[HN Gopher] The control group is out of control (2014)
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       The control group is out of control (2014)
        
       Author : stakkur
       Score  : 116 points
       Date   : 2022-01-22 17:28 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (slatestarcodex.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (slatestarcodex.com)
        
       | amelius wrote:
       | Reminds me of a talk of Rupert Sheldrake at Google Talks:
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hic18Xyk9is
       | 
       | and then later he gave a talk called "The Science Delusion" which
       | got banned from TED:
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKHUaNAxsTg
        
         | 3np wrote:
         | What do you mean by "banned" (as opposed to just taken down
         | from their video channel)?
         | 
         | BTW, YouTube title says "TED TALK"; note that it's TEDx.
        
           | amelius wrote:
           | Does it matter? Sheldrake makes some wild claims, but
           | eloquently packs them in a talk that is entertaining and at
           | times thought-provoking. In any case, his braveness is
           | certainly admirable. Worth a watch, I would say (perhaps with
           | a pint of beer).
        
       | monocasa wrote:
       | [2014]
        
       | darkerside wrote:
       | Arthur Conan Doyle, through Sherlock Holmes, said, once you've
       | eliminated the impossible, what remains, no matter how
       | improbable, must be the truth.
       | 
       | This tells me that Schlitz actually has psychic powers and
       | Wiseman does not. It actually makes perfect sense. People who are
       | psychic wouldn't be skeptics, and people who are not psychic
       | certainly would be skeptics.
        
         | kibwen wrote:
         | I suppose that, had Conan Doyle been aware of quantum
         | mechanics, Sherlock Holmes would have spent a portion of every
         | case entertaining the notion that quantum phenomena caused the
         | universe to spontaneously arrange the crime scene.
         | 
         | "It's elementary particles, my dear Watson."
        
           | ModernMech wrote:
           | No, I think the story would have been exac
        
         | eternalban wrote:
         | > This tells me that Schlitz actually has psychic powers and
         | Wiseman does not.
         | 
         | Alternatively it is possible we all have psychic powers (but
         | not all are conscious of it) and our thoughts actually shape
         | our reality.
        
           | aradox66 wrote:
           | This is a simpler and more coherent theory that also has more
           | explanatory power
        
             | ReactiveJelly wrote:
             | It also simplifies gender theory a lot by making self-
             | identification the end of the discussion.
        
       | Sniffnoy wrote:
       | (2014)
        
       | jrockway wrote:
       | They need to invent control group version 2. It worked for Linux.
        
       | olliej wrote:
       | Well this certainly makes me glad that the only time I was having
       | to do statistical studies for research purposes, it was in the
       | context of generated code performance.
        
       | FabHK wrote:
       | The "fits of nervous laughter" paper by Wiseman & Schlitz (1998)
       | was replicated by Wiseman & Schlitz (1999) [1], with a similar
       | yet different result: RW (again) found no effect of staring, MS
       | found a significant (p=0.05) effect of staring, but with
       | _opposite_ direction than the 1998 paper.
       | 
       | [1] https://richardwiseman.files.wordpress.com/2020/04/expt2.pdf
       | , found on
       | 
       | https://richardwiseman.wordpress.com/research/parapsychology...
        
         | mannykannot wrote:
         | Hence the enthusiasm for preregistration of trials.
        
       | gumby wrote:
       | > That is, in let's say a drug testing experiment, you give some
       | people the drug and they recover. That doesn't tell you much
       | until you give some other people a placebo drug you know doesn't
       | work - but which they themselves believe in - and see how many of
       | them recover. That number tells you how many people will recover
       | whether the drug works or not. Unless people on your real drug do
       | significantly better than people on the placebo drug, you haven't
       | found anything.
       | 
       | I had a drug program in which we blew away the standard placebo
       | rate ... unfortunately our placebo arm did too, though not by as
       | much. But it was just enough that we weren't _enough_ better than
       | our placebo arm.
       | 
       | We changed modality from the current standard (we were an
       | injection rather than a tablet and all the trial participants
       | were super excited.
        
