[HN Gopher] What the world will be like in a hundred years (1922)
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       What the world will be like in a hundred years (1922)
        
       Author : yamrzou
       Score  : 656 points
       Date   : 2022-01-06 11:14 UTC (11 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.loc.gov)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.loc.gov)
        
       | tdeck wrote:
       | I vividly remember reading this book as a 90s kid with
       | predictions about what the home would look like in 2020:
       | 
       | https://y2kaestheticinstitute.tumblr.com/post/143836250779/v...
        
       | henvic wrote:
       | oh man, had he predicted that a lot of people would be going nuts
       | on digital stamps that might be copied for free, that'd be
       | hilarious...
        
       | haunter wrote:
       | >Similar reforms apply to cooking, a great deal of which will
       | survive among old fashioned people, but a great deal more of
       | which will probably be avoided by the use of synthetic foods.
       | 
       | This is very interesting especially if you think "synthetic
       | foods" not just literally but as take out, processed products and
       | such. I know a lot of young professional people who technically
       | never cook. Like almost never and whatever they have at home is
       | just snacks, if you hungry > order. There are a lot people like
       | these.                   >It is conceivable, though not certain,
       | that in 2022 a complete meal may be taken in the shape of four
       | pills. This is not entirely visionary; I am convinced that corned
       | beef hash and pumpkin pie will still exist, but the pill lunch
       | will roll by their side.
       | 
       | Well Soylent do exist so that's not far fetched either.
        
         | ceejayoz wrote:
         | The "lunch will be a pill" stuff is always funny to me. There's
         | a major volume issue unless you're gonna have me eat chunks of
         | uranium or neutron star or something.
        
           | datavirtue wrote:
           | I thought it was goofy until I remembered that some people
           | eat pills for lunch.
        
           | awhitby wrote:
           | This was my initial reaction too: it doesn't seem to pass
           | basic conservation of mass.
           | 
           | But actually how much mass must you _necessarily_ lose to
           | stay alive each day? Most of it is probably water, so if we
           | allow  "four pills plus as much water" at a meal then it's
           | harder to rule out the pill diet.
           | 
           | Maybe a better way to bound it: apparently we exhale around 1
           | kg of CO2 each day, which has 370g of carbon in it so unless
           | we can radically reengineer our metabolism I guess you need a
           | minimum of 370g daily to maintain carbon levels. 370g / 3
           | meals / 4 pills = 30g per pill. Even with the density of
           | diamond that would be (picking a convenient rough number) 8
           | cm3 or 2x2x2cm.
           | 
           | Which is... a hard pill to swallow. Maybe not impossible
           | though.
        
           | Cthulhu_ wrote:
           | There's Soylent and similar meal replacements, but that's a
           | diet shake for people who try to min-max their life for some
           | reason.
        
             | galangalalgol wrote:
             | I was excited about the kickstarter because while a
             | recovering alcoholic can completely stop using alcohol, a
             | food addict always has to eat a little. Something bland,
             | and quick I didn't think about was a plus. But afyer the
             | Kickstarter they replaced the fish oil with polyunsaturated
             | vegetable oil in powder form and dropped the rice protein
             | content for more carbs. My triglycerides shot through the
             | roof after the first few months of that recipe.
        
               | 2snakes wrote:
               | Just replacing one meal like breakfast with Soylent is
               | probably preferred over replacing 3-4.
        
               | krupan wrote:
               | You could try keto chow. They started with the Soylent
               | recipe and made it carb free (if you don't count fiber as
               | carbs).
               | 
               | https://www.ketochow.xyz/
        
               | galangalalgol wrote:
               | I'm not against carbs, I just like macro ratios more like
               | the earlier versions. Lots of carbs and polyunsaturated
               | oils are in the literature as triglyceride boosters. If
               | they offered a version with the fish oil back in and the
               | old protein ratios I'd be interested, especially if the
               | replaced the rice protein with the collagen or fish meal
               | from the bait fish the oil came from. At least as
               | sustainable as giant fields of rice and safflower and
               | probably lower in heavy metals too. Rice sucks up the
               | cadmium.
        
               | krupan wrote:
               | There are several other Soylent mods out there. Super
               | Body Fuel, Huel, and Tsogo are a few others I tried. Not
               | a drink, but Meal Squares and Greenbelly Meals are a
               | similar idea too. No idea if any of them meet your needs.
               | I think there was a website that had a huge list of meal
               | replacements.
               | 
               | (Edit typo fix)
        
           | krono wrote:
           | Thinking outside the box, that pill could be part of a more
           | involved system where it triggers the release of nutrition
           | that was consumed earlier.
           | 
           | It doesn't have to be a completely self-contained solution.
        
             | scrollaway wrote:
             | I love where your head's at. Project: Chipmunk. Stuff those
             | cheeks :)
        
           | mc32 wrote:
           | If NASA[1] could have this, they would do this. They'd prefer
           | it if they could give their *nauts pill-like nutrition
           | delivery systems.
           | 
           | [1] Also armed forced with deployed troops would love this
           | too as it makes food logistics much easier.
        
             | ceejayoz wrote:
             | The closest we can get volume-wise is a cup of olive oil
             | for about 2k calories. Stuffing any more calories into the
             | same volume would require using materials we can't
             | currently digest.
             | 
             | (NASA does not like the side-effects of an all-oil diet on
             | space toilets, I suspect.)
        
         | mstade wrote:
         | > This is very interesting especially if you think "synthetic
         | foods" not just literally but as take out, processed products
         | and such. I know a lot of young professional people who
         | technically never cook. Like almost never and whatever they
         | have at home is just snacks, if you hungry > order. There are a
         | lot people like these.
         | 
         | Anecdata - I'm on of these people. I live in central Stockholm,
         | Sweden, and almost any hour of the day I'm able to either order
         | in or go out and buy a meal. I don't even recall last time I
         | cooked at home. Last time anyone cooked at my place was when a
         | friend of mine who's also a chef stopped by for a visit. My
         | kitchen is fully equipped, there's no want for tooling or
         | space. I more or less never go grocery shopping, and when I do
         | shop it's for whatever snacks and fruits I might want at home.
         | Sometimes I buy bread and other things to make sandwiches, but
         | that's maybe once every couple of months and it's the extent to
         | which I shop for groceries.
         | 
         | But when I go to my summer home on a small island with no
         | grocery store, I cook every single day. I think it's a
         | combination of necessity (you have to buy groceries and
         | anything else back on the mainland, and it's a trek) and the
         | fact that usually I'm not alone in the summer house, my brother
         | is usually there too so I have someone to cook for.
         | 
         | I really enjoy cooking, I can spend hours doing it and I don't
         | even mind the tedious tasks like peeling potatoes or chopping
         | onions and other things. I just never do it at home, for
         | myself. Why should I, when I can just as easily order in? That
         | way I don't have to throw out groceries that inevitably go bad
         | because as a single person it's hard to shop just what I need,
         | everything is in large multi packs. Even a loaf of bread will
         | go bad before I'm able to eat it all.
         | 
         | It's odd, but for me it really is very location dependent. It
         | was the same when I lived in London, I don't think I cooked at
         | home even once during those years.
        
           | davemp wrote:
           | I live in a place were I could easily order / go out for
           | every meal as well. If I cook ~2-3 times a week for myself
           | and box up the leftovers, I get high quality meals for
           | $2-5/meal vs $10-30/meal. This can save ~$8k per person per
           | year just cooking 10 meals a week.
           | 
           | This may not be worth it for some, but I've found the time
           | savings of ordering in/carryout is marginal or actually worse
           | than cooking and reheating leftovers. Waste and grocery trips
           | generally sort themselves out in a couple weeks as you figure
           | out a schedule. This obviously scales with number of people
           | so for a family of 2-4 you'd save $16-32k/yr for little extra
           | effort.
           | 
           | These sort of home economics seem to have really fallen out
           | of favor in my sphere, even in 2+ person households where
           | $40k+ in maintenance/service/food costs can be saved (factor
           | in childcare/education and I image the number can get to
           | $100k+). I don't understand why people leave so much money on
           | the table. There aren't many ways you can make $16k/year for
           | a <5hr/week moonlighting position.
           | 
           | ---
           | 
           | > That way I don't have to throw out groceries that
           | inevitably go bad because as a single person it's hard to
           | shop just what I need, everything is in large multi packs.
           | Even a loaf of bread will go bad before I'm able to eat it
           | all.
           | 
           | You have to cook larger batches and eat the leftovers. I've
           | had bad luck with bread too tbh. I might just start making my
           | own smaller loafs, because the quality is also just bad.
           | 
           | EDIT: it's also worth pointing out that savings values are
           | post tax
        
           | danans wrote:
           | > My kitchen is fully equipped, there's no want for tooling
           | or space. I more or less never go grocery shopping, and when
           | I do shop it's for whatever snacks and fruits I might want at
           | home. Sometimes I buy bread and other things to make
           | sandwiches, but that's maybe once every couple of months and
           | it's the extent to which I shop for groceries. > But when I
           | go to my summer home on a small island with no grocery store,
           | I cook every single day.
           | 
           | The incentive to cook yourself instead of ordering food is
           | multi-factorial, but a significant part is financial. People
           | who only cook "touristically" like you describe are people
           | for whom daily food expenses are a rounding error, whether
           | ordered or cooked by themselves. This could include single
           | well compensated people or very wealthy families. This is
           | further amplified by the fact that food consumes a smaller
           | portion of household income than it has historically.
           | 
           | In contrast, when working and middle class families decide
           | that they need to save more, the first place they usually
           | economize is in their restaurant expenditures.
        
           | Voloskaya wrote:
           | > Why should I, when I can just as easily order in?
           | 
           | Because
           | 
           | > I really enjoy cooking, I can spend hours doing it
           | 
           | ?
           | 
           | Also if you are even just an average/mediocre cook, you can
           | usually cook more tasty and interesting food than what you
           | typically find on Uber eats, unless you order from a
           | different high end restaurant every single day.
        
             | mywittyname wrote:
             | I'm a reasonably good cook and this isn't terribly true for
             | me. There are entire classes of foods I can't do as well as
             | restaurants can. Be that because of a lack of equipment, or
             | a lack of ingredients. I.e, I can make great pizza, but it
             | doesnt' compare to the stuff I can get from the wood fired
             | pizza place down the street. Same goes for India, Thai,
             | Chinese, wings, etc, etc.
        
             | spurgu wrote:
             | If you extend this into making/mending your own clothing,
             | doing your own plumbing, electricity etc., suddenly all
             | your time goes to these "maintenance" tasks.
             | 
             | Sure if you're growing food as well on the side so that you
             | can sustain yourself completely, it could be a happy way of
             | living life. But if you have to work 8 hours per day to
             | make a living, the spare time is valuable and subject to
             | prioritization. Some people do _some_ of these things on
             | the side, as a pleasant hobby, but practically no  "modern
             | person" does all of them.
        
             | mstade wrote:
             | You're right, I wasn't very clear - my apologies. What I
             | meant to say was I really enjoy cooking for others, but
             | cooking for myself isn't at all the same.
        
             | galangalalgol wrote:
             | I enjoy cooking, but I enjoy other things more, and time is
             | not infinite. I notice that when my wife and I go on
             | vacation we cook much more and try out new recipes because
             | at the airbnb there are fewer competing tasks or
             | activities. And while I can cook and bake decently, there
             | are some dishes I don't always want to put the time in for,
             | or I haven't quite gotten right yet, or require fresh
             | ingredients that I can't buy within a 30min drive. But the
             | thai restaurant a few blocks away will have fresh keffir
             | lime leaves and lemongrass brought in in bulk every day.
        
           | Tyr42 wrote:
           | Yeah, I cooked less when I didn't have flatmates to share
           | with, even though I do like cooking. Cooking for yourself
           | does feel like a chore.
        
           | distances wrote:
           | I feel tossing together some basic meal is so simple I can't
           | bother to go pick anything from outside even though I live in
           | the middle of great restaurant concentration. A bit of frozen
           | veggies heated on pan, with pasta or couscous on the side.
           | Takes literally ten minutes and costs less than one euro.
           | 
           | Or a large casserole that takes an hour to cook but gives
           | eight portions. Quick heat-up for lunch during the week saves
           | time too, and you stay in control of the salt intake unlike
           | with ready meals. So cheaper, healthier, faster. Downside is
           | that those meals are pretty basic and repetitive, but then
           | again eating out feels a bit more special if you don't do it
           | every day.
           | 
           | I do cook "real" recipes too with more steps and more flavor,
           | but only with my partner as I don't care to do it just for
           | myself for weekday meals.
        
           | Server6 wrote:
           | I did this for a decade and gained 60lb. I've since lost it,
           | mainly from cooking at home.
        
             | frockington1 wrote:
             | Reduced sodium probably lowered your blood pressure as well
        
           | ipiz0618 wrote:
           | I guess it depends on the location and wealth. Eating healthy
           | is wayyyy more expensive than cooking healthy in some cities,
           | even when you can buy a meal virtually everywhere.
        
         | Karawebnetwork wrote:
         | It's important to remember that 77 percent of U.S. adults take
         | dietary supplements. We all eat "corned beef hash and pumpkin
         | pie" yet the majority of people already use supplements as pill
         | as needed. Living in the north, everyone I know uses Vitamin D
         | pills. This is a must to survive the winter and I can't imagine
         | how it would be if that wasn't as available.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | smcl wrote:
           | Interesting, I didn't imagine there would be such a
           | noticeable effect. Can I ask what sort of difference do you
           | see if you don't take it?
        
             | Karawebnetwork wrote:
             | I go to work while the sun has yet to rise and when I come
             | back home the sun is already away (at the peak of the
             | winter, the sun is gone around 4pm). If I do go out for a
             | walk, it's behind a heavy coat, scarf and hat. Often with
             | sunglasses to protect against snow blindness and the wind.
             | 
             | This means that for about half of the year, my body does
             | not see the sun. Glass windows will prevent vitamin D
             | production so sitting by a window during the day will not
             | help.
             | 
             | Between 70% and 97% of Canadians demonstrate vitamin D
             | insufficiency. It's also important to highlight that people
             | with darker skin need even more sun exposure to produce
             | vitamin D as skin pigmentation negatively influences
             | vitamin D synthesis.
             | 
             | Contrary to popular belief, vitamin D is a hormone. It
             | impacts calcium absorption, which is the most known side
             | effect. But it's way more than that. Many of the body's
             | process simply cannot happen properly without vitamin D and
             | the only way to get it naturally is from the sun.
             | 
             | One relevant symptoms these days is a weakening of the
             | immune system. Many studies already show that vitamin D
             | deficiency is one of the main factor behind the severity of
             | covid infections.
             | 
             | Other symptoms are bone density loss, muscle pains, cancer
             | risks, heart disease, nerve issues, blood pressure.
             | 
             | Another very important issue related to vitamin D is
             | Seasonal Affective Disorder, which is similar (but
             | different) to clinical depression.
             | 
             | ---
             | 
             | Edit:
             | 
             | I was wondering when Vitamin D supplements and enriched
             | milk came around, since the current conversation in the
             | context of this 1992 event.
             | 
             | There's a nice goldmine of information here:
             | https://timelines.issarice.com/wiki/Timeline_of_vitamin_D
             | 
             | "1930 - Drug launch: Vitamin D prodrug dihydrotachysterol
             | is developed as a method of stabilizing the triene
             | structure of one of the photoisomers of vitamin D. This
             | represents the oldest vitamin D analog."
             | 
             | "1952 - Product launch: Synthetic vitamin D2 and D3
             | compounds start being produced."
        
               | smcl wrote:
               | Yep it's the same for me - dark when I go to work and
               | after I finish. But I'm not taking any supplements at all
               | so I'm just wondering if you personally notice a
               | difference between when you do and don't take it.
        
               | Karawebnetwork wrote:
               | Yes, I am on prescribed Vitamin D due to low results from
               | a blood test. The difference being the dose. I do not see
               | the sun at all for all winter. Difference is night & day
               | (pun intended).
        
         | teatree wrote:
         | As a person who has been exclusively on something similar to
         | soylent for entire 2021, it is certainly possible today albeit
         | not via 4 pills.
        
           | alex_duf wrote:
           | Out of complete curiosity: any particular reason to avoid
           | traditional food?
        
             | beeboop wrote:
             | It is tremendously difficult to eat a balanced, healthy
             | diet for people who lack the motivation or desire to cook
             | and eat subjectively boring foods. I know this will
             | probably strike a nerve in some people that perfectly enjoy
             | salads, chicken, and brown rice. But not every feels the
             | same about those foods.
        
           | seafoam wrote:
           | Ok I will bite, what are you on ?
        
             | aembleton wrote:
             | Probably Huel
        
             | bagacrap wrote:
             | the marketing team
        
               | Ancapistani wrote:
               | I know that "funny quips" are generally discouraged on
               | HN, but this is quality content that made me chuckle.
               | 
               | Thanks :)
        
         | KineticLensman wrote:
         | > I know a lot of young professional people who technically
         | never cook.
         | 
         | I think there is a distinction here between people who buy
         | meals-and-snacks as opposed to people who buy ingredients. When
         | my partner and I shop, apart from the fruit and similar, there
         | are very few things that you would directly eat. When my niece
         | and her partner shop, there are numerous packets of biscuits
         | and other snacks as well as prepared ready meals that can be
         | microwaved / oven heated with no other effort required. They
         | generate a lot more plastic waste, as well.
        
         | wuliwong wrote:
         | I think that a powdered shake is pretty similar to the pill
         | idea. Protein or meal replacement shakes are widespread in use
         | in 2022.
        
         | pessimizer wrote:
         | > This is very interesting especially if you think "synthetic
         | foods" not just literally but as take out, processed products
         | and such. I know a lot of young professional people who
         | technically never cook. Like almost never and whatever they
         | have at home is just snacks, if you hungry > order. There are a
         | lot people like these.
         | 
         | Isn't that just having servants?
        
         | paxys wrote:
         | The idea of communal kitchens is nothing new. Young unmarried
         | professionals weren't cooking their own meals a hundred years
         | ago either. In urban areas you'd have landladies providing
         | supper, food carts, delivery boys, even subscription meal
         | plans. So not much has changed in that regard.
        
       | westcort wrote:
       | Another fragment from 1922 (found with
       | https://www.locserendipity.com/Google.html):
       | 
       | A HUNDRED YEARS FROM NOW Mary A. Ford
       | 
       | O mighty human brotherhood! why fiercely war and strive,
       | 
       | While God's great world has ample space for everything alive?
       | 
       | Broad fields uncultured and unclaimed, are waiting for the plow
       | 
       | Of progress that shall make them bloom, a hundred years from now.
       | 
       | Why should we try so earnestly in life's short, narrow span,
       | 
       | On golden stairs to climb so high above our brother man?
       | 
       | Why blindly at an earthly shrine in slavish homage bow?
       | 
       | Our gold will rust, ourselves be dust, a hundred years from now.
       | 
       | Why prize so much the world's applause? Why dread so much its
       | blame?
       | 
       | A fleeting echo is its voice of censure or of fame;
       | 
       | The praise that thrills the heart, the scorn that dyes with shame
       | the brow,
       | 
       | Will be a long-forgotten dream, a hundred years from now.
       | 
       | O patient hearts, that meekly bear your weary load of wrong!
       | 
       | O earnest hearts, that bravely dare, and, striving, grow more
       | strong!
       | 
       | Press on till perfect peace is won; you'll never dream of how
       | 
       | You struggled o'er life's thorny road, a hundred years from now.
       | 
       | Grand, lofty souls, who live and toil that freedom, right, and
       | truth
       | 
       | Alone may rule the universe, for you is endless youth!
       | 
       | When 'mid the blest with God you rest, the grateful land shall
       | bow
       | 
       | Above your clay in reverent love, a hundred years from now.
       | 
       | Source:
       | https://www.locserendipity.com/full/platformpiece00hawn_djvu...
       | (written in 1922)
        
       | axegon_ wrote:
       | > It does not follow that, scientifically, the year 2022 should
       | fail to be amazing.
       | 
       | Well... About that...
        
       | jdlyga wrote:
       | It's always interesting to read these. Everyone assumes that
       | technological progress will continue along the exact same lines
       | as before. And nobody really anticipates the social progress and
       | changes that truly set us apart from 1922. If we assume 2122 will
       | just be the same world with better electronics, that probably
       | wouldn't be very accurate.
        
       | neycoda wrote:
       | They didn't predict that I wouldn't be able read their article on
       | my phone.
        
       | aronpye wrote:
       | I wish the quality of prose as well as underlying journalism of
       | today's mainstream media and newspapers matched those of
       | yesteryear. When reading the posted article, the decline in
       | quality is shown to be immense.
        
         | virgilp wrote:
         | Average quality, yes.
         | 
         | Total, and even max quality? Not so clear.
         | 
         | In number of articles/ books that are above a given quality
         | bar? I wouldn't bet on 1922.
        
       | standardUser wrote:
       | I have always had a strong almost visceral dislike of people
       | attempting to predict the future with even a hint of confidence,
       | so I really appreciate this author starting off by saying "don't
       | worry guys, this is just for fun".
        
       | titzer wrote:
       | > The people of 2022 will probably never see a wire outlined
       | against the sky...
       | 
       | Haha, so wrong. _All_ I see is power lines everywhere, and I can
       | 't unsee them. SO ugly.
        
         | iandanforth wrote:
         | Total tangent, but I too _hate_ wires and was pleasantly
         | surprised how easy https://cleanup.pictures/ makes it to remove
         | them from any and all photos. I'm not affiliated in any way and
         | sorry for the random. :)
        
         | kolinko wrote:
         | Are you from US? In Europe you see wires only outside of big
         | cities.
         | 
         | I was surprised on my recent road trip across US that you've
         | got wires in urban/suburban neighborhoods - even the richer
         | ones like Palo Alto.
        
           | gumby wrote:
           | Pretty common in Japan too, despite all the money spent on
           | infrastructure.
        
           | godot wrote:
           | From what I've observed, wires outside almost entirely depend
           | on how new the city is. Old cities have wires outside, new
           | cities don't, that's really it; nothing to do with how rich
           | they are. Palo Alto is an old city. I live in a suburb in
           | Greater Sacramento that's a newer city and it's most
           | certainly not as wealthy as Palo Alto -- not even as wealthy
           | as some of the other towns in Sac -- we got no wires outside.
        
         | kseistrup wrote:
         | You always know when you see an American film because of all
         | the powerlines, and I always wonder why they are not put
         | underground.
        
           | beeboop wrote:
           | It's expensive, no one wants to pay for it, and our general
           | political leadership is inept at best and corrupt at worst
           | and is incapable of managing reasonable infrastructure
           | projects.
        
             | throwawaygh wrote:
             | Serious question: what are the benefits of burying cables?
             | Purely aesthetic? Losing power less than once a year due to
             | a downed line really just isn't a big enough deal to
             | justify the expenditure. Even low-prob/high-risk event
             | justifications aren't particularly compelling (there are
             | much more important ways to harden the grid). If this went
             | up for a vote in my muni, I'd probably be a "no". So many
             | better ways to spend the money, even if we scope to just
             | electricity transmission.
             | 
             | My read on this has always been that the US has above-
             | ground cables mostly because it wasn't bombed to hell at
             | any point after the discovery that it's nice to bury power
             | cables.
        
               | titzer wrote:
               | Personally I find it so ugly that it ruins the look of
               | everything. It makes me think that nobody gives a damn,
               | and it makes me also not give a damn. Like if all the
               | houses on my house had broken windows, I'd feel like I
               | lived in a dump, and I'd be right. It's like nobody likes
               | to look at things.
        
               | beeboop wrote:
               | Underground is safer, less prone to accidents (trees
               | falling), take less space, reduces deaths and injuries by
               | car accident (cars hitting poles), less maintenance due
               | to not being exposed to elements, and of course the
               | aesthetic aspect.
               | 
               | Honestly the aesthetic aspect alone should be enough. We
               | care about the aesthetics of everything else around us
               | and a lot of it is also fairly well regulated. Wires are
               | absolutely hideous and it's perfectly feasible to bury
               | them in most cases
        
           | titzer wrote:
           | I know, I grew up in the US, moved to Germany, and moved
           | back. There are _so many_. It doesn 't look like a modern
           | country at all.
        
         | commandlinefan wrote:
         | Actually he may have been right - they're still there, but I
         | never notice them because they just blend into the background
         | now.
        
       | kuczmama wrote:
       | This is one of the most insightful articles I've ever read when
       | it comes to predicting the future. If you are on the fence of
       | whether or not to read this article I highly recommend you read
       | it.
        
       | PotatoPancakes wrote:
       | Geez, is this really the best OCR we have in 2022? This is the
       | text generated by the OCR on that site:
       | 
       | 'p========r^ SECTION SEVEN CL By W. L. George THERE is a good old
       | rule which bids us never prophesy unless we know, but, all the
       | same, when one cannot prophesy one may guess, especially if one
       | is sure of being out of the way when the reckoning comes.
       | Therefore it is without anxiety, that I suggest a picture of this
       | world a hundred years hence, and venture as my first guess thrt
       | the world at that time would be remarkable to one of our ghosts,
       | not so much because it was so different as because it was so
       | similar. In the main the changes which we may expect must be
       | brought about by science. It is easier to bring about a
       | revolutionary scientific discovery such as that of the X-ray than
       | to alter in the least degree the quality of emotion that arises
       | between a man and a maid. There will probably be many new rays in
       | 2022, but the people whom they illumine will be much the same.
       | From which the reader may conclude that I do not expect anything
       | startling in the way of scientific discoverv. That is not the
       | case; I am convinced that in 2022 the advancement of science will
       | be amazing, but it will be nothing like so amazing as is the
       | present day in relation to a hundred years ago. A sight of the
       | world today would surprise President Jefferson much more, I
       | suspect, than the world of 2022 would surprise the little girl
       | who sells candies at Grand Central Station. For Jefferson knew
       | nothing of railroads, telegraphs, telephones, automobiles,
       | aeroplanes, gramophones, movies, radium, &c.; he did not even
       | know hot and cold bathrooms. The-little girl at Grand Central is
       | a blase child; to her these things are commonplace; the year 2022
       | would have to produce something very startling to interest her
       | ghost. The sad thing about discovery is that it works toward its
       | own extinction, and that the more- we discover the less there is
       | left. % w It does not follow that, scientifically, the year 2022
       | should fail to be amazing. I suspect that commercial flying will
       | have become entirely commonplace. The passenger steamer will
       | survive on the coasts. but it will have disappeared on the main
       | routes, and will have been replaced by flying convoys, which
       | should cover the distance between London and New York in about
       | twelve hours. As I am anxious that the reader should not look
       | upon me as a visionary, I would point out that in an airplane
       | collision which happened recently a British passenger plane was
       | traveling at 180 miles an hour, which speed would have brought it
       | across the Atlantic in eighteen hours. It is therefore quite
       | conceivable that America may become separated from Europe by only
       | eight hours. The problem is mainly one of artificial heating and
       | ventilation to enable the aeronauts to survive. The same cause
       | will affect the railroads, which at that time will probably have
       | ceased to carry passengers except for suburban traffic. Railroads
       | may continue to handle freight, but it may be that even this will
       | be taken from them by road traffic, because the automobile does
       | not have to carry the enormous overhead charges of tracks.
       | Certainly food, mails and all light goods will be taken over from
       | the railroads by road trucks. As for the horse, it will probably
       | no longer be bred In white countries. The people of the year 2022
       | will probably never see a wire outlined against the sky: it Is
       | practically certain that wireless telegraphy and wireless
       | telephones will have crushed the cable system long before the
       | century is done. Possibly, too, power may travel through the air
       | when means are found to prevent enormous voltages being suddenly
       | discharged in the wrong place. Coal will not be exhausted, but
       | our reserves will be seriously depleted, and so will those of
       | oil. One of the world dangers a century hence will be a shortage
       | of fuel, but It is likely that by that time a ureal ueai 01 power
       | win ue ooiHineo irom tides, from the sun, probably from radium
       | and other forms of radial energy, while It may also be that
       | atomic energy will be harnessed. If It is true that matter Is
       | kept together by forces known as electrons. It Is possible that
       | we shall know how to dls< ?perse matter so as to release the
       | electron as a force. This force would last as long as matter,
       | thefofore as long as the earth itself. I The movies will be more
       | attractive, as long before 2022 they will have been re* i THE I P
       | ma
       | 
       | V ' placed by the kinephone, which now exists only in the
       | laboratory. That is the figures on the screen will not only move,
       | but they will have their natural colors and spaak with ordinary
       | voices. Thus, the stage as we know it to-day may entirely
       | disappear, which does not mean the doom of art, since the movie
       | actress of 2022 will not only not need to know how to smile but
       | also how to talk. Hna mttrVif AvianH i ? A ? fi ? i i ?1 vr nn
       | tKa V/UO "HftUt V<AtVUU 1UUC nunc 1J uu tuo number of inventions
       | which ought to exist and will exist, but the reader can think of
       | them for himself, and it is more interesting to ask ourselves
       | what will be the appearance of our cities a hundred years hence.
       | To my mind they will offer a mixed outlook, because mankind never
       | tears anything down completely to build up something else; it
       | erects the new while retaining the old; thus, many buildings now
       | standing will be preserved. It is conceivable that the Capitol at
       | Washington, many of the universities and churches will be
       | standing a hundred yearB hence, and that they will, almost
       | unaltered, be preserved by tradition. Also, many private
       | dwellings will survive and will be inhabited by Individual
       | families. I think that they will have passed through the
       | cooperative stage, which may be expected fifty or sixty years
       | nence, wnen ine servant pruoiem nas oecome completely
       | unmanageable and when private dwellings organize themselves to
       | engage staffs to cook, clean, and mend for the groups. That
       | cooperative stage will be the last kick of the private mistress
       | who wants to retain in her household some sort of slave. In 2022
       | she will have been bent by circumstances, but sh'e will have
       | recovered her private dwelling, being served for seven hours a
       | day by an orderly. The woman who becomes an orderly will be as
       | well paid as If she were a stenographer, will wear her own
       | clothes, be called "Miss," belong to her trade union and work
       | under union rulea. Naturally the work of the household, which is
       | being reduced day by day, will in 2022 be a great deal lighter. I
       | believe that most of the cleaning required to-day in a house will
       | have been done away with. In the first place, through the
       | disappearance of coal in all places where electricity is not made
       | there will be no more smoke, perhaps not even that of tobacco. In
       | the second place I have a vision of walls, furniture and hangings
       | made of more or less compressed papier mache, bound with brass or
       | taping along the edges. Thus, instead of \ VEW YO GAZINE NEW
       | YORK, SUNDAY, Witt^L bB
        
