[HN Gopher] A 13-year-old used my artificial nose to diagnose pn...
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       A 13-year-old used my artificial nose to diagnose pneumonia
        
       Author : kartben_
       Score  : 284 points
       Date   : 2022-02-17 14:18 UTC (8 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (blog.benjamin-cabe.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (blog.benjamin-cabe.com)
        
       | alexk307 wrote:
       | This is what happens when you give children the tools to succeed
       | by teaching them math and science in ways that directly relate to
       | their world view. Obviously, this kid is very bright, but giving
       | kids the tools to understand how the ideas they're learning can
       | be applied in the real world is so satisfying. They aren't
       | blinded by previous failures, or the current market, or what can
       | and can't be done.
        
         | mrits wrote:
         | Sometimes you give the children these tools and they decide to
         | do something they are more interested in. It is important to
         | realize that not all children are interested in sciences.
        
           | alexk307 wrote:
           | Of course, no one should be forced to make things. But a lot
           | of kids are naturally curious and can look at things in ways
           | that are not obvious to adults.
        
             | cute_boi wrote:
             | But, by the law of nature, not all kids are prodigy. The
             | normal distribution curve still holds, and the current
             | society is putting too much pressure on them. Last time I
             | visited India, I was shocked that parents were forcing
             | their kids to learn IIT related thing in class 6. I
             | encountered same thing in US, where kids were being
             | prepared for competitive exams like SAT etc... Parents
             | expect their children should go to prestigious universities
             | like MIT and standford. The case is worst in China.
        
               | Mezzie wrote:
               | You shouldn't do this to prodigies either.
               | 
               | I was one and honestly I'm really happy my parents were
               | neglectful (in the legal sense); my peers at award
               | dinners might have had their university and career plans
               | set out by 12, but none of them struck me as happy or
               | emotionally healthy people, and the older I get the more
               | I'm thinking that turning our smartest kids into robots
               | or sociopaths is a bad idea.
        
               | alexk307 wrote:
               | Just curious, what were you a prodigy at?
        
               | Mezzie wrote:
               | I was a hyperlexic kid + a mental calculator who was a
               | child programmer.
               | 
               | At the age of 6, I was reading at the level of a college
               | graduate, and I started coding in elementary school; I
               | taught my first intro to programming class when I was 11.
               | 
               | My middle-school standardized test scores put me in the
               | top .03 percent and my IQ was tested to be in the
               | mid-140s.
               | 
               | So I think I would count by most metrics, barely.
               | (Nothing quite like going to dinners for the top 200
               | whatever and knowing you're number 199 or so ha).
               | 
               | I'm also a mental basketcase who developed MS in my 20s,
               | so while I've done pretty well for myself so far, I don't
               | have the personality, dedication, or temperament for
               | great success. There are just a lot of things from my
               | childhood that really make me raise an eyebrow now as an
               | adult.
               | 
               | The amount of pressure is terrible, of course, but in
               | addition to that, there's this weird push and pull where
               | a lot of adults will say out of one side of their mouth
               | how special you are and hold you to standards that are
               | unreasonable for children and accept you + your
               | contributions if they're helpful, but the minute you have
               | your own opinion or disagree, you're a child and
               | obviously don't know anything.
               | 
               | I'm a lost cause for society, intellectually speaking,
               | but I feel concerned for the me born in 2015.
        
               | alexk307 wrote:
               | Do you need to be a prodigy to wire up sensors and
               | controllers? More pressure to learn how modern technology
               | works? That should be a great thing.
               | 
               | This exactly is the issue: not all kids are geniuses and
               | not all kids are morons, but you'll NEVER know if you
               | treat them like you think they deserve to be treated. If
               | you believe that kids can't understand complex things,
               | they of course won't because you won't explain it to
               | them.
        
               | wizzwizz4 wrote:
               | There's a difference between _allowing_ people to learn
               | what they 're interested in, and _forcing_ them to cram
               | for standardised tests. The first one is the best thing
               | that ever happened to me, and the second is among the
               | worst. (I was the one forcing myself, but the point still
               | applies.)
        
           | sam0x17 wrote:
           | That said, every single kid who I knew growing up who had
           | access to these sorts of opportunities but did something
           | "more interesting" has ended up regretting it in adulthood.
           | This probably isn't true across the board, but among the
           | people I know it definitely is.
        
         | rhexs wrote:
         | Maybe. It's more like it's what a kid's parents do when kids
         | can no longer be kids and are driven to start working on their
         | college applications earlier and earlier.
         | 
         | There's more to life than getting into MIT.
        
           | foolinaround wrote:
           | If the kid was innately driven to do this, a big win for the
           | kid and for humanity...
           | 
           | On the other hand, if the kid is 'coached' to look/identify,
           | as you say, it is a sad state of affairs when kids are pushed
           | into adulthood too soon...
           | 
           | We have seen this for more than a decade also with the
           | marketing practices around sexualization of fashion for
           | younger and younger kids...
        
             | kartben_ wrote:
             | To briefly clarify on why I believe it is the former: Caleb
             | just happened to have caught a really bad fungal pneumonia
             | when he was 9yo, and that was his inspiration to explore
             | what could be done to diagnose things differently. And he
             | just happened to do tons of research to try and re-use open
             | source technology, etc.
        
           | alexk307 wrote:
           | There's more to making electronics than getting into MIT and
           | prestigious universities. I think a lot of the users on HN
           | like myself enjoy creating things just to create them. I
           | don't need prestige or accolades; just build something, break
           | it, fix it, take it apart. Some people enjoy learning how
           | things work.
        
       | honkycat wrote:
       | I am not skeptical of the kid being able to do this. Good for
       | them! I'm sure they will grow up to be an inquisitive and
       | brilliant member of society.
       | 
       | However, like many, I feel like this article could be papering
       | over... something.
       | 
       | OK I'll just say it: Privilege.
       | 
       | And hey! Not every kid with privilege ends up being brilliant!
       | And he may not be privileged! But it is a lot easier to succeed
       | when you have it.
       | 
       | And my problem with this article is this: We are constantly
       | papering over how much of a difference a good education can make,
       | and how little opportunity to get that quality of education there
       | is in the United States.
       | 
       | You often see people bemoaning their lot in life: "Ugh. When Mark
       | Zuckerburg/Bill Gates/insert CEO was my age, they already started
       | Microsoft!"
       | 
       | And my reply to this sentiment is this: How many hundreds of
       | thousands of dollars did your parents spend on your pre-
       | university education? I'm willing to bet it wasn't in the
       | hundreds of thousands.
       | 
       | I see this kid is from LA. Sometimes all it takes is being in the
       | right zip code to have access to... science fairs? My school
       | didn't even have AP classes! I thought science fairs were
       | something that only happened on TV.
       | 
       | I realize this is a bit petty, and it 100% comes from my
       | childhood where I went to a poor rural school where I was a poor
       | student, and so-fucking-desperately wanted more, and then moved
       | to the city, and succeeded, flourished once I got access to a
       | better quality of education. But pretending it isn't there feels
       | dishonest.
       | 
       | It feels like an onion article headline: "Kid with everything
       | going for him, despite all odds, tremendously succeeds"
        
         | inglor_cz wrote:
         | "I realize this is a bit petty"
         | 
         | It is, and very American-centric. Plenty of innovative people
         | are born in poorer countries with much less resources at their
         | disposal. Indeed quite a lot of American top scientists are
         | immigrants from not exactly rich places.
         | 
         | Of course, even they are sort-of privileged by the fact that
         | they weren't born blind, on in a period of outright war, or
         | didn't get cancer at the age of three. But this is already
         | stretching the meaning of "privilege".
         | 
         | Katalin Kariko, one of the main brains behind mRNA, grew up in
         | shabby Communist Hungary and her lab equipment at her home
         | university was likely worse than what a median high school in
         | the U.S. has at its disposal. (There wasn't much convertible
         | currency east of the Iron Curtain to buy top stuff, and not
         | enough capacity to manufacture it locally.)
        