         | HWR_14 wrote:
         | So you just accidentally performed an experiment that
         | injections have a stronger placebo effect than pills.
        
           | dTal wrote:
           | For that, they would have needed a control group that took
           | placebo pills. They can estimate the likely behavior of such
           | a group from other trials, but it's not a rigorous experiment
           | unless they do it themselves, carefully controlling all the
           | other possible variables.
        
             | csee wrote:
             | Assuming methods were the same, the first study was the
             | control.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | civilized wrote:
         | There is no such thing as a standard placebo rate. If there
         | was, there would be no need for every study to have a control
         | group.
        
           | gumby wrote:
           | For the particular indication we were going after there had
           | been a number of topical trials and academic studies that
           | showed that the placebo response was less than 1%,
           | essentially no different from spontaneous (i.e. no
           | treatment). Same was true of oral. This is pretty common in
           | fungal infections unfortunately.
           | 
           | The FDA wanted us to compare against the topical treatment
           | placebo rate for various technical reasons.
           | 
           | Perhaps you thought that "standard" was some sort of standard
           | for any placebo for any indication and any mode of
           | administration? Indeed that would make no sense.
           | 
           | Even specifying a placebo itself is non obvious. Of course
           | your procedure and the object itself (tablet, whatever) is
           | ideally indistinguishable by the study participant and,
           | ideally the clinician (hard to do, say, when it's a surgical
           | procedure; you can't hide that from the clinician). But even
           | with a pill, you can't always just supply, say, a slug of
           | mannitol -- that might actually affect what you're studying.
        
             | civilized wrote:
             | Thanks, this is helpful additional info. Sorry, I didn't
             | mean to contradict you, I was actually trying to reinforce
             | the principle behind your experience. There is no true
             | "standard" for what sort of placebo should be used in a
             | trial, even if something has become "standard" in the sense
             | of commonly used. It is not something that can be specified
             | in the abstract, but is a matter of expert judgment with
             | many variables.
             | 
             | Your trial gave an appropriate placebo, regardless of the
             | "standard" in the field, and thus you were shielded from
             | overstating the evidence of drug effectiveness.
        
           | mauricioc wrote:
           | I understood it as "(standard placebo) rate", not "standard
           | (placebo rate)". That is:
           | 
           | "standard placebo" (tablets) << "new placebo format"
           | (injection with no active components) < "real drug"
           | (injection).
        
             | [deleted]
        
           | skrebbel wrote:
           | So maybe that isn't what the GP meant? You're telling the
           | person who did a study that they misunderstand the utter
           | basics of studies, based on a 3-sentence comment they wrote.
        
             | rictic wrote:
             | Sometimes people misunderstand the basics of their full
             | time work yes
             | 
             | We've all seen that person, and almost all of us have at
             | times _been_ that person
             | 
             | And unfortunately, given the replication crisis, there is
             | no reason to assume that a published scientist is not
             | making a fundamental error that undermines the validity of
             | their work. It apparently happens quite frequently, and we
             | should be quite grateful for those that question and probe
             | at assumptions and potentially faulty analysis techniques
        
             | [deleted]
        
       | nathanwh wrote:
       | Honestly this XKCD arguing that psychic phenomena don't exist
       | because they're not exploited for profit is a comforting
       | difficult to refute argument for me: https://xkcd.com/808/
        
         | HWR_14 wrote:
         | You don't know if people are using them for profit. Are the
         | best surgeons guided by auras or do Oil companies use
         | divinations?
        
         | TigeriusKirk wrote:
         | How do you know the things the chart says aren't happening
         | really aren't happening?
        
           | Groxx wrote:
           | Astrology, Tarot, and many similar things are absolutely used
           | by people in financial planning, yeah. And on the more
           | "acceptable" and orders of magnitude more people side of
           | things, just look at "lucky x" with lottery purchases.
           | 
           | But that's still a LOT less profit exploitation than e.g. GPS
           | which is ubiquitous. Curses haven't replaced drones in the
           | military. Crystals aren't in billions of electronic devices
           | wait
        
           | wtallis wrote:
           | There would be evidence. The chart helpfully points out a
           | specific kind of evidence that is more or less impossible to
           | conceal with any kind of conspiracy.
        