         | PotatoPancakes wrote:
         | Continued:
         | 
         | scrubbing Its floors, t^e year 2022 will unscrew the brass
         | edges or unstitch the tapes and peel off the dirty surface of
         | the floor or curtains. Then I every year a new floor board will
         | be J laid. One may hope that standard B chairs, tables,
         | carpets, will be peeled in the same way. SB Similar reforms
         | apply to cooking, a ^B great deal of which will survive ^B
         | among old fashioned people, but a SB great deal more of which
         | will prob- ^B ably be avoided by the use of syn- ^fl thetic
         | foods. It is conceivable, though not certain, that in 2022 a H
         | complete meal may be taken in the m shape of four pills. This
         | is not en- ^ tirely visionary; I am convinced that corned ^eef
         | hash and pumpkin pie will still exist, but the pill lunch will
         | ?roll by their side. But at that time few private dwellings
         | will be built: in their stenH will rise the community
         | dwellings, where the majority of mankind will be living. They
         | will probably be located in garden Bpaces and rise to forty or
         | fifty floors, housing easily four or five thousand families.
         | This is not exaggerated, since in one New York hotel to-day
         | three thousand people sleep i every night. It would mean also
         | that each ( block would have a local authority of its < own. I
         | imagine these dwellings as afford- 1 ing one room to each adult
         | of the family | and one room for common use. Such cook- l ing
         | as then exists will be conducted by the < local authority of
         | the block, which will also i undertake laundry, mending,
         | cleaning and will provide a complete nursery for the i children
         | of the tenants. i Perhaps at that time we shall have at- j
         | tained a dream which I often nurse, name- 1 ly, the city roofed
         | with glass. That city < would be a complete unit, with
         | accommoda- | Hons for houses, offices, factories and open j
         | spaces, all this carefully allocated. The | root would
         | completely do away with < weather and would maintain an even
         | tern- ; perature to be fixed by the taste of the ( period.
         | Artificial ventilation would sup- ] press wind. As for the open
         | spaces, if the temperature were warm they would ex- l hibit a
         | continual show of flowers, which < would be emancipated from
         | wlifter and i summer; In other words, winter would not t come
         | however long the descendants of Mr. l Hutchinson might wait. t
         | The family would still exist, even though ] it is not doing
         | very well to-day. It Is in- , conceivable that some sort of
         | feeling be* r RK HE] SECTl MAY 7, 1922. nT/*A T<^ jo 1
         | 
         | ,cF ' w^f^i JBPpl|p^^jMi W. L. GEORGE, the distinguished
         | British autt tween parents and children should not persist,
         | though I am of course unable to tell what that feeling will be.
         | I Imagine that the link will be thinner than it Is to-day,
         | because the child is likely to be taken over by the State, not
         | only schooled but fed and ?lad, and at the end of Its training
         | placed In a post suitable to Its abilities. This may be
         | affected by birth control, which In 2022 will be legal all over
         | the world. There will be stages: the first results of birth
         | control will be to reduce the birth rate; then the State will
         | step in. as it loes in France, and make it worth peo pie's
         | while to have more children; then the State will discover that
         | it has made things too easy and that people are having children
         | recklessly; finally some sort of balince will establish Itself
         | between the State lemand for children and the national supply.
         | Largely the condition of the family will le governed by the
         | position of woman, be -ause woman is the family, while man is
         | nerely Its supporter. It is practically cer ;ain that In 2022
         | nearly all women will lave discarded the idea that they are
         | prlnarily "makers of men." Most fit women *111 then he
         | following an individual career. Ml positions will he open to
         | them and a ;reat many women will have risen high, rhe year 2022
         | will probably see a large RALD I [ n J11Z 38 th 8U
         | 
         | y number of women in Con^ - a press, a great many on the
         | judicial bench, many m . in civil service posts and is perhaps
         | some in the mi President's Cabinet. But it is unlikely that ^
         | women will have an ^ achieved equality with T1 i.|" men.
         | Cautious feminists At EsS Bk such as myself realize ^f | that
         | things go slowly and ^ that a brief hundred tf,i r years win
         | noi wipe out im the effects on women of m< 30,000 years of
         | slavery. rr1 ar Women will work, partly m( heeausc they want to
         | and partly because they will so be able to. Thus women w' tin
         | will pay their share in the upkeep of home and t)o family. The
         | above sug- bu gestion of community no buildings, where all the
         | household work will be u' ca; done by professionals, will
         | liberate the average trj wife and enable her out of her wages
         | to pay her ^ share of the household work which she dis- nr1
         | likes. an Marriage will still exist much as it is Ati to-day,
         | for mankind has an Inveterate taste faf for the institution,
         | but divorce will prob- nn ag ably be as easy everywhere as it
         | Is in Nevada. In view, however, of the lm- Hti proved position
         | of woman and her earning Th power, she will not only cease to
         | be entitled to alimony, but she will be expected, ^ after the
         | divorce, to pay her share of the thl maintenance of her
         | children. or As regards the politics of 2022, I should lsr
         | expect the form of the State to be much / th< the same. A few
         | rearrangements may a8 have taken pla^e on the lines of self-de-
         | or termination; for ?Instance, Austria may Bu have united with
         | Germany, the South pu American republics may have federated,
         | pil Ac., but I do not believe that there will be 1 i a
         | superstate. There will still be republics an and monarchies;
         | possibly, In 2022, the It Spanish, Italian, Dutch and Norwegian
         | tin kings may have fallen, but for a variety of tal reasons,
         | either lack of advancement or oci inni titu riiim nii'iup, we
         | may export silll vir to And kings in Sweden, .lugo-Slavia, gw
         | Greece, Rumania and Great Britain. on On the inside, these
         | States may have kli slightly changed, for th9ro prevails a ten-
         | an dency to socialization which has nothing to do with
         | socialism. Most of the Euro- tht pean governments are
         | unconsciously na- dif tionalizing a number of industries, and a
         | l TWELVE PAGES
        
           | PotatoPancakes wrote:
           | Continued:
           | 
           | t i ti wJ Is will go on. One may therefore preme that in 2022
           | most States will have tionalized railways, telegraphs,
           | teleones, canals, docks, water supply, gas \ ' any) and
           | electricity. Other industries 11 exist much as they do to-
           | day, but it likely that the State will be inclined to ntrol
           | them, to limit their profits, and to bitrate between them and
           | the workers, e find a hint of this in America in the ti-trust
           | acts; a hundred years hence e tendency will be much stronger.
           | It is >rth noting as an international factor at b/that time
           | purely national Industries 11 almost have disappeared, and
           | that the >rk of the world will be in the hands of ntrolled
           | combines governing the supply a commodity from China to Peru.
           | Unfortunately these international relains through trade are
           | not likely to have ected political conditions. There will ill
           | be war. The wars of that period may a little less frequent
           | than they are toy, and be limited by arrangements such the
           | Pacific agreement, the agreement tween Canada and the United
           | States of rierica to leave their frontier unfortified, ., but
           | it will still be there. I suspect at those wars to come will
           | be made horle beyond my conception by new poison ses,
           | inextinguishable flames and light>of smoke clouds. In those
           | wars the airane bomb will seem as out of date as is clay tne
           | hatchet. War may ultimately sappear, but this lies beyond the
           | limits this article and even beyond those of f mind. \s
           | regards the United States in particu, it is likely that the
           | country will have me to a complete settlement, with a
           | popition of about 240,000,000. The idea of rth and South,
           | East and West, will have noet disappeared; by that time the
           | Amerin race will have taken so definite a form it immigration
           | will not affect it. The nfirican from Key West and the Amerin
           | from Seattle will be much the same nd of mic. That is to say
           | as regards race, but I feel at mentally the American of 2022
           | will ve enormously changed. He is to-day e most enterprising
           | creature in the orld, and is driven by a continual urge to
           | se, to make money. That is because the odern American lives
           | in a country that only partly developed, and where imense
           | wealth still lies ready for him to ke. In 2022 that will be
           | as finished as s to-day in England. American wealth 11 then
           | he eithe.- developed or known, d all of it will belong to
           | somebody, lere will he no more opportunity in nerica than
           | there is in England to-day. lose Americans will know that it
           | is actically certain that they will die much the same
           | position as the one in which ey were born. Those Americans
           | will erefore be less enterprising and much ire pleasure
           | loving. They will have belled against long hours: the chances
           | e that in 2022 few people will work >re than seven hours a
           | day, if as much. The effect of this, which I am sure unds
           | regrettable to many of my readers 11. in my opinion, be good.
           | It was essen1 that the American race should be cable of
           | intense labor and intense ambin if it was to develop its vast
           | country, t one result has been haste, overwork, ise, all of
           | which is bad for the nerves. 2022 America will have made her
           | forae and will he enjoying it as well as she n. I think that
           | she will be a happier counr than she is to-day. The appeal of
           | alth will be less because wealth II be difficult to attain,
           | so those aericans to come will be producing in t and
           | literature infinitely more than they e producing to-day. To-
           | day, in fiction, ? aerlca leads the world by sincerity, tli
           | and fearlessness, hut the American vel of significance is a
           | novel of revolt alnst the thralls of money, of convenn anrl
           | of puritanism. In 2022 Ameriran srature will be a literature
           | of culture, e battle will he over and the muzzle There will
           | be no more things one n't say, and things one can't think No
           | ubt there will be In 2022 people who nk as they would have
           | thought in 1022, even a little earlier, but a great liberaln
           | of mind will prevail, rt is not my business to corgrat ilat"
           | > future, and I have no desire to do so. It Is impossible to
           | say a thing Is good bad; all one can say is that it exists,
           | it in case some of my readers feel relsion when they
           | contemplate my lunch Is or my nationalized railroads, to
           | those vould say that they are perhaps unduly xious. The world
           | takes care of Itself; has been doing so for hundreds of cen
           | ries nnri is still spinning; tne worm win te care of Itsplf
           | In 2022: that Is Its chlpf r-upatlon. Morp than that. I fppl
           | conlcpd that though thp world may Iosp icps, It will dpvolop
           | othpr grarps, that the wholp. and as timp goes on. man id
           | grows more intelligent, more amiable d more honpst. rhp
           | fnturp will bp difficult: what dops it mattpr? So was thp
           | past difficult: flcultlps did not prevent Its turning into
           | tolerable preser^.
        
       | Xcelerate wrote:
       | And in almost one hundred years, we still haven't made much
       | progress on the fundamental questions in quantum mechanics, other
       | than perhaps Bell's theorem in the 60s.
       | 
       | I wonder if Einstein, Dirac, et al. would have thought in the
       | early 1930s that the measurement problem would remain unresolved
       | and that there would still not be a consistent theory for QM and
       | GR almost a century later.
        
         | luis8 wrote:
         | The only thing I wish to see before I die is at least a way to
         | communicate faster than light. Something instant like quantum
         | entanglement would be ideal or if that is too much to ask at
         | least warp like communication.
         | 
         | I'm currently doing software engineering but when I retire I'll
         | dedicate all my free time for this. If at least 1% of the
         | population follow this route someone will come up with a
         | solution eventually.
         | 
         | Imaging exploring the near galaxies with a probe that is
         | capable of displaying real time video of whatever is out there
         | :)
        
         | thenoblesunfish wrote:
         | His comments about the slowing pace of scientific advancement
         | really struck me. I have felt the same thing, often. That in
         | 1922, we were actually somewhat close to the end of discovering
         | all the really interesting things about physics: that is, those
         | things which really shook up our understanding of the universe,
         | but were still somehow comprehensible to our little human
         | brains. I'm beginning to think that it wasn't just
         | overenthusiasm that led me to be pretty disappointed when I
         | went to get a PhD in science - it's that I grew up reading
         | about the results of the most interesting period,
         | scientifically, that man has ever had, which is now over.
        
           | jerb wrote:
           | Scientific progress has slowed, but engineering progress is
           | only just beginning. For instance, the electronic transport
           | chain of respiration/photosynthesis, is a series of quantum
           | tunnels. Man has barely scratched the surface of quantum-
           | level control which nature already exhibits.
        
             | thoughtsimple wrote:
             | The number of transistors produced in 2021 is a bit mind
             | boggling if you do the math. These are nanotechnology
             | produced at a rate by humans that rivals any large physics
             | number. By my calculation, Apple alone via TSMC produces
             | something like 1x10^18 transistors per year. Add up Intel,
             | Samsung and the rest of TSMC's customers and the number
             | goes far higher. We are so used to it, we don't boggle at
             | the concept any more but we should.
        
       | bencollier49 wrote:
       | What I find fascinating about these predictions is that a lot of
       | them came to pass around 1970 and then fell back. For example
       | nationalisation of utilities and railways (here in the UK),
       | communal living (tower blocks), and so on.
       | 
       | Not to mention "a great liberalism of mind and the freedom to say
       | anything"....
        
         | timeon wrote:
         | That idea about 'tower blocks in gardens' reminds me what
         | happened 11 years later:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Charter
        
       | tabtab wrote:
       | Where's the flying cars, dammit! We were promised flying cars!
       | Jail somebody, the future is all rigged.
        
       | datavirtue wrote:
       | He landed everything except the peeling furniture (kudos for the
       | Ikea prediction) and labor conditions. Interesting how labor
       | hasn't advanced much except for women in the workplace (he nailed
       | that perfectly).
        
         | Cthulhu_ wrote:
         | I like how the author predicted that a hundred years wouldn't
         | be enough to ensure gender equality.
        
       | kierkegaard_s wrote:
       | Interesting that the author here made the assumption opposite of
       | WaitButWhy's Tim Urban in his AI article (see below). Author
       | asserted pretty early that future progress wouldn't advance as
       | quickly as past progress has. Or at least that's how I
       | interpreted it.
       | 
       | (https://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revol...)
       | 
       | "Imagine taking a time machine back to 1750--a time when the
       | world was in a permanent power outage, long-distance
       | communication meant either yelling loudly or firing a cannon in
       | the air, and all transportation ran on hay. When you get there,
       | you retrieve a dude, bring him to 2015, and then walk him around
       | and watch him react to everything. It's impossible for us to
       | understand what it would be like for him to see shiny capsules
       | racing by on a highway, talk to people who had been on the other
       | side of the ocean earlier in the day, watch sports that were
       | being played 1,000 miles away, hear a musical performance that
       | happened 50 years ago, and play with my magical wizard rectangle
       | that he could use to capture a real-life image or record a living
       | moment, generate a map with a paranormal moving blue dot that
       | shows him where he is, look at someone's face and chat with them
       | even though they're on the other side of the country, and worlds
       | of other inconceivable sorcery. This is all before you show him
       | the internet or explain things like the International Space
       | Station, the Large Hadron Collider, nuclear weapons, or general
       | relativity.
       | 
       | This experience for him wouldn't be surprising or shocking or
       | even mind-blowing--those words aren't big enough. He might
       | actually die.
       | 
       | But here's the interesting thing--if he then went back to 1750
       | and got jealous that we got to see his reaction and decided he
       | wanted to try the same thing, he'd take the time machine and go
       | back the same distance, get someone from around the year 1500,
       | bring him to 1750, and show him everything. And the 1500 guy
       | would be shocked by a lot of things--but he wouldn't die. It
       | would be far less of an insane experience for him, because while
       | 1500 and 1750 were very different, they were much less different
       | than 1750 to 2015. The 1500 guy would learn some mind-bending
       | shit about space and physics, he'd be impressed with how
       | committed Europe turned out to be with that new imperialism fad,
       | and he'd have to do some major revisions of his world map
       | conception. But watching everyday life go by in 1750--
       | transportation, communication, etc.--definitely wouldn't make him
       | die."
        
       | tomxor wrote:
       | This is surprisingly accurate, reserved and balanced through the
       | lens of society as well as science. I was expecting something
       | more fanciful like flying horses or whatnot.
        
         | Aperocky wrote:
         | Except that:
         | 
         | > I'm sure that technological advancement in 2022 will be
         | amazing, but they will be nothing as amazing as the present day
         | than it is over 100 years ago (i.e. 1822).
         | 
         | I don't know about that statement.
        
           | ghc wrote:
           | If you think about what they didn't have in 1822 that they
           | did have in 1922:
           | 
           | - Radio
           | 
           | - Movies
           | 
           | - Motorized Rail Transit
           | 
           | - Airplanes
           | 
           | - Blimps
           | 
           | - Recorded Audio
           | 
           | - Electrification (esp. lighting)
           | 
           | - Telephony
           | 
           | - Cars
           | 
           | - Subways
           | 
           | - Fax
           | 
           | - Early Television
           | 
           | - Telegraph
           | 
           | - Skyscapers
           | 
           | - Underwater tunnels
           | 
           | - Air Conditioning
           | 
           | - Elevators
           | 
           | - Modern Hospitals
           | 
           | - Machine Guns, Tanks, Dreadnoughts and other tools of modern
           | war
           | 
           | - Stock Tickers
           | 
           | - Early computing (Tabulators, IBM, etc.)
           | 
           | - Modern Steel Manufacturing
           | 
           | I would bet that the people of the 1920s would find the world
           | of the 2020s much more recognizable than the people of the
           | 1820s would find the world of the 1920s.
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | > I would bet that the people of the 1920s would find the
             | world of the 2020s much more recognizable than the people
             | of the 1820s would find the world of the 1920s.
             | 
             | Let's start by explaining smartphones, then Twitter and
             | Facebook and then on how companies used them to hijack
             | elections and destabilize democracies in multiple
             | countries.
             | 
             | Or, for an amusing time, try to explain how a
             | cryptocurrency works.
             | 
             | My mom, born in 1935, doesn't understand what I do beyond
             | that I write computer programs (which isn't even that much
             | true anymore).
        
               | tempestn wrote:
               | The internet is a big change. Cryptocurrency is not on
               | the same scale. But I would be inclined to agree that the
               | impact of even computers and internet on the
               | recognizability of everyday life is less than that of eg.
               | telephony and airplanes.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | > I would be inclined to agree that the impact of even
               | computers and internet on the recognizability of everyday
               | life is less than that of eg. telephony and airplanes.
               | 
               | Remember when we needed to go to a payphone to tell our
               | parents we were in the mall and to ask them to pick us
               | up? And that they had no way to phone us while we weren't
               | home?
        
               | tempestn wrote:
               | You're saying the ability to make a phone call from
               | anywhere is a more significant change than the ability to
               | make phone calls at all?
        
             | Aperocky wrote:
             | What you described was the industrialization - what lacked
             | in 1922, and would make at least a similar, inexplainable
             | change for people of 1922 today is information revolution.
             | 
             | Information still traveled at human recognizable size in
             | 1922, largely the same in 1822 (just got a bit faster over
             | telegraph). Whereas today the first website you visit
             | probably contained more information (bloat) sent to your
             | phone than a person in 1922 would have came across in an
             | entire year.
             | 
             | In other word, the largest transformation is not on the
             | front end, but that doesn't make it less significant.
             | Everyone can make a Google landing page - but it's the
             | stuff behind it that makes it Google.
        
             | netsec_burn wrote:
             | This exact prediction was made in the 1922 article.
        
               | ghc wrote:
               | That's what this thread is about. Parent of my comment
               | was disputing that prediction from the article, and I
               | presented a counter-argument.
        
               | netsec_burn wrote:
               | I see! Sorry about the confusion, I misunderstood the
               | context.
        
           | another_story wrote:
           | Cars, trains, airplanes, electricity used in consumer
           | devices, movies, telephones, radio, instantaneous
           | intercontinental communication, etc...
           | 
           | We have some cool stuff compared to 1922, but you could argue
           | the shift was greater.
        
             | feintruled wrote:
             | Reminds me of the Gavin Belson freakout in Silicon Valley
             | when his holographic call started freezing and they
             | suggested he went to audio only "Fuck you, the audio's
             | still working! Audio worked a hundred fucking years ago!"
        
           | Nbox9 wrote:
           | I'm really unsure about this. In 1822 canning food was new
           | technology. 1822 didn't have electrical generators but 1922
           | had radios, and the TV was clearly on the horizon. 1922 has
           | the Model-T and airplanes.
        
             | AnimalMuppet wrote:
             | Let me ask this question: Is the 777 further from the
             | airplanes of 1922 than the airplanes of 1922 are from the
             | hot air balloon?
             | 
             | Airplanes _existed_ in 1922. But nobody you knew flew on
             | them. You didn 't take them from the US to Europe on
             | business trips; you took a ship. You didn't take them from
             | New York to LA, either; you took a train. You _sure_ didn
             | 't book flights online while sitting in your couch at home.
             | 
             | The same (in fundamentals) technology existed in 1922. But
             | all the _social_ change came after that.
        
               | dragontamer wrote:
               | > The same (in fundamentals) technology existed in 1922
               | 
               | The first transatlantic flight by Charles Lindberg was
               | 1927, 5 years _AFTER_ this article was written.
               | 
               | People were trying to do a transatlantic flight in the
               | 1920s the same way as we are trying to make hydrogen
               | cars, applicable artificial intelligence (self-driving?),
               | or other "nearly true" things today.
               | 
               | There were many notable attempts at a transatlantic
               | flight. As such, the article is able to point out the
               | issues (ex: the lack of oxygen in the upper atmosphere,
               | leading to hypoxia).
               | 
               | An individual pilot can do a transatlantic flight with
               | the use of a breathing apparatus, similar to a scuba
               | diver. But large-scale flights wouldn't be possible until
               | the invention of pressurized cabins (used as a secret-
               | weapon during WW2: the US Superfortress Bombers would fly
               | so high thanks to pressurized cabins, that other
               | airplanes couldn't reach them).
               | 
               | -------
               | 
               | Predicting a successful transatlantic flight would be
               | like predicting a self-driving car today. We see lots of
               | cool tech demos and people starting to understand the
               | issues / technology... but it clearly doesn't exist yet.
               | Not in any way that's usable.
               | 
               | We're probably 5 years off from a plausible tech-demo
               | (ex: Spirit of St. Louis like attempt), and decades away
               | from a commercial offering.
               | 
               | Lindberg's flight was of 33-hours. This article is
               | suggesting an 8-hour flight time, well into the realm of
               | science-fiction by 1922 standards. The 400+ gallons of
               | fuel of "The Spirit of St. Louis" was manually strained
               | and manually purified by the team, for no commercial
               | process existed yet to make the fuel pure enough for high
               | reliability.
               | 
               | A trans-atlantic flight was "inevitable", because the
               | march of progress over the last 10 years was so dramatic,
               | so incredible, so inspiring, that it almost certainly was
               | going to happen. But it absolutely was still science
               | fiction by 1922 standards.
        
           | Ostrogodsky wrote:
           | That is one of the most accurate statements of the whole
           | article!!!
        
         | Brendinooo wrote:
         | Yeah, I think he had a good understanding of the implications
         | of the newer technology of his day.
         | 
         | You don't know what you don't know so there's nothing about
         | computers here, but most of this article was really well done.
        
         | apozem wrote:
         | These are better than 99% of predictions because the author has
         | a good eye for what will change (technology, transportation,
         | consumer goods) and what won't (human nature).
        
       | EGreg wrote:
       | Dude is describing tenements in Hong Kong...
        
       | overthemoon wrote:
       | It's interesting to compare this to the WEF future projections:
       | https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldeconomicforum/2016/11/10/s...
       | 
       | Especially with regards to this passage::
       | 
       | "In 2022 [economic development] will be as finished as it is to-
       | day in England. American wealth will then be either developed or
       | known, and all of it will belong to somebody. There will be no
       | more opportunity in America than there is in England to-day.
       | Those Americans will know that it is practically certain that
       | they will die much in the same position as the ones in which they
       | were born. Those Americans will therefore be less enterprising
       | and much more pleasure loving. They will have rebelled against
       | long hours; the chances are that in 2022 few people will work
       | more than seven hours a day, if as much.
       | 
       | The effects of this, which I am sure sounds regrettable to many
       | of my readers, will, in my opinion, be good. It was essential
       | that the American race should be capable of intense labor and
       | intense ambition if it was to develop its vast country. But one
       | result has been haste, overwork, noise, all of which is bad for
       | the nerves. In 2022 America will have made her fortune and will
       | be enjoying it as well as she can."
        
         | mc32 wrote:
         | The above sentiment is not altogether wrong.
         | 
         | Once people have certain comfort they cease to be productive
         | and look for ways to while away their time. Sometimes its
         | neutral, sometimes it may be a productive hobby and sometimes
         | it's detrimental (as in they know what needs to change in the
         | world and they will make it so).
         | 
         | It's also telling that at the dawn of the XX cent, the US was
         | not a wealthy country. Per capita we were more or less on par
         | with countries that are today still "developing". Out position
         | isn't a foregone conclusion and needs active development to
         | remain there.
        
           | pindab0ter wrote:
           | What terrible phrasing is "they cease to be productive and
           | look for ways to while away their time."
           | 
           | We don't live to work, we work to live. Once less work is
           | required to live, more living can be done. Some people may
           | 'while away their time', others do valuable things that don't
           | produce monetary value.
        
             | mc32 wrote:
             | Progress depends on people or, the economy in general,
             | progressing. If everyone is happy where they are and want
             | no more, there is no need to innovate and progress stops.
             | That may be fine if we think we have achieved all we need
             | to achieve as a society or species but most think we have a
             | bit of a ways to go still before we can declare victory.
        
               | misnome wrote:
               | What about people who are made happy by innovating and
               | progressing?
        
               | mc32 wrote:
               | When social support for that goes away, it's only the
               | "crazy" who would do that just because. But without
               | societal support it's a dead-end.
               | 
               | There are countries with lots of people --but whose
               | contribution to innovation is substandard. There is no
               | societal support so innovation is stunted.
               | 
               | It's like thinking justice will happen just because...
               | No, it happens because society supports justice. Justice
               | or innovation don't just "happen".
        
               | soco wrote:
               | Why should innovation lose support? It would fall under
               | "people do what they like" so the innovators would go on
               | innovating. And if the innovations bring even more to the
               | society of course they will be adopted.
        
               | mc32 wrote:
               | Let's look at the Soviet Union to Russia transition. The
               | state no longer had the same demand for space innovation.
               | Their tech sector has stagnated. People didn't carry on
               | just because they could.
        
               | hiptobecubic wrote:
               | Innovation _does_ just happen, but only under
               | circumstances that need it. People support it because it
               | makes their lives easier. If it doesn 't do that then
               | honestly who cares? Don't confuse innovation in general
               | with how many startups the country has.
        
               | mc32 wrote:
               | There has to be some pull. If people are conditioned to
               | be happy with say UBI + Netflix and conditioned to think
               | that you should have a small impact on the planet (little
               | consumption) and your daily needs met (food, shelter)
               | innovation will go down in a generation or so.
               | 
               | [to answer weakfish who appears "dead": no it's not wrong
               | to revert to a subsistence existence, but it has trade-
               | offs. Just be aware of the trade-offs.]
        
               | weakfish wrote:
        
               | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
               | In the US a lot of people are very, very unhappy.
               | 
               | The _lack_ of real political and economic agency for most
               | of the population is one of the defining features of US
               | capitalism.
        
               | NoImmatureAdHom wrote:
               | Citation needed. There are all sorts of measures of gross
               | happiness out there.
        
             | thereddaikon wrote:
             | This is also not a new phenomena but something that has
             | been slowly increasing over human history. Before
             | agriculture, humans spent almost all of their time hunting
             | and gathering. Agriculture freed up some time and every
             | major technological revolution has in some way made society
             | more productive and efficient allowing us for more time not
             | working. At some point in the 19th century the concept of
             | leisure time came around and its only been growing.
             | 
             | Reducing the work required by each individual to survive
             | and support society is a natural effect of technological
             | progression. If people are getting more work then we are
             | regressing.
        
               | stocknoob wrote:
               | There still are hunter gatherer societies, and they don't
               | spend all their time hunting and gathering.
               | 
               | https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/01/5510
               | 187...
        
               | Clubber wrote:
               | >Before agriculture, humans spent almost all of their
               | time hunting and gathering. Agriculture freed up some
               | time
               | 
               | Agriculture is more work than hunting and gathering, but
               | it's a much more consistent food source.
               | 
               | https://www.zmescience.com/science/hunter-gatherer-
               | farmer-ti...
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | And agriculture itself is less work than we think of.
               | Medieval peasants worked less hours than we do.
               | 
               | https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/users/rauch/worktime/hou
               | rs_...
        
               | Ancapistani wrote:
               | > And agriculture itself is less work than we think of.
               | 
               | That depends entirely upon the ratio of agriculture to
               | other industries in a society and the level of
               | automation.
               | 
               | People operating today's corporate farms in the US
               | probably work fewer hours than their 1920s analogues, but
               | produce far more output. People operating today's
               | small/"family" farms are probably about on par in terms
               | of hours worked, but still produce much more and there
               | are far fewer of them.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | It doesn't. People working today's farms (corporate and
               | self operated) appear to put in more hours than their
               | 1920s analogues as much more of their time is consumed by
               | the other parts of the business rather than working the
               | fields component.
               | 
               | They do create significantly more for their time, true.
               | But this idea that exists that automation has given us
               | more free time isn't quite borne out by the evidence.
        
               | thereddaikon wrote:
               | I didn't say agriculture gave us leisure, I said it freed
               | us up to do other things. You may spend less time hunting
               | and gathering but everyone is a hunter and gatherer. With
               | agriculture a smaller part of your society is dedicated
               | to food production. This allows for specialization and
               | civilization.
               | 
               | Leisure, as we understand it is a pretty modern
               | development. In that study they are defining leisure as
               | the opposite of labor. I wouldn't call that leisure
               | personally. Partaking in or consuming entertainment and
               | hobbies is leisure.
        
               | mc32 wrote:
               | It would seem plausible to claim agriculture put demand
               | on innovation; tools to make more efficient agriculture.
               | Things like irrigation channels, planting tools,
               | harvesting tools, etc.
               | 
               | Maybe technology developed for conflict came first but
               | I'd guess peacetime uses also put demands on innovation.
               | 
               | Interestingly, I watched some video somewhere where in
               | some part of India[1] there were people who were
               | harvesting wheat with a curved knife (sickle) like
               | implement rather than a scythe. So people had to bend
               | down to harvest a field. Meaning sometimes technology
               | doesn't diffuse everywhere --even well known solutions.
               | 
               | [1]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iU0uYeO7XI
        
               | weakfish wrote:
        
             | NoImmatureAdHom wrote:
             | I haven't though it through in detail, but I think it has
             | to do with the intersection of these two things. Netflix
             | and ice cream is pure leisure, toiling in the mines is pure
             | work, but there's significant overlap...I'm sure for many
             | here working on a personal coding project can be both a joy
             | in the sense of leisure and also productive work in the
             | sense that other people would pay for it, or it brings
             | significant economic value to them.
             | 
             | So...the middle of the Venn is the important part. Insofar
             | as leisure is both joyful and productive, good. Insofar as
             | we continue the "opiates of the masses" arms race and make
             | ever better Netflix + ice cream, bad.
        
