by Nettle gives the best layman's summary
       | of the Big 5 model I've found. What I particularly like about it,
       | beyond the summary of each aspect, is the way he frames it in
       | terms of evolution and why being on one end of the scale for a
       | trait is not "better." Agreeableness is probably the easiest one
       | to understand from an evolutionary perspective. If you worry a
       | lot about other people's needs, you're more likely to make them
       | happy and reap the benefits of reciprocity, but you're also less
       | likely to directly pursue your own needs. So it goes with the
       | other traits too: being on different parts of the spectrum come
       | with advantages and disadvantages from a reproductive standpoint.
       | Conscientiousness and Neuroticism are the two traits most
       | correlated with financial success in the modern world, but they
       | had downsides in an ancestral environment and even in our modern
       | world can have negative effects e.g. on personal happiness and
       | wellbeing.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | justnotworthit wrote:
       | Author claims ENFJ is opposite of ISTP in MB. I thought it was
       | the groupings (first two, second two, and/or/? combination) that
       | formed opposites, not the individual letters.
        
       | Wronnay wrote:
       | I can't read a text based on the Big Five seriously. My
       | personality changed in many ways over the years. It's kinda like
       | your political position changes over the years.
       | 
       | Someone fresh from college might be introverted and on the left
       | political spectrum because he has no money, but to be successful
       | he might get extroverted and when he has much money, he might get
       | more on the right political spectrum.
       | 
       | How can something which basically assumes that people don't
       | change get so popular?! People change all the time, personality
       | changes all the time.
        
         | anbende wrote:
         | Hi there, psychologist here who has done research in
         | personality including looking at the Big Five. It's not my
         | personal favorite set of constructs, but I have great respect
         | for the body of work supporting it.
         | 
         | Modern personality theory in no way assumes that personality
         | doesn't change over time. It finds instead that personality
         | tends to be "somewhat stable over time" which means that
         | personality doesn't vary massively from week to week or month
         | to month but can definitely shift across the lifespan. In fact,
         | here's a large study looking at exactly that (though cross-
         | sectional which means that many effects could be a function of
         | age cohorts rather than actual change).
         | 
         | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562318/
         | 
         | Regarding your hypothetical introverted recent college grad,
         | these kinds of shifts can and do happen, but massive shifts in
         | personality appear to be quite rare. What's more, modern work
         | in the area has found that "within-person" variability is much
         | greater than "between-persons" variability meaning that as
         | individuals we express a wide range of behaviors. For example,
         | I might be more extraverted at work and more introverted among
         | friends or vice versa, showing internal variation. That said,
         | we can talk about a person's average level of a trait like
         | extraversion and that average is meaningful and predictive.
         | 
         | As to your point, both kinds of change can and do happen, but
         | changing our behavioral approach to life tends to be gradual
         | and slow for most people.
        
           | mettamage wrote:
           | What do you think about psilocybin's effect on openness? Are
           | there other studies that produce such marked changes in
           | personality?
        
             | anbende wrote:
             | That's a very interesting question, but unfortunately it's
             | not really my area.
             | 
             | If you'll permit me to speculate a bit:
             | 
             | I do clinical work as well, and I'd say that therapy
             | produces some personality change if done long enough, but
             | it's not a massive shift in most cases, though even small
             | changes can make a big difference over time.
             | 
             | Unfortunately, trauma and hardship can also have a big
             | impact on people's personality and average behavior. Going
             | to war or prison or suffering great loss can have a big
             | impact.
        
           | raspasov wrote:
           | I enjoyed reading your responses in this thread very much!
           | 
           | Do you have a "favorite set of constructs"?
        
       | pishpash wrote:
       | Side note, maybe as technology removes barriers to access to
       | resources that used to be gated by social graces, extroversion
       | and agreeableness are changing in importance. In other words, in
       | a world where machines outcompete humans, what used to be
       | successful traits among humans aren't going to be always the
       | fittest in the new environment.
        