             | Izkata wrote:
             | One kind of possible evidence.
             | 
             | A flipside example: Financial world could instead be used
             | by individuals on casinos, betting, stock markets, etc. and
             | they'd have incentive to keep it secret so they keep
             | winning.
        
               | wtallis wrote:
               | It might be plausible to assume that someone exploiting
               | ESP or whatever to beat the house could keep the secret
               | of _how_ they 're winning. But it's a lot less plausible
               | to postulate that they could keep secret the fact that
               | they _are_ beating the house or beating the market,
               | unless the effect size is too small to be of much
               | interest in the first place (ie. you have to largely
               | abandon part of the original hypothesis: that the crazy
               | phenomenon actually _works_ ).
        
               | yosamino wrote:
               | This argument has the structure of a conspiracy theory:
               | "A small group of people being able to keep an enormous
               | secret, in order to manipulate the rest of us."
               | 
               | The more enormous the secret and the larger the group of
               | people who supposedly are in on it, the more the
               | probability of the secret not being a secret very long
               | approaches one.
               | 
               | I find it very unlikely that a shortcut to making a lot
               | of money would be secret for very long.
        
               | hirako2000 wrote:
               | no planned obsolescence took place for a number of
               | consumer products.
               | 
               | multiple and costly military invasions were to offer
               | democracy as goodwill and for world safety.
               | 
               | a certain vaccine I can't dare to name is a vaccine as it
               | does provide immunity.
               | 
               | the institutions of most democracies surely can't be so
               | corrupted.
               | 
               | worldwide cocoa isn't mostly harvested by enslaved
               | workers.
               | 
               | HIV is so far more prevalent in Africa because they can't
               | afford treatment and understand prevention measures
               | there.
               | 
               | JFK.
               | 
               | I could go on and on but not sure how many examples you
               | would need to accept that the chances for enormous
               | secrets known by even a significantly large group to not
               | take a freaking long time before blowing up is rather
               | close to zero. thus reconsidering your opinion on the
               | existence of conspiracies.
               | 
               | and, about shortcuts to making a lot of money being kept
               | rather well secrets: dark budgets, secret and hidden
               | inflation, supply fudging
        
               | wtallis wrote:
               | In particular, as the scope of the conspiracy grows, the
               | cost of _keeping_ that secret _very quickly_ outstrips
               | any potential profit from exploiting the secret. Eg. if
               | oil companies could use ESP to know where to drill, then
               | they would still need to be spending large sums of money
               | on computers and software to analyze seismic data, or
               | else the collapse of demand for those products would
               | expose the conspiracy.
        
         | aradox66 wrote:
        
         | theptip wrote:
         | It's a sound point. Even a very small edge in precognition or
         | mind reading (no matter how unreliable) would allow hedge funds
         | to beat the market and make a killing. Ergo these effects do
         | not exist because nobody is doing this.
        
           | HWR_14 wrote:
           | Mind reading doesn't seem terribly useful if it is in a
           | relatively small radius.
           | 
           | But you could do that, or just make enough money gambling in
           | poker rooms and racetracks.
           | 
           | Hell, if you could see a few days into the future, it might
           | be smartest to just break that out when the lottery gets big
           | enough one time.
        
           | mistermann wrote:
           | Actually this only shows that this specific form does not
           | exist, or has not been discovered, or possibly something else
           | both of us have overlooked.
        
           | rkk3 wrote:
           | Hedge funds do beat the market, individually. Steve Cohen
           | probably has psychic powers.
        