               | [deleted]
        
         | atlgator wrote:
         | In the context of conquering "the land" from East to West, I
         | think the articles sentiments are spot on. The conclusion that
         | Americans would settle long term is open to debate. The
         | frontier discussed in the article is a physical one, conquered
         | by hard labor and sweat. And while Americans did succeed and
         | enjoy (physically) lighter days now, the author failed to
         | predict we'd find a new frontier, a digital one. The hard labor
         | is now done in the mind, even if we spend too much time binging
         | Rick & Morty.
        
         | ydlr wrote:
         | United States does rank below the UK in terms of social
         | mobility. The notion that that is because the economic
         | development of the country is "finished" seems weird.
         | 
         | https://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_Social_Mobility_Report....
        
           | lettergram wrote:
           | The world economic forum is largely lead by former nazis and
           | communists. They have openly called for the United States to
           | decline as a power.
           | 
           | I wouldn't necessarily take anything they say as fact. Lol
        
             | ianai wrote:
             | Citation very much needed.
        
               | sebow wrote:
        
               | lettergram wrote:
               | You can read the "Great Reset" book to get a wider view
               | of their vision.
               | 
               | They've been talking about this for a long time
               | 
               | https://www.salon.com/2010/12/06/america_collapse_2025/
        
               | beaconstudios wrote:
               | And predicting the fall of the US... Makes them both
               | nazis and communists? I'm confused by your argument.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | It's really hard to be both far-right and far-left at the
               | same time.
        
               | MadeThisToReply wrote:
               | What about horseshoe theory?
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | Nazism is far-right and authoritarian. Socialism is just
               | far-left, but not necessarily authoritarian. Soviet-style
               | socialism was very authoritarian and that's why it got
               | its bad reputation. And you can be authoritarian and not
               | even be on the left-right axis - Saudi Arabia is an
               | example, as is Afghanistan now.
        
               | beaconstudios wrote:
               | Both of those countries are theocratic and extremely
               | socially conservative, which places them on the far
               | right.
        
               | lettergram wrote:
               | Read the book, look into the forums content, funding
               | sources, history, etc
               | 
               | I was pointing out the anti-United states propaganda has
               | been going on for years.
        
               | beaconstudios wrote:
               | I'm not going to do all that to verify your comment. It
               | strikes me as an absurd claim, at least in part because
               | nazis and communists are opposites, and everybody is
               | predicting the fall of the US' dominance to China these
               | days.
               | 
               | The WEF is just liberal capitalism. The trend towards
               | technofeudalism (everyone is renting their existence from
               | big corps) has been going on for a while, at the hands of
               | capitalists. Because its profitable. See: the growth of
               | financing/credit, software subscriptions, etc.
        
               | habeebtc wrote:
               | If I am not mistaken "The Great Reset" is written by
               | Glenn Beck. I may be wrong, as there are several books
               | with that name, but the Beck book is the one most likely
               | to involve railing against Nazis and Communists.
               | 
               | You can get a sense for Beck's work here:
               | 
               | https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/?s=Glenn+beck
        
               | blackshaw wrote:
               | "The Great Reset" is the name of a book by Klaus Schwab,
               | who is chairman of the WEF. It was also the name that the
               | WEF gave to their 50th annual meeting, which took place
               | in 2020.
               | 
               | Conspiracy theories aside, I've read Schwab's book, and
               | it's a moronic, badly-written pile of buzzwords and
               | corporate jargon that says nothing of interest and reads
               | like the work of a hungover undergraduate who's padding
               | the wordcount the night before the deadline while hoping
               | the professor won't realise he hasn't done the reading.
               | I'd tell you to ignore it, except Schwab is a man of
               | enormous power and influence, so his apparent inability
               | to produce an intelligent thought is really quite
               | troubling.
        
               | lettergram wrote:
               | Indeed. I was ignoring this stuff until the "build back
               | better" was the campaign slogan all over everyone in the
               | western world
        
               | hunterb123 wrote:
               | I don't see how you can read things like the Great Reset
               | and think the things you do.
        
               | beaconstudios wrote:
               | I'm open to convincing arguments. What do you think the
               | Great Reset is? To me it seems like late capitalists
               | doing a capitalism as they always do, trying to eke out
               | more profit by way of financier feudalism.
        
               | ajmurmann wrote:
               | Trading that article, I wonder if you are conflating
               | prediction and desire for something to happen.
        
               | easytiger wrote:
               | Use of the idea that now is an opportunity to be seized I
               | think dictates that it's a desire
        
               | ajmurmann wrote:
               | So, if I predict something catastrophical will happen and
               | I make efforts to prepare for it, I'm part of the
               | problem?
        
           | jollybean wrote:
           | "United States does rank below the UK in terms of social
           | mobility."
           | 
           | It always did, because the US had slaves, and ex-slaves who
           | had no much opportunity to 'climb'.
           | 
           | The US now also has a giant class of a specific kind of
           | migrant - Latinos from Central America, who are completely
           | different than those from Spain or Cuba and the rest of the
           | world. They exist in a kind of 'separate' USA and while
           | technically might have the opportunities others have, they
           | live in a system that is not suited to exploiting them. They
           | are happy in their version of he US, they're family oriented,
           | patriots - but not going to college or after the white collar
           | trades like migrants from 'everywhere else'.
           | 
           | Those two cohorts make the US 'very different' in terms of
           | social mobility, and so you have a situation a bit akin to
           | Brazil etc..
           | 
           | Canada and Australia are 'Immigrant States' without those
           | cohorts, and newcomers do reasonably well or somewhere
           | approaching 'normal' after one or two generations.
           | 
           | I'll bet social mobility among non-African American and
           | Latino Americans, is about on part with Canada or Australia,
           | and maybe even a little bit better than UK, and most of
           | Europe (even Sweden) which also have vestiges of class.
           | 
           | Some indicative data here [1]. You can see mobility gap
           | between Black and White in the US, it's very crude and
           | subject to interpretation, but it does line up with PISA
           | standardized testing results which show the same, that non-
           | Black/Latino America is actually 'a lot like' Europe or Japan
           | in terms of so many outcomes. 2018 PISA test scores here [2]
           | (download the PDF).
           | 
           | FYI I'm not 'endorsing' or 'supporting' any kind of system
           | here, just pointing out that the the US has a 'multi system
           | dynamic' different than other places and it's essential to
           | understanding how it works esp. on a comparative basis. FYI a
           | lot of E/S European countries are poor, and represent similar
           | kind of 'isolated communities' which is why gini coefficient
           | etc. for the entirety of the EU is much worse than it is for
           | any individual EU state.
           | 
           | From 1922 until today - most of our progress has been
           | incremental. Other than satellites, and maybe computers, it
           | seems as though they ave predicted a lot. Maybe not quite the
           | social impact of them however.
           | 
           | What will change in 2122?
           | 
           | If we have successful Fusion at scale, it could change a lot
           | of things.
           | 
           | If not, maybe it won't be that different: longer lives, more
           | fashion. Maybe we figure out Climate Change and get plastics
           | out of he ocean, but we'll probably still be arguing about
           | 'what is normal'
           | 
           | Eventually, we'll be able to colour our skin, eyes, hair very
           | readily, we'll have cosmetic limbs (i.e. pair of wings that
           | don't to much but flap a bit). And maybe mechanical uterus -
           | where you provide the eggs and sperm and it will make a baby
           | in 9 months. If the identity wars are a bit complicated now
           | just wait.
           | 
           | We will send a probe to Alpha Centuari and they'll be a small
           | station on Mars, but it will be boring and young people won't
           | even care.
           | 
           | Reduced population in the West and massive population booms
           | in Africa and some other spots will crate some odd
           | international dynamics. Africa will be much better off, but
           | mostly still corrupt with crackpot leaders and nuclear
           | weapons. One of them will use one on their neighbouring
           | country.
           | 
           | [1] https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/02/14/no-
           | room-a...
           | 
           | [2]
           | https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/pisa-2018-results.htm
        
             | dhosek wrote:
             | >Latinos from Central America, who are completely different
             | than those from Spain or Cuba and the rest of the world.
             | They exist in a kind of 'separate' USA and while
             | technically might have the opportunities others have, they
             | live in a system that is not suited to exploiting them.
             | They are happy in their version of he US, they're family
             | oriented, patriots - but not going to college or after the
             | white collar trades like migrants from 'everywhere else'.
             | 
             | This is so wrong and misinformed it's hard to know what to
             | say. This sounds like the happy slaves justification for
             | slavery.
             | 
             | The fact of the matter is that Latino immigrants from
             | Central/South America follow the same path of assimilation
             | as immigrants from anywhere else do. From the outside it
             | may not see like it but that's because there's a steady
             | flow of new immigrants. I've taught a _lot_ of second-
             | generation Latino immigrants who are very much interested
             | in college and white-collar trades and not looking to
             | continue in low-wage service jobs.
             | 
             | To the extent that there's no opportunity to climb it's
             | because of racist attitudes like yours.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | jollybean wrote:
               | "immigrants from Central/South America follow the same
               | path of assimilation as immigrants from anywhere else
               | do."
               | 
               | Their experience, on the whole is different.
               | 
               | For some obviously much more than others.
               | 
               | Latino Household income is 1/2 that of other recent
               | migrant groups of colour i.e. Asians [1], who fare better
               | than 'White Americans', a simple fact which makes your
               | 'it's all racism' immediately, well, probably wrong.
               | 
               | Latino Americans are more likely to live in a segregated
               | version of America almost due to their own choices, much
               | like many other groups have historically, and much like
               | 'micro enclaves' (i.e. Armenian, Persian, Chinese,
               | Turkish) form among migrant communities across North
               | America, UK, Australia, Germany etc. - the difference
               | being, their cohort is enormous. Entire cities, or
               | regions of cities are formed by relative newcomers from
               | Central America, that doesn't happen with other migrant
               | groups.
               | 
               | Latino Americans fare considerably more poorly in school,
               | and in terms of academic achievement; the independent
               | test scores (to which I referred) point to that, and
               | there's ample evidence of that otherwise.
               | 
               | The 'it's all because of racism argument' holds little
               | water, obviously, because other 'migrants of colour' in
               | the US do actually very well. Would you imply that
               | Latinos face 'racism' but migrants from India don't?
               | That's not a very sound argument.
               | 
               | There's even more detailed data to refute your argument,
               | right in the 2018 PISA references I provided. While
               | migrants across the board fare more poorly in school than
               | regular citizens, in the US, Canada, UK (aka Anglosphere)
               | - once you normalize for income, migrants overall
               | actually do as well as or better than local kids. The
               | same is not the case in Germany or Finland (ostensibly #1
               | place for education). This is really strong evidence that
               | actually, migrants tend to have 'opportunity' at least in
               | the Anglosphere, at least the level of education.
               | 
               | China, India, and Europe have high, even elite standards
               | for education at least for a minority, and migrants from
               | those places are likely to be from the upper tranches of
               | that spectrum. Canada mostly accepts only those with a
               | University degree.
               | 
               | Migrants from Central America not only come from nations
               | with very poor educational standards, but they're also
               | individually, very poor. Many people cross the US border
               | with literally nothing, often as refugees.
               | 
               | The contrast between Latino Americans and others holds
               | even for rates of crime, where Latino Americans are over-
               | represented in almost all forms of crime, while their
               | counterparts, migrants from other nations, are actually
               | underrepresented in crime data.
               | 
               | Latino Americans, unlike African Americans, are not
               | represented as much pop culture, music, sports and media
               | nearly to the same extent, almost as though 'they don't
               | exist' - or rather they do, but in 'their own media'.
               | Even during the 'Oscar's So White' uproar, nobody wanted
               | to point out that nary 100% of the Latino prize winners
               | were not American. Nobody seemed to care.
               | 
               | Go ahead and name for me some Black SNL cast members.
               | That's easy. Now name the Latinos ones. Much harder. I
               | can't think of a single one other than Fred Armisen who
               | has a bit of 'Latino Heritage'.
               | 
               | If you take a moment to visit those areas of Texas and
               | California, you'll realize how vast the submersion in
               | 'Another America' many of them live in, and that it forms
               | an existential artifact of their integration experience,
               | which is very much unlike those of other migrants.
               | 
               | (Again, it's not entirely the case, obviously there are
               | millions of Latino Americans who live as 'statistically
               | normative Americans')
               | 
               | "To the extent that there's no opportunity to climb it's
               | because of racist attitudes like yours. "
               | 
               | I think it's probably people screaming about this or that
               | and throwing names around that is 'a core problem'.
               | 
               | Latino America is 'different enough' from the other
               | cohorts, and they are 'big enough' that this implies
               | differing policy measures, approaches etc..
               | 
               | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_i
               | n_the_U...
        
             | eganist wrote:
             | I'm still amazed the first and last times nukes were used
             | against people were in 1945.
        
               | sangnoir wrote:
               | I'm convinced that's because of M.A.D. had nukes bwwn on
               | only one side, they'd have bwwn used more often.
        
               | delecti wrote:
               | I've heard arguments for and against the justifications
               | to use nukes against Japan, and while I think it was
               | probably unnecessary, at least it only happened at the
               | very end of the war. If it had been introduced a couple
               | years earlier then I worry our perception might be that
               | it's just another thing you use _during_ war.
        
               | jacobr1 wrote:
               | If there wasn't a major adversary with similar weapons
               | that might have happened. Low-yield tactical are probably
               | more effective than things like the "MOP" bunker-busters.
               | But the hard-line we've drawn on the application of nukes
               | has prevented such a slippery slope in our proxy wars.
        
               | Ancapistani wrote:
               | In my eyes, nuclear weapons are both much less and much
               | more terrifying that they seem to be considered by most
               | people.
               | 
               | The smallest nuclear devices aren't anywhere close to as
               | large as commonly believed. An M28 "Davy Crockett" with a
               | yield of 20T - 0.02kT - isn't _that_ much different from
               | a conventional GBU-43 /B MOAB, which has a yield of 11T.
               | 
               | Tactical nuclear weapons are basically a faster and more
               | effective version of conventional strategic bombing.
               | "Little Boy", the first weapon used in combat (in
               | Nagasaki), had a yield of 15kT. That resulted in an
               | estimated 66k deaths and 70k injuries. Compare that to
               | the firebombing of Tokyo, which killed ~100k civilians
               | and burned the homes of over a million more.
               | 
               | Strategic nuclear weapons... they're in a whole other
               | category. Obviously lots of people are killed during
               | conventional strategic bombing, but most of the damage is
               | ultimately done through fires set by the destruction of
               | the intended targets. Some people have a chance to
               | escape.
               | 
               | What's more, conventional bombing is WW2 wasn't generally
               | a "one-night" affair; it took days or weeks to saturate a
               | target to the point of neutralizing it, and after the
               | first couple of attacks many people would have left the
               | target area. The firebombing of Tokyo resulted in so many
               | civilian casualties precisely because it was a (very
               | effective) one-night event, and people didn't have a
               | chance to flee. That was exceptional even in WW2.
               | 
               | Strategic nuclear weapons are effectively instant.
               | They're incredibly powerful. We stopped building bigger
               | ones not because we didn't know how, but because _we
               | couldn 't see any reason to_. If a 50MT blast won't do
               | the job, a 500MT blast isn't going to either... so why
               | spend the money to develop, create, and maintain bigger
               | ones?
               | 
               | Finally, the idea that even a full nuclear exchange
               | between major powers would be an extinction-level event
               | is absurd. It would utterly destroy the countries
               | involved, devastate the world economy, and poison huge
               | swaths of the planet practically in perpetuity. Between
               | the direct and indirect damage and the societal impacts
               | on the remainder of humanity, it would set us back
               | centuries as a species - but we would rebuild and it
               | would take much less time to do so than it did to get to
               | where we the first time.
        
               | xxpor wrote:
               | >Tactical nuclear weapons are basically a faster and more
               | effective version of conventional strategic bombing.
               | "Little Boy", the first weapon used in combat (in
               | Nagasaki), had a yield of 15kT. That resulted in an
               | estimated 66k deaths and 70k injuries. Compare that to
               | the firebombing of Tokyo, which killed ~100k civilians
               | and burned the homes of over a million more.
               | 
               | Two points:
               | 
               | The first bomb was on Hiroshima, and killed many more
               | people. The reason why the Nagasaki bomb killed "so few"
               | people is because they missed. They were supposed to do a
               | visual confirmation of the target, but the weather was
               | cloudy so they (probably) used radar targeting, which
               | wasn't particularly accurate in 1945. A lot of the energy
               | hit the side of a mountain.
               | 
               | Second, there's a huge difference between a conventional
               | bomb and a nuke of the same size simply because of the
               | fallout. It continues to kill well after it's dropped.
        
               | Ancapistani wrote:
               | > The first bomb was on Hiroshima, and killed many more
               | people.
               | 
               | Ugh. I hate when I do that. I don't know why I reversed
               | them, other than the fact that I've been commenting on HN
               | all day instead of working and probably just got
               | overwhelmed :).
               | 
               | > Second, there's a huge difference between a
               | conventional bomb and a nuke of the same size simply
               | because of the fallout.
               | 
               | This applies much less to airbursts than groundbursts,
               | and airbursts are the norm for modern weapons.
               | 
               | That's not to say it's not there - it is - but it's
               | significantly less of an issue than commonly believed.
        
         | antux wrote:
         | > Those Americans will know that it is practically certain that
         | they will die much in the same position as the ones in which
         | they were born. Those Americans will therefore be less
         | enterprising and much more pleasure loving.
         | 
         | You can see this today with the anti-work movement and the
         | overindulgence in tv shows, movies, porn, junk food, social
         | media, and video games. All these things are corrupting the
         | future generations of kids.
         | 
         | The corporations that create these have made them too
         | accessible. Once kids start indulging at a young age, it's
         | harder to control when they get older. Their lives will revolve
         | around gaining short-term pleasures, and the world will lose
         | out on the potential long-term creative value they could have
         | contributed.
        
           | stareblinkstare wrote:
        
           | jahnu wrote:
           | Alternatively people have found their own way to be happy and
           | want to fill their lives with more experiences and less work
           | for someone else's wealth.
        
           | sologoub wrote:
           | Some, no doubt, will choose a less creative path, but we also
           | have evidence in history that people, who have the privilege
           | of not worrying about their daily bread, also choose to spend
           | their time in pursuit of sciences, arts, etc and many things
           | not practical for them in regular employment and that advance
           | all people.
        
             | antux wrote:
             | Those activities are fine and well. I never stated anything
             | against those things. My point, that you missed, is that an
             | overindulgence in modern media entertainment will lead
             | people down a spiral of short-term pleasure seeking that
             | can compromise their long-term creative potential.
        
               | sologoub wrote:
               | I didn't miss that point, just don't agree with it. The
               | two outcomes are not mutually exclusive and the
               | availability of entertainment isn't a good reason to
               | claim people cannot (will not?) be productive if their
               | survival no longer depends on that productivity.
               | 
               | In short, I think people adapt and figure out their
               | priorities. If someone wants a life of binging Netflix,
               | who am I to say that's a wasted life? (So long as that
               | person doesn't make me live such a life.)
        
         | lettergram wrote:
         | > Welcome To 2030: I Own Nothing, Have No Privacy And Life Has
         | Never Been Better
         | 
         | Let me translate
         | 
         | "you are slaves and you rent everything. We base your ability
         | to purchase on a social credit score. But we let you rent
         | houses in our artificially limited VR world."
         | 
         | I don't make much of predictions like these. It's ALWAYS a safe
         | bet to assume people will lose liberty. To the point the FED
         | was created in 1913, research why it was created - not just
         | wikipedia, get some books published between the 20 to 60s. When
         | was public education first introduced at scale? When was
         | eugenics promoted in the United States?
         | 
         | The 1910s - 1920s was the beginning of the major authoritarian
         | and progressive movements in the United States. Read about the
         | history of Woodrow Wilson.
         | 
         | At the end of the day, the United States during the 20s was
         | losing its independence already. It was openly talked about on
         | higher-class circles.
         | 
         | In that context all these predictions are really aspirations.
         | 
         | That said, I think the United States is still one of the most
         | free and diverse countries on the planet. Has its issues and
         | can 100% improve. But the same people and families who are part
         | of the WEF are the same families / people in the 1910s - 1920s
         | promoting the same general ideas.
        
           | verisimi wrote:
           | This is a very hard conversation to have on HN.
           | 
           | It is impossible to consider that the whole of society has
           | been created and planned in advance. To think that the upper
           | classes manage everyone (they always did), that the schooling
           | system produces people that are incapable of seeing the
           | outside the box (and yet believe that they are free, nay -
           | they 'know' it), that finance is the main weapon in the
           | wealth extraction, that it is planned for us to move to
           | technocracy (with a bio-medical-wallet-etc-id, tracked
           | everywhere in spy-cities, not allowed to even leave your
           | 110sqft micro-flat unless the computer says so), that all the
           | disasters we face have resulted in incremental steps towards
           | this aim (911, covid). Its a lot to consider!
           | 
           | That we have been harnessed and put to work creating someone
           | else's heaven on earth (and hardcore slavery for the rest) is
           | a bitter pill to swallow. And the techies here have recently
           | been the greatest driver of this change. Their livelihoods do
           | depend on it.
           | 
           | Anyway, good on you, for bringing some of these issues up.
        
             | throwawayyear22 wrote:
             | "This is a very hard conversation to have on HN."
             | 
             | Yes because it implies there is a conspiracy requiring God-
             | like abilities to plan the long term outcomes of a
             | multitude of decisions and actions many of which have
             | conflicting goals.
             | 
             | What is more probable, that the current situation just
             | emerged organically or that some elite group has conspired
             | and executed flawlessly to make the world just like it is ?
             | 
             | There are subcontractors who work for my CM in China and I
             | doubt they are paid much. It wasn't my plan to create wage-
             | slaves and if I paid my CM more they would just likely
             | pocket the difference. I'll admit I contribute to to
             | problems you describe but that's very different than having
             | intent and control.
        
               | verisimi wrote:
               | No. God-like abilities are not required.
               | 
               | But lots of wealth and a clear long-term plan is.
               | 
               | Do you think that those individuals that own
               | corporations, would be interested to gain greater control
               | and wealth? Wouldn't it be good to transform society in a
               | way that is most beneficial to them? Do you think that
               | those individuals would be pretty ruthless in their
               | execution of their plans? And that they would also try to
               | be secretive? Of course.
               | 
               | Do you think that politicians can be encouraged to vote
               | one way or another? Those on the blue team _and_ on the
               | reds? Given lots of money, lobbyists, etc? Or threats? I
               | think it would be naive to think that they do not.
               | 
               | And if you control governmental policy, what would you
               | work on? Education - to train obedient workers? Finance?
               | The legal system? All of those.
               | 
               | Would you create or buy the media companies to ensure
               | that your message is always provided, and that any
               | negative exposure is squashed? Or get people talking
               | about all the wrong things? Yes again.
               | 
               | Would you seek to increase dependence on government or
               | increase people's self-reliance? Increase dependence on
               | government, of course! What is the direction of travel do
               | you think?
               | 
               | Would you even create a ready way to smear those who do
               | raise the reality of the situation. A handy handle that
               | allows you to dismiss those who are sharing information
               | that you don't like. This too has been done - and the
               | handle is 'conspiracy theorist'. This smear allows you to
               | ignore whatever evidence might be being presented, and
               | allow you to carry on with your day - no further
               | investigation required!
               | 
               | My view is that if you have a good handle on human
               | nature, specific goals and lots of wealth, it is actually
               | not that hard to create the fish bowl. You will have
               | created a class (the majority) of people who are too
               | invested (financially, emotionally, spiritually) in the
               | unnatural system you have provided. They will go to the
               | schools you created, learn the values you want, just like
               | their parents.
               | 
               | If you control the terrain, and provide the method that
               | people use to "verify" information for themselves (and
               | the method is accept the evidence free claims given,
               | maybe occasionally double check something on Wikipedia)
               | you can really go very far! No one checks anything - we
               | are so invested in this we have to trust that "they've
               | got this".
               | 
               | The truth is that "they" look at you and I as cattle. And
               | they are just executing their best herd-management
               | procedures. And - I think - they have been running things
               | like this for a long time.
        
             | bilbo0s wrote:
             | Not that I disagree with the underlying ideas, but I'd
             | argue we're not slaves. I'll concede that in practice we
             | can definitely be thought something more akin to peasants,
             | but what we live in today is not slavery.
             | 
             | Now, is being a peasant, with all the concomitant
             | limitations on one's livelihood any better than being a
             | slave to the mental health of the bright and ambitious?
             | Perhaps not, but it would be significantly more deleterious
             | to their physical health.
             | 
             | I also understand that reasonable people can debate whether
             | physical or mental health is more important.
        
               | verisimi wrote:
               | If I am forced to give any percentage of my income to a
               | government I do not want, I think that is slavery. You
               | wouldn't think it ok if an individual forced you, or the
               | mafia. The government is just big mafia.
               | 
               | But that is not really the nub of it.
               | 
               | Slavery is really a mental state - having been through
               | the system we have been propagandised that the government
               | is a good thing, it's the right way to manage ourselves -
               | anything else is very bad. This is the creation of the
               | slave mentality, putting the policeman inside your head,
               | so that you feel highly uncomfortable just considering
               | non-standard ideas - they are thoughtcrime.
               | 
               | Thoughtcrime egs: that news is just another show, a
               | serious type of advert. That pharmaceutical companies
               | will run world wide campaigns, seconding governments,
               | drafting laws, to poison millions - this will fill up
               | their pipeline with sickness for the coming decades.
        
               | xxpor wrote:
               | There will always be someone more powerful than you. I
               | prefer that I can elect the leaders of the most powerful
               | group. This is why anarchy doesn't make any sense: The
               | government is simply the most powerful violent group. As
               | long as violence exists, any anarchic arrangement is
               | inherently unstable.
        
               | bilbo0s wrote:
               | _If I am forced to give any percentage of my income to a
               | government I do not want, I think that is slavery_
               | 
               | This is a good example of what I'm talking about.
               | 
               | Maybe you think of it as slavery, but in reality, it's
               | the very definition of peasantry.
               | 
               | Slavery is you get _no_ money. And by the way, if you
               | disagree with it, the power holder beats the tar out of
               | you. Or maybe s /he just kills you and gets another
               | slave. Whatever's most convenient at the time/place.
               | 
               | Other than money, there are also a host of other
               | differences between how we live and slavery. Including
               | the fact that slaves don't choose their masters. There is
               | no right to leave. Less than expected productivity
               | results in severe beatings. And on and on and on.
               | 
               | Again, peasantry is its own special form of perdition. No
               | need to exaggerate to get that point across. I was only
               | saying that it's clearly not slavery.
        
               | alpha_squared wrote:
               | > I also understand that reasonable people can debate
               | whether physical or mental health is more important.
               | 
               | I'm actually unsure what this means. I take it to imnply
               | that physical health is more important, but I'm not
               | convinced of that. Physical health impacts the individual
               | and loved ones (via emotional labor and support). Mental
               | health impacts the community (mass shootings); it's hard
               | to predict the outcome of poor mental health per
               | individual but it's clear on the whole that it's often
               | the community that pays for it.
        
             | ActorNightly wrote:
             | Knowledge is Bayesian, and while there is finite
             | probability for what you said, the probabilities are very
             | low based on real events.
             | 
             | Also, the premise that finance people are just naturally
             | evil isn't based in reality, its just fetishism.
        
             | godshatter wrote:
             | Yes. Those that have the power to trick others into giving
             | them even more power have little restraining them from
             | doing so.
             | 
             | It's also complicated by the fact that those who push
             | against it haven't exactly made a name for themselves as
             | reasonable people (at least the most vocal ones haven't)
             | leading to derision of "freedumbs" and so forth.
             | 
             | I mourn the dearth of different perspectives and not
             | assuming everyone is on a "side".
        
               | 2Xheadpalm wrote:
               | 'power to trick' - that hit the nail on the head! The
               | oligarchs, higher level bureaucrats, politicians, extreme
               | wealthy etc. that is the superpower, at their core, they
               | are magicians but not in a good, fun way, more like con-
               | man who have mastered the power to _trick_ and deceive. I
               | came to the conclusion sometime ago, that all these
               | people of power and position are really just charlatans,
               | albeit extremely good ones, they are nothing to aspire to
               | and respect, they are no better then a grifter using
               | 'slight of hand' and deception to remove as much wealth
               | and power from others to themselves and when all else
               | fails, they will resort to force/war if need be. In a
               | nutshell, nothing but liars, cheats, cowards and
               | dishonorable megalomaniacs that put on a (good) show for
               | us peasants to better rob us blind.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | I mean, "liberty" is exactly allowing people to convince
               | each other to exchange things. Some people might get the
               | short end, but does that mean it's not free exchange? Or
               | does that mean liberty itself is not an aim worth
               | pursuing?
        
               | godshatter wrote:
               | In my personal opinion it is worth it to have liberty,
               | even if so many people are fine with giving it up to
               | others at the drop of a hat. It's too important not to
               | have. I just wish individual independence wasn't so
               | derided these days.
        
           | long_time_gone wrote:
           | Gun control in the 1880s Old West:
           | 
           | "The laws of Tombstone at the time required visitors, upon
           | entering town to disarm, either at a hotel or a lawman's
           | office. (Residents of many famed cattle towns, such as Dodge
           | City, Abilene, and Deadwood, had similar restrictions.)"
           | 
           | "Dodge City, Kansas, formed a municipal government in 1878.
           | According to Stephen Aron, a professor of history at UCLA,
           | the first law passed was one prohibiting the carry of guns in
           | town, likely by civic leaders and influential merchants who
           | wanted people to move there, invest their time and resources,
           | and bring their families."
           | 
           | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gun-control-old-
           | west-...
        
             | queuebert wrote:
             | Probably unconstitutional, but never challenged in the
             | Supreme Court, I believe.
        
               | long_time_gone wrote:
               | It would have been perfectly Constitutional until the
               | Supreme Court changed their interpretation of the 2nd
               | Amendment in the Heller case.
               | 
               | > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._H
               | eller
        
               | queuebert wrote:
               | IANAL, but I think there was no interpretation until the
               | Supreme Court made that ruling. The Second Amendment was
               | in a quantum state before that, both an individual right
               | and not. When it becomes necessary to clarify something,
               | then SCOTUS collapses the wave function in that
               | particular area of law.
        
               | camgunz wrote:
               | Nah _Heller_ is the outlier here. Here 's the Wikipedia
               | page for its precedent, _Miller_ :
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Miller
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | SCOTUS didn't begin to apply the bill of rights to anyone
               | besides the federal government until _Chicago,
               | Burlington, and Quincy Railroad v. City of Chicago_ in
               | 1897. The entire notion of individual rights (in the
               | modern sense) guaranteed by the constitution was in its
               | nascency in 1878.
        