           | honkycat wrote:
           | Sure, there are geniuses that can spawn out of anywhere that
           | occasionally rise out of bad situations. They are notable
           | because they are EXCEPTIONS to the rule.
           | 
           | But there is massive inequality and poverty in the United
           | States. Here is an example: In my home town, the poverty rate
           | is 12%-13%. In the US state of Georgia it is 17%. In the
           | Czech Republic, which has about the same population as
           | Georgia, it is 10%.
           | 
           | So your assertion that "her lab equipment at her home
           | university was likely worse than what a median high school in
           | the U.S." is questionable. There are plenty of people living
           | in horrible conditions in the US. Our scores in mathematics
           | are 30th amongst developed nations.
           | 
           | Our cities are full-to-the-brim with a homeless population
           | that we have abandoned to the streets that our cities and
           | citizens do not have the wealth to address due to all of the
           | money going to 1% of the population. In fact, our homeless
           | population is almost to 0.2% of the total population, coming
           | in at around 500k people.
           | 
           | Also, the assertion "other people have it worse" is not
           | useful. I can be critical of our current society and also
           | realize I have a privilege living where I do. I can see the
           | impoverished system I grew up in, compare it to the
           | opportunities afforded other people, and say: "Hmm. Maybe we
           | can improve society somewhat."
        
         | lern_too_spel wrote:
         | I say good on the parents for putting their resources to good
         | use. A lot of them squander it away on spoiled kids, waiting
         | for the kids to show interest in anything useful. Yes, it would
         | be great for society if all kids have these benefits, but we
         | will only get there when people understand that this is
         | something worthwhile.
        
           | honkycat wrote:
           | I agree! No smoke between me and people who are well off!
           | 
           | Much better use of money than a super-car or many other
           | options. Not that I have any right to say what people can do
           | with their money.
        
       | citizenpaul wrote:
       | No he didnt. These type of fake child genius articlea are
       | harmful.
        
       | dekhn wrote:
       | Does anybody have a link to what the kid actually did? I skimmed
       | the video, looked at the diagram, read the original MAKE article,
       | and it seems like the kid did a science project and it doesn't
       | actually diagnose pneumonia. Am I missing something important?
       | 
       | The reason I'm asking is that I see a lot of these (used to judge
       | science fairs, worked with smart undergraduates who build their
       | own equipment) but most of it overstates the technical advances
       | made by the kid.
        
         | jboy55 wrote:
         | My guess, 1 He found/was given an off the shelf fungal sensor
         | designed to detect pneumonia 2 He hooked it up to a raspi 3 He
         | trained a small tensorflow model to give true/false signals
         | based on the input
         | 
         | All in all, not that bad of a little hack.
         | 
         | What I'm most disappointed by these science fare projects is
         | that its often found that the parents of the child are top
         | engineers in the specific field of the projects. In this case,
         | perhaps his mom is a Sr Engineer at a company producing
         | artificial noses aimed at detecting pneumonia where she is in
         | charge of developing dev-kits and SDKs that happen to include
         | sample tensor flow models.
         | 
         | What annoys me is that the story is often one of a kid, against
         | all odds, learning all of this tech out of their own gumption.
         | Where in the same science fare, there probably was a kid who
         | had no help from their parents, who hacked together a 'are the
         | lights on' circuit, using hand-me-down tech components, who's
         | getting no notice.
        
           | worldvoyageur wrote:
           | Best science fair I ever saw was at a remote construction
           | site near Qinshan, China in 1999. Many Canadian engineers
           | lived on a camp by the site, building two nuclear reactors
           | [1]. The camp also had a school for the engineer's children,
           | literally one room with a teacher and about twenty children
           | from grade 1 to grade 8 [2]. It was a good school, the
           | teacher excellent and the kids clearly loving it. The older
           | kids got a lot out of helping the younger ones. There was
           | excellent quality recent school work in evidence on the
           | walls. Though I did occasionally pop by the school when I'd
           | visit the site, I usually didn't.
           | 
           | On one of my site visits I was asked if I wanted a detour
           | from the project site to check out the school science fair. I
           | later figured out that the minor scheduling difficulties I
           | had around that particular visit was so that I'd be there on
           | the day of the science fair.
           | 
           | Every student had a project. There were a few of the usual
           | suspects, like the baking soda volcano and potato battery.
           | However, those were the exception. Most of the projects were
           | astounding, well beyond what I'd seen as an engineering
           | undergrad in university.
           | 
           | The kids, standing proudly in front of their project and the
           | bristol board explanations, knew very well how to explain the
           | project and had a deep understanding of how it had come
           | together. They'd definitely done the work and were
           | justifiably proud.
           | 
           | That said, the majority of the projects were such that they
           | could only have been the product of many evenings and
           | weekends over months of father[3]/child working together.
           | I'll assume that work on the next science fair would have
           | begun the day after the science fair I saw wrapped up.
           | 
           | 1. Qinshan III, units 1 and 2;
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinshan_Nuclear_Power_Plant.
           | 
           | 2. High school was a boarding school back in Canada.
           | 
           | 3. I'm pretty sure that all the engineers were male, for I'd
           | be remembering a female engineer, but the school kids were a
           | balance mix of boys and girls.
        
             | lowbloodsugar wrote:
             | I have friends where the dad works, and the mom runs the
             | household, but the mom is just as good an engineer (or
             | better). Since you're acknowledging and explaining the
             | issue with [3], perhaps just using "parent" would have been
             | better.
        
               | worldvoyageur wrote:
               | I appreciate the observation.
               | 
               | While I understand the logic of using parent, as a
               | general rule I'm uncomfortable deliberately substituting
               | words with less information when a word with more
               | information is available.
               | 
               | It'd be like seeing a flock of geese fly over and saying
               | birds. If you weren't really sure they were geese, or
               | thought maybe a few were not geese, then maybe you write
               | 'birds'. However, if you saw geese and it would have been
               | striking and obvious if one or more of the birds was not
               | a goose, then more information is given saying geese
               | rather than birds.
               | 
               | If there had been a female engineer at the site, working
               | or at home, I'm pretty sure I'd have known. This was
               | rural China in the late 90s. A live in nanny would have
               | been available at very low cost. Plus, the hunger for
               | engineers willing to live at a camp site in rural China
               | for months at a time was such that had there been any
               | engineer spouses, they'd have had to make a very
               | deliberate decision NOT to work.
        
               | [deleted]
        
           | Damogran6 wrote:
           | We ran into this in Cubscouts with pinewood derby...the
           | solution we had was a build day where the kids could go from
           | raw block to finished car with our help and tools (belt
           | sander with used up belt, parent or leader running the
           | scrollsaw for the younger kids...paint at the Cubmaster's
           | house and the parent doesn't have to worry about spraypaint)
           | 
           | Then to get past the 'parents doing all the building' we ran
           | an outlaw class where the siblings and parents could
           | compete...but it's the same kind of dynamic.
           | 
           | I don't immediately see the issue with the parent helping a
           | child with tech they're familiar with...helping my son 3d
           | print and sell fidget spinners had lots of little life
           | lessons wrapped up in it.
        
