[HN Gopher] An eccentric engineer at the Beatles' record company...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       An eccentric engineer at the Beatles' record company invented the
       CT scan
        
       Author : giuliomagnifico
       Score  : 121 points
       Date   : 2021-10-02 17:11 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.fastcompany.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.fastcompany.com)
        
       | Arainach wrote:
       | This article title is rather poor: while the Beatles recorded
       | some records for EMI, they founded a record company (Apple
       | Records) and did much of their work under that label, so "the
       | Beatles' record company" would in context always refer to Apple,
       | not EMI.
        
         | cardiffspaceman wrote:
         | The focus of the article is to make it seem random that this
         | guy was working for a record company that distributed the
         | Beatles and yet he invented X-Ray CT scans.
         | 
         | His biography on Wikipedia[1] which dovetails with the true
         | history of EMI, at one time a builder of computers and other
         | electronics, makes it more a matter of the inspiration from a
         | walk in the countryside coming into the mind of a well-prepared
         | engineer.
         | 
         | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield
        
           | freetinker wrote:
           | So a trained engineer who won the Nobel prize. What an
           | egregiously clickbait-y title.
        
             | WastingMyTime89 wrote:
             | He won the Nobel for the invention of the CT scan. The
             | clickbait-y part mostly concerns EMI. EMI is strange
             | company. It started as a merger between a gramophone
             | producer and a record company to create a vertically
             | integrated business in the 30s. Capitalising on their
             | expertise in sound production and broadcasting equipments
             | they became a very important producer of radar equipments
             | during the Second World War. And it's this expertise in
             | military radar technology which lead to the development of
             | the CT scan. Meanwhile the recording part of the company
             | merrily lived its own life and happened to produce the
             | Beatles.
        
           | tpmx wrote:
           | _He retired from EMI in 1986 and used the prize money from
           | his Nobel to build a personal laboratory in his home._
           | 
           | Loved that part. Imagine a $1M home lab!
        
         | w0mbat wrote:
         | I agree, describing EMI as "the Beatles record company" is true
         | but very misleading.
         | 
         | EMI was a diverse conglomerate that was involved in all kinds
         | of stuff, from military RADAR systems to making TV cameras,
         | computers and blank cassette tapes. Yes, EMI had a record
         | company division (also famous for firing The Sex Pistols), but
         | EMI was exactly the kind of huge industrial tech company you
         | would expect to invent a new kind of scanner.
        
       | mohn wrote:
       | > Hounsfield pondered whether it was possible to detect hidden
       | areas in Egyptian pyramids by capturing cosmic rays that passed
       | through unseen voids.
       | 
       | I also wondered about this possibility a few years ago and when I
       | searched online, I found an example of muon tomography of the
       | volcanic dome of La Soufriere on the island of Guadeloupe[1].
       | Cool non-seismic approach to a difficult imaging problem.
       | 
       | Specifically, I was wondering about neutrino tomography of the
       | entire earth, but the low probability of neutrino collisions
       | would seem to make that infeasible.
       | 
       | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPYhqJ3e-2o
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | 1-6 wrote:
       | He basically went from EMI to EMF.
        
         | ThePadawan wrote:
         | Unbelievable.
        
       | redwall_hp wrote:
       | > Finally, in possibly his most ingenious invention, Hounsfield
       | created an algorithm to reconstruct an image of the brain based
       | on all these layers. By working backward and using one of the
       | era's fastest new computers, he could calculate the value for
       | each little box of each brain layer. Eureka!
       | 
       | And, of course, they glossed over the most interesting part by
       | simply saying "an algorithm." I know that modern CT scans use
       | Marching Cubes [1], which is what that particular algorithm was
       | developed for, but that came later in the 80s.
       | 
       | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_cubes
        
         | habi wrote:
         | I don't think they glossed over the marching cubes algorithm,
         | but more over the theoretical work of Allan Cormack [0], which
         | is crucial for CT reconstruction.
         | 
         | (I work with (benchtop) microCT machines)
         | 
         | [0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack
        
         | dreamcompiler wrote:
         | Marching Cubes is only the visualization mechanism after you
         | have the voxels. The real work is in reconstructing the 3D data
         | [voxels] from 1D scans, and that typically uses the Radon
         | transform:
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon_transform
        
           | AnimalMuppet wrote:
           | Don't they really use Feldkamp-Davis-Kress cone-beam
           | algorithm? (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305448/)
           | 
           | Because the x-ray sources are point sources, or close, so you
           | get a cone beam.
        
         | geoduck14 wrote:
         | I was taught in school that the algorithm was an inverted 3d
         | Fourier Transform. I'm not sure if I believe that now.
        
           | dreamcompiler wrote:
           | Sort of.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon_transform#Relationship_w.
           | ..
        
       | mastrsushi wrote:
       | Cus I'm the CT scan!!
       | 
       | Cus I'm the CT scan yeah!!
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | coldtea wrote:
       | He wasn't the only "eccentric engineer" associated with the
       | Beatles and Apple: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Alex
        
         | lelandfe wrote:
         | I thought the "nothing box" that he invented was an apt self-
         | description.
         | 
         | Wound up finding an old advert for it:
         | http://lennonsunroom.blogspot.com/2010/04/nothing-box.html
        
       | ttoinou wrote:
       | I'm more impressed by how you would align the X rays slices to
       | correct translation / shifts, seems like a bigger problem to me
       | than reconstructing the data from aligned scans
        
       | car wrote:
       | The fundamental invention of tomography was by by William
       | Oldendorf who inspired Hounsfield.
       | 
       | He used a record turntable and a toy train to prototype his early
       | ideas.
       | 
       | His egregious exclusion from the Nobel prize was deemed a
       | political decision by the Europeans committee due to ongoing
       | patent matters.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Oldendorf#Role_in_d...
        
       | ludwigvan wrote:
       | Yesterday was the 50th anniversary of the first CT scan!
       | 
       | https://twitter.com/ARRS_Radiology/status/144391762570111388...
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_R47LDdlZM
        
       | decker wrote:
       | It's unfortunate that he went back to work instead of quitting
       | and filing patents on the device.
        
       ___________________________________________________________________
       (page generated 2021-10-02 23:00 UTC)