               | long_time_gone wrote:
               | John Paul Stevens was a lawyer and a judge on the Supreme
               | Court. He disagrees and includes actual court decisions
               | and opinions.
               | 
               | >the Miller Court unanimously concluded that the Second
               | Amendment did not apply to the possession of a firearm
               | that did not have "some relationship to the preservation
               | or efficiency of a well regulated militia." And in 1980,
               | in a footnote to an opinion upholding a conviction for
               | receipt of a firearm, the Court effectively affirmed
               | Miller, writing: "[T]he Second Amendment guarantees no
               | right to keep and bear a firearm that does not have 'some
               | reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency
               | of a well regulated militia.'
               | 
               | https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/john-
               | paul-...
        
               | jmedefind wrote:
               | Back then the Second Amendment was read as a right to an
               | Armed Militia. SCOTUS probably would of allowed these
               | laws at the time.
               | 
               | It's only the in past few decades that the Second
               | Amendment has been perverted into the right to carry any
               | gun you want where ever you want.
               | 
               | Ref:
               | https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/09/why-
               | accura...
        
               | queuebert wrote:
               | That's an Op Ed, not a reference.
        
           | Spooky23 wrote:
           | It's probably a waste of time to argue this, but the
           | arguments for central banking were the same as the arguments
           | put forth by Alexander Hamilton. More stability, greater
           | resilience, etc.
           | 
           | The arguments against it were vague references to tyranny,
           | orchestrated by people whose wealth is generated from
           | resource extraction and inherited wealth.
        
             | zionic wrote:
             | Central banks and their role in tyranny is hardly "vague".
             | 
             | They can siphon off the wealth of an entire nation by
             | printing money. It's an irresistible temptation that I
             | don't trust any man to resist long term. That kind of power
             | shouldn't be in the hands of any one person or
             | organization.
        
               | pydry wrote:
               | >They can siphon off the wealth of an entire nation by
               | printing money. It's an irresistible temptation
               | 
               | A) Which makes it basically another form of tax.
               | 
               | B) The raising of which always driven the wealthy into
               | fits of rage no matter how necessary or beneficial.
        
               | zionic wrote:
               | No the wealthy love this because their debt becomes
               | cheaper to service while their assets skyrockets.
               | Inflation primarily hurts the non-asset owning poor.
        
               | pydry wrote:
               | Have you met the non asset owning poor? They have debt.
               | LOTS of debt.
        
               | slg wrote:
               | >They can siphon off the wealth of an entire nation by
               | printing money.
               | 
               | There are a countless other ways a country can do this
               | and most of those are more targeted. The tax code is the
               | most obvious example. Inflation is a flat tax of a few
               | percentage points. If the goal is to wield power, it is
               | much more important to control the tax code and move the
               | income tax from 0% (generally true before the 16th
               | Amendment in 1913) to 91% (1954-1963) or from 91% back
               | down to 37% (the current rate). Blaming central banking
               | as the primary cause for these issues just doesn't make
               | sense to me.
        
               | iso1631 wrote:
               | > Inflation is a flat tax of a few percentage points
               | 
               | Flat tax on cash holdings, which poor people don't have.
               | 
               | It's a negative tax on debt, which poor people tend to
               | hold. It doesn't apply to assets.
               | 
               | Now if wages don't keep track with inflation, that's not
               | a tax, it's an employer reducing wages.
        
               | slg wrote:
               | I'm not sure the distinction you are making here. A flat
               | tax is called that because it is flat in percentage not
               | in nominal value. Yes, debtors will benefit more than
               | creditors, but that doesn't mean it isn't a flat tax.
               | Also it doesn't just impact cash which should be obvious
               | from the last sentence. If inflation decreases the real
               | amount owed by debtors, it also decreases the real amount
               | that is owed to creditors, and therefore decreases the
               | value of their investments.
        
               | iso1631 wrote:
               | > If inflation decreases the real amount owed by debtors,
               | it also decreases the real amount that is owed to
               | creditors, and therefore decreases the value of their
               | investments.
               | 
               | I'm sure that's upsetting for wealthy people with
               | investments
               | 
               | For the mom working 3 jobs at Macdonalds, as long as
               | Macdonalds continues to pay an inflation linked salary,
               | her debts being whittled away, that's great news.
               | 
               | Now if Macdonalds can cut salaries relative to inflation,
               | that's a whole other problem.
        
               | slg wrote:
               | I think you are projecting a moral or political argument
               | into my comments. That wasn't my intention. My point is
               | that there are more powerful levers in the government
               | than the inflation rate.
               | 
               | Sure, having your debt reduced by 6% or whatever is good,
               | but the government could also easily forgive all
               | federally owned college debt and 100% reduction is
               | certainly better than 6%. Increasing the minimum wage is
               | another example. That would more directly benefit that
               | mom with 3 jobs more than inflation.
               | 
               | Whatever your political goals are, there is likely a much
               | more powerful tool to accomplish them than nudging the
               | inflation rate up or down a few percentage points.
        
               | zionic wrote:
               | > For the mom working 3 jobs at Macdonalds, as long as
               | Macdonalds continues to pay an inflation linked salary
               | 
               | Huge assumption. Wages have not kept up with inflation
               | since the 1970's. Know what has? Asset prices. Guess who
               | owns stocks/gold/real estate?
        
               | long_time_gone wrote:
               | >It's a negative tax on debt, which poor people tend to
               | hold. It doesn't apply to assets.
               | 
               | Thank you!! This is the first time I've heard someone
               | acknowledge this since the "inflation crisis" started.
               | Inflation is good for student debt holders.
        
               | nightski wrote:
               | Could be, but it makes a lot of assumptions and is loose
               | with terminology. Monetary inflation does not equal price
               | or wage inflation necessarily. We are definitely seeing
               | price inflation which no longer seems to be transitory.
               | There does seem to be wage inflation, but that is not
               | guaranteed. So while if wage inflation keeps up for those
               | holding debt, then yes. I wonder though if those in the
               | position of student debt have the least leverage to take
               | advantage of the wage inflation.
               | 
               | The other thing is that costs go up. The impact of this
               | is much greater if you are poor which could also affect
               | your ability to actually pay the loans. One has to eat
               | after all.
               | 
               | So imho, it's a lot more complicated for an individual.
               | Sure for a corporation that borrows tens of millions for
               | a new capital expenditure it makes debt cheaper. But that
               | may or may not translate to someone that is poor and
               | paying off debt.
        
               | zionic wrote:
               | Their student debt might go down but so does their chance
               | of ever owning a home.
               | 
               | They hoodwinked an entire generation of children into
               | going six-figures in debt, made the high school diploma
               | worthless etc.
               | 
               | Before: -HS degree -no debt -immediately start a factory
               | job that makes enough for an average home, 2 cars, and a
               | spouse that doesn't work
               | 
               | Now: -4 year degree, delaying income in prime years
               | -graduate with a small house-worth of debt, with no house
               | -your new job's earnings in real terms is barely enough
               | to rent -your spouse has to work too -have to make one
               | car work
               | 
               | The American people have been robbed of their prosperity
               | and sold a bucket of lies.
        
               | toomanydoubts wrote:
               | >There are a countless other ways a country
               | 
               | A country? The federal reserve is run by private
               | individuals. It is a private bank. Don't let the name
               | fool you.
        
               | IAmEveryone wrote:
               | Your username is incorrect.
        
               | slg wrote:
               | "The Federal Reserve is private" is a meme at this point
               | that is largely divorced from our usual meaning of
               | public/private. Calling the Federal Reserve Board
               | "private citizens" is like calling the Supreme Court
               | Justices "private citizens". They are both officials
               | appointed by the president, who must be confirmed by the
               | Senate, and who collect a public salary. Any profits from
               | the Federal Reserve go right back into the US Treasury.
               | What more do we need to consider this part of the
               | government?
        
               | nightski wrote:
               | While all supreme court justices are appointed, from my
               | understanding only the chairman is appointed correct?
               | Everyone that works for the fed is not necessarily
               | appointed?
               | 
               | Maybe we say it is private but the government serves as
               | the board :)
               | 
               | Seeing the tension over the years the Chairman, the
               | President, and Congress implies to me that the government
               | does not have absolute authority over the Fed.
        
               | slg wrote:
               | All the board members are appointed. From their
               | website:[1]
               | 
               | >The Board of Governors--located in Washington, D.C.--is
               | the governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is
               | run by seven members, or "governors," who are nominated
               | by the President of the United States and confirmed in
               | their positions by the U.S. Senate.
               | 
               | Not everyone who works for the Fed is appointed, but that
               | is also true of the Supreme Court, Congress, the FBI, or
               | any other part of the government. The leaders are
               | political appointees and they oversee a bureaucratic
               | system that includes many workers who are ostensibly
               | apolitical.
               | 
               | >Seeing the tension over the years the Chairman, the
               | President, and Congress implies to me that the government
               | does not have absolute authority over the Fed.
               | 
               | Once again, just like the Supreme court. Both of these
               | entities are designed to be more independent of the day-
               | to-day political squabbles of the president and Congress.
               | 
               | [1] -
               | https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/structure-
               | federal...
        
               | toomanydoubts wrote:
               | Financial elite finances all candidates, some of them
               | win, the winners appoint the financial elite to be board
               | members of the organization that is capable of printing
               | money and giving bailouts/buying poisoned assets from
               | said financial institutions. The money is not made from
               | FED profits, the money is made by the financial
               | institutions owned by the board members. What's so hard
               | to understand about that? It's clearly a scam.
               | 
               | It does not only happen at the central-banking level, but
               | it's another tool used by them. Let me give you a similar
               | example, not directly involving central banking, from my
               | country. Paulo Guedes is the founder of BTG Pactual bank.
               | He goes on and funds the candidate Jair Bolsonaro for
               | presidency. Once elected, Bolsonaro appoints Guedes to
               | Ministry of Economy. His monetary policies decisions
               | makes the USD/BRL go from R$3.71 to R$5.70. November/2021
               | comes by and pandora papers are released. We find out the
               | dude has almost 10 million USD stashed in offshore tax-
               | heavens. His decisions made his personal fortune grow by
               | 14 million BRL(equivalent to 956 years of minimum wage).
               | 
               | This does not involve central banking directly but the
               | idea is the same: put the financial elite in positions
               | that allow them to make large scale decisions to grow
               | their personal fortunes while affecting the lives of all
               | others. It's a scam.
        
               | slg wrote:
               | >Financial elite finances all candidates, some of them
               | win
               | 
               | Your entire point rests on this premise and once we
               | accept this premise we acknowledge the entire government
               | is already compromised. Once that happens why does the
               | central bank matter when everything that follows could be
               | accomplished some other way through that already
               | compromised government? That is my fundamental point. It
               | isn't that the central banks don't have power. It is that
               | a central bank's power pails in comparison to the overall
               | government. Therefore conspiracies theories about taking
               | over the government to gain control of the central bank
               | don't make much sense.
        
               | toomanydoubts wrote:
               | >Your entire point rests on this premise and once we
               | accept this premise we acknowledge the entire government
               | is already compromised.
               | 
               | I agree.
               | 
               | >Once that happens why does the central bank matter
               | 
               | I guess it matters because public awareness is necessary
               | for us not to allow history to repeat itself. As Ford
               | once said: "It is well enough that people of the nation
               | do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if
               | they did, I believe there would be a revolution before
               | tomorrow morning."
        
               | slg wrote:
               | >I guess it matters because public awareness is necessary
               | for us not to allow history to repeat itself.
               | 
               | But it is a symptom rather than a cause of the
               | corruption. The energy spent on raising public awareness
               | about this would likely be better served drawing
               | attention to what we both seem to think is the underlying
               | problem, the outsized influence that the wealthy have on
               | the government.
        
               | toomanydoubts wrote:
               | Fair enough.
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | No.
               | 
               | It's more akin to a public authority.
        
               | [deleted]
        
             | VirusNewbie wrote:
             | Inflationary monetary policy is wealth transfer into the
             | upper class without most people realizing it. Wealth, be it
             | institutions or individuals, will always push for central
             | banking as it entrenches their power.
        
               | whakim wrote:
               | Inflation is super complicated because it depends on what
               | types of assets are held by whom and how susceptible
               | those assets are to inflation. For example, high rates of
               | inflation during/after WWII were a large contributing
               | factor in a net reduction in wealth inequality, because
               | much of the wealthy was heavily invested in fixed-return
               | war bonds. Much of the rentier economy of the 19th
               | century elite depended on predictably low (almost
               | nonexistant) inflation in order to sustain their
               | fortunes. Theoretically, the financial assets of today's
               | wealthy should be somewhat less vulnerable to inflation
               | (real returns over the last ~80 years seem to be lower
               | during periods of high inflation but it's also sometimes
               | hard to untangle inflation from the overall state of the
               | economy). Ultimately, inflation is a pretty crude
               | instrument in terms of who it affects; I think it's hard
               | to make sweeping statements about who it's "good" for
               | that hold up well over time.
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | That's why the regulatory environment of the 20th century
               | is important... Monetary policy that includes full
               | employment provides benefits to the broader population.
               | 
               | "Hard money", gold, Bitcoin, land, etc focused policy
               | only benefits the return on assets for the people with
               | those assets.
               | 
               | What we have now is the worst of both worlds.
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | > Inflationary monetary policy is wealth transfer into
               | the upper class
               | 
               | No, it is a means of wealth transfer to the government
               | without raising taxes. Where does the trillions in
               | deficit spending come from? Inflation!
               | 
               | The politicians, of course, know this. But they keep up
               | the misdirection by blaming it on greedy capitalists
               | and/or unions.
               | 
               | The notion that it is for monetary stability is also
               | propaganda. Milton Friedman in "Monetary History" showed
               | that instability _increased_ after the creation of the
               | Fed.
        
               | wizzwizz4 wrote:
               | "Inflationary monetary policy" is wealth transfer _to the
               | government_ (which they 're then supposed to spend on
               | common infrastructure, and other collaborative projects
               | that everybody agrees on but nobody wants to shell out
               | for unless everyone else is too). If the government is
               | supporting the upper class and leaving everyone else to
               | rot, no monetary policy will fix the issue.
        
               | queuebert wrote:
               | I think this is supposed to be true, but nowadays when
               | the wealthy mostly hold assets that have real value, like
               | real estate and equities, as opposed to USD in a bank
               | account, I'm not sure how well it works.
        
               | wizzwizz4 wrote:
               | That's what tax is for.
               | 
               | Sadly, my internet degree in armchair economics doesn't
               | give me the ability to come up with a _functioning_ tax
               | system (however much I think I can _beat_ the status quo)
               | so I have no further pearls of wisdom.
        
               | Manuel_D wrote:
               | Is this really the case? Inflation favors debtors over
               | creditors, the upper class tends to be the latter not the
               | former. While it is the case that the value of savings
               | goes down, the lower class are much less likely to save.
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | It's not the case, but people keep wringing their hands
               | about how inflation robs the poor of the ~$500 they have
               | in their savings accounts, while ignoring how much it
               | helps the middle-class mortgage owner who is in fixed-
               | rate debt for a million dollars.
               | 
               | They get away with it because they don't make the
               | distinction between price inflation and asset inflation.
               | The cost of bread doubling is a huge problem for the
               | poor, but means little to everyone else. The cost of
               | assets doubling doesn't matter to the poor, because they
               | have never, and will never save enough money to buy
               | assets. The cost of assets doubling matters greatly
               | against a yuppie who is trying to buy a home. The cost of
               | assets doubling matters greatly in favor of someone who
               | bought a home last week.
               | 
               | Inflation sucks for you if you earn minimum wage, because
               | half the country thinks that raising the minimum wage to
               | keep up with inflation means will bring about the
               | apocalypse. Inflation doesn't matter much to you if
               | you're in a high-demand industry, with wages rising to
               | match it. Inflation sucks for you if you're not working,
               | but doesn't matter to you if you are, and there's a
               | labour shortage, which increases your wage bargaining
               | power.
        
               | VirusNewbie wrote:
               | Let's use an example that might look familiar.
               | 
               | If inflation robs the poor person of the $500 and helps
               | the middle class person with a mortgage.... all other
               | things being equal, we transferred wealth _from_ the poor
               | person to the middle class person. yay, with me so far?
               | 
               | By the same account, if the middle class person is helped
               | a little bit by inflation, (but also has some cash) the
               | rich person who is leveraged many times over into 10
               | properties, and has most of their wealth in equities
               | (which themselves are leveraged because of corporate
               | debt) is going to be even _better_ off after the increase
               | in money supply.
               | 
               | Their share of the pie grew and the middle class persons
               | maybe grew, but not relative to the rich person.
               | Therefore, that is wealth transfer.
               | 
               | The majority of US equities is held by the upper class
               | and corporate debt dwarfs consumer debt (including
               | mortgages).
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | All things are not equal. I know someone who was the CEO
               | of a small hospital network.
               | 
               | When he retired, his compensation was greater than the
               | sum of salary for the entire company. The company paid
               | for his Tesla lease, but orderlies making $12/hr had a
               | uniform deposit deducted from their first few checks.
        
               | lotsofpulp wrote:
               | I would need a source to believe this. The hospital would
               | have had to not have any doctors on staff to come close.
        
               | Manuel_D wrote:
               | But you're missing the bigger picture: the rich who
               | _issues_ mortgages (or more likely, has stake in a real
               | estate company) is having their wealth transferred to the
               | lender. Most wealthy people loan more than they owe. If
               | you owe more than to loan out then by definitely you 're
               | not wealthy, your net worth is negative. Similarly, a
               | poor person who owes $20,000 on an auto loan, whose car
               | is now worth $25,000 just saw a significant gain.
               | 
               | Inflation helps people who owe more than they lend out
               | (most poor and middle class people). People who lend out
               | more than they owe, directly or indirectly through stake
               | in companies that do lending, are the ones experiencing
               | less profit because of inflation.
        
               | VirusNewbie wrote:
               | You're right that the banking system is a little more
               | complicated than I made it out to be, but let's ignore
               | that for now. You agree that the majority of the fortune
               | 50 is holds more debt than credit, right?
               | 
               | We don't have to speculate about how much debt rich
               | people have, you can look at what % of equities is owned
               | by the upper class and you can go compare consumer debt
               | to corporate debt.
               | 
               | Now as to the banking system, there's a little bit of a
               | feedback loop here because they're really the ones
               | creating money, so no they're not really a net creditor
               | either. I owe my bank 700k on my house, but that's _new_
               | money being created in some respects.
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | > If inflation robs the poor person of the $500 and helps
               | the middle class person with a mortgage.... all other
               | things being equal, we transferred wealth from the poor
               | person to the middle class person. yay, with me so far?
               | 
               | No, I'm not with you, because it's not the poor person
               | who is fronting a million bucks in cash that the middle
               | class person borrows, in order to buy the house.
               | 
               | For the obvious reason that he doesn't have a million
               | dollars to lend out.
               | 
               | FYI, corporate debt is ~60% of household debt in the
               | United States. (~10T vs 15T). Corporate cash balances are
               | ~4T, and household cash balances are ~5T. [1] Net
               | corporate debt is ~6T, and net household debt is ~10T.
               | 
               | You look at these numbers, and you tell me - who benefits
               | more from having debt inflated away?
               | 
               | [1] https://www.valuepenguin.com/banking/average-savings-
               | account...
        
               | VirusNewbie wrote:
               | You need to stop viewing money in amounts and start
               | viewing it as % of total available money in existence.
               | 
               | In our contrived example, now the middle class person
               | owns a bigger slice of the pie after the pie doubled in
               | size due to their leverage.
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | Something like 70% of the population has no savings of
               | any kind.
               | 
               | You know that the arguments about poor grandma with $500
               | life savings are bullshit, because everyone making them
               | would happily let grandma die for a buck.
               | 
               | The only reason resource extraction types care about
               | inflation is that most use debt to avoid taxation, and
               | increase interest rates hurt their return on assets.
               | Because the perversion of the US Senate has happened, we
               | care more about corn companies, oil drillers, etc than
               | anyone else.
        
               | tantaman wrote:
               | I'd imagine that wealthy individuals are highly
               | leveraged. In other words, rather than selling assets to
               | buy things they take loans against those assets to buy
               | things. This (1) prevents ever having to pay tax (2)
               | gives them benefits from inflation and (3) gives them
               | benefits from low interest rates as their assets
               | appreciate faster than their interest rate consumes money
        
               | Manuel_D wrote:
               | Most sources I read indicate the opposite: poor and
               | middle class people are much less likely to be debtors
               | rather than creditors. They're more likely to have an
               | auto loan rather than own a car outright. Likewise,
               | they're more likely to have a mortgage on their home
               | rather than own it. The wealthy, by comparison, are more
               | likely to invest their money, issuing loans to other
               | people.
        
               | VirusNewbie wrote:
               | Yes, the majority of US equities is held by the upper
               | class and corporate debt dwarfs consumer debt (including
               | mortgages).
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | > inflationary monetary policy is wealth transfer to the
               | upper class without people realizing it.
               | 
               | Going to need some evidence to back up that statement.
               | 
               | Without centralized banking you essentially have no set
               | policy one way other the other. I can understand why one
               | would take issue with the current governance structure,
               | but I don't agree that letting money randomly fluctuate
               | with no mechanisms for intervention to be a good thing.
        
               | VirusNewbie wrote:
               | My evidence is arithmetic? Someone who is leveraged with
               | debt into assets now owns a larger piece of the pie
               | (which we can loosely define as wealth) than they did
               | before if the money supply increases compared to people
               | who aren't levered into assets or just hold cash.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | > _no set policy one way other the other_
               | 
               | Isn't that the idea of liberty though? No central
               | authority deciding what is a "good thing" - just keeping
               | the peace.
        
               | Spooky23 wrote:
               | That reductionist approach to liberty is a mirage for
               | teenage boys and hermits. If I can do whatever I want,
               | you can't.
               | 
               | The United States would have been pushed into a deep
               | depression, but for JP Morgan's vacation plans being a
               | little different. Early 20th century America was not a
               | radical place, the fact that the Federal Reserve was
               | created underlies how fubar the system was.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | > was not a radical place
               | 
               | By what metric? For who? Surely it was good for some and
               | bad for others, much like any other place. How
               | comfortable people are and how happy they are are
               | fundamentally unrelated to how free they are.
               | 
               | > how fubar the system was
               | 
               | All we basically disagree about is how the general
               | welfare clause is to be interpreted. It had a narrow
               | interpretation for most of US history, and then a broad
               | one starting in 1936 with United States v. Butler. The US
               | was clearly a good place to live pre-1936, given that so
               | many people immigrated there. I don't see why a continued
               | narrow interpretation would be catastrophic.
        
               | mcguire wrote:
               | " _How comfortable people are and how happy they are are
               | fundamentally unrelated to how free they are._ "
               | 
               | That would be false.
               | 
               | " _The US was clearly a good place to live pre-1936,
               | given that so many people immigrated there._ "
               | 
               | That would be false, too, unless you were very wealthy.
               | Just because it was better than, say, starving in Ireland
               | does not mean it was "good". Source: My father's father
               | was a sharecropper.
        
               | joshuamorton wrote:
               | That's _one_ definition of liberty, but not the only one.
               | I 'd propose the alternative: Liberty is the freedom to
               | take actions in society as it exists. Therefore a society
               | that had greater prosperity has greater Liberty.
               | 
               | You sort of admit as much, what is keeping the piece but
               | ultimately deciding which things are good things or not?
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | Keeping the peace means enforcing nonviolent interaction
               | and providing due process for conflict resolution.
               | Liberty isn't the same thing as prosperity/economic
               | power. They are different words for a reason. You can be
               | very poor and very free, or very comfortably enslaved.
               | Liberty is fundamentally your relationship with those who
               | can use legitimate force against you.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | Your definition of liberty here is getting really
               | tangled.
               | 
               | If liberty is "fundamentally your relationship with those
               | who can use legitimate force against you" then how is
               | having a set monetary policy incompatible with liberty as
               | long as it comes from a "legitimate" source of power?
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | Because compliance with that monetary policy is enforced
               | with.. force? You must pay taxes in USD, and if you don't
               | you go to jail. The government also conveniently controls
               | the USD supply, which allows the to debase it as they see
               | fit, forcing you to obtain a set amount of USD per year
               | to pay taxes. If the government accepted tax revenue in
               | gold or bitcoin or anything else they don't totally
               | control, you'd be absolutely right.
        
               | joshuamorton wrote:
               | But we all agree that the government is legitimate, and
               | so it's use of force is legitimate. Additionally, if the
               | government forced you to pay it $1000 a year, even if you
               | could deposit that in gold, you would still be _forced_
               | to pay. The currency seems irrelevant.
               | 
               | It seems like what your saying is you believe taxation is
               | legitimate, but requiring taxes to be pain in USD is
               | illegitimate. Which, like, is just your opinion man (and
               | makes the whole argument circular) I don't see any
               | generic argument that makes taxation compatible with your
               | definition of liberty but taxation in USD incompatible".
               | I don't see really any generic definition of liberty that
               | would distinguish between those two actions.
               | 
               | I'm rate limited, but to your example below of a currency
               | no one could obtain, the government could equivalently
               | apply a greater than 100% wealth tax. Or the government
               | could define all speech as force or any number of other
               | things. A capricious government can do bad things yes,
               | but requiring taxes to be paid in a particular currency
               | doesn't give them any more powerful ways to be
               | capricious.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | The currency _seems_ irrelevant, but it 's not. Imagine
               | my government in Tyrannia only accepted taxes in a
               | currency which was impossible to obtain except by
               | stealing it (also illegal). The government would then
               | hold every citizen in a catch-22, allowing it to
               | arbitrarily decide whom to imprison for not paying taxes
               | and who to imprison for stealing the currency required to
               | pay them.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | It seems like the government issuing their own currency
               | still isn't really the issue in this thought
               | experiment...
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | It is though, since they can debase that self same
               | currency as they see fit. This fundamentally changes the
               | playing field when negotiating your taxes with the
               | government. The only reason USD has any value at all is
               | because it's what everyone has to pay taxes to the US
               | government in, and what US bonds are paid in.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | What you're saying is essentially "imagine a government
               | with the power to create laws that allow arbitrary
               | imprisonment with no recourse, that would be tyrannical",
               | which, yes, but that only has to do with the currency
               | because that's what you chose for your example.
               | 
               | Said government could pass a law stating that all
               | citizens must be in two places at once, and achieve the
               | same effect.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | As mentioned in a previous comment, I'm saying "Imagine a
               | government without broad power over general welfare".
               | This was the US government until 1936 with United States
               | v. Butler. I don't think it would be a catastrophe to
               | reverse this decision again. It seems that in spite of
               | best efforts, the US has failed to preserve the very
               | meaning of liberty, as it was initially envisioned, from
               | total deterioration even in its very definition.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | The material distinction when the United States was
               | founded wasn't whether the state in general had broad
               | power over the general welfare, but whether the federal
               | government would. State government _did_ have such power.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | Any centralized authority with a monopoly on force is
               | going to have to levy taxes. Otherwise you'd end up with
               | people just refusing to pay because they didn't get the
               | judgements they desire.
               | 
               | If there is a state _at all_ there is force involved. I
               | don't really understand what you believe is possible
               | here. What you're discussing is tantamount to assuming
               | that American traditions of due process just exist in a
               | state of nature when they absolutely do not.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | I believe it's possible to have a state whose powers and
               | authority are fundamentally limited. I also believe that
               | was the original intention of US. I agree taxes must be
               | levied. I just disagree it's legitimate to levy them for
               | most of what they are spent on today.
               | 
               | If I ask myself "what should the state be allowed to
               | do?", it's basically answered by "what would I be
               | comfortable holding a gun to someone's head for?". To
               | take a popular example: If it's wrong to hold a gun to a
               | doctor's head in order to force them to treat a patient
               | (which I think it is), and it's wrong to hold a gun to a
               | bystander's head to force them to pay the doctor, then
               | it's wrong to fund healthcare with taxation.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | You would hold a gun to someone's head over petty theft
               | or the violation of a contractual agreement?
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | > _over petty theft_
               | 
               | Yes, I'd have no problem shooting a thief, especially in
               | defence of my primary food supply.
               | 
               | > _violation of a contractual agreement_
               | 
               | I'd have no problem holding a gun to someone's head in
               | order to extract what compensation is due to me under a
               | lawful agreement.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | Stealing from your primary food supply isn't really what
               | I had in mind when I was referring to petty theft. If
               | anything I meant stealing a small amount from a
               | significant excess.
               | 
               | > I'd have no problem holding a gun to someone's head in
               | order to extract what compensation is due to me under a
               | lawful agreement.
               | 
               | So if a doctor enters into a contractual agreement with
               | the state to provide healthcare, then it's ok?
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | Contracts should have monetary penalties only - you can't
               | sign yourself into slavery. If the doctor breaches a
               | contract, and the contract has provisions for what he
               | will pay in breach, then he must pay it or have it seized
               | (with force). We've long banned debtors prisons for good
               | reason. There's no holding a gun to anyone's head
               | required unless they try to stop you from seizing
               | property to which you have a lawful claim.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | So as long as I write the laws and excite the laws I can
               | do whatever I want. Taxation is lawful because the
               | government duly passes laws asserting such claims.
               | Taxation therefore cannot be theft.
               | 
               | Unless there is some definition of "lawful" that exists
               | outside of writing and enforcing the laws. Which begs the
               | question according to who? In this instance that someone
               | seems to be you.
        
               | joshuamorton wrote:
               | > enforcing nonviolent interaction
               | 
               | By ultimately using force or the threat thereof to
               | prevent people from using force in disallowed ways,
               | right?
               | 
               | > Liberty isn't the same thing as prosperity/economic
               | power.
               | 
               | I didn't say they were synonyms. I said prosperity was a
               | prerequisite to liberty[1]. A poor person isn't free to
               | inhabit a house, and if they try to do so the state will
               | use force to prevent or remove them.
               | 
               | [1]: actually I said all else equal, more prosperity
               | means more liberty. To use your example (which I don't
               | really buy, a rich slave is sort of not a thing), a
               | "rich" slave is able to purchase better food for
               | themselves than a poor slave whereas a poor slave would
               | need to resort to theft, and risk force as a consequence.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | A homeless person can be more free than a person confined
               | in a mansion, can they not?
               | 
               | > _By ultimately using force or the threat thereof to
               | prevent people from using force in disallowed ways_
               | 
               | Yes, since using force to compel action is basically the
               | definition of slavery and decidedly un-free.
        