             | wtallis wrote:
             | > Steve Cohen probably has psychic powers.
             | 
             | What about his track record cannot be adequately explained
             | by mundane insider trading?
             | 
             | Edit: Puzzled by the downvotes. I think it's entirely fair
             | to ask whether Cohen is enough of an outlier that it
             | requires a psychic explanation, even after accounting for
             | the degree of success that can be reasonably attributed to
             | luck and non-psychic skill (effects which other hedge fund
             | managers are also subject to) plus the insider trading he's
             | been involved in (which other hedge fund managers are not
             | necessarily subject to).
             | 
             | In a world with a finite number of hedge fund managers,
             | there is always going to be somebody who is the most
             | successful out of the bunch, and that somebody is almost
             | certainly going to appear to be an outlier even without a
             | supernatural influence on their success. So before
             | attributing anything to psychic powers, we first have to
             | establish whether he's _too successful_ to be accounted for
             | by the non-psychic explanations. I genuinely don 't know
             | enough about Steve Cohen's track record to know whether
             | he's that much of an outlier, and I'd appreciate some real
             | information about the degree of his success rather than
             | just downvoting.
        
           | nradov wrote:
           | Just to play devil's advocate, how do you know they're not? A
           | psychic hedge fund manager wouldn't necessarily reveal their
           | secret.
        
             | alar44 wrote:
             | Because hedge funds don't beat the market for more than a
             | year or two at a time, no one does. It's all a scam.
             | Nothing beats just holding index funds.
        
               | aradox66 wrote:
               | That's only true on average.
        
               | CrazyStat wrote:
               | Renaissance's Medallion fund, net fees, has beat the
               | market almost every year since 1990. Twice by more than
               | 100 percentage points.
               | 
               | Maybe Simons is psychic and all the quant stuff is just a
               | coverup.
        
             | theptip wrote:
             | A single psychic hedge fund manager wouldn't reveal
             | themselves, but as an industry if you're trying to hire
             | psychics it would not be possible to keep this fact secret.
        
           | q-big wrote:
           | > Even a very small edge in precognition or mind reading (no
           | matter how unreliable) would allow hedge funds to beat the
           | market and make a killing. Ergo these effects do not exist
           | because nobody is doing this.
           | 
           | It is known that many people who consider that they might
           | have psychic powers are on the highly sensitive side.
           | 
           | Knowing people who are highly sensitive, I can easily imagine
           | that the enormous stress, pressure and greed in a hedge fund
           | environment would make hedge funds a horrible work
           | environment for such people.
        
         | bshepard wrote:
         | Just because a phenomenon can't be industrialized doesn't mean
         | it doesn't exist; you can't industrialize lyric poetry, for
         | example.
        
           | wtallis wrote:
           | The phenomena discussed in that comic were chosen for
           | inclusion specifically because they actually _would_ lend
           | themselves quite easily and obviously to commercial
           | exploitation if they really existed as popularly conceived.
           | If you stipulate that all of those alleged psychic phenomena
           | are inherently not exploitable in those ways or any other
           | significantly profitable way, you 're basically redefining
           | those terms contrary to their popular meanings and just
           | moving the goalposts.
        
             | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
             | The same could be said of antibiotics. However, before
             | Ehrlich & Pasteur, there were no large scale use or even
             | specific awareness of the concept (i.e. some cultures had
             | folk medicinal remedies that involved antibiotics but the
             | mechanism and specific compounds were not understood).
             | 
             | So until the 1880s, there was no commercial exploitation of
             | these compounds, yet they nevertheless existed either in
             | actuality or potential. Once there was an understanding of
             | the principles and the development of some related chemical
             | and biochemical processing, this exploded and had a
             | dramatic impact on human life.
             | 
             | If someone postulated in, say, 1785, the idea that perhaps
             | there were specific compounds that could be used to cure
             | infection, and these could be produced en masse, would it
             | not be analogous to respond that since nobody is
             | commercially exploiting (at the time), they clearly do not
             | exist?
        