       | colechristensen wrote:
       | The question behind all of these theories of personality is "Does
       | the measured quantity have any underlying form?" That is, are you
       | measuring something "real" or just coming up with arbitrary
       | classifications.
       | 
       | "How you answer this survey correlates this well to outcomes" is
       | perhaps useful, but binning answers into personality types with
       | common names is questionable.
       | 
       | It all seems to be a little bit too far down the road of
       | searching for things to name and classify.
        
         | pishpash wrote:
         | To the extent that PCA of survey results exhibit
         | dimensionality, that is real. The underlying basis might be
         | modes of social dynamics or clusters in genetics or language.
         | It would be surprising to find that totally unconstrained
         | random processes generated patterns like this.
        
       | m0llusk wrote:
       | What may be more interesting are the correlations between
       | personality types and occupations. For example, teachers tend to
       | have a high level of empathy. That seems like it could be more
       | interesting and rewarding to investigate. Similarly, pilots,
       | cops, and soldiers all tend to have high levels of aggression.
       | Arguably most interesting is the beer industry where brewers tend
       | to be extremely open to a fault while distributors tend not to
       | have much openness and score high on other factors.
       | 
       | Taken together this tends to indicate that the overall life
       | outcome correlations are as usual as likely to mislead as inform.
       | What makes more sense is to see how individuals match with roles
       | and tasks and how diverse individuals can cooperate to make the
       | most of each of their best talents.
        
       | analog31 wrote:
       | Granted this isn't a peer reviewed paper, but still, a blog that
       | gives personality scores for historical people like presidents
       | can't be based on data.
       | 
       | If IQ is important, maybe it's just that intelligent people know
       | how to take personality tests.
        
         | wombatmobile wrote:
         | > If IQ is important, maybe it's just that intelligent people
         | know how to take personality tests.
         | 
         | What even is intelligence?
         | 
         | I know that IQ is what IQ tests measure, but what is
         | intelligence?
         | 
         | People say my dog is intelligent, but only in response to her
         | displays of obedience to my commands, I've noticed. I silently
         | translate their comment about intelligence to mean "your dog is
         | obedient."
         | 
         | Does an IQ test measure what makes good employees?
         | 
         | Does an IQ test measure what makes good employers?
         | 
         | Does an IQ test measure what makes good entertainers?
         | 
         | Does an IQ test measure what makes good leaders?
         | 
         | Does an IQ test measure what makes good entrepreneurs?
         | 
         | Does an IQ test measure what makes good spouses?
         | 
         | Does an IQ test measure what makes good neighbours?
         | 
         | Does an IQ test measure what makes good friends?
         | 
         | If an IQ test could measure some factor that leads to
         | happiness, I might consider that factor to be "intelligence".
         | But the things that make people happy vary on an individual
         | basis, as well as over time and circumstances, so how could
         | that be encapsulated in one static test for everybody?
        
           | ZephyrBlu wrote:
           | I think general intelligence is about your ability to absorb
           | and synthesize information.
           | 
           | Higher intelligence = fast learner + better at joining
           | seemingly unrelated dots.
        
           | erikerikson wrote:
           | > "What even is intelligence?"
           | 
           | I've found the following a fairly good definition:
           | 
           | Efficient cross-domain optimization
           | 
           | In less coded language: the ability to gain more benefit
           | across many areas of value from the same or fewer resources.
        
             | wombatmobile wrote:
             | > the ability to gain more benefit across many areas of
             | value from the same or fewer resources.
             | 
             | Your use of the term "more benefit" is clever because it
             | avoids definition, and cannot be disproven.
             | 
             | If you'd said "more money" or "more power" or "more
             | calories" or "more resources" the notion of benefit could
             | be directly assessed, although different people would
             | assess each proposition differently, some positively, and
             | others negatively, because the value of "more" of anything
             | is circumstantial and a matter of taste.
             | 
             | Sometimes less is more.
        
               | erikerikson wrote:
               | Indeed, sometimes less is more. More benefit stands in
               | for the more technical term "utilitons" or units of value
               | or utility. Less is more is adding description to what
               | contingently has a higher expected or observed utiliton
               | value. Between explaining all that or using "more
               | benefit", I opted for less ;D
        
           | paulpauper wrote:
           | I am sure someone with an IQ of 130 probably has better luck
           | understanding coding than someone with an IQ of 100. To say
           | that IQ is ill-defined and of no predictive power, is wrong.
        