               | joshuamorton wrote:
               | > A homeless person can be more free than a person
               | confined in a mansion, can they not?
               | 
               | Sure. But a rich homeless person is no longer homeless,
               | and a poor person confined in their home is less free
               | than a rich person confined on their home. You haven't
               | addressed my point.
               | 
               | > Yes, since using force to compel action is basically
               | the definition of slavery and decidedly un-free.
               | 
               | Right, so when I said
               | 
               | > You sort of admit as much, what is keeping the piece
               | but ultimately deciding which things are good things or
               | not
               | 
               | I was correct. The government decides which things are
               | good or not (using force in disallowed ways) and prevents
               | those. Generally governments high in libetry also do
               | things like punish fraud, because fraud is bad and
               | misleading people and stealing their money...reduces
               | liberty? Or is fraud prevention unrelated to liberty, and
               | should the government even do it?
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | > _a poor person confined in their home is less free than
               | a rich person confined on their home_
               | 
               | I disagree. The rich person may be more comfortable, but
               | they are no more free. Confinement is confinement.
               | 
               | > Or is fraud prevention unrelated to liberty
               | 
               | Fraud is related to securing of property rights, which
               | are a part of liberty. How free are you if people can
               | remove the food from your pantry? Fraud as a criminal
               | offense has been derived from "theft by false pretense".
               | But I'm pretty sure we'd be fine if we decriminalized it
               | and relegated it to a tort.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | The absolute end to that line of reasoning is that there
               | shouldn't be any state at all.
               | 
               | Why does the state need to "keep the peace"? It does so
               | through a monopoly on force. Why can't private
               | individuals simply work things out on their own however
               | they see fit?
               | 
               | The idea of liberty, to me, is the idea that citizens
               | have power over collective decision making, ie the rule
               | of law, consent of the governed. I realize I am in the
               | minority in modern day America though.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | No, the absolute end is that the state should enforce
               | negative rights, not positive ones. Liberty is the
               | freedom from interference by or obligation to other
               | people.
               | 
               | > _Why can't private individuals simply work things out
               | on their own however they see fit?_
               | 
               | They can, so long as they do peacefully. What the state
               | provides is simply due process for the resolution of
               | disputes, and the expectation that this process will be
               | used instead of violence.
               | 
               | > _The idea of liberty, to me, is the idea that citizens
               | have power over collective decision making_
               | 
               | This is democracy, which is somewhat tangential here. You
               | can have a decidedly un-free democracy or (more
               | hypothetically) a very free dictatorship.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | I define liberty differently than you do.
               | 
               | I don't accept the popular, modern definition of negative
               | rights vs positive rights as the bedrock or liberty. It
               | leads to nonsensical conclusions.
               | 
               | There is no such thing under my definition as a "free
               | dictatorship". A system where rulers aren't bound by
               | legitimate laws is by definition un-free.
               | 
               | I don't think my definition is super far off from yours
               | though: liberty as non domination, one isn't subject to
               | the arbitrary will of another.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | A free dictatorship would be one where the dictator's
               | powers are very limited, but he is not democratically
               | elected.
               | 
               | > _liberty as non domination, one isn't subject to the
               | arbitrary will of another._
               | 
               | Yes exactly. I just see things like "interfering in
               | private negotiations/transactions between free, equal
               | people" as fundamentally authoritarian/dominating.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | If interference with private transactions is
               | fundamentally authoritarian, I still don't understand how
               | you see any sort of state as compatible with liberty.
               | 
               | Yes yes, "keeping the peace" but how is such an authority
               | deemed to be legitimate? Who gets to define due process?
               | How are they funded if not by taxation?
               | 
               | At the end of the day I don't understand how you aren't
               | just an anarchist.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | The state is compatible with liberty in so far as it acts
               | to secure the liberty of its citizens. Again, liberty
               | here meaning, basically, freedom from violence by other
               | people. A state which acts to protect its citizens
               | liberty is legitimate (in my view) regardless of how its
               | members come to authority. Democracy (in one form or
               | another) seems to be the least-worst option for
               | administering this state (defining the process, etc.),
               | but to me, is it not the source of its legitimacy.
        
               | wbsss4412 wrote:
               | You just said that interference with private transactions
               | was by definition a violation of liberty, so any outside
               | action of the state would be at best a violation of
               | liberty to secure liberty, somehow. Which, is somewhat
               | nonsensical. There is no well defined liberty math.
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | > _a violation of liberty to secure liberty_
               | 
               | You've pretty much got it. These are the only legitimate
               | violations of liberty. Doesn't seem nonsensical to me.
        
               | NoGravitas wrote:
               | "It is difficult for me to imagine what "personal
               | liberty" is enjoyed by an unemployed hungry person. True
               | freedom can only be where there is no exploitation and
               | oppression of one person by another; where there is not
               | unemployment, and where a person is not living in fear of
               | losing his job, his home and his bread. Only in such a
               | society personal and any other freedom can exist for real
               | and not on paper." - Ronald Reagan
        
               | opo wrote:
               | >- Ronald Reagan
               | 
               | For those unaware, the quote is actually from Stalin.
        
               | NoGravitas wrote:
               | Spoilsport ;-P
        
               | thegrimmest wrote:
               | > _Ronald Reagan_
               | 
               | you cheeky monkey
        
             | walshemj wrote:
             | Unfortunately some of early American politicians had some
             | cranky ideas about central banks - which caused some
             | economic depressions.
        
           | SantalBlush wrote:
           | Any attempt to depict the US as a free country prior to 1920
           | is a nonstarter. There was slavery, Jim Crow, and women could
           | not vote. Seriously, give me a break.
        
             | mistrial9 wrote:
             | my ancestors had property rights and university education
             | for women, always anti-slavery.. please do not lump me into
             | your vague assertion
             | 
             | edit- the USA was divided strongly between states, which
             | had constitutions of their own. There was a very bright
             | line between the Massachusetts colonies and the Virginia
             | colonies, and then others.. Property rights and real
             | education for women were a large topic! slavery was hated
             | for good reasons .. the social contract that "my particular
             | ancestors" created, specifically are what the PP were
             | dismissing.. its inaccurate to dismiss that
        
               | hiptobecubic wrote:
               | What do your specific ancestors have to do with anything?
        
             | mbg721 wrote:
             | We also had one of the strongest eugenics movements in the
             | world, under the same progressive flag as women's suffrage.
             | It took the horrors of WWII to snap us out of it.
        
               | jacobr1 wrote:
               | And it set us back because we overcorrected. The biggest
               | evil of historical eugenics was the non-consensual
               | application, not the idea that we should improve the gene
               | pool.
               | 
               | This thread is an interesting summary of possible
               | "eugenics" type applications and if those surveyed
               | consider them moral today:
               | 
               | https://twitter.com/Aella_Girl/status/1462824227090976772
        
               | mbg721 wrote:
               | The Catholic Church still opposes all of those except for
               | offering network support and feeding single mothers (in
               | which cases it recommends generosity). I don't think
               | that's an overcorrection; I think it's the result of
               | thinking very hard about human dignity over many
               | generations.
        
             | NoImmatureAdHom wrote:
             | Maybe you mean different things?
        
               | kaesar14 wrote:
               | Why is freedom defined differently if you exclude slavery
               | and women's rights?
        
             | thegrimmest wrote:
             | It was a free country, for a subset of the population. I
             | would suggest that the idea of liberty, the definition, was
             | as worthy then as it is now. I would also completely agree
             | with the expansion of the people who are entitled to it.
        
             | georgeecollins wrote:
             | You can't completely discount the past because it doesn't
             | meet a modern standard. It's certain that something many
             | are doing today will be considered abhorrent in one hundred
             | years. So are we all today too evil to bother with? Are you
             | no worse than a murderer because you live in our flawed
             | times? I doubt it. There were people and institutions
             | before 1920 that were terrible and some that should be
             | celebrated.
        
           | jollybean wrote:
           | Central Banking has been one of the most powerful and
           | liberating achievements of civilization.
           | 
           | And you now have the 'freedom' to strike and sue your
           | employer, women have the 'freedom' to actually have a job,
           | you have the 'freedom' to attend college which only about 5%
           | did at the time, you have the 'freedom' to do almost anything
           | in life.
           | 
           | And what 'freedoms' have you lost?
           | 
           | Well, there's more taxation.
           | 
           | And you have to sell your car to a Black man if he wants to
           | buy it from you.
           | 
           | And you have to prove drugs work before selling them.
           | 
           | You have to pay workers a minimum wage, and make sure they
           | don't die on the job.
           | 
           | What other 'freedoms' were are you keen to regain?
        
             | mwint wrote:
             | > And you have to sell your car to a Black man if he wants
             | to buy it from you.
             | 
             | Never thought about this before: Suppose I'm Black, respond
             | to a Craigslist ad for a $10k car for sale by owner, and am
             | refused for my skin color. What law do I or the state
             | prosecute the seller under?
             | 
             | Most of the anti-discrimination laws I know of apply to
             | companies, usually companies with more than N employees.
        
               | tlholaday wrote:
               | > What law do I or the state prosecute the seller under?
               | 
               | Start your research with Title VII of the Civil Rights
               | Act of 1964.
        
               | mwint wrote:
               | https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-
               | act-196... - looks like this is all about employment, and
               | even then only applies to those employing more than N
               | employees:
               | 
               | > The term "employer" means a person engaged in an
               | industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more
               | employees [...]
               | 
               | I suppose the root of my question is this: Where is the
               | law stating that an individual cannot act with prejudice
               | against another individual, outside of an employment
               | context? I've always assumed such a law exists, but never
               | asked exactly where it is.
        
               | selimthegrim wrote:
               | Probably more relevant to dealerships
        
             | thegrimmest wrote:
             | I'd be keen to be able to employ people without the
             | government intervening in negotiations (minimum wage,
             | various employment laws, etc.). I don't think the
             | government has any place deciding what I can and can't
             | offer. I also would like to be able to use my own judgement
             | when hiring people, without having to worry about proving
             | (the negative) that I'm not being discriminatory.
             | 
             | Workers have always had the freedom to strike. And
             | employers should have the freedom to terminate striking
             | employees. I don't see the need for regulation here. The
             | "freedom" to attend college has created a mountain of
             | student debt and an overeducated workforce. I fail to see
             | the benefit.
             | 
             | All in all, directly, I'd like to live in a society where
             | people are entitled to only what they can negotiate for,
             | not more. And one that does not strive to protect people
             | from the consequences of their own misfortune or
             | inadequacy.
        
             | CryptoPunk wrote:
             | There is absolutely nothing liberating about central
             | banking. It is a monopoly on money creation, and that
             | monopoly is enforced through an apparatus of violence
             | (police, courts and prisons, used to compel compliance).
             | 
             | It leads to a small elite being in control of trillions of
             | dollars in national capital allocations every year, with
             | virtually no democratic oversight.
             | 
             | It leads to financial institutions capturing 42% of
             | corporate profits since 1973, with all of the growth in
             | wealth inequality that goes along with that.
             | 
             | It leads to gigantic corporate welfare programs, like the
             | government mortgage guarantee program, where financial
             | institutions buy $1.5 trillion worth of government
             | guaranteed mortgage backed securities - where profits are
             | 100% privatized, and risk is 100% socialized - every year.
             | 
             | >>And you now have the 'freedom' to strike and sue your
             | employer,
             | 
             | You always had that freedom. Now you have the power to get
             | the state to force the employer to keep you employed, and
             | not replace you, while you strike.
             | 
             | This power has given public sector unions total control
             | over public finances.
             | 
             | For example, New York has nearly 300,000 unionized public
             | sector employees receiving over $100,000 a year:
             | 
             | https://archive.md/JnJQY
             | 
             | In California, emergency workers can retire at 55 with 90%
             | of their pension, that averages $108,000 per year.
             | 
             | California now has $1 trillion in pension obligations for
             | its unionized public sector workers. That is where all the
             | social welfare spending is going.
             | 
             | >>Well, there's more taxation.
             | 
             | Yes, the state now forces you, under pain of imprisonment,
             | to work 40% of the year to pay a bloated bureaucracy.
             | 
             | >>And you have to sell your car to a Black man if he wants
             | to buy it from you.
             | 
             | And every one has to suffer higher costs, and less
             | advancement, as a specialized caste of anti-discrimination
             | lawyers extract billions of dollars per year from
             | corporations for their failure to comply with impossible-
             | to-comply-with anti-discrimination laws [1] while forcing
             | the private sector to 1. spend billions more in "anti-
             | racism" training, that includes lessons on the supposed
             | omnipresence of "white privilege" [2] and 2. institute
             | affirmative action programs, that waste resources and lead
             | to less competent work forces, respectively.
             | 
             | >>And you have to prove drugs work before selling them.
             | 
             | Yes, you need the approval of a centralized regulatory
             | gatekeeper, which is often incompetent, and prevents people
             | from accessing life-saving medical products/services in a
             | timely manner [3][4] or denies people access to a vaccine
             | due to a risk from side effects that is orders of magnitude
             | lower than the risk the vaccine mitigates. [5]
             | 
             | >>women have the 'freedom' to actually have a job,
             | 
             | Women had jobs back then. The jobs available to women have
             | improved due to the cultural impact of much higher per
             | capita productivity, which makes people far more
             | independent and assertive.
             | 
             | >>you have the 'freedom' to attend college which only about
             | 5% did at the time, you have the 'freedom' to do almost
             | anything in life.
             | 
             | That is entirely due to higher per capita productivity,
             | which enables more people to be supported through their
             | post-secondary schooling years.
             | 
             | The massive per capita productivity growth seen since 1922
             | could soon be a thing of the past in the advanced
             | economies, as the growing repressiveness of the state has
             | steadily reduced per capita GDP growth rates over the last
             | several decades, and this trend sees no signs of abatement
             | or reversal.
             | 
             | [1] https://richardhanania.substack.com/p/wokeness-as-
             | saddam-sta...
             | 
             | [2] https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-
             | why-co...
             | 
             | [3] https://www.propublica.org/article/this-scientist-
             | created-a-...
             | 
             | [4] https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-
             | testing-de...
             | 
             | [5] https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/13/us/politics/johnson-
             | johns...
        
             | didericis wrote:
             | Can you explain why the freedoms you mention are the result
             | primarily of central banking and not social and
             | technological change?
             | 
             | The key freedom lost via central banking (at least
             | irresponsible central banking) is the freedom of those in
             | the future to do anything other than meet debt obligations.
             | 
             | Debt and credit is obviously necessary, and making money
             | easily accessible and keeping markets liquid is a good
             | thing, but if debt obligations grow too large, people
             | increasingly forfeit their future productivity and the
             | future of their children's productivity to paying interest.
             | 
             | No one can enjoy increased freedoms if they are spending
             | all their time paying off individual and collective
             | interest.
        
               | md_ wrote:
               | I'm confused. If you mean _public_ debt, doesn't central
               | banking free the public from meeting debt obligations
               | when those obligations are denominated in the national
               | currency?
               | 
               | Countries can and do issue public debt in other
               | currencies. If we all used gold or bitcoin, there's no
               | reason to think public debt would be lower. But the
               | obligation to pay it back would, in a sense, be harder to
               | dodge.
               | 
               | It's worth noting, as an aside, that the trend line on
               | cost of servicing public debt in the US has been downward
               | (though I would expect this to change):
               | https://www.piie.com/research/piie-charts/us-debt-has-
               | increa....
        
               | User23 wrote:
               | The primary purposes of central banking are to privatize
               | seigniorage[1] revenue and increase bankers' ability to
               | control politicians. The former is achieved through the
               | Primary Dealer system and the latter should be self-
               | explanatory. Needless to say, since most spending is
               | electronic transactions, the seigniorage revenue is very
               | nearly the entire face value of the created instrument.
               | 
               | It's a blatantly undemocratic power grab, effectively
               | allowing a consortium of private banks to limit
               | Congress's power of the purse. Or at least that was the
               | theory. As we're seeing now, that one putative upside is
               | nonexistent and the Fed is happy to cooperate with
               | Treasury to spend trillions a year. The rentier class
               | appears to be consoling itself with massive asset
               | inflation, while still banking the seigniorage.
               | 
               | The United States could just as easily once again fund
               | all of its spending by creating new U.S. Notes[2]
               | (perhaps without the public debt clause) and then control
               | inflation by extinguishing those liabilities through
               | taxation.
               | 
               | [1] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/seigniorage.asp
               | 
               | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Note
        
               | md_ wrote:
               | It seems like you're defining "central banking" in
               | relation to the independence (or maybe ownership of) the
               | central bank. That doesn't seem correct to me.
               | 
               | China has a central bank, but it's fully publicly owned
               | and is not politically independent of the CCP. The ECB,
               | in comparison, is owned by the central banks of
               | constituent banks. And on the other extreme, the Swiss
               | National Bank is publicly traded and a minority of its
               | shares are privately held (i.e., not by governments).
               | (Perhaps related or perhaps not, the Swiss Franc also has
               | historically had very high trust and very low inflation.)
               | 
               | My point is, there are multiple flavors of "central bank"
               | ownership and independence; it seems odd to argue that
               | the primary purpose of central banking is to allow
               | private bankers to violate political oversight when, in
               | some cases, the bank is fully public and not politically
               | independent. Conversely, some examples of significantly
               | more private central banks than the Fed seem to show a
               | history of good management in the public interest.
        
               | selimthegrim wrote:
               | The UK has plenty of private banks printing notes - it
               | doesn't seem to hurt them.
        
               | MR4D wrote:
               | > If we all used gold or bitcoin, there's no reason to
               | think public debt would be lower.
               | 
               | For reference, public debt tends to be higher when based
               | in currencies that can be more easily debased. This was
               | true in Roman times as it is now.
               | 
               | I'm on my phone, so I'd have to look up the book, but
               | it's well documented.
        
               | md_ wrote:
               | Entirely possible, but defaults tend to be higher when
               | debt is in a currency that cannot be debased, for
               | somewhat obvious reasons.
        
               | jacobr1 wrote:
               | There is a constraint the prevents (some) countries from
               | more frequent debasement: if you debase your currency,
               | then lenders will increasingly require that future debt
               | be issued in an external currency. And even if you find
               | lenders, the purchasing power provided in the debased
               | currency remains constrained by external trade in non-
               | debased currencies.
        
               | MR4D wrote:
               | You make a very good point.
               | 
               | I should have noted that this applies only when it's your
               | own currency.
        
               | jollybean wrote:
               | " why the freedoms you mention are the result primarily
               | of central banking and not social and technological
               | change?"
               | 
               | I didn't mean to imply that.
               | 
               | Most of those things didn't come from Central Banking.
               | 
               | That said, modern finance has 'enabled everything' just
               | like having a highly literate education 'enables
               | everything' as well.
        
               | toomanydoubts wrote:
               | They have also enabled commercial banks loaning other
               | people money irresponsibly and getting obscenous bailouts
               | when the loan takers default because "the banks are too
               | big to fail". What a great world to live in.
        
               | Aunche wrote:
               | > irresponsible central banking
               | 
               | Would you also consider triple bypass surgery done on
               | morbidly obese patient as irresponsible? It enables bad
               | behavior and arguably the patient may be better off dead
               | than living in a life of pain, but it's undeniable that
               | emergency heart surgery is a good thing.
        
               | pzo wrote:
               | Current situation looks for me more like a surgeon doing
               | this triple bypass, and also keep selling junk food and
               | cigarettes to this patient on another shift.
        
               | Aunche wrote:
               | How exactly the Federal Reserve selling junk food and
               | cigarettes? Nothing they do is pressuring Congress to
               | increase our deficit.
        
             | toolz wrote:
             | > What other 'freedoms' were are you keen to regain?
             | 
             | For me I'd like to not pay money for the "privilege" of
             | having a central organization constantly and
             | unapologetically spy on me.
        
             | pjbk wrote:
             | Interesting to see how sacrificing some freedoms to give
             | more freedom to others in the short term, eventually
             | enhances your same former freedoms in the medium or long
             | term.
        
             | atlgator wrote:
             | Has Central Banking been liberating or do we only perceive
             | it as such because it has historically aligned with
             | American business and political interests? Would a small
             | South American country being forced to sell it's natural
             | resources or lose it's borrowing power agree? Would Middle
             | Eastern countries that tried to form the petro dollar and
             | were met with endless wars agree?
        
             | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
             | It would be nice if the cost of rungs in the social later
             | (housing, education, etc) wasn't so high that only certain
             | kinds of people could achieve them.
             | 
             | Many of the "your not allowed to do that"s of the past are
             | still in place for entire neighborhoods, only the words
             | changed.
        
               | jollybean wrote:
               | In 1922 only 5% of people went to University - now 50% go
               | on to post secondary which is largely due to cost and
               | opportunity.
               | 
               | Only about 50% finished HS - now it's 95%.
               | 
               | Doctors were not very affordable by anyone - now it's
               | >90%.
               | 
               | Most people didn't have running water and electricity yet
               | now it's almost 100%.
               | 
               | The only thing that's not as nice as 'real estate' -
               | housing was cheap, but the houses were crap, and often
               | you were isolated.
               | 
               | If you want to go out of major US urban area, and build a
               | small home to 1925 standards, then it's affordable.
               | 
               | But if you are young, then I am actually sympathetic to
               | you: education and housing costs are 'worse' now than in
               | then 1990's. Those are the two things I will say Gen Z
               | 'has it hard' with. That, and having to grow up where
               | everyone has social media, which is _not_ a social
               | benefit, it 's dystopian if you ask me.
        
               | scottLobster wrote:
               | All of those facts are meaningless without context.
               | 
               | Higher education is far more necessary for even a middle
               | class existence than it was in 1922, and the middle class
               | is getting less and less affordable. One of my
               | grandfathers worked a family farm. My dad was able to
               | grind his way out of the lower classes by working at
               | Friendly's and other odd jobs to pay for college (up to
               | and including his PhD). My father in law's uncle was a
               | high school dropout who started showing people around at
               | the local hardware store and was such a good salesperson
               | the owner hired him after a few weeks. None of those are
               | possible for most Americans these days (good luck pulling
               | the leave-it-to-beaver "prove my value to the local store
               | owner" at Home Depot or Walmart).
               | 
               | US citizens are now regularly advised to take Uber to the
               | hospital if they can survive the trip, as it avoids the
               | cost of an ambulance, which is often over a thousand
               | dollars in a country where most can't afford a $500
               | emergency. I'm not sure how that qualifies as
               | "affordable", and certainly not affordable to 90%+.
               | Granted this is primarily an American issue.
               | 
               | More important to me than the quality of the house is the
               | quality of the school district that it's in (see previous
               | remarks about the modern necessity of education). I can
               | fix/improve a house, I can't fix/improve schooling short
               | of private school, which would probably be more expensive
               | than fixing a house over the long term. Good look finding
               | an affordable house in a good school district near any
               | major metropolitan area with jobs.
        
               | Retric wrote:
               | A 1922s "middle class" experience is affordable for a
               | most Americans today. As in shelter with heat, phone
               | service, and electric lights but no appliances, no car,
               | minimal access to effective healthcare etc.
               | 
               | Upward mobility is still available and just as rare. The
               | health, intelligence, and drive that allowed someone in
               | 1922 to better themselves are the same things that still
               | allow someone to better themselves in 2022. It's not
               | easy, but it was never easy. Just look at how many people
               | in 1922 where held back by the color of their skin.
               | 
               | As to getting a job at Walmart, have you ever actually
               | applied? Their standards are incredibly lax.
        
               | scottLobster wrote:
               | So? A middle class experience from 1622 is also
               | affordable for most Americans today, and now we don't
               | have to worry about raids from the natives! Clearly we
               | have no right to complain /s
               | 
               | I'm not arguing things are equivalent to 1922 on an
               | absolute scale, but on a relative scale they're closer
               | than they were in the recent past. The prosperity of the
               | previous century has shifted the goal posts for what
               | defines upper, middle and lower class. But after a long
               | period of shifting the goal posts in a positive
               | direction, we've had three or four decades of things
               | shifting in the opposite direction, and that trend
               | appears to be accelerating for the moment.
               | 
               | As for upward mobility, that largely only exists for
               | people with college degrees these days. And even then
               | only a few select degrees are really worth anything. And
               | college costs are insanely inflated compared to where
               | they were in 1980, let alone 1922. Is it possible to
               | better oneself in 2022? Sure, but I'd argue there were
               | much more opportunities for middle class people just 40
               | years ago. A Unionized coal miner with experience could
               | make an upper middle class salary without the burden of
               | higher education that costs as much as a house. Ditto for
               | many factory jobs.
               | 
               | A job at Walmart making minimum wage that hasn't been
               | adjusted for inflation for decades does not have anything
               | resembling the same purchasing power as a minimum wage
               | job 60 years ago. Walmart jobs are notorious for
               | requiring food stamps despite working full time hours.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | Retric wrote:
               | A higher percentage of Americans are going to collage in
               | 2020. They are also graduating with more debt, so is it
               | more or less affordable? That's a more complex question
               | than it might appear as students are in many cases
               | choosing a very expensive education when more economical
               | options are available.
               | 
               | It's similar to how new cars in 2020 are both
               | substantially more expensive on average but also of
               | vastly higher quality. In both cases the cheapest options
               | represent a tiny slice of the overall market suggesting
               | cost is generally less an imposition by outside forces
               | than a choice.
        
               | Ancapistani wrote:
               | I'm explicitly not replying to the meat of your comment,
               | because I don't feel like I have anything to add to the
               | productive discussion in this thread - which, by the way,
               | I'm really enjoying reading :)
               | 
               | That said, this stood out to me:
               | 
               | > A job at Walmart making minimum wage [...]
               | 
               | According to Glassdoor[1], a retail cashier at Walmart
               | with no experience earns an average of $22,049 / year.
               | Assuming 50 weeks @ 40 hours per week, that's $11.05 /
               | hour.
               | 
               | That does not include cash bonuses or profit sharing,
               | which Glassdoor says adds another ~$1k.
               | 
               | Indeed.com[2] shows the average wage for a Walmart
               | cashier is $10.56 - so we're at least in the right
               | ballpark above.
               | 
               | My own experience at Walmart was unloading trucks from
               | 4pm-1am the summer after I graduated high school (2002).
               | I made $7.25 / hour then, when the minimum wage was
               | $5.15.
               | 
               | Trying to build a life on that kind of money isn't easy,
               | and I'm not trying to say that it is; I _do_ want to
               | point out that even Walmart doesn 't pay minimum wage as
               | a rule.
               | 
               | That's not to say there aren't other "tricks" that
               | employers use, like limiting hours to prevent employees
               | from qualifying from full-time benefits and such. There
               | are.
               | 
               | The minimum wage in 1982 was $3.25. Today it's $7.25. The
               | purchasing power of the minimum wage has certainly
               | decreased, but I strongly suspect that many more
               | businesses paid minimum wage in 1982 than 2022.
               | 
               | McDonald's in my town of <15k people pays $13/hr with no
               | experience, with a $500 signing bonus and a guaranteed
               | $1/hr raise at six and twelve months. The largest
               | manufacturing employer here produce stamped sheet metal
               | parts, and they have a large sign and banners lining the
               | road claiming $18/hr, a $1,500 signing bonus, and fully
               | paid family benefits. My California-based "healthtech"
               | company employer doesn't even have health insurance as
               | good as theirs.
               | 
               | 1: https://www.glassdoor.com/Salary/Walmart-Guest-
               | Service-Team-...
               | 
               | 2: https://www.indeed.com/cmp/Walmart/salaries
        
               | elhudy wrote:
               | Further, healthcare costs are only "affordable" insofar
               | as we are adding them to our country's growing debt via
               | medicare.
        
               | msikora wrote:
               | USA is pretty dystopian. I'm an immigrant from the EU,
               | and like most of us here I work in tech where the wages
               | and benefits are very good (wages quite a bit better than
               | even the richer EU countries and benefits on par I would
               | say). But for the lower middle class and below it
               | absolutely sucks in the US compared to most other
               | countries with similar levels of development...
        
               | mbg721 wrote:
               | I would argue, as many would, that a high-school graduate
               | now is much worse off now than a high-school dropout a
               | century ago. Jobs are much more specialized, you can't
               | rely on working on "the family farm", and the prestige of
               | a high-school diploma has tanked to "You don't have this,
               | what's wrong with you??"
        
               | __MatrixMan__ wrote:
               | All of these improvements, numerically speaking, and yet
               | my wife regularly has classes of 40 where none of the
               | students have parents that went to college, a quarter of
               | them need glasses that they can't afford, and an eighth
               | is homeless.
               | 
               | The size of the group that benefits from modernization is
               | indeed growing, as your numbers point out, but if you're
               | not in that group you're just as stuck as you've ever
               | been.
        
           | deeg wrote:
           | I couldn't disagree more. Today's American society has way
           | more liberty than it did in 1912. Blacks, women, Native
           | Americans, LBGTQ+, other minorities: all live better today
           | than whatever period you want to choose. Native American
           | children were forced from their homes into institutionalize
           | schools. In NYC tenements the police conducted midnight raids
           | to force people to be vaccinated for smallpox (a worthy end
           | but a terrible means). Women didn't have the right to vote.
           | As others mentioned, Jim Crow ruled the South. There really
           | is no comparison.
        
           | peakaboo wrote:
           | I don't think the US is free at all, and would be interested
           | in seeing facts that back it up. I see a country run like a
           | corporation, where media, tech and science are carrying out
           | very specific instructions from their handful of billionaire
           | owners to steer the ship where they want it to go.
           | 
           | You can think what you want in the US but you cannot express
           | it publicly if you have a significant following. You will get
           | blocked, censored, ridiculed etc.
           | 
           | Maybe you mean something else with freedom? Freedom to carry
           | out work and get payed for it? Sure.
        
           | deanCommie wrote:
           | > the United States is still one of the most free ...
           | countries on the planet.
           | 
           | By what metric? More importantly by what magnitude?
           | 
           | Would "in the top 20" count? Axross 200 world countries
           | maybe, but to patriotic Americans who speak about freedom
           | abstractly, knowing that they are 16th in democracy [0], 44th
           | in press freedom [1], and 20th in economic freedom [2],
           | probably wouldn't cut it as "one of the top".
           | 
           | [0]
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Ranking?wprov=sfla1
           | 
           | [1] https://rsf.org/en/ranking_table
           | 
           | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom?w
           | pro...
        
             | jandrese wrote:
             | You are looking at this all wrong. If you want maximum
             | freedom you need to go to a place like rural Somalia. As
             | long as you have the most guns nobody will tell you how to
             | live your life. Want to rape children all day long? Nobody
             | is going to stop you. Want to kill your neighbors and steal
             | their stuff? Total freedom. No nanny state government is
             | going to try to take your money to build roads or remove
             | the dead bodies.
        
               | p1esk wrote:
               | Anyone who has "the most guns" will have "maximum
               | freedom" anywhere. Somalia, USA, England, anywhere. The
               | difference is it's easier to be the person with the most
               | guns in Somalia than in US. However we are talking about
               | freedom of ordinary citizens, not about being the most
               | powerful individual in your country.
        
             | causality0 wrote:
             | Depends on your definition of freedom, certainly. If your
             | primary definition is "the range of behaviors for which the
             | government will not prosecute you", it's probably the
             | highest one not currently involved in a civil war.
        