               | wtallis wrote:
               | > If someone postulated in, say, 1785, the idea that
               | perhaps there were specific compounds that could be used
               | to cure infection, and these could be produced en masse,
               | would it not be analogous to respond that since nobody is
               | commercially exploiting (at the time), they clearly do
               | not exist?
               | 
               | None of the ideas included in the xkcd comic are
               | particularly new or obscure. Despite being pigeonholed as
               | a certain kind of bullshit, they are still ideas that a
               | _lot_ of people have heard about and been hearing about
               | for a very long time--more than enough time for someone
               | to get around to commercially exploiting if that were in
               | fact practical. _Ghostbusters_ came out 37 years ago, and
               | the stuff it made fun of was familiar enough to its
               | audience.
               | 
               | However, in 1785 the principles of chemical engineering
               | _were_ largely unknown, precluding the development of a
               | modern-style pharmaceutical industry. It did not,
               | however, prevent widespread use of antibiotic treatments
               | that we now understand the mechanism for and can refine
               | or synthesize into more effective forms.
        
           | bshepard wrote:
           | (1) All of these practices depend on cultivating virtues that
           | are contradictory to industrialization/capitalization: just
           | as lyric poetry is.
           | 
           | (2) It is intriguing to consider commercial music as an
           | industrial utilization of lyric poetry, but the point is that
           | the individual activity of lyric poetry is not amenable to
           | industrialization IN ITSELF, but it still exists. But perhaps
           | this example doesn't work -- the really important argument is
           | above, namely, that the cultivation of these practices --
           | astrology, dousing, etc, is individuated, and oriented around
           | virtues directly opposed to their mass utilization.
           | 
           | (3) As other commentators have noticed, we also don't know
           | that these sciences aren't used on a mass
           | technological/industrial fashion --- it seems likely, for
           | instance, that there are corporate entities that use i ching
           | divination, and likely, too, that there are financial firms
           | that utilize astrological methods -- but wouldn't reveal this
           | because of the likely opprobrium from a still dominant (if
           | clearly declining) orthodox materialism...
        
           | itronitron wrote:
           | The parent comment didn't mention industrializing it but
           | rather turning a profit, and many recording artists have
           | profited from their lyric poetry.
        
             | Stupulous wrote:
             | Many self-proclaimed psychics have made a good amount of
             | money in the practice as well.
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | RCA did.
        
         | jpttsn wrote:
         | What if in the time before the discovery of e.g. quantum
         | mechanics you did the same analysis? Would it tell you that
         | quantum mechanics doesn't exist?
        
           | wtallis wrote:
           | If you don't have a theory of quantum mechanics and you don't
           | have any observable phenomena that require a quantum
           | explanation, then there's nothing to apply this kind of
           | analysis to, and nothing to reject the existence of.
        
         | normac2 wrote:
         | The author of this blog, Scott Alexander, has an online novel
         | called Unsong [1] based on this idea. In the book's universe,
         | Kaballah is real and (among many other wild things)
         | corporations automatically generate long lists of Hebrew
         | characters to find names of God that give various powers.
         | 
         | [1] https://unsongbook.com/
        
         | mathattack wrote:
         | Yes. The existence of casinos disproves psychic powers.
        
         | NateEag wrote:
         | It may be that psychic powers exist but that they are not
         | powerful, general, or controllable enough to be reliably
         | profitable.
         | 
         | Also, if every profitable phenomenon in the world is already
         | developed, then no business should ever invest in fundamental
         | research - i.e., the pharmaceutical companies are wasting their
         | research dollars.
         | 
         | Why is it comforting to you to believe psychic powers don't
         | exist?
        
           | gs17 wrote:
           | Yeah, e.g. someone who can, for example, consistently predict
           | single bits of output from true random number generators 51%
           | of the time would be evidence of something very strange going
           | on, but not necessarily usable for anything practical. (Maybe
           | if you could gather enough of these people to overcome the
           | "weak" ability?)
        
             | mathattack wrote:
             | If you could consistently predict stock moves 51% of the
             | time eventually you'd have all the money in the universe.
        
               | sokoloff wrote:
               | It depends on what you mean by 51% of the time. If you're
               | just making a directional prediction, "will the next
               | market day be up or down?", that's nowhere near enough.
               | 
               | A little over 53% of days are up (green) days and yet you
               | can't use that 3x edge over a 51% predictor to make all
               | the money.
        