             | dekhn wrote:
             | Heh... at "build day" only the son of the person with the
             | tools was allowed to use any of them. I ended up building a
             | real clunker and felt terrible for years when it lost every
             | race to better-engineered systems. I didn't get any real
             | parental help.
             | 
             | This time around (by which I mean, my son was in cub scouts
             | and doing the derby) I helped my son by showing him some
             | basics of woodworking and how to make something that looked
             | right and rolled properly, but beyond that it was all him.
             | He didn't win any races, but wasn't bummed about it at all.
             | 
             | Following that, I bought a bunch of pine blanks, read a few
             | papers on how to make faster cars (those nail axles are
             | REALLY DUMB), bought Fusion 360, designed a car, and flip-
             | milled it on my personal CNC, over a period of a year (it's
             | never raced). it amuses me to no end that imposter syndrome
             | and OCD drove me to be a well-compensated software engineer
             | with enough free time to build his own pinewood derby
             | racecar in his own time on his own terms.
        
               | Damogran6 wrote:
               | I was cubmaster for 3 years and felt a little bad that my
               | two boys didn't get near the attention the other kids
               | got...til the last year I helped them with weight
               | distribution, lubrication and axle alignment. The Wife
               | and I ran in Outlaw and had the family been eligible
               | would have taken 4 of the top 7 times. (I think the boys
               | got 2nd and 4th)
               | 
               | I'm looking at 6 of the cars now, I really should mount
               | them in a display or something.
               | 
               | One of the boys is learning chassis fab and welding and
               | the other is learning Industrial Design...so I guess it
               | was a good experience.
        
           | danachow wrote:
           | No that's the point - there wasn't evidence that any of 1, 2,
           | or 3 was ever done. Some mime guy puts together a gas sensor
           | and tinyml setup - the kid makes some report on the
           | _hypothetical_ ability to use to diagnose fungal pneumonia in
           | reference to some papers in the literature, but I don't see
           | actual evidence of an actual experiment.
        
           | samhw wrote:
           | > there probably was a kid who had no help from their
           | parents, who hacked together a 'are the lights on' circuit,
           | using hand-me-down tech components, who's getting no notice.
           | 
           | I'd have struggled to articulate what annoys me about stories
           | like this, but this absolutely hits the nail on the head. I
           | went to a school in the City of London with very elite
           | investment-banker-parents demographics, and I can't tell you
           | the number of stories like this. One comes to mind where one
           | kid won a contest for designing a stockpicking algorithm, and
           | it turned out - of course - that his mum was a fund manager
           | at Goldman, specialising in that exact same area. I don't
           | know what the point of it is. Is there not more to life than
           | gaming university applications?
        
             | TuringNYC wrote:
             | Dig deeper into some of these stories and you realize they
             | also knew someone at the newspaper. Or a very expensive
             | college applications specialist (i.e., $20k+) orchestrated
             | the entire thing from concept to connections to media
             | feeding, etc. Throw in a back-story professionally written
             | and you've got top college acceptances!
             | 
             | Obviously, also throw in hand-selected medical specialists
             | who diagnose you and prescribe extra time on the exams,
             | great photos of your child at the local soup kitchen, a
             | clutch summer internship with the local congressperson's
             | office.
             | 
             | The entire college game is comprehensively stacked against
             | the poor. Throw in the abandoning of test-based systems
             | towards "leadership evaluation" acceptance methods and you
             | get even more invested into gaming this process by the
             | wealthy.
        
             | dekhn wrote:
             | What bothers me the most is there was another kid who
             | didn't win, who did real scientific work, and will go on to
             | be a great scientist, but will never get the attention,
             | credit, or funding that the first kid did.
        
               | samhw wrote:
               | Precisely. You can definitely see the downstream effects
               | of this, too, with lots of academics who see great
               | success by publishing total tripe in well-packaged books
               | (see: Malcolm Gladwell, the entire field of social
               | psychology, etc).
        
               | Mezzie wrote:
               | I cannot over-emphasize how utterly demoralizing things
               | like this are to those children. The kids who are smart
               | enough to do real work are also smart enough to figure
               | out that nobody will care.
               | 
               | I was so discouraged by finding out the other children
               | who liked web development and coding had outside help,
               | and I had a really hard time understanding why things
               | like Synapse could get a PC Mag review, but I'd be
               | accused of being a liar if I talked about my own
               | projects, because that's what happens when you're a kid
               | working without an adult. Without an appropriately
               | credentialed adult vouching for you, people accuse you of
               | stealing your work, lying, being an arrogant snob, etc.
               | 
               | ESPECIALLY if you're self-taught or were taught by adults
               | society doesn't think much of. It's believable that the
               | Pages taught Larry to code when he was wee, but obviously
               | I couldn't have learned anything from my parents since
               | one was a high school dropout and the other was the son
               | of a factory worker. How could THEY have known anything?
        
             | 908B64B197 wrote:
             | > Is there not more to life than gaming university
             | applications?
             | 
             | No.
             | 
             | A lot of parents are getting their kids phony medical
             | diagnostics just so they can get extra time on exams. [0]
             | 
             | [0]
             | https://www.forbes.com/sites/petergreene/2019/03/16/fake-
             | lea...
        
               | TuringNYC wrote:
               | University applications have such a compounding effect on
               | things the rest of your life that paid-gaming of
               | university admissions might well be the highest ROI
               | investment for many wealthy.
        
               | drekipus wrote:
               | > University applications have such a compounding effect
               | on things the rest of your life
               | 
               | does it? I'm not in the US, so I wouldn't know.
        
               | lowbloodsugar wrote:
               | But also please be aware that some of them aren't phony.
        
           | javajosh wrote:
           | The MC knows what the crowd wants to see. If there is some
           | contest, they will make sure the most attractive person wins.
           | This is what the crowd wants, and the losers have no
           | reasonable basis to protest and if they do they'll be
           | (falsely) accused of being poor sports. Most attractive
           | people don't know what's really happening, and assume their
           | win is real.
           | 
           | The thing is, I get it. There's a wholesome excitement around
           | the idea of discovery and you want to do your part and not be
           | a wet blanket. And it's a white lie that is good for society
           | - if not for the ego of the hero. You want there to be a new
           | discovery, that came out of nowhere, because that's the
           | better story. It's the kind of Myth that a good society runs
           | on, and needs, even if it's false, because the real out-of-
           | nowhere discovery stories happen too infrequently to be of
           | use.
           | 
           | The best thing to do, really, is to give the kid a medal, and
           | shut up about it not being real, and hope to high heaven he
           | isn't misled by the easy victory.
        
             | samhw wrote:
             | "Attractive"? Do you mean this in some kind of figurative
             | sense? If not, then I'm really not at all sure that that's
             | how science fairs are decided.
        
               | javajosh wrote:
        
               | samhw wrote:
               | I'm afraid I don't follow you
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | pdepip wrote:
       | Does anyone have any recommended reading or resources for someone
       | interested in getting involved in similar work?
        
       | beeforpork wrote:
       | > No door is ever closed. You can do anything! I am a thirteen-
       | year-old kid, and I can do this--if I can do it, anyone can!
       | 
       | If only a goal of education was to get kids to feel like this! Of
       | course, not everyone is equally bright, but without the above
       | attitude, they will not even try, not even try to be interested,
       | because they think they are too dumb, which is a tragedy.
        
       | mwcampbell wrote:
       | > No door is ever closed. You can do anything!
       | 
       | This is obvious nonsense. Limitations are real, and I think it's
       | better to be honest about them.
       | 
       | Edit: I was wrong to post this shallow dismissal; see below.
        
         | maybelsyrup wrote:
         | Damn, the courage it must've taken to scold a child on a
         | internet website -- how did you summon it? Do you have a
         | patreon I can donate to
        
           | mwcampbell wrote:
           | Fair point. It would have been better for me to keep silent
           | and just let the thought pass.
        
             | maybelsyrup wrote:
             | Now that's real courage. Sincere salute to owning your
             | shit!
        
         | pcmoney wrote:
         | I agree but there is a self fulfilling aspect to thinking that
         | way.
         | 
         | It is better to believe anything is possible and be wrong than
         | to impose limitations on ourselves.
         | 
         | Most great accomplishments seem impossible at first.
        