             | xdennis wrote:
             | Those rankings are very biased. The press one used to
             | penalize countries at one point for not having journalist
             | unions (don't know if they still do).
             | 
             | As an example, the US press was allowed to publish on the
             | Snowden leaks but in the UK policemen forced The Guardian
             | to smash their hard drives. UK is 11 places above the US:
             | https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2021
             | 
             | The freedom ones often pick and choose freedoms. For
             | example: none include self defense possession, but do
             | include same sex marriage (something that was invented two
             | decades ago).
        
               | deanCommie wrote:
               | I assure you, same sex marriage wasn't invented two
               | decades ago. [0]
               | 
               | What was invented two decades ago is treating gay people
               | with enough humanity to begin to CONSIDER giving them the
               | same universal freedoms as straight people get.
               | 
               | So yeah, at this point, in 2022, same-sex marriage is an
               | objective basic freedom. I am not interested in any
               | religion-based counterarguments. Anyone's freedom to hold
               | religious beliefs cannot impune on OTHER people's
               | freedom, regardless of what religious people will claim.
               | 
               | Self-defense posession is a subjective one, I agree. I
               | personally think it's an archaic freedom desire [1]
               | (Honestly, to me comparable "I want the freedom to be
               | able to beat my slave"). But I understand the alternative
               | arguments. This one happens to be something on which the
               | US is a massive outlier from the rest of the "developed"
               | world.
               | 
               | The main point, though, is I don't think people on
               | HackerNews seeking "freedom" are talking about freedom to
               | own guns. I might be wrong.
               | 
               | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-
               | sex_marriage#Ancient
               | 
               | [1] https://www.vox.com/2015/10/1/18000520/gun-risk-death
        
               | long_time_gone wrote:
               | >The freedom ones often pick and choose freedoms.
               | 
               | Is there another way to index multiple countries and
               | measure against each other?
               | 
               | Sounds like you might disagree with the freedoms they
               | chose rather than the process of defining and measuring
               | "freedom." That may be an expression of your own bias.
        
             | mardifoufs wrote:
             | Those rankings have absolutely 0 values. We are currently
             | under our 2nd curfew in less than a year, I can't go
             | outside after 10pm under the threat of a 2000$ fine (which
             | the police is very heavily enforcing) and yet we are way up
             | there in the list you linked. Complete joke
        
               | bennysomething wrote:
               | Are you in the USA? I didn't know you had curfews!?
        
               | mardifoufs wrote:
               | In canada currently. 6th month of curfews this year...
               | but at least this time it's until 10 pm and not 8pm like
               | the first curfew. So I guess that's something lol
        
               | deanCommie wrote:
               | Well, when we're in the middle of a Global Pandemic, with
               | the 5th-highest death toll in human history [0], a couple
               | things have to change temporarily, don't you think?
               | 
               | Also, this is a Quebec-only curfew. Take it up with your
               | provincial government. If separated as a country, perhaps
               | Quebec wouldn't make the list. Quebec has plenty of other
               | counter-freedom policies including your government-
               | endorsed islamophobia.
               | 
               | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics#By_de
               | ath_tol...
        
               | mardifoufs wrote:
               | You are contradicting yourself. It's a global pandemic
               | yet only quebec is going for these absolutely ridiculous
               | measures. Hence why it's _ludicrous_ for canada to be
               | higher than the US. And it 's been 2 years, it's not
               | exactly temporary, especially since there's literally no
               | scientific backing for a _curfew_ in a pandemic and our
               | government is not even pretending that there is any. At a
               | certain point the  "it's a global pandemic" excuse just
               | does not work and you get well into the threshold of a
               | non free society and I think we are well past that in
               | quebec.
               | 
               | Also, quebec is still part of canada. So again, your
               | point is just strange. You are just deflecting very
               | weakly what I said.
        
           | dukeofdoom wrote:
           | Many non renewable resources are past peak production, and
           | declining fast. Austerity will be next. But it will be
           | disguised as saving the environment. So that not only do you
           | do not blame your politicians for being poorer. You will be
           | blamed for over consuming and destroying the environment.
           | 
           | Energy crisis, like running out of heating gas is already
           | hitting Europe. And shortages of fertilizer will be here this
           | spring. China and Russia are not exporting. US doesn't make
           | enough. Farmers will be planting without it. Expect higher
           | food prices and possibly food shortages.
           | 
           | Things are running short in the supply chain, from chips to
           | little bits and pieces. When things break, they will break
           | fast. Make a plan B people. The wave is coming.
        
             | belorn wrote:
             | There are trouble brewing in EU over energy and food
             | prices, but at the same time there are mitigating factors.
             | The cut that middle men get for food has risen sharply the
             | last few decades, especially for the kind of food that
             | risen most in price. The more the customer pays in stores,
             | the more incentive there is from the producers to cut the
             | middle men. As an example, around 1/3 of the price for raw
             | beef goes to the producer where I live, which is a result
             | of low competition among the middle men, strict regulation,
             | and a lack of innovation in the direct-to-customer space.
             | 
             | Energy prices was at a historical low just last year. This
             | year the price has doubled compared to last year, but
             | compared to 10 years ago its the same. People need to have
             | a plan B, through hopefully it will involve investments to
             | use modern standards and energy efficient heating.
        
             | mistrial9 wrote:
             | this is horribly misguided to say "disguised as saving the
             | environment" .. it is conflating real environmental crisis
             | with political posturing.. It is intellectually lazy to
             | blur two big topics like this..
        
               | dukeofdoom wrote:
               | I'm not conflating anything that hasn't been done.
               | Political posturing around saving thr environment is
               | exactly how politician convinced a vast section of the
               | professional class that solar is a solution to our energy
               | needs. Despite it being much less reliable, producing
               | minuscule amounts of energy in large parts of the country
               | and requiring a much more complicated supply chain. Even
               | solar's claimed environmental benefits are vastly over
               | stated.
               | 
               | For poorer people, stuck in older homes with baseboard
               | heaters. The rising price of electricity meant they
               | couldn't heat their home as much. So they're already
               | suffering. While also being told by politicians its
               | better for the environment this way.
               | 
               | A better, vastly more reliable, and powerful alternative
               | of building new nuclear plants lost out due to political
               | posturing around the environment. My province of Ontario,
               | killed two nuclear projects, and our electrical prices
               | nearly doubled. The professional class deference to "feel
               | good" saving the environment experts they see on TV is a
               | bummer to see. But they will not be isolated from these
               | feel good, but poor decisions into the future. So I don't
               | need to convince anyone. The bill will come due.
        
               | selfhoster11 wrote:
               | It's not just intellectually lazy, it's deadly. The last
               | thing we need is to conflate politics with a catastrophe
               | that will wipe out our lifestyle, a significant
               | proportion of species, and potentially our civilization.
        
               | dukeofdoom wrote:
               | This reads more like am emotional outburst from somone
               | with a belief system than an actual opinion. It's hard to
               | argue against belief systems. And it will probably be
               | taken by you in entirely the wrong way. It would be like
               | trying to convincing a hasidic jew the messiah isn't
               | coming. Kind of rude to even try.
        
               | selfhoster11 wrote:
               | I can't tell whether you're describing my own comment or
               | my parent comment. Which one are you describing here?
        
           | EGreg wrote:
           | Yes and no.
           | 
           | You see, "private property" was a step up from Feudalism. It
           | allows you to own things. For example, the Web disrupted AOL,
           | MSN, Compuserve, cable channels, radio stations, journalism,
           | etc. But then, people started to just make their own
           | "private" sites bigger. "I built it -- I own it!" OK, so Mark
           | Z owns facebook, Jeff Bezos owns Amazon, and so forth. Our
           | public discussions take place on "privately owned" platforms
           | (really, owned by Wall Street bigwigs, but even they can't
           | vote Mark Z out, they try and fail every year).
           | 
           | So basically the current system has led to a bunch of
           | surveillance capitalism. That iPhone and Kindle can yank the
           | apps and books you "own" out from under you. That Alexa and
           | Siri listens to whatever you say all the time. That car you
           | "own" will also soon have a bunch of software downloaded to
           | make sure you are limited in what you can do -- which is
           | probably the scariest thing because some sleeper attack can
           | make all cars suddenly crash into gas stations at once.
           | 
           | In short ... your ideas of "private ownership" work on a
           | small level but then you get these large corporations that
           | continue "owning" things, and not giving them to you
           | (infrastructure, backend software, AI data sets, you name it
           | -- even "intellectual property" of patents and copyrights).
           | 
           | This IS a feature of capitalism, that we might want to rein
           | in. Perhaps there should be a principle that courts would
           | enforce private property less and less when it came to scale.
           | So on a small scale (enforce my right to chattel property, my
           | first 3 houses etc.) it's fine. But just what does it mean
           | that I "own" 999 houses, and see no lessening of my ability
           | to evict people ACTUALLY living in the house as squatters,
           | just because I contracted with a bank and some "People with
           | Guns" to enforce some "deed of ownership"? The land used to
           | belong to some natives hundreds of years ago, or some other
           | group that the current group just "took" from them. What
           | moral system are you going to appeal to, that would allow
           | unlimited private property ownership? Even John Locke's
           | "homsteading" concept had a "proviso" saying that you should
           | only own that which you can reasonably use. Even Adam Smith
           | writing about the "invisible hand" was _actually_ writing
           | about how the Rich are led by an invisible hand to distribute
           | goods _equally_ (in his time) because they can only eat so
           | much.
           | 
           | We see this pathology in online systems as well. Just like
           | Bitcoin and Ethereum allow sending unlimited amounts of money
           | in a fixed time for a fixed fee, this necessarily causes a
           | bottleneck somewhere (proof of work miner, for instance, or
           | everyone storing everything, leading to "flash loans" and
           | other crap on the "world computer"). Actually, they charge
           | the maximum fee for every transaction (even sending 5 cents)
           | because the entire network secures everything. It's built for
           | really huge transfers.
           | 
           | It can be summarized like this: "Centralization is bad, and
           | happens through enforcement of some rules. The resources to
           | enforce rules should therefore not be deployed for unlimited
           | value of ownership by accounts, they shouldn't even be
           | centralized (e.g. proof of work mining elects one "consensus
           | leader", or Facebook has a huge centralized server farm) to
           | the point that you get these pathologies: the elites at the
           | top are out of touch with the people who are ACTUALLY using
           | the products / services. Same with politics / states / etc.
           | Keep it decentralized whenever you can.
        
             | Ancapistani wrote:
             | > You see, "private property" was a step up from Feudalism.
             | 
             | Private property absolutely existed under fuedalism as
             | well, albeit in a more limited form for most people. Serfs
             | generally worked land privately owned by - or granted by
             | the crown to - private individuals. Minor nobles had
             | property rights equal to and exceeding those of private
             | landowners today.
             | 
             | Property other than real estate was privately owned by
             | serfs. This included all of their possession and in many
             | cases and countries, their homes. They were usually
             | nominnaly free to move elsewhere, though in practice this
             | rarely happened for cultural and practical reasons.
             | 
             | > So basically the current system has led to a bunch of
             | surveillance capitalism.
             | 
             | I agree completely with this, except for the "capitalism"
             | part. Our current system has arisen in an increasingly
             | regulatory environment, and most of the issues with it are
             | directly attributable to that.
             | 
             | > In short ... your ideas of "private ownership" work on a
             | small level but then you get these large corporations that
             | continue "owning" things [...]
             | 
             | Ah, this strikes me as important. The concept of the
             | corporation - or more specifically, limited liability - is
             | 100% a product of our governmental system. One place where
             | I break from the mainstream in a big way is that I believe
             | that those responsible for a company should be responsible
             | personally for damages caused by that company. How that
             | breaks down between employees, managers, officers, and
             | shareholders is left as an exercise for the reader but
             | suffice it to say that when Exxon covers the Gulf of Mexico
             | with crude oil I believe the damage caused by that should
             | be remedied by everyone involved, including those who
             | allegedly own a share of ownership in the company.
             | 
             | > even "intellectual property" of patents and copyrights
             | 
             | My position here is very adequately described by "Against
             | Intellectual Property", by Stephan Kinsella
             | 
             | https://mises.org/library/against-intellectual-property-0
             | 
             | > But just what does it mean that I "own" 999 houses, and
             | see no lessening of my ability to evict people ACTUALLY
             | living in the house as squatters, just because I contracted
             | with a bank and some "People with Guns" to enforce some
             | "deed of ownership"?
             | 
             | It means that if people don't agree with your practices as
             | a landlord, they shouldn't rent from you. If it's that
             | egregious, homeowners should decide not to sell to you or
             | to demand a higher price.
             | 
             | If people don't want to rent from you, you will have to
             | lower your prices to maintain occupancy. If people don't
             | want to sell to you, you'll have to increase your offers to
             | continue to grow. Both of those things decrease
             | profitability. When they intersect, then you'll have to
             | start selling those houses to recoup your investment.
             | 
             | > Even John Locke [...] > Even Adam Smith [...]
             | 
             | John Locke and Adam Smith are surely foundational, but they
             | are hardly representative of our modern concept of
             | "Capitalism".
             | 
             | For that matter, Thomas Paine is usually thought of as one
             | of America's Founders; he'd likely be considered a
             | Communist today based on the ideas he wrote about.
             | 
             | > It can be summarized like this: "Centralization is bad,
             | and happens through enforcement of some rules. The
             | resources to enforce rules should therefore not be deployed
             | for unlimited value of ownership by accounts, they
             | shouldn't even be centralized (e.g. proof of work mining
             | elects one "consensus leader", or Facebook has a huge
             | centralized server farm) to the point that you get these
             | pathologies: the elites at the top are out of touch with
             | the people who are ACTUALLY using the products / services.
             | Same with politics / states / etc. Keep it decentralized
             | whenever you can.
             | 
             | This statement is really interesting to me. I'm an Anarcho-
             | Capitalist. Obviously, based on your post here, you and I
             | have very different ideas of what an optimal socioeconomic
             | system would look like.
             | 
             | ... yet I completely agree with the statements
             | "Centralization is bad" and "Keep it decentralized". I
             | would go so far as to say that while our policy ideas
             | aren't compatible, our worldviews _are_. We could likely
             | work together to build something that worked well and that
             | we both hated in equal measure. :)
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | cm2012 wrote:
           | This is one of the wrongest comments I've ever seen on HN,
           | hah.
        
             | Enginerrrd wrote:
             | This comment adds nothing to the discussion, and hackernews
             | isn't the place for comments such as these. If you disagree
             | with the ideas, elaborate and disect those you take issue
             | with. Additionally, please keep the tone civil, disagreeing
             | and adding nothing more that saying "hah" is not really the
             | maturity level expected in debates on HN.
        
               | cm2012 wrote:
               | Fair point, I've now elaborated in a child comment.
        
             | cscurmudgeon wrote:
             | Which part is wrong? Some parts are obviously correct.
             | 
             | The US is definitely one of the most diverse large
             | countries. India is probably more diverse along language
             | lines. China is definitely not along any dimension. Even
             | the EU states (that depend on US for defense and use oil to
             | power their economies) are less diverse.
        
               | cm2012 wrote:
               | Some parts are correct, true. Mostly "It's ALWAYS a safe
               | bet to assume people will lose liberty." is really wrong.
               | 
               | The US is a far more free country now than it was 100
               | years ago or at any point since the introduction of
               | agriculture.
               | 
               | Compared to one hundred years ago, there's political
               | changes:
               | 
               | - Minorities and women can vote
               | 
               | - Labor rights
               | 
               | - Consumer protections (No more debtor prisons, etc.)
               | 
               | And tech changes:
               | 
               | - People aren't stuck on their farms all day
               | 
               | - Families aren't stuck doing chores all day
               | 
               | - Birth control has allowed sexual freedom
               | 
               | - The trains, planes, cars and the internet has allowed
               | freedom of location
               | 
               | Etc.
        
             | xdennis wrote:
             | Then it should be easy to say what's wrong with it.
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | My favorite way to characterize this is "it's not even
             | wrong".
        
         | LatteLazy wrote:
         | Sounds mostly right...
        
         | hooande wrote:
         | > They will have rebelled against long hours; the chances are
         | that in 2022 few people will work more than seven hours a day,
         | if as much.
         | 
         | honestly, with remote work, seven hours a day seems about
         | right. A lot of that isn't even lost productivity, it's cutting
         | back on the general time overhead of working in an office.
         | 
         | I don't think that Americans are so prosperous that we've
         | become less enterprising due to class immobility. but we do
         | seem to be getting more efficient with our time
        
           | idiotsecant wrote:
           | >honestly, with remote work, seven hours a day seems about
           | right.
           | 
           | This is, with the most possible respect, a position of great
           | privilege. Most people in the US are _not_ remote workers
           | that get to work 7 hours a day. They are expected to be
           | physically present doing things like retail service work,
           | manufacturing, healthcare, construction, etc.
           | 
           | The average HN user is in a very specific demographic that
           | has benefited enormously from recent economic trends, a
           | benefit that is not distributed evenly. Many (most?) people
           | are working more then they ever did for an increasingly
           | smaller piece of the pie.
        
             | sologoub wrote:
             | > Most people in the US are not remote workers that get to
             | work 7 hours a day. They are expected to be physically
             | present doing things like retail service work,
             | manufacturing, healthcare, construction, etc.
             | 
             | This is not entirely accurate -- as much as 69% of all
             | full-time employees worked remotely during the pandemic:
             | https://news.gallup.com/poll/355907/remote-work-
             | persisting-t...
             | 
             | While we certainly do have professions that require in-
             | person presence, it's not every role in those professions
             | and certainly many more people can enjoy the benefits of
             | remote work. Those who cannot should be rewarded for that
             | and added enjoy benefits/guarantees to compensate.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | > Those who cannot should be rewarded for that and added
               | enjoy benefits/guarantees to compensate.
               | 
               | This is more or less the opposite of what happens to
               | these professionals - they are often those who are paid
               | the least and work the longest hours under hourly
               | contracts on multiple jobs (because, if they worked more
               | in a single job, the company would have to give those
               | benefits).
        
               | sologoub wrote:
               | Yeah it's what happens, but I'm of strong opinion that
               | this part needs to change. Unfortunately, some of the
               | hardest jobs don't come with enough dignity, let a long
               | pay.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | It's shameful that in the richest country in the world
               | there are people being forced to work 12 or more hours a
               | day just to survive.
               | 
               | And going to work with COVID symptoms because they can't
               | live without payment.
        
               | sologoub wrote:
               | > And going to work with COVID symptoms because they
               | can't live without payment.
               | 
               | That's a very grotesque illustration of perverse
               | incentives. Ask anyone, I doubt they'll tell you that
               | it's worth having a sick person show up to work over
               | providing sick leave/benefits and yet, here we are.
        
             | jacobr1 wrote:
             | While you see plenty of press decrying the shrinking middle
             | class ... it still is the majority of the US! Even things
             | like living in a detached single family home, still is
             | something that 70% of Americans do, even if homeownership
             | is down and rents are up. All economic trends happen at the
             | margin, 2% here, 5% there. Big shifts, even over decades,
             | are rarer.
        
       | krapp wrote:
       | I am convinced that in 2022 the advancement of science will be
       | amazing, but it will be nothing like so amazing as is the
       | present day in relation to a hundred years ago.               A
       | sight of the world today would surprise President Jefferson
       | much more, I suspect, than the world of 2022 would surprise
       | the little girl who sells candies at Grand Central Station.
       | 
       | Hubris... hubris never changes.
        
         | thejohnconway wrote:
         | Hubris? I think he was right, and that the world of 1822 was
         | more different from 1922 than 1922 is to now. Computers seem to
         | be the primary novel invention in the last hundred years, but
         | long-distance data transfer was normal - and the fax machine
         | sending pictures was overseas was just two years away (1924).
         | 
         | 1822 was a horse-drawn, gas-lit world that was in many ways the
         | same as it had been for millennia. 1922 was a world where rapid
         | transportation (planes , trains, and automobiles),recorded
         | images and sounds, electric light, radio broadcasts and
         | instantaneous intercontinental communication.
        
           | throwaway0a5e wrote:
           | > but long-distance data transfer was normal - and the fax
           | machine sending pictures was overseas was just two years away
           | (1924).
           | 
           | "Quantity has a quality all its own"
           | 
           | -Joseph Stalin
           | 
           | Saying the fax let us move information long distance is like
           | saying global trade was around in the middle ages because
           | Macro Polo. The quantity difference is so big it becomes a
           | qualitative difference.
           | 
           | I can arrange to have an arbitrary industrial doodad show up
           | on my doorstep from literally the other side of the world
           | while taking a shit. I can stream 1080p to/from damn near
           | anywhere on the planet. In 30sec I can get answers to
           | specific technical questions that would have taken hours for
           | the president of the US to get an answer to in 1990. The list
           | goes on. Communication and information are just so much more
           | abundant than they were even 75yr ago.
        
             | Brendinooo wrote:
             | I get what you're saying, but I think I disagree. Ordering
             | on Amazon from your phone is a much faster experience that
             | reaches more products, but it is an analogue to mailing in
             | an order from the Sears catalog. I don't think there's an
             | 1822 analogue to the Sears catalog.
             | 
             | And the quote was about "surprise". I don't think it'd be a
             | complete shock to see that the world got more connected,
             | ordering became easier, deliveries became faster. In 1822
             | the railroad was very much still in its early stages; the
             | Erie Canal had just been completed, the Pony Express and
             | the telegraph were still almost 40 years away.
             | 
             | Put differently, a lot of "0 to 1" stuff had happened by
             | 1922.
        
               | throwaway0a5e wrote:
               | >Put differently, a lot of "0 to 1" stuff had happened by
               | 1922.
               | 
               | How much of that 0-1 is stuff that existed in some niche
               | or experimental capacity prior to 1822 but simply became
               | possible at scale?
               | 
               | We had writing for millennia but the printing press
               | changed the world.
               | 
               | We've had steel for millennia but the Bessemer process
               | changed the world.
               | 
               | We've always been able to send information long distances
               | but digital communications changed the world.
               | 
               | You can always pick whatever specific innovations you
               | want as the 0-1 transition point but it's the widespread
               | availability of something that changes the world.
        
               | Brendinooo wrote:
               | I don't think I disagree with your point, I just think
               | that your point doesn't speak to the "who would be more
               | surprised" question. And, thinking about it, maybe 0-1
               | wasn't a good way for me to make that case.
               | 
               | To order something from Amazon from your toilet, you need
               | 
               | - indoor plumbing
               | 
               | - computing
               | 
               | - electricity
               | 
               | - industrialized mass production
               | 
               | - global connectivity
               | 
               | - global transportation network
               | 
               | Someone in 1922 could imagine a telephone in a bathroom
               | that could be used to contact a Sears-like company to
               | order a mass-produced product and have it delivered from
               | a faraway place.
               | 
               | In 1822 you barely have the idea of industrialization and
               | electricity, let alone anything else. "Write a letter
               | from your cesspit to have a product from St. Louis
               | delivered to New York, but your letter is instantly
               | delivered instead of taking six weeks, production is
               | faster and cheaper than your local craftsman (it's not
               | being made to order!), and instead of taking six weeks to
               | ship it, it takes two days (2022) or a week(?) (1922)."
               | It's not just that the same kind of thing is happening at
               | a grander scale, it requires a fundamental reorientation
               | of how you'd think about consuming products.
               | 
               | So yeah, Amazon's scale in 2022 is astronomically greater
               | than Sears's in 1922 and that is significant, but they
               | share way more fundamentals than 1822 and 1922 did.
        
           | jameshart wrote:
           | "1822 was a horse-drawn, gas-lit world"
           | 
           | In fact, gas light was bleeding edge tech in 1822 - confined
           | to a few parts of cities like London and Baltimore. The New
           | York City gas company was only chartered in 1823. Chicago
           | didn't get gas light until 1850.
           | 
           | Whale oil was still a significant source of illumination
           | right through the 19th century, especially in the US.
        
           | Aardwolf wrote:
           | Of all the science fiction things that I knew when I was a
           | kid in the 90s, only one actually happened, and that's
           | handheld devices with touchscreens with all the world's
           | information accessible through them.
           | 
           | Many others, like humanoid robots (that can do actual stuff
           | like independently clean a home), general AI, actual real
           | space travel (where people live on different planets or giant
           | space wheels), flying cars, replicators, fusion energy, self
           | driving cars (those are near though), brain uploads,
           | nanobots, curing many diseases, etc... didn't happen and
           | won't any time soon, and of course some are physically
           | impossible like FTL travel, teleportation, time travel, ...
           | 
           | It's at least nice to have seen one science fiction fantasy
           | come true so far :)
        
             | NoGravitas wrote:
             | As always, when this kind of things come up, I'd like to
             | mention "Of Flying Cars and the Declining Rate of Profit"
             | (2012), by the late David Graeber. There's a reason late
             | 20th and early 21st century technological development went
             | the way it did, rather than the way it looked like it would
             | from the mid 20th century.
             | 
             | https://thebaffler.com/salvos/of-flying-cars-and-the-
             | declini...
        
         | singularity2001 wrote:
         | I wouldn't call it hubris but lack of universal knowledge of
         | the exponential nature of development. That was before I saw
         | the universal lack of just this comprehension in the comments.
         | 
         | What people may mean is that a jump from 10^5 to 10^6 can feel
         | bigger than a jump from 10^6 to 10^7? And that we are more
         | surprised by large things than by some small piece of 'magical
         | paper' which can completely change its display at will.
        
         | elzbardico wrote:
         | Yep. Penicilin, Heart transplants, Supersonic travel. Nuclear
         | power, Nuclear weapons, Nuclear naval propulsion. Space
         | exploration. Artificial Satellites, GPS, Succesful cancer
         | treatments, NMR and other imaging diagnostic tools. Wireless
         | bi-directional personal television (the 20's name for making a
         | zoom call from your phone). And the list goes on.
        
           | leadingthenet wrote:
           | Do any of those even come close to 1822-1922 changes of
           | aviation, global telecommumications, ubiquitous electricity,
           | cars, Quantum Mechanics, and so on? Space exploration,
           | nuclear propulsion and satellites are great, but their impact
           | on people's daily lives is far smaller than the above, imo.
           | 
           | I think the author was largely correct.
        
             | IceWreck wrote:
             | Personal Computers (and smartphones, etc) are the largest
             | change by far.
        
               | leadingthenet wrote:
               | They are definitely the biggest change in the past
               | century and on par with those big innovations I
               | mentioned, so I wouldn't want to undersell them as
               | they've been a major disruptive change to most / all
               | fields.
               | 
               | However, they wouldn't exactly be incomprehensible to
               | someone from the early 1900's, since they already had the
               | telegraph, telephony, and fax machines which could send
               | pictures over a long distance came very soon after this
               | article was written.
               | 
               | Whereas I think a person from the early 1800's would
               | genuinely struggle with understanding the modern world.
        
             | elzbardico wrote:
             | How not? Penicilin alone has a giant impact on the lives of
             | people. What about anti-conceptionals too.
        
               | Ostrogodsky wrote:
               | So did (even to a greater effect) the doctors washing
               | their hands. Between 1822-1922, only in Physics humanity
               | discovered/developed, the laws of Electromagnetism, the
               | laws of Thermodynamics and their microscopic extension:
               | Statistical Mechanics, the special theory of relativity,
               | quantum mechanics and the General theory of relativity.
               | 
               | The last 100 years have been about doing things in large
               | quantities in a cheaper, faster way. Of course there has
               | been great progress (the era of the PC/Internet by far
               | the most important one) but the rate is significantly
               | lower.
        
           | thejohnconway wrote:
           | In my earlier reply to GP, I had forgotten about space
           | exploration, and I think that is a major technological
           | advancement that would amaze someone from 1922. However, I
           | still think that someone from 1922 would expect such things
           | of 2022 in a way that someone from 1822 would not expect of
           | 1922. 1822 - 1922 is the difference between being a barely-
           | technological world to being a fully-blown one, in many, many
           | fields.
        
             | elzbardico wrote:
             | Modern medicin would be nothing short of miraculous from
             | the eyes of someone from 1920.
        
               | richardwhiuk wrote:
               | Ditto 1922 medicine compared to 1822.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | hwers wrote:
         | I kinda feel like this will be true in the next 100 years
         | though (2122).
        
           | Ostrogodsky wrote:
           | Yep, bet on an unchanging human nature,keeping things from
           | the past around, some social progress in certain areas but
           | not as fast as you would like it and that the world of 2122
           | will be less alien to a 2022 person than the 2022 world to a
           | 1922 person.
        
         | danielrpa wrote:
         | Hubris yes, but perhaps not wrong. I'm not sure if the progress
         | between 1922-2022 was as significant as the progress between
         | 1822-1922. These are two 100-year periods of immense progress.
         | 
         | Have in mind that he's referring to the 100 yr period that
         | brought us cars, airplanes, railroads, telephones, light bulbs,
         | electricity, electromagnetism, relativity, evolution, etc.
        
         | Macha wrote:
         | From a technological perspective, I'm not sure they're wrong?
         | 1922 had railways and cars and mass transit which had already
         | started increasing urbanisation vs 1822, skyscrapers were
         | already being built, passenger air travel was a go, telephones
         | and electricity existed in cities.
         | 
         | The internet and computing is certainly a big shift, but from a
         | visible changes to the world perspective I think 2022 is more
         | alike 1922 than 1922 was alike 1822.
        
           | weisk wrote:
           | > The internet and computing is certainly a big shift, but
           | from a visible changes to the world perspective I think 2022
           | is more alike 1922 than 1922 was alike 1822.
           | 
           | Lolwat? Handheld devices that have the power to process
           | millions of calculations a sec, to record Ultra HD videos, to
           | establish a video conference instantaniously with anyone in
           | the whole world.
           | 
           | Thousands of satellites that orbit the earth constantly.
           | Space missions that are already flying past the limits of our
           | galaxy.
           | 
           | Bio-mechanical organs, giving the crippled back the ability
           | to walk, the blind the ability to see, the deaf to hear.
           | 
           | Welp, I do think that technological progress has been growing
           | at a logarithmic rate, and it's probably keep growing at that
           | pace...
           | 
           | I think the one point in which the author was super correct
           | is, when he says that the progress will be made on
           | technology, rather than the "emotion that arises between a
           | man and a maid" - as I understand it, emotional intelligence
           | - , which will remain stagnant.
        
             | Macha wrote:
             | > Lolwat? Handheld devices that have the power to process
             | millions of calculations a sec, to record Ultra HD videos,
             | to establish a video conference instantaniously with anyone
             | in the whole world.
             | 
             | These are a different in quality more so than a different
             | in kind. In 1922 you could already talk to someone 100s of
             | miles away via the telephone. In 1822 you couldn't. And
             | getting there was going to take weeks. So you basically
             | couldn't talk to people long distance unless you were rich
             | or important.
             | 
             | > Thousands of satellites that orbit the earth constantly.
             | Space missions that are already flying past the limits of
             | our galaxy.
             | 
             | Means rather than an end here. Google Maps is neat and
             | convenient, but again, you _could_ use paper maps for much
             | of what people use google maps for. And large paper mapping
             | schemes (e.g. ordnance survey maps in countries of the
             | british empire) were carried out in the 19th century and
             | WW1. Communications could also be done, albeit more
             | expensively. Space missions are still currently in the
             | scientific curiosity stage, rather than impacting people's
             | lives, but who knows maybe commercial near earth space
             | missions end up being the one people get to to talk about
             | for 2022-2122.
             | 
             | > Bio-mechanical organs, giving the crippled back the
             | ability to walk, the blind the ability to see, the deaf to
             | hear.
             | 
             | These are technically more accomplished achievements for
             | sure, but I'm not sure they have the same sort of societal
             | impacts as initiatives against cholera and tubercolosis of
             | the late 19th century. Vaccination is probably the 20th
             | century achievement to call out here.
        
