[HN Gopher] The staggering ecological impacts of computation and... ___________________________________________________________________ The staggering ecological impacts of computation and the cloud Author : _Microft Score : 80 points Date : 2022-02-20 18:56 UTC (4 hours ago) (HTM) web link (thereader.mitpress.mit.edu) (TXT) w3m dump (thereader.mitpress.mit.edu) | [deleted] | nemo44x wrote: | Update for today: | | "We wanna be free! We wanna be free to do what we wanna do. We | wanna be free to compute! We wanna be free to run our virtual | machines without being hassled by The Man. And we wanna get | bitcoins. And we wanna have a good time. And that's what we're | gonna do. We are gonna have a good time. We are gonna have a LAN | party." | bloopernova wrote: | And now I need to listen to Loaded by Primal Scream. Thank you | :) | blacksmith_tb wrote: | Surely you mean Mudhoney's "In 'n' Out of Grace" (or even The | Wild Angels, since that's where both sampled it from). | Shadonototra wrote: | bad software and slow code should be heavily taxed | ozfive wrote: | How do you suggest doing that? Measure all VM usage and if CPU | memory usage to service ratio is too high it would be taxed? | TOMDM wrote: | The "tax" is already baked in, it costs more to run poorly | optimised code. | | What we need is a carbon tax, then wasteful use of electricity | can funnel back into paying for its impact. | abecedarius wrote: | > paying for its impact | | The rationale of a carbon tax is to make prices account for | the externality, so that people use carbon-emitting energy | where it's still worth it, and stop where it's not. (And over | time encourage everyone to find better ways to do things.) | | You might see this as a quibble, but there's so much | misunderstanding. E.g. the #1 objection is about the expense | to poor people, but if all this tax revenue went straight | back to a UBI it would not affect the above logic. The | objection does have force if it's "funneled back into paying | for its impact" instead. | brabel wrote: | The Australian Government circa 2010 introduced a carbon | tax... it was one of the first governments in the world to do | so. It causes prices to go up, miners to threaten to close | mines as costs became too high, basically it was a shit show | and the government went to election against a conservative | party promising to remove the tax and make it impossible to | bring it back, ever, if it won... of course, it won and has | remained in power since then. Today, Australia is probably | one of the worst offenders when it comes to carbon emissions | per-capita, and its Government is hostile to carbon emission | reductions except when it costs no jobs, no taxes and no | worries to anyone , i.e. never. | | I think we can see this scenario playing up again in quite a | few other countries, unfortunately... for this reason, I | don't think taxes will solve the problem. | WalterBright wrote: | Here in America we make it difficult to deploy natural gas, | so we burn more coal instead. | kixiQu wrote: | * The Jevons paradox seems really relevant but there's no | analysis done. The predecessors to the cloud seem important to | look at if you're being honest about analysis of efficiency, | but... | | * "While in technical parlance the "Cloud" might refer to the | pooling of computing resources over a network, in popular | culture, "Cloud" has come to signify and encompass the full gamut | of infrastructures that make online activity possible, everything | from Instagram to Hulu to Google Drive." Okay, so we're using a | definition of "the 'Cloud'" that extends to the services that run | on it. Tricky to evaluate cost-benefit if you're doing that, but | okay, sure. "Today, the electricity utilized by data centers | accounts for 0.3 percent of overall carbon emissions, and if we | extend our accounting to include networked devices like laptops, | smartphones, and tablets, the total shifts to 2 percent of global | carbon emissions." Sorry, _what_? So you don 't actually mean | cloud computing when you say "the Cloud", you mean _everything | connected to the Internet_? | | * All of the stuff about the wastefulness of protection against | failure seems pretty sketchy to me, especially when considering | that the preceding systems had all of the redundancy of every | business that needed compute having its own physical servers | scaled for peak. But again, there's no consideration of "what did | we use to have" or "what would we need if we didn't have this"... | | * Putting in a quote like "It festers in his mind, clawing at his | thoughts, probing his sanity, poisoning him with a constant spell | of dread and anxiety." to color the locals' objection to noise is | _pretty dramatic_ , so there must be good evidence for how awful | it is, right? "Over the course of my fieldwork with the | communities of Chandler and Printer's Row, I learned that the | "noise" of the Cloud uniquely eludes regulatory schemes. In many | cases, the loudness of the data centers, as measured in decibels | (dB), falls below the threshold of intolerance as prescribed by | local