         | throwawaymanbot wrote:
        
       | the-dude wrote:
       | I wonder what his parents do for a living. Just curious.
        
         | SubiculumCode wrote:
         | In 9th grade I took first in a Science State championship
         | competition. I didn't just win, I blew the competition away,
         | and it changed how people approached the competition for the
         | next 20 years. My device was ugly, large, obtuse, poor. People
         | laughed at it. The favorite in the competition was this slick
         | device that rumor had it was designed and manufactured by their
         | father's engineering company. Everyone laughed, that is, until
         | my ugly device performed like a Lambo in comparison to their
         | Ford Pinto.
         | 
         | My father? A smart, but not affluent, guy who thought hard on
         | things. He's the one that actually invented the device...but I
         | learned a few things along the way.
         | 
         | Parents absolutely help children become high achievers, but it
         | doesn't always mean it was attached to their day job. Having
         | attentive parents is a privilege.
         | 
         | note: As for the device, it was just a little car powered by a
         | weight.
        
         | csdvrx wrote:
         | Does it matter? Watching everything through the myopic lens of
         | "privilege" is wrong.
         | 
         | A kid can have an idea and parents can help. For now, the set
         | of {kids, parents} that can do that is limited. But technology
         | changes and becomes more accessible. What matters is the new
         | things that become not just possible but easy and cheap.
         | 
         | For a previously "costly" problem that in 2012 would involve a
         | 5 MP digital pictures + geotagging + OCR then sending the raws
         | for GPU processing, any random smartphone from 2022 will do.
         | 
         | In 2012 you could have screamed "privilege!". Not in 2022.
         | 
         | As a kid, I'd have loved to try to hack together a app that
         | recognizes mushrooms (or flowers, or fruits which I all found
         | so super interesting, especially bugs and OMG they fly if I
         | blew on them!!)
         | 
         | It would have been hard. I would have benefited from some help.
         | But I would have had a lot of fun, after which I would have
         | used the app to fill in the name for my leaf-book collection
         | effort (I wanted to have a specimen of EVERYTHING from the
         | garden, then from the street, then...)
         | 
         | I only had books and some websites and a bad camera. So I drew
         | :) A kid now could have picture search engines like yandex to
         | do better with a much better camera too (MACRO MODE!) and some
         | generic photo processing software. A rich kid then could have
         | had something similar, with an expansive Nikon camera, and
         | photoshop (crop, filter...) and maybe some parental connections
         | to biologists and botanists.
         | 
         | Is it privilege if they did? Yes. And it's wonderful because
         | every kid has this privilege now! And they can have more fun!
        
           | gedy wrote:
           | I didn't take OP as a commentary on privilege, more if the
           | parents were already working in this field/area, vs the "boy
           | genius" narrative
        
             | kartben_ wrote:
             | spoiler alert: none of them work in this field/area.
        
               | the-dude wrote:
               | Thank you.
        
           | cinntaile wrote:
           | It does when the title says "13yo kid builds e-nose". It's
           | not about privilege, it's about being honest. Maybe the title
           | is honest and the kid is just very bright, that's cool too!
        
             | csdvrx wrote:
             | Yet most people seem to be jumping to the conclusion,
             | making assumptions, and letting their views taint their
             | judgment, without even knowing all the facts (see a comment
             | below asking if the parents were already working in the
             | field)
        
               | orf wrote:
               | You wrote a 300 word response full of jumped-to
               | conclusions, assumptions etc to someone just asking what
               | his parents did.
        
               | csdvrx wrote:
               | Read the other comments and see the implications from
               | that seemingly innocent question.
        
           | honkycat wrote:
           | > Does it matter? Watching everything through the myopic lens
           | of "privilege" is wrong.
           | 
           | May I ask why?
           | 
           | You see it all the time, unironically: "How a 23 year old
           | couple bought their dream home!" and it ends up in the
           | article their parents literally paid for it.
           | 
           | Or Bill Gates. There is the classic: "How to become as rich
           | as Bill Gates: Choose your grandparents carefully."
           | 
           | I see it elsewhere in this thread: "Ugh. And MY 13 year old
           | just wants to play video games!" And that is unfair to
           | themselves, and unfair to their kids.
           | 
           | You see it everywhere. So many musicians, artists, writers,
           | PEOPLE succeed in part because they just don't need to make
           | money. Because they already have it.
           | 
           | And then they act like it was all done themselves and while
           | they are not bad people for having money, and they are
           | sincerely talented, that isn't the whole story. The whole
           | story is that they didn't ever really even need to succeed to
           | live a comfortable life, and that is a HUGE advantage over
           | other people.
           | 
           | ---------
           | 
           | Allow me to tie this to my own experience:
           | 
           | First, I want to acknowledge that I am extremely privileged
           | in my own ways. I grew up in a wonderful home with a great
           | family. We were educated, and kind, and loved reading and
           | were encouraging. The rural place I grew up in wasn't a fancy
           | high-tech metropolis, but I did not experience any violence
           | in my community which counts for a lot.
           | 
           | I went to a private university on a big scholarship. It was
           | cheaper than any state school I could have gone to. My first
           | two years where I was in the dorms and was paying with
           | student loans, I was very active in the student volunteer
           | community, and the computer science club.
           | 
           | But once I left the dorms, that was IT. I needed to 100%
           | support myself, rent/food/etc. I spent my days working manual
           | QA for a software company, 40/hr week, while attending school
           | at night.
           | 
           | And my life changed. I didn't make any new friends and lost
           | the ones I had. I was never around for the "college stuff."
           | Every waking moment became toil, either through work or
           | through school.
           | 
           | While my peers were doing research studies for natural
           | language processing, or participating in CS contests, or
           | building relationships, or falling in love, or actually doing
           | well on homework and tests, or any number of productive
           | things, I was plugging 3g WIFI dongles into and out of
           | laptops for $15/hr. I was running test cases for 8 hours a
           | day, then going to class from 6-9, then doing homework until
           | I went to sleep, then getting up in the morning and doing it
           | again.
           | 
           | And the deficit I had in my education followed me for a LONG
           | time. Still follows me today.
           | 
           | So yes, I do think we should interrogate situation people
           | were in when they achieved something. Because sometimes
           | people don't really achieve anything other than spending
           | their parent's money.
           | 
           | And there are circumstances where something that seems like a
           | big achievement was really just an inevitability.
        
           | colechristensen wrote:
           | Pause a second and look at what you wrote and what you're
           | responding to. You're arguing very passionately against a
           | straw man, nobody mentioned privilege until you did.
        
             | csdvrx wrote:
        
               | the-dude wrote:
               | I was just curious and very aware of the possible
               | blowback. I even doubted for a while to delete the
               | comment ( no shallow dismissals ).
               | 
               | But it isn't and it is a question that comes along with
               | the subject of 13yo geniuses.
               | 
               | I was curious and now I have an answer ( not from you ).
               | 
               | edit: In a broader, more contemporary frame : It is now
               | we need to be ever more critical of news we get served
               | and rejecting that under the guise of 'think of the
               | children' is just lame.
        
               | [deleted]
        
           | cruano wrote:
           | > A kid can have an idea and parents can help.
           | 
           | Or... the other way around
        
       | technicolorwhat wrote:
       | Pretty awesome project really! As a sidenote: A bunch of the ML
       | training and edge deployment magic is done via
       | https://edgeimpulse.com which seems to make it much more
       | accessible to build such a thing.
        
       | mywittyname wrote:
       | I remember having an assignment like this my second year of
       | college. It was basically an array of various smoke detector
       | sensors wired up to a parallel port. With diverse enough sensors,
       | you could stick a cup into a box with a fan and the sensor, and
       | be able to tell if the cup had OJ, coke, or coffee in it using
       | basic PCA.
       | 
       | Given the tools available now, I'm not surprised a smart 13yo
       | could build something like this. Especially if the sensor itself
       | is an off-the-shelf component with device drivers and such
       | already available for it.
        