             | TameAntelope wrote:
             | That's just it, does IQ denote ability to rationally think?
             | Can you be highly irrational and also have a high IQ,
             | because if so then I'd argue that the 130 IQ person would
             | struggle more than the 100 IQ person if the latter were
             | better able to think rationally.
             | 
             | We might assume that IQ translates directly to ability to
             | reason through a problem, but that may not be the case. An
             | 8 lane highway is useless if you're riding a skateboard.
        
           | clairity wrote:
           | > "What even is intelligence?"
           | 
           | to me, intelligence is simply the ability to discern (useful)
           | connections between phenomena, basically being able to
           | accurately inter-/extra-polate from observation through time
           | and space, or alternatively, the ability to predict the
           | future (for relatively finite values of future). it's kinda
           | like the derivative of knowledge, and wit is the derivative
           | of intelligence.
           | 
           | an IQ test measures a very narrow slice of that. it doesn't
           | encompass humor, art, or sports/dance (dynamic/kinetic
           | ability) for instance.
           | 
           | with dogs (or other pets), the intelligent part is their
           | ability to parse your alien communications into desired
           | responses, similar to learning a foreign language without an
           | instructor, an interpreter, or a reference available.
        
         | doggodaddo78 wrote:
         | IQ is good if it doesn't exceed other people's by more than
         | about 2 std devs, then people resent you.
         | 
         | (IQ is a fuzzy, poorly-measured "quality" that doesn't have a
         | whole lot of meaning other than some interpretation of taking a
         | particular test.)
        
         | anotha1 wrote:
         | > maybe it's just that intelligent people know how to take
         | personality tests
         | 
         | Also why ADHD meds, prescribed legally, are rampant on college
         | campuses.
        
           | DiggyJohnson wrote:
           | While it seems that we're not in a position to discuss this
           | issue, I am extremely interested (and worried) about the rise
           | of prescription stimulants _specifically_ as it relates to
           | meritocracy and credentialing.
        
         | agumonkey wrote:
         | I have yet to find any IQ test with any value whatsoever. Maybe
         | the one I had in school, and the one on the web are bogus, but
         | if it's not the case, finding small patterns and recognizing
         | space transformed shapes are really the ground level of
         | thinking. No multilinear or non linear relationship, no fractal
         | / self similarity. That's not even HS abstraction levels.. I
         | really don't get it.
        
       | nbardy wrote:
       | I'd lay the blame on the increasingly narrow and industrialized
       | education system.
        
       | austincheney wrote:
       | Conscientiousness is by far the least popular but has the highest
       | income. That is not at all surprising. Objectivity, right and
       | wrong as reflected by a balance of measures, is a rare and
       | unpopular innate personality trait that allows for making micro-
       | decisions many people might find abhorrent, more typically based
       | upon evidence.
        
         | Barrin92 wrote:
         | Conscientiousness isn't a measure of objectivity, it's a
         | measure of reliability, the capacity to work diligently and
         | adhere to rules. It correlates with income well because we're
         | living in a very institutionalized society that rewards people
         | who adhere to rules and follow expectations.
         | 
         | In the US it's basically what upper middle-class WASP culture
         | is and it sustains a large share of income because it's very
         | good at reproducing itself and managing organisations, it's all
         | the lawyers, and bureaucrats, politicians and administrators
         | and so on, it's all the people who're really good at making
         | schedules.
        
         | kijin wrote:
         | According to the same chart, conscientious people also seem to
         | perform significantly better in college than everyone else. In
         | the modern world, better GPAs are usually correlated with
         | higher income.
         | 
         | Interestingly, those people don't seem to do particularly well
         | in the SAT. Perhaps their abilities are "unlocked" to the
         | fullest only after they get into college and get a chance to
         | make independent decisions.
        
           | jollybean wrote:
           | Getting good grades is a grind.
           | 
           | Being 'sufficiently smart' - plus - being organized,
           | diligent, applying yourself consistently, will probably get
           | you better grades than being a disorganized genius.
           | 
           | If everyone had the same IQ, then University grades would be
           | actually a really, really good measure of raw
           | conscientiousness.
        