ordinances. For this reason, when residents contacted the | authorities to intervene, to attenuate or quiet their noise, no | action was taken, because the data centers had not technically | violated the law, and their properties were zoned for industrial | purposes. However, upon closer interrogation of the sound, some | residents reported that the monotonal drone, a frequency hovering | within the range of human speech, is particularly disturbing, | given the attuned sensitivity of human ears to discern such | frequencies above others. Even so, there were days when the data | centers, running diesel generators, vastly exceeded permissible | decibel-thresholds for noise." .... So I'm supposed to read | "uniquely eludes regulatory schemes" as... "isn't as loud as the | limits for the relevant zoning." Cool. How elusive of them. What | are the limits supposed to be? How often are they being exceeded? | Why should I give credence to "some residents" on the importance | of the frequency -- shouldn't there be studies about that? I live | in an area with noise pollution so I am fully willing to take | this issue seriously, and I can believe that the existing | regulation isn't catching what it should, but this doesn't read | like someone being serious about presenting the issue! | | * "Historian Nathan Ensmenger writes that a single desktop | computer requires 240 kilograms of fossil fuels, 22 kilograms of | chemicals, and 1,500 kilograms of water to manufacture. The | servers that fill the halls of data centers are dense, | specialized assets, with some units valued in the tens of | thousands of U.S. dollars." So the implication slithering between | these sentences are that servers are worse than desktops vis-a- | vis environmental impact of physical production, and desktops are | really bad... but that's not actually _shown_ by the fact that | servers are expensive. | | * "Even with these sustainability initiatives in place, | environmental organizations like Greenpeace estimate that less | than 16 percent of the tons of e-waste generated annually is | recycled." Yes! This is a huge problem! Only... what percent of | that is consumer-level and what percent industrial? Is cloud | computing less efficient re: e-waste? The author seems to be | saying that we should leave things in use until they break, but, | well, in practice that's kind of all those standards codify | anyway. | | Ugh ugh ugh ugh ugh. I really care about the environmental impact | of data centers and computing, and I want more people to care, | but I want them to have better material to work with than this | suggestive hand-wavey piece that _isn 't even compelling from an | anthropological perspective._ | dfdz wrote: | >Today, the electricity utilized by data centers accounts for 0.3 | percent of overall carbon emissions | | So The Cloud, arguably the peak of human technology, uses | contributes a tiny fraction of our total carbon emissions. Is | curbing this technology in in any major way a productive way to | reduce our emissions? | | These emissions are all electricity usage converted to carbon | emissions. Would it not be more productive to focus on | transitioning all power generation to solar, wind, hydro, | nuclear, etc? | Gigachad wrote: | Same way I feel when someone here tells me I should dither my | PNGs or something to save the planet. Not eating a single steak | would offset my entire life of using the internet. | floodle wrote: | This is besides the actual topic, but the typesetting on this | website is just beautiful. It's a pleasure to read; almost like a | print magazine. | _Microft wrote: | Off-topic but I said [0] a similar thing about another website | not long ago. Maybe you like that too: | | https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/walmart-but-for-... | | [0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30321310 | waynecochran wrote: | I live near the Columbia River where Google, Facebook, Microsoft | all have data centers that rely on hydroelectric power. The dams | produce clean energy, provide waterway for barges, prevent | flooding, allow for recreation, and can back up water at night | when demand for electricity is low. As the salmon fisherman will | tell you, the salmon have adapted to the fish ladders and are | spawning in the Columbia's tributaries. Yet there are still | political forces that want to breach these dams. Nothing is | ideal, but hydroelectric energy is about as close as you can get | to ideal in the Pacific Northwest. | waynecochran wrote: | Edit: My comment concerning salmon was poor. The fisherman I | know who fish above Bonneville, The Dalles, and even above the | John Day dams do catch salmon have good reports, but this is | only local and anecdotal. We know there are places where salmon | are spawning where they haven't in 80 years which gives hope, | but doesn't provide a good overall indicator. The dams have | been a tough on the Salmon. | ej3 wrote: | Thanks for that. I hate to nit pick, but the issues | surrounding the dams in the Columbia river basin are so | complex and frustrating.. I honestly don't even