       | Herodotus38 wrote:
       | I wish I could read the paper. I'm interested in what kind of
       | fungal pneumonia they were looking at. My googling got me to find
       | the title on the Middle School Facebook page but not sure if it's
       | available ti read.
        
         | kartben_ wrote:
         | I'll check with Caleb but I am guessing/hoping he will be
         | willing to make the paper more broadly accessible soon.
        
           | Herodotus38 wrote:
           | Thanks, for reference I am a hospital physician (internal
           | medicine) so I do occasionally deal with fungal pneumonia.
        
         | thatcat wrote:
         | I doubt that it is possible to differentiate between fungal
         | types using gas sensors trained on spores being released.
        
           | Herodotus38 wrote:
           | I would be interested in what they are testing, it probably
           | wouldn't be spores but likely something along the lines of
           | biochemical compounds specific to certain species. For
           | example we use blood tests for the presence of
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactomannan to help
           | diagnose invasive aspergillosis.
        
       | causi wrote:
       | Is the headline being a straight-up lie a valid reason for
       | flagging? The kid did not diagnose pneumonia. He came up with an
       | idea for a design that might hypothetically detect pneumonia.
        
         | periheli0n wrote:
         | 100% agree. Great achievement by the 13 year old but
         | insinuating that this device can detect pneumonia is utterly
         | misleading.
        
         | donio wrote:
         | Unfortunately there is no other way to signal trash
         | submissions. "Not upvoting" is not really a sufficient signal
         | when enough people get baited by the headline.
        
       | Brajeshwar wrote:
       | Cool. And, I have a 13-year and she is still, literally, crying
       | over spilt milk, hacked Roblox merchandize, how done the steak
       | is, why her monitor is tilted wrong, and why I din't warned her
       | before rebooting the primary router.
        
         | russellbeattie wrote:
         | My son, now a sophomore at UCSC, definitely gave me a few
         | moments of "Uhh... I really hope my kid isn't an idiot" at that
         | age. Living in Silicon Valley, he had friends creating crazy
         | Gary's Mod levels using Python (this was a decade ago) that
         | they collaborated on using GitHub. I was shocked at how
         | sophisticated junior high coders could get! My son, however, is
         | not a techie and like his father, has always been a little
         | immature for his age. I was like, "Why is my kid the only one
         | who isn't a genius!?!"
         | 
         | It all turned out well and now he's happily studying economics
         | (yeah, my apple didn't land anywhere near the tree). Everyone
         | matures at their own pace, and computers, as I'm sure all of us
         | know from our own history as geeks, are easy to impress people
         | with. If you're really into biology, animals, astronomy, etc.
         | what can you show people to wow them? Not much that hasn't been
         | seen before. But any 13 yo can download and learn how to use
         | the latest professional CAD software, the same IDEs pros use to
         | make AAA games, or the same backend AI services used by major
         | companies. And they are encouraged to do so! I can't imagine
         | there's a lot of "Learn CRISPR at home!" tutorials out there.
         | That makes a big difference.
        
         | efdee wrote:
         | You rebooted the router? Without prior warning?
         | 
         | That's the 2020 equivalent of your parents picking up the phone
         | while you're online on dialup.
        
         | fortran77 wrote:
         | My 13-year-old cat can probably sniff out pneumonia. If only he
         | could talk and tell us what he's smelling.
        
           | nickkell wrote:
           | All the signs were there. If only we had eyes to see them!
        
         | honkycat wrote:
         | She's a child. I'm sure this kid has his moments as well.
         | 
         | Harboring resentment for your teenager for being moody is like
         | the frog and the scorpion. it is in their nature!
         | 
         | Not to say isn't maddening, mind you.
        
         | NavinF wrote:
         | > why I din't warned her before rebooting the primary router
         | 
         | I'm with her on this one. Not announcing the outage before it
         | happens is kinda disrespectful.
        
         | didip wrote:
         | Did you send a downtime notification to her and update your
         | family's status page?
        
           | Brajeshwar wrote:
           | Yes, I did but I forgot to send her notification on our
           | Discord channel too.
        
         | martneumann wrote:
         | "Daaad, are you complaining about me on the Internet again?!"
         | ;)
        
         | mschuster91 wrote:
         | > and why I din't warned her before rebooting the primary
         | router.
         | 
         | Basic sysops rule: either create redundancy (which is hard to
         | do in a consumer space outside of Mac Pro machines as 99.99% of
         | laptops carry only a single LAN port and in towers, about 3/4)
         | or warn your users before doing maintenance.
        
           | Brajeshwar wrote:
           | Well, I do have backups. This is India, so I even have a
           | backup for the backup. I have three ISPs load-balanced, and
           | not experienced any downtime since the beginning of the
           | Pandemic (early 2020). I do realize them going down but we
           | never realize until I looked them up.
           | 
           | It runs almost all the time, but sometimes I need to update
           | settings, etc. which needs reboots the load balancer that
           | distributes everything from.
           | 
           | :-)
        
             | blitzar wrote:
             | And you cant do this durring a) the school day when the
             | primary end user is not home or b) wake up at 2am and
             | reboot it while the primary end user is asleep?
             | 
             | Honestly, I think your kid should break out the SLA and
             | check what compensation they get paid for prime time
             | outages.
        
               | Brajeshwar wrote:
               | Yes, lesson learnt and we have agreed to the new
               | agreement -- no more primetime outages -- planned or
               | otherwise.
        
               | dkersten wrote:
               | I mean, another solution is to give warning at regular
               | intervals beforehand (day, hour, ten minutes, 1 minute
               | perhaps). Basically planned outages with ample warning.
               | Of course, avoiding prime time planned outages is always
               | good in any scenario and I'm sure goes a long way to keep
               | all clients happy.
               | 
               | With that said, I doubt your 13 year old daughter client
               | is actually paying for that level of service, so... ;-)
        
               | blitzar wrote:
               | I believe the SLA for a 13 year old is 110% uptime, with
               | consequences being _The end of the world_.
               | 
               | I am not a lawyer so feel free to go to court claiming
               | that 100% uptime is the limits of mathematics or that the
               | world will not end if <insert social media platform of
               | choice> is not accessible for 5 minutes on a tuesday
               | afternoon. Its a losing case every time, best just to
               | settle up the case quietly with an extra scoop of
               | icecream or some robux and cut your losses.
        
         | scrollaway wrote:
         | > _why I din 't warned her before rebooting the primary
         | router._
         | 
         | I'd be pissed too. You don't mess with the router without
         | warning people using it ;)
        
         | nexuist wrote:
         | Wonder where she got that from?
        
       | amelius wrote:
       | The main invention is in the electronic nose. The kid just did
       | the plumbing of connecting it to some ML library.
       | 
       | Of course, the electronic nose itself is a work of plumbing too,
       | where some existing gas sensors are put on a pcb.
       | 
       | In short, nothing seems really new here, but the application is
       | interesting. I guess it's always interesting when people start
       | looking for correlations in data and get some positive results,
       | so from that point of view it is noteworthy.
        
         | hwillis wrote:
         | The sensor (the four gas sensors on the board) was created by a
         | third person.
         | 
         | The artificial nose is the TinyML model which trains on the
         | sensor data (CO, NO2, ethanol, VOCs) to detect arbitrary scents
         | by their signatures in those four categories.
         | 
         | The fungal pneumonia detector wires up a whole API with azure
         | etc. and trains the model specifically to recognize pneumonia,
         | based on an actual science experiment which grew and measured
         | the fungus in artificial lungs.
         | 
         | As far as I'm concerned, both Caleb and Benjamin had brilliant
         | ideas, executed them fantastically, and created something that
         | may be truly useful. A $40 sensor that can detect disease just
         | by breathing on it is more of a tangible contribution to
         | humanity than many software engineers make in their life and
         | almost certainly more than 99% of us did before the age of 14.
        