             | paulpauper wrote:
             | but some courses are easier than others though
        
           | fallingknife wrote:
           | Grades are shockingly dependent on completing busywork on
           | time, so I am not at all surprised that conscientiousness
           | beats intelligence there.
        
           | the-dude wrote:
           | > Perhaps their abilities are "unlocked" to the fullest
           | 
           | My impression is conscientious people work within the system
           | and don't toe the line.
           | 
           | edit: disclosure, I am highly unconscientious, didn't finish
           | uni etc.
        
             | sokoloff wrote:
             | "Toe the line" is pretty much a synonym to work within the
             | system.
        
               | the-dude wrote:
               | Ah, right! Not a native speaker, got that wrong-way-round
               | and double-up.
               | 
               | Thanks.
        
               | sokoloff wrote:
               | No problem. I am a native speaker and it seems a weird
               | expression to me as well (so much that I had to look it
               | up to be sure). I'd expect it to mean what your original
               | usage was.
               | 
               | Don't get me started on "flammable vs inflammable" vs
               | "accurate vs inaccurate" ;)
        
               | the-dude wrote:
               | Just for the record : I would put my toe over the line. A
               | bit.
        
               | DangitBobby wrote:
               | My understanding of the phrase "toe the line" was to
               | express that someone is technically within limits but is
               | intentionally testing the boundaries of their limits, but
               | apparently this is not accurate. TIL.
        
           | Judgmentality wrote:
           | > Interestingly, those people don't seem to do particularly
           | well in the SAT. Perhaps their abilities are "unlocked" to
           | the fullest only after they get into college and get a chance
           | to make independent decisions.
           | 
           | Or maybe the SAT is just a shitty test.
        
             | maxqin1 wrote:
             | For whom?
             | 
             | The real problem is that not all valuable paths can come to
             | the same bottleneck.
             | 
             | Med student? Well, the SAT might be a good indicator of how
             | successful you'll be at completing a medical program in the
             | US. Same thing for law.
             | 
             | Are you the creative type? Then the SAT probably won't be
             | as indicative of your future success.
        
               | austincheney wrote:
               | I have around a 148 IQ but scored only 1060 on the SAT.
               | Clearly those two measures are not linked. This has not
               | prevented me from earning a 4 year degree or becoming a
               | software developer. I find writing software to be easy
               | while many of my peers seem to struggle. In reflection
               | personality and practice are all that have mattered. IQ
               | isn't a significant consideration of comfort/confidence
               | in writing software, a skill.
        
               | kortex wrote:
               | Indeed. SAT is basically "how good are you at cramming a
               | bunch of relatively arbitrary information into your brain
               | and regurgitating it in a high pressure, timed scenario".
               | That is _a_ kind of intelligence, but there are very few
               | occupations where that kind of intelligence is useful.
               | Lawyers and doctors.
               | 
               | Both the "intensely study something rather uninteresting"
               | and "perform under high stress and time demand" are
               | specific kinds of intelligence, and I happen to know many
               | intelligent folks who are expressly bad at it. They don't
               | "test well". Anecdotally, diligent study and fast-testing
               | are anti-correlated in many of these smart folks.
        
               | fighterpilot wrote:
               | But they are linked. Studies have shown a very high
               | correlation. One outlier doesn't change the high
               | correlation.
        
               | austincheney wrote:
               | If those studies don't separate preparation from raw
               | performance they only suggest a self-reinforcing bias
               | different from capability. Any correlation then is purely
               | anecdotal.
        
               | fighterpilot wrote:
               | The high correlation suggests that both preparation/study
               | and raw intelligence are important in getting a high SAT
               | score. If you sacrifice one of those two things, you'll
               | get a low SAT score. If you have both, you'll get a high
               | score.
        