know who or | what is right at any given moment. I've torched friendships | debating culling - not even sure I was right or they were. | It's just horrible. Everything about it. | | The dams are hugely beneficial to society. The produce energy | and expedite inland commerce, and that makes us all better | off. At the same time everything comes at a cost, and the | costs are easily just as catastrophic. | | I've seen rivers three times the size of the Columbia that | have no dams. They are like the arteries of the Earth. They | wend and breathe through existence itself. Heave and fall | feet in hours. To see this, to be near it is to feel | everything upstream. It's like looking into the night sky, | but instead of making you feel small it connects you. | | The Columbia is dead. I get itchy about it because we've lost | that and no one even knows anymore. We long ago muted a voice | that used to sing to us, but people will only consider the | loss in economic terms - salmon fisheries. We can't even talk | about things like humans anymore. | golemotron wrote: | Consumption really can lead to the development of clean energy | sources. People need to develop a growth-mindset on this issue. | paulryanrogers wrote: | Consumption cannot scale to infinity. There's little harm in | periodically taking account of the externalities of the | things we value. | systemvoltage wrote: | kodah wrote: | > The current mindset in California is to cut down life | style and eat bugs. | | I live in CA, the valley specifically. I get why you have | this image in your head, but I'm telling you it's not | true. There are loads of normal people out here, with a | select few very loud voices on certain topics. The | problems those loud voices cause societally is likely | more than their worth. This is true across the political | ecosystem from what I've seen. It's not worth judging | large groups of people by the loud and thorny voices | among them. | cameronh90 wrote: | Perhaps not infinity, but if we manage to exploit space | then it'd be close enough. | paulryanrogers wrote: | That's a big 'if'. And IMO pointless to explore seriously | until we can sustain ourselves on our native planet. | [deleted] | missedthecue wrote: | We don't need to it to scale to infinity. It's a weird | objection. It's like saying human lifespans can't grow to | infinity so we should stop trying to be healthy. | | The truth is, humanity can continue to be more productive | and efficient for millions more years. We can do more with | less like we've been doing for centuries. | | For example, the US economy is bigger than ever, yet we | emit less carbon than we did 10 years ago, both total and | on a per capita basis. | Ar-Curunir wrote: | This logic is really no different from stupid Bitcoiner logic | that PoW induces demand for cheap clean energy. | barkingcat wrote: | Salmon in the Pacific Northwest on the whole is dying. The | entire salmon fishery will go extinct. Don't know where you get | your information from, but Salmon in the Pacific Northwest is | going the way of the cod fisheries in the North American | Eastern seaboard. | | Don't believe what your "salmon fisherman" will tell you - | their whole purpose in life, their raison d'etre is to fish the | salmon until every single last one is gone. Then they will move | to another place to fish. | bahmboo wrote: | The fish have not adapted to the fish ladders and no salmon | fisherman will tell you that. The dams do a lot but helping | fish or the ecology is not on that list. | [deleted] | zw123456 wrote: | Agree E. WA is a great place for server farms. | | Unfortunately, lately there is a push for lower network | latency, and in response to that, there are now a lot of Edge | Cloud clusters being built near urban areas where various | fossil fuel power plants to meet peak loads or load leveling | are often used. | | Putting these edge cloud server farms in those areas will cause | the carbon producing facilities to be activated more often. | That low latency comes at a price to the environment more so | than the centralized ones positioned in places like E. WA. | textman wrote: | Sockeye salomon returning from the Pacific via Columbia R. to | the Stanley basin in Idaho dropped from over 25000 to a few | dozen. That is not adapting, rather, approaching extinction. | https://www.idahopress.com/news/local/sockeye-salmon-return-... | ej3 wrote: | > As the salmon fisherman will tell you... | | This is objectively false. Salmon populations are more often | than not considered in decline. The fish haven't "figured it | out". They marginally persist solely due to intensive | management that plainly consists of atrocities for species less | popular in the media [0][1], millions spent on fish ladder | theatre, and hatcheries. | | The dominant mechanism in support of the fisheries being | hatcheries that are basically a strangely laundered welfare | program for indigenous, sport and professional fishermen each | to their licensed proportion. | | If you live in the Dalles, and you don't know the Columbia | basin damns are an ecological nightmare.. it's