           | amelius wrote:
           | The reason why no engineer has made this yet, is because the
           | medical data was not available to them.
           | 
           | The innovation is in the data, not in the ML.
        
             | hwillis wrote:
             | You are wrong. The kid GREW FUNGUS IN ARTIFICIAL LUNGS
             | using a sterile field made out of a plastic bin with dish
             | gloves cut into it. He didn't need medical data. Anyone
             | could have done this- anyone with the intelligence and
             | creativity that this kid has.
        
               | dekhn wrote:
               | is it possible you're overstating what the kid did a bit
               | here? The history of sterile fields shows that even great
               | scientists take decades to debug contamination that
               | causes false positives and negatives. ASn experiment like
               | this can be easily thrown off by any number of variables
               | that weren't carefully controlled for.
        
               | amelius wrote:
               | You need medical data if you want to validate your
               | results for a real medical disorder.
               | 
               | Fabrication of data is not very useful if you have to
               | gather data for validation anyway.
        
             | pmarreck wrote:
             | > The innovation is in the data, not in the ML.
             | 
             | can't you kind of say this about all ML? That the main
             | driver in ML is 99% the quality of the training data and 1%
             | the specific details of the neural networks used?
        
               | amelius wrote:
               | For most real-world applications of ML, yes. Of course,
               | what happens in ML-research is different (where e.g. new
               | networks for new modalities are invented).
               | 
               | But back to the topic, I bet the kid didn't even invent
               | their own neural network topology, but just pulled a
               | predefined network from a library, perhaps without even
               | knowing it. Which is ok, because that is how most people
               | use ML.
        
           | wesleywt wrote:
           | It is great that the kid is involved and interested in these
           | technologies. Whether it works is another issue. You are
           | going to need metrics such a LODs, LOQs, sensitivity and
           | specificity to determine if this beats the gold standard
           | tests.
        
         | deckar01 wrote:
         | No, the author designed the ML training project also. The last
         | section of the Make article is how to send the data to Edge
         | Impulse and configure the ML training [0].
         | 
         | Mentioning Microsoft Azure IoT Central in the article and the
         | video is odd, because you definitely don't need that to
         | complete this project. It seems to be a feature that the
         | Microsoft employee added to the GitHub project their self [1].
         | 
         | Caleb mentioned in the video that a co-worker of his aunt
         | authored the research paper about detecting bacterial pneumonia
         | from VOC levels. Everything else feels like a Microsoft
         | marketing hype train that went off the rails.
         | 
         | [0]: https://makezine.com/projects/second-sense-build-an-ai-
         | smart...
         | 
         | [1]: https://github.com/kartben/artificial-
         | nose/blob/master/firmw...
        
         | kartben_ wrote:
         | With this reasoning, aren't most things a work of plumbing, and
         | nothing ever really new? And isn't it how innovation happens,
         | at the end of the day?
        
           | tinc293 wrote:
           | Well, first of all, you can see those glove holes are too
           | small, that's not the hands of a 13-year-old who mines his
           | own silica. Disgraceful.
        
         | dkersten wrote:
         | I think the news is less _" 13 year old revolutionized
         | medicine"_ and more _" 13 year old used ingenuity to create
         | cool thing"_. Or at least, that's how I think it should be
         | read. Focusing too much on the end result is likely not the
         | best outcome because, while its a working prototype, many
         | interesting prototypes never make it to fully end user capable
         | system and there are a lot of hurdles to overcome to get it
         | there.
         | 
         | But that doesn't take away from the fact that its a cool
         | project and the kid did a great job in coming up with it and
         | executing on it! Its definitely far beyond what most people
         | achieve, nevermind 13 year olds.
        
           | SubiculumCode wrote:
           | This is a story about inspiration and achievement. Objective
           | facts are less important than the message, IMO, especially
           | after decades of "try-hard" being ridiculed in the U.S.
        
       | foolinaround wrote:
       | we need to identify the factors that enabled this awesome kid to
       | have the background knowledge, tools, environment etc and see how
       | we can replicate them to find other such diamonds in the wild...
        
         | rebelde wrote:
         | I highly suspect that his parents "have the background
         | knowledge, tools, environment etc".
        
         | blueatlas wrote:
         | To what end? Our world is not short of this kind of talent, at
         | any age. Those that have these abilities will get there, in
         | time. So maybe it would be better at that age to teach them to
         | paint, throw a baseball, fly fish, travel, etc.
        
           | foolinaround wrote:
           | Why should they be taught to paint or to throw a baseball but
           | not to use a tool (like a program, etc)
           | 
           | I was merely saying that the knowledge and facilities to
           | paint, to play baseball or program should be accessible, and
           | kids must be exposed to the fact that they exist... then, the
           | kids pick per their inclination?
        
             | em-bee wrote:
             | knowledge does not motivate people to do great things.
             | 
             | what children need to learn first and foremost is to be
             | good people, create the desire to help others and
             | contribute to society.
             | 
             | once they have that, they drive themselves to learn what
             | they need in order to achieve that.
             | 
             | this kid here had the drive to solve a problem because they
             | had experienced it themselves. it doesn't matter how they
             | solved it and how much help they got, what matters is what
             | drove them to solve the problem in the first place.
             | 
             | if we can create that drive then any of the above, whether
             | it is art, sports or programming will happen based on the
             | kids motivation.
        
         | Ataraxiaist wrote:
         | We seem to have a strange anti-intellectual bias in our culture
         | when it comes to children.
         | 
         | I mean I was not pushed hard as a kid to play guitar or play
         | football/wrestling but I was pushed. It took quite a bit of
         | time before I really fell in love with playing guitar. It is
         | hard to fall in love with something when you suck at it. I
         | needed to be pushed. Sports were fun at the time but we
         | completely overstate the value of organized sports IMO.
         | 
         | I don't know why we see playing a musical instrument as
         | something different than learning scientific instruments. We
         | expect the kid to just naturally be driven in science from day
         | one and pushing them is seen as something morally off.
         | 
         | It reminds me of the crazy hockey parent that pushes their kid
         | way too hard in hockey. While some kids might end up hating
         | hockey, a huge % just end up being really good hockey players
         | compared to the average person. People tend to fall in love
         | with things they are good at.
         | 
         | I am childfree but if I did have a kid I would be a science
         | version of the hockey parent and let the chips fall as they
         | may. The risk/reward is just massive for the kid.
        
       | croes wrote:
       | >No door is ever closed. You can do anything! I am a thirteen-
       | year-old kid, and I can do this--if I can do it, anyone can!
       | 
       | For some, doors are not only closed, but they are also slammed in
       | their faces with full force
        
       | bb123 wrote:
       | Does anyone else approach these "teen invents x" or "wiz kid
       | middle schooler discovers y" articles with extreme skepticism?
       | About half the time the invention turns out to be bogus or
       | trivial, and in the other half it comes to light the parents were
       | behind it.
        
         | skocznymroczny wrote:
         | Yes, seems like people really want to believe stories of
         | teenagers suddenly making breakthrough discoveries. In this
         | case it's probably having some sensors with data, throwing them
         | into a neural network and getting good results on a training
         | set. The question is, does it work at all on real world data...
        
         | munificent wrote:
         | I think the important part is to understand that the primary
         | goal here is not to advance science. We have lots of adult
         | scientists with better education, time, equipment doing that.
         | 
         | It's to improve the pipeline of kids excited to go into science
         | by making science accessible, rewarding, and prestigious.
        