               | ajuc wrote:
               | Try "will the X go up or down next second".
               | 
               | > A little over 53% of days are up (green) days and yet
               | you can't use that 3x edge over a 51% predictor to make
               | all the money.
               | 
               | You can make money, just not ALL the money. And that's
               | because other people know that too.
        
             | SilasX wrote:
             | Wait, what? I don't have a specific cite, but I thought
             | that predicting a random number generator that well is good
             | enough to break common crypto algorithms?
             | 
             | IIRC, doing better than chance by 2^-32 is enough for the
             | randomization system to be thrown out, and marching the
             | output 51% is way better than that.
             | 
             | But yes, I'd agree with a steelmanned version of your point
             | with a much smaller improvement over chance. But then, you
             | would have to do a realllllly long test and it wouldn't
             | actually look that impressive.
        
             | prionassembly wrote:
             | AdaBoost, etc. were invented precisely to make good use of
             | weak predictors.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | egypturnash wrote:
       | _Finally, they would conduct the experiment in a series of
       | different batches. Half the batches (randomly assigned) would be
       | conducted by Dr. Schlitz, the other half by Dr. Wiseman. Because
       | the two authors had very carefully standardized the setting,
       | apparatus and procedure beforehand, "conducted by" pretty much
       | just meant greeting the participants, giving the experimental
       | instructions, and doing the staring._
       | 
       |  _The results? Schlitz's trials found strong evidence of psychic
       | powers, Wiseman's trials found no evidence whatsoever._
       | 
       |  _Take a second to reflect on how this makes no sense. Two
       | experimenters in the same laboratory, using the same apparatus,
       | having no contact with the subjects except to introduce
       | themselves and flip a few switches - and whether one or the other
       | was there that day completely altered the result. For a good
       | time, watch the gymnastics they have to do to in the paper to
       | make this sound sufficiently sensical to even get published. This
       | is the only journal article I've ever read where, in the part of
       | the Discussion section where you're supposed to propose possible
       | reasons for your findings, both authors suggest maybe their co-
       | author hacked into the computer and altered the results._
       | 
       | Well, if you would take the "psi can never exist" blinders off,
       | Mr. Codex, then this seems to be a pointer towards "this works
       | better if you believe it will work", and it makes _perfect_ sense
       | if you accept this.
       | 
       | Schlitz's belief that it would work resulted in it working.
       | Wiseman's belief that it wouldn't resulted in it not working.
       | 
       | The whole idea behind psi is that the human mind can sense and/or
       | effect the world in currently-inexplicable ways, and _here it is
       | doing just that_. With at least ten other experiments on this
       | idea getting similar results. But parapsychology is completely
       | and utterly a scam in your eyes so that is not a result you will
       | consider.
        
         | einpoklum wrote:
         | One can get quite a bit of popular traction from arranging for
         | one's theory to be effectively-impossible to disprove (e.g. "it
         | only works if you believe in it during the experiment"). Not
         | much explanatory power though.
        
           | egypturnash wrote:
           | The experiment I excerpted his description of seems to go
           | along with _exactly that_. Experimenter who believes? Things
           | happen. Experimenter who does not believe? Nothing happens.
        
       | adamgordonbell wrote:
       | So if you assume ESP doesn't exist then parapsychology research
       | has something important to say about the replication crisis in
       | social sciences.
       | 
       | This is a surprising thing I wouldn't have thought of on my own.
        
       | dang wrote:
       | Discussed at the time:
       | 
       |  _The Control Group Is Out of Control_ -
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7666575 - April 2014 (74
       | comments)
        
       | ed-209 wrote:
       | "...things we haven't discovered yet which are at least as weird
       | as subconscious emotional cues" - sounds like psi to me.
        