               | webmaven wrote:
               | _> These are a different in quality more so than a
               | different in kind._
               | 
               | Sometimes the difference in quality is smaller.
               | Communication by mail could have a cadence reminiscent of
               | email, for example:
               | 
               | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/24089/victorian-mail-
               | del...
        
             | ben_w wrote:
             | The keyword here is "visible"; for most of these things,
             | though the change is real, it is also easily missed, with
             | the exception of, as you say, thousands of satellites that
             | orbit the earth constantly (space missions are _not_
             | however already flying past the limits of our galaxy,
             | they're just about reaching the heliopause; even just
             | leaving the plane of the Galaxy is 200,000 times further
             | than that, while leaving the rim of the Galaxy is about 12
             | million times further).
             | 
             | Video conferencing worldwide? If you draw attention to it,
             | I suspect it would've surprised 1922 people that anyone
             | richer than a literal subsistence farmer would also have a
             | device of their own for the other end of the call, but the
             | existence of the technology itself would not be surprising.
             | 
             | For _visible_ changes between 1922 and 2022? New materials,
             | new lighting, new fashion, drones, the public acceptability
             | of same-sex relationships, race relations (in particular
             | attitudes to those of pre-Colombian, African, and Chinese
             | descent), and possibly also visible might be the absence of
             | disfiguring illnesses that we have now vaccinated against.
             | 
             | But those are likely less than the changes from 1822 to
             | 1922.
             | 
             | (The Blue Marble, or the photos of astronauts walking on
             | the moon... I don't know if those would've been shocking or
             | not. Jules Verne died in 1905).
        
             | jazzyjackson wrote:
             | They had radio and video cameras in 1922, I don't think
             | facetime would be all that shocking. 1822 had neither
             | telephone nor electric light. Steam trains were just
             | getting started; by 1922 they were running regular service
             | at over 100 mph.
             | 
             | Evidently its debatable which century saw more change, from
             | sailboats to Titanic, or gunpowder rockets to Apollo...
             | certainly there have always been cynics and dreamers...
             | 
             | edit: GPS would be pretty shocking to either, I expect
        
       | 11thEarlOfMar wrote:
       | If you're curious about the writer, W. L. George, he was hired by
       | the Herald to write a daily column in the Women's Page:
       | 
       | https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24655109/new-york-herald/
        
       | thecosas wrote:
       | Who's up for writing about what 2122 will look like?
        
       | nojs wrote:
       | This is amazingly accurate. It contains several predictions that
       | would have been very difficult when extrapolating based on life
       | experience at the time.
       | 
       | Consider how difficult it would be to predict how the world will
       | look in 2122. I don't think I'd be this close to the mark.
        
       | krupan wrote:
       | I was just laughing at the idea of glassed in cities with all our
       | gas powered cars with my wife, but then I realized that if the
       | cities were well ventilated/filtered that could result in an air
       | quality improvement for a lot of places
        
       | nikkinana wrote:
        
       | hereforphone wrote:
       | You know what they call a quarter pounder in France?
        
       | gadders wrote:
       | " A sight of the world today would surprise President Jefferson
       | much more, I suspect, than the world of 2022 would surprise the
       | little girl who sells candies at Grand Central Station. For
       | Jefferson knew nothing of railroads, telegraphs, telephones,
       | automobiles, aeroplanes, gramophones, movies, radium, &c.; he did
       | not even know hot and cold bathrooms."
       | 
       | I wonder what we would show the girl of 1922? Space travel and
       | obviously the internet & computers come to mind. Antibiotics,
       | DNA? Anything else?
        
         | bspammer wrote:
         | I'd think somewhere like Times Square, the strip in Vegas, or
         | Shinjuku in Tokyo at night would be mindblowing. Then probably
         | show her VR, and a modern action movie in 3D.
         | 
         | VR still blows the minds of everyone I show it to. I can't
         | imagine what kind of reaction someone from 1922 would give.
        
         | sixQuarks wrote:
         | Worldstarhiphop.com
        
         | adrian_b wrote:
         | Internet and computers are the most different from what existed
         | before 1922, but already then everybody was familiar with
         | telegraphy, telephony and wireless communications and various
         | fiction works about intelligent robots had existed for
         | millennia (starting with the Iliad).
         | 
         | Space travel was also present in many fiction works, the best
         | known being several novels of Jules Verne and of H. G. Wells.
         | 
         | Antibiotics were a huge progress, but the concept would not
         | have been a surprise for anyone, because searching for
         | substances that one would ingest to kill the parasites causing
         | various diseases was already a well understood method in
         | medicine, e.g. like using quinine against the protozoan that
         | causes malaria or organo-arsenic compounds against the bacteria
         | that cause syphilis.
         | 
         | Even if already in antiquity some have supposed that many
         | diseases are caused by very small invisible parasites, only
         | during the 19th century the causes for most common infectious
         | diseases have been identified. So also in this domain the
         | differences between 1922 and 1822 are much larger than between
         | 1922 and 2022.
         | 
         | By 1922, genetics was much better understood than in 1822 even
         | if it was not known yet that it is based on information encoded
         | in the molecules of nucleic acids.
         | 
         | I cannot find any domain of science and technology where the
         | difference between 1922 and 1822 is not much larger than
         | between 2022 and 1922.
         | 
         | On the other hand, in 1922 there was still a very large part of
         | the human population whose life had not been affected yet by
         | the progresses of the 19th century, e.g. who had never used a
         | telephone, an automobile or a train, much less an airplane or a
         | computing machine or a washing machine.
         | 
         | The main difference between 1922 and 2022 is that all the
         | technologies that in 1922 existed only in extremely expensive
         | devices or in experimental devices now exist in cheap devices
         | that are used by most people and such devices have sizes and
         | energy consumptions that are many orders of magnitude less than
         | what could have been done with the technologies from 100 years
         | ago.
         | 
         | The main progress during the last 100 years has been in
         | practical engineering, with much less progress in basic
         | science.
        
           | throwawaygh wrote:
           | I genuinely can't wrap my head around your perspective on
           | genetics. _Literally everything_ we know about genetics was
           | learned after 1922. What we knew in 1920 might get you
           | through the first half of a one or two week high school
           | lesson on genetics.
           | 
           |  _> The main progress during the last 100 years has been in
           | practical engineering, with much less progress in basic
           | science._
           | 
           | I actually think the situation is entirely reversed.
           | 
           | The progress from 1822 to 1922 was largely engineering. The
           | industrial revolution cause a violent and visceral change in
           | the way that people experienced everyday life.
           | 
           | Take genetics. In 1922 we didn't know that DNA existed. Or,
           | we kind of has a vague sense. Since then, we: discovered the
           | structure of DNA, sequenced the first human genome, and now
           | for less than a month's wages & a vial of spit you can get a
           | whole genome fastq. And that's just genetic _sequencing_. We
           | have also learned a mind-boggling amount about how DNA
           | interacts with other biological processes. And that 's just
           | genetics. Proteins. Neuroscience. The vascular system. The
           | list goes on and on. Just in life sciences.
           | 
           | And the (bio)engineering implications of that vast amount of
           | scientific discovery are immense. More impactful but not as
           | visceral as a railroad or an airplane.
           | 
           | Scientifically, the progress from 1922 to 2022 is
           | _incredible_ compared to the progress from 1822 to 1922, but
           | the engineering progress of 1822 to 1922 was much more
           | visceral. Not even more significant in terms of lived
           | experience. Just more visceral.
        
         | throwawaygh wrote:
         | _> I wonder what we would show the [candy selling] girl of
         | 1922?_
         | 
         | 1. One of the banks of vending machines found in the train
         | station where she used to work.
         | 
         | 2. A high school classroom, as the alternative to her life of
         | child labor.
         | 
         | You might also show her Spotify, Netflix, and take her on a two
         | week flight around the world. But I feel that a machine which
         | does her old job and a bookish life for working class youth
         | would be the most likely to blow her mind.
        
         | whoopdedo wrote:
         | The problem is Thomas Jefferson lived most of his life more
         | than a hundred years prior to when this was written. Although
         | still alive in 1822, he would have already seen much of the
         | progress that would be foreign to his younger self. Such as the
         | first steam engines. The author compares the perspective of a
         | young girl looking 100 years into the future with that of an
         | old man.
        
         | mikestew wrote:
         | _I wonder what we would show the girl of 1922_
         | 
         | She can sell those candles on Etsy instead of standing around a
         | train station all day. She will not, however, understand the
         | enormous amount of change that took place in order to make that
         | possible. It will give her a practical understanding of what
         | those changes brought about, though.
        
       | hoseja wrote:
       | _" There will still be republics and monarchies; possibly, in
       | 2022, the Spanish, Italian, Dutch and Norwegian kings may have
       | fallen, but for a variety of reasons, either lack of advancement
       | or practical inconvenience, we may expect still to find kings in
       | Sweden, Jugo-Slavia, Greece, Rumania and Great Britain."_
       | 
       | Funny how among reasonable predictions this one is almost
       | completely wrong, only 3/9 guessed right.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | FartyMcFarter wrote:
       | This is accurate enough that midway through the article I started
       | wondering if it was a prank written recently.
        
       | ramesh31 wrote:
       | >"It is easier to bring about a revolutionary scientific
       | discovery such as that of the X-ray than to alter in the least
       | degree the quality of emotion that arises between a man and a
       | maid. There will probably be many new rays in 2022, but the
       | people whom they illumine will be much the same."
       | 
       | Nailed it.
        
       | dahart wrote:
       | > They will have rebelled against long hours; the chances are
       | that in 2022 few people will work more than seven hours a day, if
       | as much
       | 
       | Bertrand Russell also famously predicted this. I believe I've
       | read that in the 1800's people were predicting industrialization
       | would do away with labor. People are still predicting this today,
       | with the advent of Machine Learning that's good enough to
       | automate things like driving.
       | 
       | Will this prediction ever come true, or is there some kind of
       | human nature that is going to keep us grinding away no matter
       | what we invent?
        
         | krupan wrote:
         | "Will this prediction ever come true, or is there some kind of
         | human nature that is going to keep us grinding away no matter
         | what we invent?"
         | 
         | Seems abundantly clear to me that there indeed is something in
         | our nature that keeps us grinding. I do hope that we at least
         | continue to increase the freedom to choose what and when we
         | grind
        
         | handsaway wrote:
         | I'd argue that it's not human nature but rather our socio-
         | economic system that keeps us grinding away. It's become
         | obvious that for the most part automation does a disservice to
         | workers rather than liberating them since they don't have the
         | legal ownership of the automating forces. A typical factory or
         | whatever if it is able to automate 20% of the current work
         | being done will simply lay off 20% of its workforce rather than
         | reduce everyone's workload by 20% while maintaining their wage.
         | 
         | Now this creates a bit of a crisis since the automated
         | production produces things that need to be bought by the
         | workers they displace, who now no longer have any money. The
         | outcome as I see it is an extension of credit systems and the
         | propagation of tedious nonsense jobs (ala Graeber's Bullshit
         | Jobs).
         | 
         | In order to bring about the ideal of automation creating more
         | free time for all without diminishing their income you'd have
         | to transfer ownership of the automating forces to the workers
         | they're replacing. But then I'm just a Marxist looney so what
         | do I know.
        
       | jugg1es wrote:
       | The most striking to me are passages like this:
       | 
       | "It is practically certain that in 2022 nearly all women will
       | have discarded the idea that they are primarily "makers of men".
       | Most fit women will then be following an individual career."
       | 
       | ...
       | 
       | "But it is unlikely that that women will have achieved equality
       | with men."
        
         | stareblinkstare wrote:
        
         | beeboop wrote:
         | He definitely missed the mark about alimony or men not bearing
         | the majority of child support
        
           | yurishimo wrote:
           | I don't think he did. My mother paid child support to my
           | father after the divorce. I think in most instances, it's
           | simply more convenient for the mother to take the children in
           | a divorce, or the kids are too young to choose, so it ends
           | that way by default. There is no rule for it though.
        
             | beeboop wrote:
             | The default way still being women that get the children
             | doesn't really change that the dynamic that gender versus
             | child support is not meaningfully any different than the
             | 1920s. Women's share of child support has gone from, I
             | assume, ~0% in 1922 (I didn't look it up but I imagine it
             | was less than 1%) to around 5% in 2022 in terms of dollars
             | paid. Men going from 99% to 95% of child support costs
             | isn't really a noteworthy change and doesn't align with a
             | prediction that it would be meaningfully different.
        
           | Ancapistani wrote:
           | I don't think he did.
           | 
           | Alimony and child support _do_ apply to women as well as men
           | in the US, though it 's obviously not equally distributed
           | today. Even if we assume that's not because of a flawed
           | system, I can think of several reasons it might be the case.
           | For example, any or all of the following could cause that in
           | a fair system:
           | 
           | * wage earners are still disproportionately men
           | 
           | * women tend to be much more likely to retain (and desire)
           | custody of children
           | 
           | * women tend to be less likely to work outside the home
           | 
           | While I do believe the system is biased against men, I don't
           | think it's nearly as bad as it may seem depending on your own
           | view of things. There are plenty of stories out there of men
           | who have been unfairly saddled with alimony and child
           | support, and those stories get a lot of play. I think it's
           | fair to say that the trope of "a woman left penniless, with
           | no marketable skills, to care for a family after the man left
           | to shirk his responsibilities" is a trope for a reason -
           | because it is and always has been a common ocurrance.
        
             | beeboop wrote:
             | Men pay ~95% of the dollars given/taken for child support
             | in this country. It applies to women but only in a very
             | very marginal way. Men going from >99% to 95% of child
             | support costs isn't really a noteworthy change and doesn't
             | align with a prediction that it would be meaningfully
             | different.
        
               | [deleted]
        
       | dav_Oz wrote:
       | Somehow ironically the writer of that article, W L George, died 4
       | years later aged 43 on "pneumonia and heart failure" and "had
       | been ill from the last twelve months" [0].
       | 
       | It reads like a high-school assignment in which "100 years from
       | now" is entirely used as a narrative device and the author with
       | his literary skill set kind of seemed bored with it and wants to
       | just get over with.
       | 
       | He basically mirrows the sentiment of his time by extrapolating -
       | with hardly any spin of his own - the low hanging fruits: new
       | rays, wireless technology, movies with sound & color, ease of
       | housework (compressed papier mache: Ikea?), community dwellings,
       | "servant problem", everything you need in a pill, city roofed
       | with glass (his own spin?) ...
       | 
       | His view that 1822 (Jefferson) is more dissimilar to 1922 than
       | 2022 will be to 1922 (for a little girl) is weirdly off. He does
       | not go into detail as to why and in which fundamental ways.
       | 
       | "The more we discover the less is left" seems even more absurd
       | and goes contrary to the open-endedness of the scientific inquiry
       | (which he praised beforehand): "the more we discover the more
       | questions arise".
       | 
       | Finally when turning to political issues his narrating device
       | serves only to illuminate his own (political/societal) views:
       | emanicaption of women (from 20.000 years of slavery), tendency
       | for socializations (not socialism!), (unconscious) nationalizing
       | of important industries, "Anti-Trust Acts" in which the State
       | limits profits and arbitrages between industries and workers,
       | international trade in the hands of "controlled combines"
       | (globalization) as a pacifying force, political conditions
       | (nations) as a driver for war. Well, as a witness to WWI, WWII
       | surely had to be "horrible beyond my conception".
       | 
       | The potential of America to immense wealth ("most enterprising
       | creature") away from a euro-centric (and partly his feminist
       | views) are imho his most refreshing views.
       | 
       | As a necessary flattery for the reader he goes on to predict an
       | american flowering in literature and arts ("infinitely more than
       | they are producing today" sounds more like an insult by an
       | Englishman ;)).
       | 
       | And by ending with "there will be no more things one can't say
       | and things one can't think" and "a great liberalism of mind will
       | prevail" I can only reply 100 years later with Goethe's 200 years
       | old Wahlverwandschaften[1] and one prominent slogan of Occupy
       | Wall Street: "None are more hopelessly enslaved than those who
       | falsely believe they are free."
       | 
       | ("Niemand ist mehr Sklave, als der sich fur frei halt, ohne es zu
       | sein")
       | 
       | [0]http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TS19260408.2.125..
       | .
       | 
       | [1]http://www.zeno.org/Literatur/M/Goethe,+Johann+Wolfgang/Roma..
       | .
        
       | whiddershins wrote:
       | Surprisingly good predictions on a number of fronts.
        
       | almogbaku wrote:
       | this is pretty cool to see how he predicted some things pretty
       | good
        
         | ekianjo wrote:
         | good cherry picking to find someone who was correct about quite
         | a few things among an ocean of wrong predictors/predictions :-)
        
         | bramgn wrote:
         | True, but also how outlandish certain ideas were about peeling
         | your house clean and replacing meals with pills...
        
           | viraptor wrote:
           | > how outlandish certain ideas were about peeling your house
           | clean
           | 
           | Not that outlandish. My shower glass is covered in high tech
           | hydrophobic substance which keeps it clean, but I have to
           | replace it every couple of years. My kid's high chair is
           | covered in easily washable rubber surface that I can
           | literally peel off after a meal, rinse, and replace.
           | 
           | So overall, practical idea that is partially applied.
        
             | ceejayoz wrote:
             | Hell, my house has vinyl siding. No repainting every 5-10
             | years and you can pressure wash it in an hour or two. Close
             | enough!
        
           | JofArnold wrote:
           | Huel?
        
             | Cthulhu_ wrote:
             | Huel / Soylent for nutrition, psyllium pills for filling /
             | bowel operation, pretty much that yeah lol
        
             | hwers wrote:
             | That's a funny one since Huel and Soylent kinda came about
             | _because of_ the 1920s meme idea that pills would replace
             | meals in the future. A lot of these might just be self
             | fulfilling prophecies.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | That's generally how things work. Sci-fi and stuff
               | influences the thoughts of others to help make the ideas
               | turn into creations. I think they even made a documentary
               | about all the Star Trek props that became a reality, but
               | I don't remember.
               | 
               | https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/16/world/gallery/science-
               | fiction...
        
               | webmaven wrote:
               | You might like this book:
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreams_Our_Stuff_Is_M
               | ade...
        
       | paradite wrote:
       | Yes, the prediction is incredibly accurate.
       | 
       | So my question would be: Is this a case of selection bias
       | (survival bias)?
       | 
       | Did we cherry picked one accurate prediction (at the right time)
       | out of many different predictions made about the future?
        
         | sovnade wrote:
         | That only seems relevant if the author of this had a vast
         | number of predictions.
         | 
         | Overall, yeah, there were tons. That doesn't detract from how
         | accurate this particular piece was.
        
           | Nbox9 wrote:
           | I'm unsure, unless the author is of especially high renown.
           | 
           | If there was two dozen "What life will be like in 100 years"
           | articles published per year in decently sized newspapers we
           | will have 240 such articles to choose from this decade.
           | Surely we would only see the most accurate of these
           | predictions, and that is survival bias.
           | 
           | Of course, maybe there was not a large variance between
           | predictions, or everyone is accurate to a similar level of
           | degree. In that case some other method of selecting which old
           | predictions we read will be at play, perhaps based on which
           | publications were better archived or random chance.
        
             | sovnade wrote:
             | It depends if we're judging the overall predictions of
             | everyone, or this specific author's predictions. I always
             | tend to look at it at the author-level, because otherwise
             | the infinite monkeys theorem applies anyway.
             | 
             | I think this author should be given credit for the
             | accuracy. He can't control what everyone else is writing
             | and how accurate or inaccurate they were. He can only
             | control his own predictions, and they were very good.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | wombatmobile wrote:
       | > It is easier to bring about a revolutionary scientific
       | discovery such as that of the X-ray than to alter in the least
       | degree the quality of emotion that arises between a man and a
       | maid.
       | 
       | The relationship between a man and a maid is a core
       | characteristic of a society.
       | 
       | The complexity of changing such relationships is attested to by
       | TFA, and yet, in many places, over a hundred years, we see (hard
       | fought) change.
       | 
       | A hundred years ago, or even fifty years ago, the downfalls of
       | Dominic Strauss-Kahn, Jeffrey Epstein, and Harvey Weinstein were
       | inconceivable.
       | 
       | So was #MeToo.
       | 
       | But there's as much tech in the hash tag as there is in the
       | x-ray, or more if you just count the investment dollars.
       | 
       | Technology and social relations define and redefine each other in
       | long epicycles.
        
       | I-M-S wrote:
       | If anyone else is interested in the author who exerted such
       | prescience, Wikipedia has an article:
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._L._George
        
       | evancoop wrote:
       | The reality is that no such projection is plausible. Could a
       | human being living in 1903, before the Wright Brothers have
       | predicted a moon landing only 66 years later? Could anyone in
       | 1990 have predicted the smartphone, let alone 1922? Only one
       | prediction is worthy of confidence - the world of technology will
       | increase at an exponential rate...and the world will improve.
       | 
       | We lament progress, but few of us would choose 1922 over 2022 (I
       | mean, the sanitation and medical care alone makes the decision
       | trivial on my end). Even fewer would choose 2022 in 2122.
        
         | tempestn wrote:
         | Over the broad arc of history things have gotten better over
         | the long term. I'm not sure that's always the case though.
         | Exponential growth of technology, or anything else, physically
         | can't last forever. What does it look like when it stops?
         | 
         | I do agree that whatever complaints we might have about the
         | present though, it's better than any time in history save for
         | possibly the very recent past. And I think it's a good bet that
         | 2122 will indeed be better. I just wouldn't call it a
         | certainty.
        
         | jfk13 wrote:
         | > Only one prediction is worthy of confidence - the world of
         | technology will increase at an exponential rate...and the world
         | will improve.
         | 
         | I'm not actually very confident about that last part...
        
         | inglor_cz wrote:
         | Too many smart (or smart-sounding) people either here or on
         | Reddit claim casually that some X will take hundreds of years
         | to do. Where X may be artificial intelligence, conquest of
         | longevity or whatever else.
         | 
         | The reality is that we do not know. Some things may be out of
         | our reach forever, but contemporary world has by far the
         | highest count of scientists ever and the talent pool is
         | widening as countries such as Bangladesh escape their previous
         | crushing poverty. To this comes politics. A second Cold War
         | with China may be terrifying and yet enormously scientifically
         | productive, much like WWII and the previous Cold War was.
         | 
         | I am personally not willing to make any technical/scientific
         | predictions beyond 2030. Political even less so.
        
           | Guillaume86 wrote:
           | > Too many smart (or smart-sounding) people either here or on
           | Reddit claim casually that some X will take hundreds of years
           | to do. Where X may be artificial intelligence, conquest of
           | longevity or whatever else.
           | 
           | > The reality is that we do not know
           | 
           | Yeah, but it works both ways, I see a lot of people on reddit
           | claiming aging will be solved in X years (usually in their
           | lifetime) and it does not sound any smarter.
        
             | lelanthran wrote:
             | I have never seen a that claim, but since 2012 I have seen
             | not numerous upvoted posts on various forums that full self
             | driving cars are only five years away.
             | 
             | I routinely saw similarly outlandish claims about AI in
             | general.
        
             | inglor_cz wrote:
             | True, it does not sound any better, especially if you take
             | into account the progress of other challenges in medicine.
             | 
             | We aren't anywhere close to, say, solving cancer, but we
             | are conquering new territory inch by inch, with a massive
             | difference of outcomes in last 50 years or so.
             | 
             | I suspect the same is going to happen in the longevity
             | field. Dr. Gregory Fahy managed to rejuvenate the thymus in
             | several individuals (TRIIM and TRIIM-X trials) and lower
             | their epigenetic age. It might have well been the first
             | baby step on that journey.
        
         | Damogran6 wrote:
         | In none of the hard Sci-Fi I read as a child did they say "I
         | needn't worry for light, as I had my portable cellphone"
         | 
         | Will you have AR displays that hide the information an make a
         | room otherwise appear devoid of technology? Yes...because
         | normal people don't fetishize technology and HGTV tells me it
         | should be hidden from sight.
         | 
         | Will it be a display projected on your contact lenses, a mist
         | excreted from a rod with lasers shined upon it, or a projector
         | with a funky short throw lens? Man, I've got no clue...but all
         | the fiction I've seen with fantastic display technology shows:
         | We'll will it into existence.
        
           | bluGill wrote:
           | Maybe those hard SciFi were set in an age where people have
           | advanced beyond the phone.
        
           | Laforet wrote:
           | 70s and 80s scifi media frequently depict floppy disks being
           | used well into the 22nd century and beyond, despite the fact
           | that optical and solid state storage did exist in some form
           | back then.
           | 
           | Either is is done to make the scenes relatable to the
           | contemporary audience, or human beings really lack the
           | abiltiy to imagine things they have no empirical experience
           | with.
        
             | ogogmad wrote:
             | Do the details of the storage medium matter? It still
             | stores ones and zeros - who cares how?
        
             | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
             | TV/Movie scifi is mostly the last place you'd look for bold
             | imaginings of future technology. Star Trek had a few hits
             | with communicators, PADDs, and touch screen controls, but
             | generally designs are very much of their time.
             | 
             | It's very obvious with modern scifi where controls are
             | usually holographic projections with cyan grids and twirly
             | animations. After a while these designs become lazy tropes
             | - like villains who wear chunky black leather.
             | 
             | Compare with something like Olaf Stapledon's Last and First
             | Men, which is far more adventurous about possible futures.
             | 
             | The background problem is that the 20th century was set up
             | for an explosion of invention by the late 19th, with
             | Maxwell/Heaviside leading the charge and eventually leading
             | to game changer developments like relativity and quantum
             | theory. In math Boolean algebra fell out almost by accident
             | from attempts to find a theory of computability which
             | eventually led to modern computing.
             | 
             | These were all bedrock insights which completely changed
             | what was possible in the physical world.
             | 
             | Where's the modern equivalent? There isn't one. Insights at
             | that level more or less stopped happening after the
             | discovery of DNA and the creation of Shannon's Information
             | Theory.
             | 
             | Quantum Gravity _might_ be the next game changer, but it
             | also might not, and in any case it 's an unknown distance
             | away. The rest is detail work, not ground breaking
             | transformation.
        
               | atq2119 wrote:
               | The discovery of DNA may well be the Maxwell-style
               | foundation for the next game changer. It hasn't been a
               | century yet, and we've just deployed the first mRNA
               | vaccines last year...
        
               | ogogmad wrote:
               | > Where's the modern equivalent? There isn't one.
               | Insights at that level more or less stopped happening
               | after the discovery of DNA and the creation of Shannon's
               | Information Theory.
               | 
               | I think Machine Learning today is equivalent in magnitude
               | to the other scientific breakthroughs you mentioned. I
               | don't know if you're overlooking it because it's mainly
               | engineering-led.
        
         | intrasight wrote:
         | A telco executive's astute predictions
         | 
         | "Just what form the future telephone will take is, of course,
         | pure speculation. Here is my prophecy: In its final
         | development, the telephone will be carried about by the
         | individual, perhaps as we carry a watch today. It probably will
         | require no dial or equivalent and I think the users will be
         | able to see each other, if they want, as they talk. Who knows
         | but it may actually translate from one language to another?" -
         | Mark Sullivan, April 9, 1953
        
           | dougmwne wrote:
           | Of all our technology, I truly think the smartphone is one of
           | the most impressive and futuristic things ever invented. It's
           | the kind of thing Star Trek thought was hundreds of years in
           | the future and that most sci-fi failed to imagine. It is
           | individually transformative in a way that space flight will
           | probably never be. Our information tech is likely to continue
           | racing forward and this current moment will look analog in
           | comparison.
        
             | intrasight wrote:
             | The future may be analog - if you look far enough.
             | 
             | We are analog.
        
             | ajmurmann wrote:
             | There was a great scene in Station 11 which is partially
             | set after civilization-destroying pandemic in which one
             | character who was born before the pandemic explains to
             | someone who was born after how ride sharing apps worked on
             | a cell phone. It's magic of you describe it from scratch.
             | The tiny device has access to a detailed mail of the entire
             | planet, knows where you are and then a car shows up to
             | transport you to your destination without exchanging and
             | tangible money or even talking about it.
             | 
             | It's also telling that older SciFi gets this all wrong. In
             | Asimov's Lucky Starr the protagonist had a space ship that
             | can travel through the outer layers of the sun and someone
             | had a dwelling on an hollowed out asteroid. Tables use
             | energy fields for easier cleaning. Yet, the ships board
             | computer doesn't even have a display and needs to print
             | everything.
        
               | dougmwne wrote:
               | Asimov envisioned printers on spaceships and every
               | evening I put on a pair of goggles that lets me interact
               | with an omnidirectional volumetric display with
               | millimeter accurate head and hand tracking. I think we
               | are starting to outrun our own imagination.
        
               | intrasight wrote:
               | Someone clearly is still imaging the stuff - and then
               | building it!
        
         | rbanffy wrote:
         | > The reality is that no such projection is plausible.
         | 
         | It's getting increasingly difficult. The world of 1600 would be
         | easily understandable to someone from 1500 or 1400. When I was
         | born, no human eyes had seen the far side of the Moon (although
         | it was reasonably sure someone would, shortly, as happened in
         | december that year) and the closest thing to a cellphone was a
         | prop being used by Captain Kirk on the 23rd century.
         | 
         | > the world of technology will increase at an exponential rate
         | 
         | There are physical limits to that, so the exponential factor
         | may be reduced for a while. There is also a limit on how fast
         | we can develop new things that will give us a hard time (at
         | least until we develop a general enough AI, at which point all
         | bets are off - because we are literally not smart enough to
         | predict what happens next).
         | 
         | BTW, a couple years ago I had an accident that, if it happened
         | in 1900, I'd lose my leg.
         | 
         | So, yeah, 2022 is good for me, but I wouldn't turn down a
         | chance to last until 2122.
        
         | Macha wrote:
         | > Could anyone in 1990 have predicted the smartphone
         | 
         | Yes. It was called a communicator in fiction of the day. Did
         | they get the exact details right, or every use case (e.g.
         | replacing flashlights and music players)? No. Some of them used
         | holograms from watches or big old handsets with a screen
         | instead of a keypad but still big ear cups. But a portable
         | device that could be used for voice calls, video calls,
         | information lookup, note taking, certainly existed in fiction
         | prior to the 90s.
        