               | mycologos wrote:
               | > cramming a bunch of relatively arbitrary information
               | into your brain
               | 
               | What? Most of the SAT is evaluating high school-level
               | math, writing, and reading skills. It's not like they're
               | asking you to memorize historical dates or names or poems
               | or formulas. Maybe the relatively narrow part of the test
               | on vocabulary falls into this category, but even those
               | words are almost entirely things you'll just pick up if
               | you like reading books. And, now that I'm looking into
               | it, only 10 out of 52 questions in the reading section
               | are even about vocabulary [1]. You can skip 9 of them and
               | still get a 700 on reading/writing [2]. Assuming you get
               | an 800 on math, that's a 98th percentile total score and
               | a 90th percentile on reading/writing alone [3], with
               | almost no vocabulary prep.
               | 
               | I agree about the high pressure aspect, there doesn't
               | seem to be a good way around that.
               | 
               | [1] https://www.kaptest.com/study/sat/whats-tested-on-
               | the-sat-vo...
               | 
               | [2] https://blog.prepscholar.com/how-many-questions-can-
               | you-skip...
               | 
               | [3] https://blog.prepscholar.com/sat-percentiles-and-
               | score-ranki...
        
               | ex_amazon_sde wrote:
               | SAT is more "how good AND MOTIVATED are you at cramming a
               | bunch of relatively arbitrary information into your
               | brain"
        
               | LudwigNagasena wrote:
               | SAT and IQ are strongly correlated, you are an outlier.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | lr4444lr wrote:
               | IQ strongly correlates with SAT score, IIRC. If you have
               | a 148 IQ, I bet a capable tutor could train you to score
               | a good deal higher than 1060.
        
               | austincheney wrote:
               | A good tutor and sufficient preparation time should be
               | enough to transform anybody into an SAT expert. If that
               | is the case and this indicates a person with low IQ can
               | score high on the test then potentially everybody is
               | potentially an outlier, which then isn't an outlier at
               | all.
        
               | maxqin1 wrote:
               | > I have around a 148
               | 
               | That's rather impressive, but I would double-check those
               | numbers.
               | 
               | For example, which IQ test? Was it recently updated? IQ
               | tests are adjusted by as many as 10 points every 10 years
               | [1]. Have you double verified with another test? How did
               | you prepare for each?
               | 
               | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn_effect
        
               | austincheney wrote:
               | I am not that concerned. The number is as important to me
               | as my exceedingly unimpressive SAT score.
        
               | saiya-jin wrote:
               | well then it shouldn't be used as main point of your
               | argument
        
               | austincheney wrote:
               | I think you are confusing a relevant but worthless data
               | point for something of value. I guess there are people
               | that attach emotional significance to such things, but
               | it's just some number that made a valid argument.
               | 
               | If I don't care and it's my number why do you or anybody
               | else care? Why should I not use this number to make a
               | valid argument?
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | akomtu wrote:
               | I think a good IQ test would be finding isomorphic
               | graphs. A typical question would be: here's a graph with
               | 7 nodes, tell which of the 4 graphs below it matches.
        
               | paulpauper wrote:
               | they are positively correlated. your outlier does not
               | invalidate the relation between the variables.
        
           | HPsquared wrote:
           | Perhaps the SAT is more like an IQ test (where a "quick wit"
           | is advantageous), and college grades are based more on
           | sustained performance, planning, meeting deadlines etc. These
           | are very different things.
        
         | jollybean wrote:
         | I would say that's almost more disagreeable than conscientious.
         | 
         | Conscientious can almost be better described as 'consistent',
         | 'doing what you say you're gong to do', 'being responsible'.
         | 
         | I think you might be hinting at the right thing ...
         | 
         | .. but 'weighing evidence in a very highly deliberative,
         | judicial fashion' - might not be the best example of that.
         | 
         |  _Extolling_ the Judgment, might even land on the disagreeable
         | side. For example, the Judge who finds a supposed murderer
         | 'not guilty' even with the mobs of people chanting 'guilty'
         | outside the courthouse.
         | 
         | I don't think 'disagreeableness' is necessarily even the right
         | word, it's more like 'will have their own opinion even if it
         | makes them unpopular'.
         | 
         | I almost think that those Big 5 could be reoriented in a way
         | that divides people as those inclined towards populist outcomes
         | vs. those inclined towards judicial, principled, truthful ones.
        
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