       | ALittleLight wrote:
       | This post really makes you think and challenged my world view
       | when I first read it.
       | 
       | A while back I looked at the CIA "Star Gate" files[1], which, are
       | a collection of documents released under FOIA detailing the CIA's
       | investigation into psychic powers and whether or not those powers
       | serve an intelligence gathering purpose. I just opened up random
       | files and skimmed them - I wish I had taken notes when doing so,
       | but my impression was that the CIA was actually producing some
       | better than chance results with their experiments.
       | 
       | I don't really know what to make of parapsychology or psychic
       | powers in general. Sometimes I'll idly wonder if I should
       | dedicate time to trying to uncover my psychic powers.
       | 
       | 1 - https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/stargate
        
       | mcculley wrote:
       | I was intrigued by this wording: "which most reasonable people
       | believe don't exist"
       | 
       | Maybe I am pedantic, but it should be "which most reasonable
       | people don't believe exist"
        
         | intrepidpar wrote:
         | Well, arguably believing that something doesn't exist and not
         | believing that something exists are two different things.
        
           | mcculley wrote:
           | Exactly. As a skeptic, I have no reason to believe. I don't
           | believe it exists. If I believed that it did not exist, I
           | would have a belief about it.
        
         | xapata wrote:
         | No, it's reasonable to phrase it as a belief that the
         | phenomenon doesn't exist. That's a positive belief of the
         | negative. The alternative of lack of belief in existence is a
         | more neutral stance.
        
           | mcculley wrote:
           | Lack of belief is the more skeptical stance, which seems more
           | reasonable to me.
        
             | wtallis wrote:
             | Skepticism doesn't mean resisting any justification for
             | moving the needle of your certainty away from 50%.
             | 
             | You are allowed to expect that psychic phenomena being real
             | would lead to the existence of clear evidence that psychic
             | phenomena are real, and to conclude from the lack of such
             | evidence where it ought to be found that it is less likely
             | that psychic phenomena are real.
        
         | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
         | this is similar to a kind of subject and object confusion:
         | 
         | subject: most reasonable people
         | 
         | object: psi phenomena
         | 
         | verbs: to believe, to exist
         | 
         | The full statement can be stated in at least two ways:
         | "[ these people ] don't believe that [ these phenomena ]
         | exist."                 "[ these people ] believe that [ these
         | phenomena ] don't exist."
         | 
         | Either one is valid, as are the contracted versions, but the
         | first one describes the absence of belief in existence, and the
         | second describes the presence of a belief in non-existence.
         | 
         | These are closely related things, but not identical, and I
         | imagine the author likely chose carefully.
        
       | Jweb_Guru wrote:
       | > I know that standard practice here is to tell the story of
       | Clever Hans and then say That Is Why We Do Double-Blind Studies.
       | 
       | Yes, this is the answer to this entire article, and his attempt
       | to dismiss this for some reason is strange to me.
        
         | igorkraw wrote:
        
           | adamgordonbell wrote:
           | This is a strange take.
           | 
           | I thought it was a fascinating write up about how if you
           | assume ESP doesn't exist then parapsychology research has
           | something important to say about the replication crisis in
           | social sciences.
           | 
           | Going into how double blind solves all this means skipping
           | the interesting bit: that parapsychology can be viewed as a
           | control group for the scientific method.
        
             | igorkraw wrote:
        
           | wpietri wrote:
           | Exactly. He's definitely smart, and so it was a mystery to me
           | why his articles were so incredibly long and rambling. (I get
           | that some people enjoy his prose regardless of content, but
           | I'm not one of them.) Why would a smart person who in theory
           | wants to convey important points be so obscurantist about
           | them? I threw up my hands and put it down to a personality
           | quirk.
           | 
           | It was the Sandifer article "The Beigeness" that cleared it
           | up for me: https://www.eruditorumpress.com/blog/the-
           | beigeness-or-how-to...
        
             | wpietri wrote:
             | And I really object to the comment I'm replying to getting
             | flagged. I get that some people will disagree, but flagging
             | it as if it were somehow inappropriate is a misuse of
             | flagging power.
        
             | phreack wrote:
             | That was a very eye opening article that also cleared up
             | what was bothering me about Scott's style. Thanks for
             | sharing.
        
           | _dain_ wrote:
           | have you considered the possibility that he is simply correct
           | about HBD?
        