         | ssewell wrote:
         | I, for one, am one of those people. However, after watching a
         | few minutes of the linked video, I'm convinced (and pleasantly
         | surprised) that Caleb has firm grasp on his design, and
         | honestly sounds like he was the driving force behind his own
         | particular implementation.
        
           | kartben_ wrote:
           | This. Thanks for taking the time to watch the video to form
           | your own opinion!
        
         | rocgf wrote:
         | Yes, always, since it's exaggerated more often than not.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | oh_sigh wrote:
         | Yup. There's very little drawback to just disregarding any
         | article which highlights a person's youth and their amazing
         | accomplishments. Same reason to avoid "30 under 30" type
         | articles as well. You're playing the game those people want you
         | to play by ingesting those articles, and I see no need to
         | engage myself in other people's "grinding".
        
         | wjp3 wrote:
         | I'm immediately reminded of the science fair projects in
         | elementary school where it was clearly obvious that the parent
         | did all of the work.
        
         | 2pEXgD0fZ5cF wrote:
         | I agree, these clickbait articles are rarely honest and most of
         | them reek of parents trying to turn their children into
         | (internet) celebreties.
         | 
         | Also I noticed that they typically employ a very common pattern
         | in which the headline makes a truly big claim (e.g. "10 year
         | old invents cheap way to purify any water source"), then
         | afterwards it turns out that this claim is far from accurate
         | (e.g. the child did not invent it himself, had massive help and
         | while the solution technically works it is in not feasible at
         | all in the way the headline suggests).
         | 
         | Once it is noticed that the claim is false in the way it is
         | presented the article then gets defended by pointing out that a
         | child that young coming into contact with such a project is
         | still impressive, which is again technically true but
         | ultimately comes off as a dishonest deflection.
        
         | MisterBastahrd wrote:
         | The international science fair is a good example. I grew up
         | with a couple of people who would participate every year, and
         | every year it was obvious from their academics and being in the
         | same classrooms and social circles as them that they didn't
         | come up with this stuff. Their projects were gigantic, expertly
         | researched, and featured technology that no high school student
         | in the pre-internet age would have been able to source or use
         | independently. One of them had a single mother with a PhD in
         | the field, the other had a science teacher mother and a father
         | with an MS in biomedical engineering... in the same field.
        
         | ajsnigrutin wrote:
         | > turns out to be bogus
         | 
         | Sometimes very bogus, even totally fake
         | 
         | example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otjvUz7qKXc ('free
         | energy' device, "invented" by a kid, debunked by electroboom)
        
           | cmaneu wrote:
           | Did you watch the video linked in the article?
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | wesleywt wrote:
             | Specific, sensitivity, limits of detection and limits of
             | quantitation is more important than a video.
        
               | kartben_ wrote:
               | Interestingly, those are all very good points, all of
               | which are being covered ...in the video.
        
         | thatcat wrote:
         | I mean this is a cool application, but not original idea.
         | Gas/particulate sensors are used in ag to detect fungal spore
         | concentration zones for spot treatment by looking for a
         | specific particle size using the laser in the sensor. The worst
         | part about these type articles is that they don't even cover
         | the design usually so you can't tell if it's a novel idea or
         | not. This one features hand drawn diagram with some incubator
         | system, I guess it's for training purposes but idk. Mostly it
         | seems like this is an advertorial for Microsoft AI.
        
         | hwillis wrote:
         | If you watch the video it's very apparent that the kid deeply
         | knows how everything works. If he did not make this entire
         | (very impressive) project himself, he certainly could have. He
         | understands how chemicals interact with the various gas sensors
         | (used limonene, pine and seed oils as test substances), how the
         | model works, how to grow fungus in a sterile environment to get
         | training data, how to get an API together to service the
         | device...
        
         | colechristensen wrote:
         | Yeah it's usually "adult who knows how to do a thing presents
         | kid with all of the pieces and guidance to make it happen".
         | Which is great, you should do that for kids, but the articles
         | about it usually make one cringe.
        
       | ravenstine wrote:
       | Hmmm... I'm skeptical. Not necessarily because I don't think that
       | pneumonia could be detected by testing VOCs in breath, but
       | because I'm currently working on a project that uses sensors to
       | do breath analysis and my amateur research has informed me that
       | it's fairly hard to get right (which is why my primary goal is to
       | identify deltas rather than achieve numerical accuracy).
       | 
       | For one, VOCs can be present in breath for other reasons besides
       | some sort of infection in the lung, and VOCs are incredibly hard
       | to differentiate with just a sensor. The fact that they tend to
       | be faint in human breath even at their highest (in contrast to O2
       | and CO2) doesn't help. Even the most expensive PID sensors for
       | VOCs (they get up into the several hundreds a pop) can't really
       | tell you whether the predominant gas is acetone or alcohol or
       | acetaldehyde or hydrogen sulfide. So you've got to figure out
       | whether the presence of VOCs is truly an anomaly and not just a
       | part of ketosis. In which case you will also need to measure _at
       | least_ VeO2 to see whether the VOCs correspond with the
       | Respiratory Quotient.
       | 
       | The "e-nose" project, as described on the MakeZine article,
       | doesn't appear to do that. It _does_ have an alcohol sensor. But
       | these sensors aren 't particularly sophisticated. They use
       | semiconductors with heating elements to detect the presence of
       | gases, and there is almost certainly some overlap between the
       | alcohol and VOCs sensors.
       | 
       | If VOCs are produced by pneumonia, then yes, it's conceivable
       | that even just the VOCs sensor alone would detect this. But can
       | this group of sensors used in the e-nose differentiate pneumonia
       | from catabolism?
       | 
       | Maybe? -\\_(tsu)_/-
       | 
       | After all, this thing uses _AI_. And _maybe_ AI can recognize
       | something that a human can 't by simply looking at a line graph.
       | _I dunno..._ Such things should be tested against known inputs
       | before being suggested to diagnose anything.
        
         | somebodynew wrote:
         | It looks like the principle is that a machine learning model
         | trained on the combined output of four different kinds of gas
         | sensors can discover correlations between unintentional
         | characteristics of the sensors. For example, the manufacturer
         | of an ethanol or nitrogen dioxide sensor is not going to
         | specify anything about how it responds to vanillin, but it
         | seems plausible to me that the relationship between their
         | responses contains some hidden information that could help to
         | discriminate between vanillin and eugenol. With enough
         | different sensors, there's quite a bit of information to be
         | found in mining their undefined behavior.
         | 
         | That is to say, you can treat the sensor reading as being
         | completely meaningless and skip interpreting it as indicating
         | VOC levels. You're just using the sensors as black boxes that
         | produce arbitrary values with the property that exposure to
         | organic vapor changes the output "somehow", and letting model
         | training find some meaning in it.
        
           | xvector wrote:
           | Does this mean that each sensor cluster has to be trained
           | independently?
        
             | joshvm wrote:
             | Most high-accuracy systems incorporate an onboard
             | calibration target of some kind. Could be a gas cell
             | (either sealed or consumable) or a special lamp etc. Or you
             | buy an instrument that comes with calibration coefficients
             | from the manufacturer. For example if you sell
             | spectrometers, you put in the grating and manually adjust
             | it for the desired range. This is the case for cheaper
             | instruments (eg Ocean Optics) as well as expensive bespoke
             | systems which are all hand built. Even if the grating and
             | mirror mounts are fixed, the tolerance in manufacturing is
             | rarely good enough that calibration isn't required. It's
             | way cheaper to do some relatively low accuracy machining
             | and then just epoxy all the screws down.
             | 
             | In this case you'd probably calibrate each sensor to a
             | standard chemical sample and then use the calibration
             | output. You could train on that, not the raw samples and
             | then you have a model that works on all devices.
        