           | jpindar wrote:
           | In the 1950s, comic book detective Dick Tracy wore a two-way
           | wrist radio, which later included video.
        
             | dougmwne wrote:
             | Still waiting for them to add a camera to the Apple Watch.
             | Then it can be a full phone replacement for low tech days.
        
               | heavyarms wrote:
               | I've been thinking this since the Apple Watch came out,
               | but other than practical limitations (battery life)
               | there's always this problem: have you tried to hold your
               | arm out in front of your face and stare at your watch for
               | a while? It's not the most comfortable position. You
               | might have to add some extra arm/shoulder days in your
               | exercise routine.
        
               | dougmwne wrote:
               | I think a fisheye lens plus face recognition should solve
               | that nicely. As long as you can see the watch screen, the
               | image could be cropped, skewed and rotated to focus on
               | your face.
        
             | jaclaz wrote:
             | For the record it appeared in 1946:
             | 
             | https://dicktracy.fandom.com/wiki/2-Way_Wrist_Radio
             | 
             | and the video in 1964:
             | 
             | https://dicktracy.fandom.com/wiki/2-Way_Wrist_TV
             | 
             | More or less both are (fictional) "miniaturization" of
             | existing, known technologies.
        
         | amelius wrote:
         | Stallman could have.
        
         | ctdonath wrote:
         | "When wireless is perfectly applied the whole earth will be
         | converted into a huge brain, which in fact it is, all things
         | being particles of a real and rhythmic whole. We shall be able
         | to communicate with one another instantly, irrespective of
         | distance. Not only this, but through television and telephony
         | we shall see and hear one another as perfectly as though we
         | were face to face, despite intervening distances of thousands
         | of miles; and the instruments through which we shall be able to
         | do his will be amazingly simple compared with our present
         | telephone. A man will be able to carry one in his vest pocket."
         | - Nicola Tesla, 1926
        
         | GrumpyNl wrote:
         | Jules Verne did a pretty good job.
        
         | Robotbeat wrote:
         | > _The reality is that no such projection is plausible. Could a
         | human being living in 1903, before the Wright Brothers have
         | predicted a moon landing only 66 years later?_
         | 
         | I mean, Jules Verne suggested trips to the Moon earlier than
         | that in 1965 via cannon (from the coast of Florida!).
         | Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1903, rejecting cannons on technical
         | grounds (the speed of gunpowder's gases too slow to break from
         | Earth's gravity as well as the impractical extremes in
         | acceleration), proposed using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen
         | in a multistage rocket for reaching the Moon... Which is what 2
         | of the 3 stages of the Saturn V used, so he was pretty
         | accurate. He also suggested the need for oxygen, CO2 scrubbers,
         | automatic machine guidance, thrust vector control using both
         | external fins and fins in the flow of the gases (both methods
         | became used on rockets for early spaceflight) as well as
         | suggesting the use of a sun sensor (star tracker) and
         | gyroscopes for guidance. It's remarkable how many critical
         | features of spaceflight were invented by Tsiolkovsky in that
         | document. Granted, I don't remember an actual forecasted date
         | for these predictions, but he foresaw most of the technical
         | features of spaceflight correctly.
         | 
         | https://spacemedicineassociation.org/download/history/histor...
         | 
         | Projections from Nikola Tesla suggested similar things to the
         | smartphone around that timeline.
         | 
         | If you look at technical pioneers using logical consequences of
         | actual known physics and engineering, they can make pretty
         | remarkably prescient predictions.
        
         | pbourke wrote:
         | > Could anyone in 1990 have predicted the smartphone, let alone
         | 1922?
         | 
         | Yes
         | 
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Newton
        
       | dave333 wrote:
       | Article is pretty good and gets a lot of things right. So what
       | will the world be like in 2122? Climate catastrophe? Will AI have
       | taken over? Will democracy survive? Will people still travel or
       | just interact virtually/remotely?
        
       | nottorp wrote:
       | He got a lot of things right but, like everyone else, they didn't
       | predict the internet and its consequences.
       | 
       | Does anyone know of a proper prediction of the internet? And I
       | don't mean predicting handheld devices or wireless networking.
       | Predicting the decentralized communication part that makes
       | distance irellevant and upgrades point to point communication to
       | group.
       | 
       | And its consequence that it's very easy now to find a group that
       | shares your biases :)
        
         | arcade79 wrote:
         | Not necessarily what you're looking for, but I always found The
         | Shockwave Rider to be impressive:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shockwave_Rider
         | 
         | 1975 though, so quite recent.
        
           | nottorp wrote:
           | If we're talking Brunner, Stand on Zanzibar is even more
           | prescient socially. Not 100 years ago though.
        
         | max_ wrote:
         | 1950's America had online shopping.[0]. This may be the closest
         | thing to today's websites.
         | 
         | [0]https://www.messynessychic.com/2016/01/14/online-shopping-
         | in...
        
         | koonsolo wrote:
         | In that sense, I really wonder what will be there in 50 or 100
         | years, and that we are now completely unable to predict.
        
         | azangru wrote:
         | > like everyone else, they didn't predict the internet
         | 
         | Nor the computer, personal or otherwise; nor robotics. It's
         | funny to see how he could predict, sometimes with surprising
         | accuracy, the trajectory of development of technologies that
         | were already in place, but could not fathom what had not yet
         | been discovered and thus had not yet entered the public
         | discourse.
        
         | user3939382 wrote:
         | Yep -- check out Marshall McLuhan & the Global Village, which
         | he put out in the 60s. Very prescient.
        
           | nottorp wrote:
           | Hmm I read him long ago, but I vaguely recollect he didn't
           | catch the decentralization much? If he did I must reread.
           | 
           | Edit. Oh oops. Read the summary for Gutenberg Galaxy on
           | wikipedia. Turns out i MUST reread.
        
         | jkestner wrote:
         | Not exactly a prediction, but The Victorian Internet is a good
         | read: https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/victorian-
         | internet-97816355739...
         | 
         | That revolution was more about the speed that information
         | travels than who has access to it.
        
       | dznodes wrote:
       | This is so accurate it seems almost fake.
       | 
       | Who has written something similar about the next 100 years?
       | 
       | Preferably with as much positivity and wisdom as this gentleman
       | had.
        
       | viraptor wrote:
       | When he mentions the lack of cables, he's pretty close with most
       | of them being underground. But also he's incredible close if you
       | consider the mess of cables that was the Stockholm telephone
       | tower, functioning until 1913
       | https://www.amusingplanet.com/2017/09/the-stockholm-telephon...
        
         | worldvoyageur wrote:
         | It is an excellent article, I agree. However, it strikes me
         | that the author was more likely female than male. (gender
         | deliberately obscured in the author's name, 'W.L. George', for
         | instance.).
         | 
         | If a male writer, the article is even more impressive given the
         | clear sensitivity to, and awareness of, women's issues and the
         | likely impact of technology and social changes on women.
         | 
         | That said, the author was likely a person of privilege rather
         | than someone more representative of the population of 1922. A
         | starving writer was unlikely to have been so focused on the
         | challenges of hiring good household staff.
        
           | Maskawanian wrote:
           | Author was male: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._L._George
        
             | worldvoyageur wrote:
             | Cool! Excellent predictions for the future, not just for
             | technology, but also for social change from a broader
             | perspective than just that of the lived experience of the
             | author.
             | 
             | (W.L. = Walter Lionel, as revealled by a bit more
             | searching)
        
           | macns wrote:
           | "Cautious feminist" describes himself as:
           | 
           |  _But it is unlikely that women will have an achieved
           | equality with men. Cautious feminists such as myself realize
           | that things go slowly and that a brief hundred years will not
           | wipe out the effects on women of 30,000 years of slavery._
           | 
           | He's definitely on point 100 years later.
        
         | tpmx wrote:
         | In the same building, downstairs, a year after the commercial
         | launch of the telephone tower in 1887:
         | 
         | https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Allm%C3%...
        
         | braramod wrote:
         | I agree, but some other countries are still not using the
         | underground as a cable management system.
        
         | capekwasright wrote:
         | That's wild, thanks for sharing. I'd have to imagine it's
         | served as some level of inspiration for Simon Stalenhag's work.
         | 
         | Ex:
         | http://www.simonstalenhag.se/bilderbig/by_procession_1920.jp...
        
       | paxys wrote:
       | Going to be "that guy" and say that almost everything he
       | accurately predicted was already commonplace or on the rise in
       | the 1920s.
       | 
       | - Commercial flights had started a decade earlier. There were
       | even successful transatlantic flights.
       | 
       | - The women empowerment and feminism movement was in full swing.
       | Women had just got the right to vote. A large percentage had
       | careers and even unions.
       | 
       | - Wireless radio and telegraph were established in most parts of
       | the world.
       | 
       | - Cinema, with sound and color, was already a thing.
       | 
       | In fact he missed the mark on his actual predictions - food
       | pills, paper mache furniture, no private dwellings, glass domed
       | cities, nationalized industries in the US, no more opportunity in
       | the US (funny since we are on a SV entrepreneurs forum right
       | now).
        
         | otabdeveloper4 wrote:
         | > paper mache furniture
         | 
         | Wait till you find out what that Ikea crap is made of. :)
        
           | RedBeetDeadpool wrote:
           | I once put a stool on a coffee table to put up a few curtains
           | and the leg of the stool went through the surface of the
           | coffee table. That surface is more or less paper mache by my
           | book.
           | 
           | Maybe the "paper" in the "mache" is not as finely ground and
           | instead made of more granular wood chips, but its definitely
           | made of a thin lamination of wood grounds held together by
           | some adhesive.
           | 
           | Its light as a feather though, so that's pretty nice.
        
             | jakemoshenko wrote:
             | I had to drill a hole for cables with a hole saw in my
             | wife's IKEA desk. Imagine my surprise when it was basically
             | laminate on top of corrugated cardboard strips arranged
             | vertically with actual empty space between them!
             | 
             | It might even be this exact one:
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vNRY6natiY
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | I find IKEA's materials work remarkable - their materials
             | are finely engineered to be light and pretty enough, and,
             | at the same time, being sufficiently strong to bear the
             | loads it's designed to. I'm writing this on an IKEA desk
             | with 4 big monitors and 2 laptops, plus an assortment of
             | external drives and docking stations.
             | 
             | It's certainly not designed to bear my weight on 4 small
             | spots, however, so I wouldn't even try that. It's not made
             | of solid wood, but the furniture-equivalent of an F-22
             | wing.
        
               | mywittyname wrote:
               | I have these $5 end tables that are going on 10 years of
               | use. They are just basic 4 post tables with square tops,
               | but they are light enough that I can pick them up by edge
               | with one hand while laying on the couch, but are still
               | like 20"x20". They've all been relegated to shop use
               | anymore, yet they are still perfect.
               | 
               | All of my previous ikea desks are also spending their
               | sunset years toiling away in the shop. The oldest one is
               | 20 years old and I use it for assembling heaving parts
               | because nothing sticks to whatever plastic coating they
               | use on their desktops.
               | 
               | Also, the obligatory note that Ikea does sell solid wood
               | furniture. It's made of softwoods, like pine or fir, but
               | if you put it together with wood glue, it will absolutely
               | outlive you. I have a dresser that's survived six moves
               | where I never bothered to unload it.
        
               | aidenn0 wrote:
               | I haven't bought IKEA in a while; the last time I did,
               | they used a lot of MDF, which is rather heavy for its
               | strength...
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | My desk is two thin sheets of MDF with a honeycomb-like
               | structure inside. Thicker wall-mounted shelves are more
               | or less the same, with supports anchoring the top and
               | bottom sheets.
        
         | shuntress wrote:
         | While "food pills" are obviously wrong, I think the general
         | concept of "prepared food" vs "cooking" is decently accurate.
         | 
         | Paper mache furniture no but disposable furniture, yeah, kind
         | of.
         | 
         | Private dwellings you could maybe stretch to make some sort of
         | comparison to rates of renting vs owning but that is a stretch.
         | 
         | On nationalized industries and trust busting we seem to have
         | gone against his prediction.
         | 
         | Regarding "no more opportunity" I think the possibility of The
         | Information Age was not even in the same dimension as this
         | guy's RADAR.
        
         | rpowers wrote:
         | I agree.
         | 
         | However, having just recently replaced a couch from a chain
         | retailer, I can attest that they are pretty much made from
         | paper mache.
        
       | wombatmobile wrote:
       | Is there a text version of this? I'm having trouble navigating
       | the pdf with one hand on my phone from this hospital bed.
        
         | nyuszika7h wrote:
         | There's a button called "Show Text".
         | https://i.imgur.com/sf7ztjZ.png
        
           | wombatmobile wrote:
           | Top. Thanks!
        
             | jerrre wrote:
             | Off-topic but: is "Top" in this context a Dutchism? I only
             | know it from Dutch people
        
               | wombatmobile wrote:
               | Australian. Short for "top notch".
        
       | raskelof wrote:
       | So to the interesting question, what will the world be like in
       | 2122?
        
       | foobarbecue wrote:
       | Fascinating. I guess about one third of his predictions were
       | correct. Eye-opening moments for me:
       | 
       | - "white countries"
       | 
       | - "radial energy"
       | 
       | - "the servant problem"
       | 
       | - no smoke in the house, "perhaps not even tobacco"
       | 
       | - "the child is likely to be taken over by the State"
       | 
       | - His vision of a house filled with frequently replaced
       | disposable surfaces
       | 
       | - "king of Jugo-Slavia" [will still reign]
       | 
       | - "the American race [will become homogenous]"
       | 
       | - "there will be no more opportunity [in America]" but that's a
       | good thing
        
         | shawabawa3 wrote:
         | > "the child is likely to be taken over by the State"
         | 
         | I'd be interested what daycare and school looked like in 1922,
         | because arguably childcare is mostly state run at this point
        
           | throwawaygh wrote:
           | In 1920,
           | 
           | * the high school graduation rate was around 16%. (Up from
           | below 10% in 1910!)
           | 
           | * only 8 million women were in the labor force
           | 
           | * Child labor laws either actually or functionally did not
           | exist (the major federal laws were not passed in the 30s.)
           | 
           | * The industrial revolution was in full swing, but huge
           | swaths of the labor economy were still _very_ agrarian.
           | 
           | For the working class, early childhood care was provided by
           | mothers and beyond that daycare/schooling was provided by the
           | factories and farm fields.
        
         | selimthegrim wrote:
         | I wonder how he expected the American race to be homogeneous
         | with segregation. He was probably implicitly meaning all the
         | new European immigrants.
        
         | tempestn wrote:
         | I think the 'no more opportunity' point was largely correct.
         | America _is_ now developed in much the way England was in 1922.
         | It does mean the limitless opportunity of 100 years ago is gone
         | for the vast majority. But it also means the majority are far
         | wealthier than they were. As he predicts, people only work 7-8
         | hours a day now, and often only 5 days a week. 50-60 hours a
         | week was the norm in 1920. But at the same time, people do feel
         | that lack of opportunity.
         | 
         | For a prediction made 100 years out, I'd call it dead accurate.
        
       | askin4it wrote:
       | the two preceding pages...situations wanted and help wanted
       | 
       | https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045774/1922-05-07/ed-1/?sp=...
       | 
       | https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045774/1922-05-07/ed-1/?sp=...
        
       | viraptor wrote:
       | The "less cleaning due to less coal" part is not something we
       | really think much about these days, but the older limestone
       | buildings can really show the difference. Here's a view with the
       | old and either pressure-washed or redone wall:
       | https://maps.app.goo.gl/Wso9gae4JPsN6NaG6 and that's on a
       | residential side street... Imagine getting your clothes slowly
       | covered with it every time you go out.
        
         | glandium wrote:
         | Remember how e.g. Notre Dame de Paris looked like before they
         | cleaned it?
        
         | adamjb wrote:
         | I live in a suburb with a power station that was converted from
         | coal to gas in the 70s. My older neighbours have told me that
         | they had to careful when hanging clothes out to try, lest they
         | got so dirty that they'd have to wash them again.
        
         | tonyedgecombe wrote:
         | Years ago (1986) I worked on a project for one of the bigger
         | power stations in the UK. We created a digital display which
         | showed which way the wind was blowing so they could choose
         | which coal to burn. They had been getting complaints about the
         | dirt on peoples line dried clothes.
        
         | datavirtue wrote:
         | Now it's just an invisible polluter/killer.
        
         | retrac wrote:
         | That was one of the most striking differences I noticed when I
         | saw a bunch of photos from c. 1970 of my hometown (Toronto).
         | Everything that wasn't freshly painted was grubby in a way you
         | don't see anymore here.
         | 
         | 1971: https://www.blogto.com/upload/2014/03/20111020-royal-
         | alex-f0...
         | 
         | 2009:
         | https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Royal_Al...
         | 
         | We phased out most coal in the 70s with the last eliminated in
         | the early 2000s. I do not miss the vibrant orange sunsets in
         | summer.
        
         | kinbiko wrote:
         | Before clicking on this link I was thinking "oh yeah, I know of
         | one such example near where I used to live in Bath". And then I
         | clicked the link... and now I'm terrified of you.
        
           | viraptor wrote:
           | We may have met :-) It was actually hard to find a good
           | example on street view today - the whole centre is washed now
           | and Cheap/Westgate aren't black for over a decade.
        
         | Aachen wrote:
         | That link doesn't work for me, I get an infinitely loading
         | spinner (in the address bar, behind the overlay, it says
         | something about intent://) and the back button doesn't work so
         | I have to kill the browser. Probably because I'm not using
         | official chrome or something but a foss webview browser, it
         | pops over and disables the app I was coming from but the
         | content never loads. Can someone translate it into a regular
         | link, or a screenshot of the content?
         | 
         | Edit: it works in Firefox (Fennec), here is the content in a
         | normal picture: https://snipboard.io/uxGWaZ.jpg
        
         | Cthulhu_ wrote:
         | There was a great picture of I think Manchester before and
         | after a ban on wood / coal and a good cleanup, it went from
         | black buildings to a place that looked pretty decent.
        
       | yalogin wrote:
       | The popular culture in those days and may be even a few decades
       | after that always predicted food intake to minimized to pills.
       | Has there ever been attempt to do so? I mean any company or
       | university attempting to deliver the same nutrients and
       | satisfaction in a much reduced form factor?
        
         | progval wrote:
         | Kind of, but still much larger than pills:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soylent_(meal_replacement)
        
       | never_a-pickle wrote:
       | Certain things the author got completely wrong (rise of racial
       | politics, actual liberalism of thought), but his level-headed
       | approach got him 75% of the way there.
       | 
       | Though culturally he was eerily correct re: State-as-family.
        
         | gumby wrote:
         | > Though culturally he was eerily correct re: State-as-family
         | 
         | That's not particularly surprising as it was one of the key
         | philosophies of the age: the Russian revolution was only a few
         | years old (and didn't spring from nowhere) while some of the
         | competing philosophies, like anarchism and bimetallism, had
         | burned out.
        
       | Animats wrote:
       | _" There was a time when the mistress of the house, having given
       | instructions to the servants, need do nothing at all. Of course,
       | the servants had to slave, day in and day out."_
       | 
       | Doordash. Uber. Grubhub. TaskRabbit. All require an underclass.
       | Is this progress?
        
       | parksy wrote:
       | What stands out to me is the prescience in the speed and
       | penetration of technological advancements juxtaposed with an
       | apparent blind spot for the advancements in social change. Even
       | the most dire or utopian science fiction of the early to mid 20th
       | century seems to reasonably accurately predict technological
       | changes but somehow expects that future social structures will
       | somehow fall into place or adapt to the technology. They imagine
       | these wild technological advancements and bludgeon them into
       | their current-day social mores.
       | 
       | Thinking about today, where the topic of the day is distributed
       | trustless computing and so on, it's easy to imagine now the cat's
       | out of the bag that in 100 years, old institutions like banks,
       | notaries, record-keeping (Hansards etc) could be obsolete,
       | knowledge becomes distributed and every human commands one or
       | more nodes in a constant system of cross-referencing - clients
       | and servers cease to be relevant as a concept, information is
       | just a pool you dip into as needed (with helpful AI assistants to
       | bring things to your attention and/or demand your attention). It
       | could be so pervasive it wouldn't garner a second's thought in
       | the mind of a 2122 individual. Information is just there, always,
       | forever, and always cross-checked for correctness. Duh. (not
       | saying this is even an ideal future, or likely, but it's a trend
       | that's easily extrapolated)
       | 
       | But if that did come to pass, how does that change the fabric of
       | society in 2122? Does the relationship between society and the
       | products it demands and produces change significantly? Does the
       | status-quo stay more or less the same between the workers and the
       | organisers? Do we find a way to deal with cultural differences
       | globally or adopt the "metaverse" and slowly fragment into
       | virtual islands of relative ideological same-ness? These are much
       | harder things to predict, just how in 1922 the idea of not having
       | servants at home to do the bidding of the family matriarch seemed
       | so far-fetched that even an imagined hundred years of progress
       | couldn't fully erase the notion; what concepts do we see as being
       | so firmly entrenched in our culture(s) today that no upheaval of
       | technology could convince us they'd also be on the way out, if
       | not obsolete, in 100 years.
       | 
       | I love seeing these old predictions as much for what they got
       | right as for what they missed. I showed my 12 year old daughter
       | this article and we had a light-hearted conversation about it but
       | she said something that struck me; "society probably won't even
       | be here in 100 years" - I hope that isn't true, it's not
       | something I've directly taught her to believe, but we're
       | surrounded on all fronts by media filled with dire predictions of
       | humanity's collapse and self-destruction on a daily basis, so I'm
       | going to have to work to instil some hope. I am heartened
       | slightly as historically it seems we're really bad at predicting
       | how society as a whole will change long-term, so I do hope we're
       | wrong on the old boiled frogs / status-quo inertia analogies, and
       | that our species makes some giant leaps in terms of collective
       | environmental and social responsibility in the next 100 years.
       | 
       | Nothing really profound I know just a dad pondering his kids
       | futures, fingers crossed we figure some things out.
        
         | throwawaygh wrote:
         | _> where the topic of the day is distributed trustless
         | computing_
         | 
         | No one in my circles talks about those things. Even the vast
         | majority of crypto investors don't give a shit about
         | "distributed" or "trustless" or "computing".
         | 
         | The topics of the day are:
         | 
         | 1. climate change
         | 
         | 2. automation (especially logistics and war)
         | 
         | 3. the tension between nationalism and globalization (both with
         | respect to communication, commodity extraction, manufacturing,
         | knowledge production, ...).
         | 
         | Flip the ordering of 1 and 3 if you'd like.
         | 
         |  _> old institutions like banks, notaries, record-keeping
         | (Hansards etc) could be obsolete_
         | 
         | I can't think of a single less exciting thing to say about the
         | future.
         | 
         | The average person uses a notary perhaps a few times in their
         | life.
         | 
         | The average bank provides the average person with a nearly
         | flawless UX. Anything that replaces a bank will look like a
         | digital bank account and behave like a digital bank account and
         | probably also be regulated like a digital bank account. For
         | almost all people, this is literally equivalent to staying "by
         | 2122 the IBM COBOL mainframes powering banks will have been
         | replaced with Java running on commodity hardware". Even if it's
         | true... who cares?
         | 
         |  _> knowledge becomes distributed and every human commands one
         | or more nodes in a constant system of cross-referencing -
         | clients and servers cease to be relevant as a concept,
         | information is just a pool you dip into as needed (with helpful
         | AI assistants to bring things to your attention and /or demand
         | your attention)._
         | 
         | It's not 1999 anymore; we know how the WWW turned out.
        
       | wuliwong wrote:
       | From a quick reading of the entire article, I came away impressed
       | with how much was quite accurate.
        
       | bambax wrote:
       | It's striking that most of his true predictions were already in
       | place in the sixties, a mere 40 years after the article was
       | written (and some, much earlier). When we think about the distant
       | future we simply think about tomorrow.
        
         | golergka wrote:
         | > It's striking that most of his true predictions were already
         | in place in the sixties
         | 
         | In first world countries, may be. Now more of them are true for
         | more and more people all around the globe too.
        
           | Damogran6 wrote:
           | "The future is already here - it's just not evenly
           | distributed.
           | 
           | The Economist, December 4, 2003"
           | 
           | -- William Gibson
        
         | Damogran6 wrote:
         | I think it's very easy to dismiss the creeping surge of the
         | future...You have computers EVERYWHERE, and with the Cloud -
         | somewhere else...but you also have access to a significant
         | percentage of the music recorded over the last 80 years, the
         | ability to predict future health issues by sending some spit to
         | someone via the mail, the internet from SPACE, and a supply
         | chain where it's easier to make a $.62 knicknack half a world
         | away, put it in a container on a boat and it can be requested
         | and sent to you same day, using your cellphone....while it
         | wirelessly sends that music to your ears using devices that
         | remove unwanted environmental noise.
        
       | SavantIdiot wrote:
       | More importantly, what FONTS will be in vogue in 100 years???
        
       | marcus_holmes wrote:
       | I was fascinated to read about the predictions of communal-living
       | skyscrapers with their own management, etc. Eerily similar to the
       | Hab Blocks of Mega City 1
       | 
       | I then came to horrifying realisation that 1977 (when Judge Dredd
       | first appeared) is only 55 years after the article, and now 45
       | years behind us(!!!). More or less halfway. Totally reasonable
       | for them to have read this article, and still been far enough
       | away from now to assume that this will still happen. This could
       | easily have been the inspiration for Blocks.
        
         | bleuchase wrote:
         | And now we have Charlie Munger gleefully making faceless,
         | windowless monoliths a reality.
        
       | aksgoel wrote:
       | Loved the poetic tone in the writing (1992). A lot less try than
       | today's writing. What caused writing tone to shift over the
       | century?
        
         | paradite wrote:
         | People having less attention span (instant gratification),
         | favouring utility and efficiency over aesthetics.
        
       | golemotron wrote:
       | I can't read the text. Does it say everyone will be overweight,
       | inactive, neurotic, trapped in their houses and living lives
       | devoid of in-person social interaction?
        
       | shuntress wrote:
       | The more things change the they stay the same.
       | 
       | It's really interesting to read this, genuinely prescient,
       | starkly logical analysis that seems quite liberal and self-aware
       | while also deeply soaked in un-acknowledged bias.
       | 
       | The time this was written was around the peak of the suffrage
       | movement a couple years after the 19th amendment. That, perhaps,
       | contributes to the placating tone in the author's description of
       | how little progress the movement will have made by 2022.
       | 
       | I think especially noteworthy is the apparent blind spot towards
       | the speed of information. He spends a lot of space articulating
       | the physical characteristics of a City of Tomorrow but no
       | consideration of what it might mean to quickly and easily read
       | anything that has ever been published.
       | 
       | Really interesting article.
       | 
       | EDIT: Another note regarding his whole segment on work,
       | production and leisure: he seems to only conceive of work as
       | _labor_. Where, for example, an additional hour spent shoveling
       | coal means another hour 's worth of shoveled coal while
       | forgetting to consider the possibility of "critical thinking"
       | production where an additional hour spent working does not
       | necessarily mean an additional hour spent being productive. A
       | good prediction here would have touched on what careers in more
       | "creative" production might look like.
        
       | js2 wrote:
       | The author, W.L. George, passed away in 1926, so he wouldn't live
       | long enough to revisit his predictions.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._L._George
        
       | lastofthemojito wrote:
       | Impressively thought-out article, but given the publication date
       | I'm also surprised there's no mention of the impacts of the flu
       | pandemic of 1918-1920. So much ink is currently being spilled
       | about how so many things will change thanks to the COVID
       | pandemic, whether architecture or remote work or medical
       | breakthroughs. I guess once the flu pandemic subsided it was no
       | longer at the forefront of thought?
        
         | wmiel wrote:
         | The Spanish flu largely overlapped with the WW1, and since its
         | 2nd wave had a high toll among people with strong immune system
         | (ex. young male) the perception was to a large degree mixed
         | with the perception of war and its casualties, at least in
         | Europe.
         | 
         | The name 'spanish flu' itself also stems from the fact that
         | most countries involved in the war didn't want to talk too much
         | about the Flu, while Spain retained neutrality and didn't have
         | incentives to keep it in the dark - this could also be a reason
         | that people were putting the aftermath of the pandemic in the
         | same bucket as the outcome of the Great War imo.
         | 
         | https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/1918-flu-pandemic
        
       | avnigo wrote:
       | What I understood from this article is that science and
       | technology may be more accurately projected than society and
       | politics; I would imagine because those seem to be more chaotic
       | processes, but also more easily carry the bias of the writer.
       | 
       | The article also highlights some shortcomings of the 1922
       | zeitgeist as there does not seem to be much thought about the
       | positive or negative environmental impacts of technology, other
       | than on air quality, or any talk on climate change.
        
         | nielsole wrote:
         | Pigou had just published the economics of welfare two years
         | earlier. The tragedy of the commons would only be published in
         | 1968. I wonder how much externalities were a commonly known
         | concept in 1922.
         | 
         | Resource exhaustion of oil he got more right than club of Rome
         | even in 1972.
        
         | rossdavidh wrote:
         | Well some of it is what your current standard is. Replacing the
         | horse, which puts feces on the road (albeit less smelly than
         | human feces, still really bad in the quantity of a city's
         | traffic), with the automobile, was actually a great improvement
         | in the environment. We don't think of it as such, because we
         | never saw horses in the quantity that a modern city has of
         | automobiles. But what kind of toxic sludge we would have gotten
         | from that much horse manure in a city is difficult for the
         | modern mind to imagine.
         | 
         | Similarly, the environmental impact of coal, when it was the
         | dominant method of heating a home, was not in some decades-off
         | global warming, it was in things like the London Fog
         | (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea_soup_fog), a pretty horrific
         | environmental situation. Moving to non-coal methods of heating
         | the home (which he mentions) is a big environmental
         | improvement.
        
       | mcsoft wrote:
       | Some predictions were super accurate (i.e. Europe to America in 8
       | hours), some failed (lunch in 4 pills), but, due to immense
       | optimism of human nature, one just couldn't envision the most
       | influencing events of XX century - the rise of totalitarianism
       | resulting in World War II and all its disasters. Something I
       | can't escape thinking about when reading modern predictions.
        
       | rkagerer wrote:
       | _I have a vision of walls, paper and hangings made of more or
       | less compressed papier mache, bound with brass or taping along
       | the edges._
       | 
       | Hah, he basically predicted Ikea!
        
       | jameshart wrote:
       | Regarding flying:
       | 
       | "The problem is mainly one of artificial heating and ventilation
       | to enable the aeronauts to survive."
       | 
       | And indeed, ventilation is the primary concern among air
       | passengers in 2022.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | ctdonath wrote:
       | Note that many of the predictions which didn't happen proved
       | doable but were a bad idea.
        
       | [deleted]
        
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