             | igorkraw wrote:
             | Depends what you and him _exactly_ mean, but since he 's
             | talking about the neoreactionaries being correct, I'll
             | assume he doesn't mean the scientific version which posits
             | that race has no genetic basis (ctrl+F "race")
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation
             | 
             | but more this variation
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism.
             | 
             | Even if it was correct, I think if there are no nefarious
             | consequences being pushed for, I think people who want to
             | argue HBD should rise to the challenge of explaining in
             | plain english what they mean and what consequences they
             | would draw from their assumption being correct, instead of
             | hiding behind obfuscation. While I am not necessarily 100%
             | aligned with groups like AntiFa chapters, BLM etc., at
             | least they are _honest_ about what they think and want to
             | achieve.
        
             | wpietri wrote:
             | Have you considered the long history of racist misuse of
             | science and its "just asking questions" defenders?
        
       | chalst wrote:
       | Andrew Gelman had an interesting 9-years-too-late idea for what
       | to do in cases like Bem's article:
       | 
       | https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2019/01/27/jpsp-done-...
       | 
       | Rather than publish all of the dubious speculations and the
       | analysis whose problems took time to emerge, simply publish the
       | data. The advantage, in his words:
       | 
       | > In the example of the ESP study, if anything's valuable it's
       | the data. Publishing the data would get the journal off the hook
       | regarding fairness, open-mindedness, and not missing a scoop,
       | while enabling others to move on reanalyses right away, and
       | without saddling the journal with an embarrassing endorsement of
       | a weak theory that, it turns out, was not really supported by
       | data at all.
        
         | lifeisstillgood wrote:
         | Incentives: Spend five years doing difficult / expensive /
         | dangerous research, gathering data that demonstrates X. The
         | data set is vast, and you can get ten papers out of it, one
         | every six months with some awesome collaboration and possibly
         | tenure.
         | 
         | Do you do that or
         | 
         | publish all your data in the first paper and watch a dozen grad
         | students publish your next nine papers in three weeks ?
         | 
         | Incentives matter yes. Science and data should be free and
         | transparent. But if we pay peanuts and expect the monkeys to
         | appreciate the applause of publication, we need to change our
         | incentive structure.
         | 
         | The reasons AI / ML researchers don't mind publishing the data
         | early is because they already get 500k salaries and equity.
        
         | MaxBarraclough wrote:
         | Obvious question then: what are the arguments/forces opposing
         | this? Just inertia in the publishing norms?
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | Misdicorl wrote:
           | The approach fails miserably when taken in aggregate. I would
           | read five to ten papers from my own field a week while in
           | grad school. If I had to do the analysis for myself as well
           | there wouldn't be any time to do my own research.
           | 
           | Add on twenty more papers a week from adjacent fields where I
           | don't even know all the techniques and the magnitude of the
           | problem hopefully becomes clearer.
        
             | MaxBarraclough wrote:
             | The raw figures would be available in addition to the paper
             | itself, not instead of it.
        
               | chalst wrote:
               | Gelman's suggestion is how to handle articles with
               | unlikely conclusions: don't publish the submitted
               | article, though that presumably would be circulated as a
               | preprint, but just the data. Then the journal is bringing
               | attention to interesting data without endorsing the
               | dubious analysis or conclusions.
        
           | csee wrote:
           | There is an incentive against doing it. No researcher wants
           | the embarrassment of having an error that they didn't know
           | about discovered. Journals don't fancy the embarrassment or
           | hassle either. It would serve broader scientific progress,
           | but that's not who is deciding to hide the data.
        
             | MaxBarraclough wrote:
             | A tragedy of the commons, then?
        
             | teekert wrote:
             | If you ever find yourself thinking like this, get the f out
             | of science asap, you have no idea what you are doing.
        
       | teh_infallible wrote:
       | " Parapsychologists are able to produce experimental evidence for
       | psychic phenomena about as easily as normal scientists are able
       | to produce such evidence for normal, non-psychic phenomena."
       | 
       | Therefore psychic phenomena exist? I don't see the problem.
        
         | selestify wrote:
         | It's only a problem if you have strong priors telling you that
         | they don't exist, because that indicates a lot of other
         | scientific fields are in trouble.
        
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