             | somebodynew wrote:
             | When this technique is performing at its best, I would
             | expect so. The old story of the evolved FPGA comes to mind:
             | https://www.damninteresting.com/on-the-origin-of-circuits/
             | 
             | You're intentionally depending on the "personality" of each
             | gas sensor to get data measuring unknown features, so you
             | can't expect consistency from sample to sample. Anything
             | that was completely portable between different sensors
             | would inherently be less powerful.
        
           | jkaptur wrote:
           | > With enough different sensors, there's quite a bit of
           | information to be found in mining their undefined behavior.
           | 
           | It sounds like you would need to be _exceptionally_ careful
           | that your meta-process didn 't "find" some signal in pure
           | noise (via re-using test sets and so on).
        
             | mdeck_ wrote:
             | > It sounds like you would need to be exceptionally careful
             | that your meta-process didn't "find" some signal in pure
             | noise (via re-using test sets and so on).
             | 
             | It sounds like you're actually talking about ordinary
             | levels of carefulness in this (ML) context.
        
               | jkaptur wrote:
               | That would be great. I'm no ML expert, but my impression
               | was that standards varied widely from team to team.
        
         | DoreenMichele wrote:
         | He was specifically looking to identify _fungal pneumonia_ not
         | just any old kind of pneumonia.
         | 
         | The linked Wikipedia article indicates mortality in
         | immunocompromised patients can be as high as 90 percent. That
         | sentence fits with my general impression that fungal pneumonia
         | is both real serious shit and also typically found in people
         | with advanced cases of other serious medical problems, like
         | AIDS or cystic fibrosis.
         | 
         | It sounds reasonably plausible to me that it's feasible to
         | detect fungal pneumonia in specific this way with some
         | reasonable confidence level.
        
         | jboy55 wrote:
         | Well one thing is the teen in question probably has little to
         | no exposure to a cohort of humans who have fungal pneumonia to
         | test this on.
        
           | trulyme wrote:
           | This is what I was wondering too. To train a model you need
           | lots of data. How do you get it for such a project?
        
         | mrtnmcc wrote:
         | In my experience, "AI can extract more information from
         | sensors" is mostly a myth.
         | 
         | An example is the SCIO sensor (
         | https://nocamels.com/2019/03/scio-kickstarter-darling-promis...
         | ) which was a cheap handheld spectrometer that claimed to
         | accurately determine the nutritional information of any food
         | you pointed it at.
         | 
         | One good way to debunk this is to measure raw sensor output and
         | compute Mutual Information (which incorporates sensor
         | noise/variability). If the sensor only produces X bits of
         | information, no algorithm will be able to extract more classes
         | than that. In the SCIO case it was just under 8 bits total of
         | information. So something like a poor color sensor. You could
         | train on apples and oranges and maybe do an investor demo, but
         | it's not actually going to do anything useful (as the
         | Kickstarter crowd soon learned).
        
           | periheli0n wrote:
           | True, but there _are_ things where AI can help. For example,
           | in the domain of electronic gas sensors, AI can be used to
           | disentangle confounding variables like gas, humidity and
           | temperature. All three affect the sensor output in a
           | nonlinear fashion, and an ANN can learn the transfer function
           | that extracts the (almost) pure gas response.
        
             | mrtnmcc wrote:
             | Yes combining relatively independent sensors will increase
             | the MI.
        
               | periheli0n wrote:
               | The sensors are _not_ independent.
               | 
               | Gas sensing is really tricky. Metal oxide gas sensors
               | respond nonlinearly to all three of gas, temperature, and
               | humidity. Plus they drift. AI can help with the nonlinear
               | response. Drift hasn't been solved yet, as far as I know.
        
           | throwaways85989 wrote:
           | AI can detect more information in the whole dataset, because
           | it for example has the whole "breath in- breath out" cycle in
           | view. Fungi residing in the mouth would be present as
           | background noise even during breathing in and out. But fungi-
           | products existing at the end of a breath out cycle, are most
           | likely to originate from the lungs, due to the mouth
           | contamination being "flushed" out by the breath itself.
        
           | servytor wrote:
           | https://www.wired.com/2010/02/ff-algorithm/
        
             | mrtnmcc wrote:
             | Priors can make sensor information more useful maybe, but
             | that is just knowledge that helps first limit possibilities
             | before taking a measurement. Priors also work against you
             | when you are trying to sense something novel that might
             | indicate a thing you don't expect.
             | 
             | An aside on sparsity priors (which that article uses)..
             | reality is actually a lot less sparse than the researcher
             | models would have you believe. If most dimensions are not
             | truly zero (e.g., have some small noise present) these
             | sparsity methods fall apart. That's why you (never?) see
             | the methods deployed in actual products.
             | 
             | Specifically, the support determination step usually breaks
             | down in epsilon sparse and you also get "noise folding".
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | londons_explore wrote:
           | AI can extract information from a sensor that is 'obvious'
           | when you look at it by eye, yet no easy combination of
           | frequency filters and a carefully tuned threshold can extract
           | reliably.
        
           | westurner wrote:
           | Is the limit: A) sensor resolution, B) NN architecture and/or
           | algorithm, C) training sample size, D) training data
           | (labeling, segmentation) quality, or E) it doesn't
           | sufficiently predict the variance with low enough error?
           | 
           | New NN models _are_ able to do more with the exact same
           | sensor data.
        
             | _hl_ wrote:
             | You cannot conjure information out of thin air. Even with
             | infinite data and a hypothetical wormhole CPU that runs
             | everything in O(1) and solves the halting problem, you
             | still couldn't do this. So to answer your question, the
             | reason is effectively (A). Sensor resolution might be the
             | wrong term but it's the general idea.
        
               | westurner wrote:
               | How much information content is there in DNA (and RNA,)?
               | How do creatures _know or learn_ what not to eat given
               | limited available sensor data?
        
               | _hl_ wrote:
               | Because they receive additional information from the
               | environment through highly sensitive sensors producing
               | massive amounts of information. Whereas the information
               | you get from a cheap sensor effectively discretizes to a
               | few bits.
        
               | dtech wrote:
               | You can, but it's called making stuff up
        
         | chokma wrote:
         | I have a mid-price gadget for measuring inside air quality - it
         | detects VOC and formaldehyde, along with PM2.5 / PM 10.
         | 
         | It also detects alcohol from drinking a couple of beers as a
         | dangerous increase in formaldehyde...
        
         | Fordec wrote:
         | From working on the environmental sensor side of things, I'd
         | concur. The VOCs will be able to be picked up, but the cross
         | talk will be huge across _other_ VOCs that don 't themselves
         | indicate pneumonia. There isn't one VOC, there's thousands.
         | False positives are written all over this. This is the very
         | same approach Theranos went. On a science level, sure,
         | technically possible maybe. You'll even get boolean outputs.
         | But on an engineering and regulatory level, you're in for a
         | world of pain without the spectral tech that is still 2-5 years
         | away before this is worth basing human lives on.
        
       | daenz wrote:
       | Great on Caleb for this accomplishment!
       | 
       | >No door is ever closed. You can do anything! I am a thirteen-
       | year-old kid, and I can do this--if I can do it, anyone can!
       | 
       | Although he may have similar opportunities to his peers, he
       | (understandably) doesn't yet realize that he has a "spark" that
       | not everyone is fortunate enough to cultivate. Age is not
       | strictly the limiting factor to being capable of reaching a high
       | potential.
        
         | zht wrote:
         | not to mention a stable home life and parents who have the
         | ability/time/resources to provide a kid an environment to be
         | curious about this stuff
        
       | 99_00 wrote:
       | I had no idea there was an e-nose project out there. Is e-nose a
       | field with active research or is it something that's seen as
       | being just too hard/cross disciplinary?
       | 
       | I see robust e-nose as being a huge development that would change
       | how we see the world.
        
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