unconscionable. | | Not to mention the displacement of indigenous peoples from | important traditional regions, the complete loss of stochastic | annual flows feeding nutrient cycles in the river... etc etc. | | Im no eco-activist. I don't necessarily think removing the dams | would improve anything for anyone at this point, but if we're | going to advocate for doing things a better way in the future - | let's be honest: dams are horrible. The dams on the Columbia | will eventually result in no salmon, no matter how hard we try. | It's inhospitable. They used to run all the way up the snake | into Idaho. Into IDAHO. Never again. | | It's ok to advocate for energy, and the things you believe in, | but let's not be belligerent about it - be honest. | | In the Astoria maritime museum (several years ago now) I | remember reading a passage that was proud of "..taming the wild | Columbia, and turning it into a beautiful series of lakes and | streams to wonderfully facilitate shipping and recreation.." | | Some hutzpah, to think we know what we're doing. | | [0] https://www.audubon.org/news/the-corps-cormorants-and-cull | [1] https://www.marinemammalcenter.org/news/response-to- | columbia... | rr808 wrote: | Its great that these huge corporations use hydro power for | greenwashing, but there is a limit to how much hydro any river | can generate and it would be great to use these sources for | regular people and/or when there is no solar/wind. | vanusa wrote: | _The salmon have adapted to the fish ladders_ | | That's a strange use of "adapted", there. The logic here seems | to be: | | "Sure, salmon and trout numbers have gone down -- but not _all_ | runs have been _completely_ wiped out. Therefore, they have | "adapted" and there's really nothing to worry about. All so- | called scientists talking about a 98 percent reduction in | return counts since 1880, and warning that some runs are on the | verge of extinction due to the combined effects of habitat | reduction and climate change -- they have no idea what they're | talking about, really." | Animats wrote: | _Especially in Virginia's "data center alley," the site of 70 | percent of the world's internet traffic in 2019._ | | Too much internet infrastructure is optimized for wiretapping. | There's no other good reason for so much near CIA HQ. | bombcar wrote: | It's also a patently absurd statistic by any possible measure. | WalterBright wrote: | I've often wondered if a "slow" datacenter could be created, that | used low power processors. Amazon, for example, could offer a | cheaper AWS tier that used the low power datacenter. Not | everything needs to be fast. I'm perfectly happy with many jobs | on my computer taking all night. | grogenaut wrote: | It's called graviton. Also from what I hear internally (at a | subsidiary), price of service is mostly correlated to carbon | footprint as power is a large factor in pricing. Yes there are | profit percentages / etc but it's not a bad huristic. | kqr wrote: | Is there a chance it would be more efficient to run a | relatively fast processor and race to idle instead? | d0gsg0w00f wrote: | AWS has announced an upcoming carbon footprint calculator that | I'm excited to play with that will help to optimize this sort | of thing. | | https://www.inc.com/kevin-j-ryan/amazon-carbon-footprint-too... | bonzini wrote: | The tiny (non-dedicated) instance types on AWS probably | multiplex hundreds of guests on a single host. | mirekrusin wrote: | Or just use arm instead of intel frying pans. | colpabar wrote: | They were touting their graviton (arm) powered instance types | a lot at last year's reinvent. | | https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/graviton/ | georgeoliver wrote: | Sure you can document the ecological impact, but who's measuring | the economic/cultural/social impact (positive and/or negative)? | How do I measure an airline-sized carbon impact against a billion | cat videos? Is there even a framework for that kind of | accounting? | | Until there is I think no amount of documentation is going to | change people's behavior in the large. IMO the article is much | better when citing specific impacts like noise pollution and | water rights abuse. | novok wrote: | What previous resource intensive activities are these data | centers replacing although? We used to ship far more paper around | by parcel, and store them in temperature controlled rooms and | shops in dispersed locations be it books, legal documents and | more. Things that used to be air flights are now video calls. | Videotapes, DVDs and video stores replaced by efficient | streaming. Photographs stay on digital media instead of paper | media. We fell trees and had 'paper' data centers in the form of | pulp mills, which are also resource intensive industrial plants | in remote locations. | | Yes we still have paper and lots of it, but now it's | significantly reduced. | | When you look at the internet and the telephone compared to what | we replaced it with, the internet comes out far, far ahead in | environmentally friendliness. | beebeepka wrote: | I am not sure paper usage is down. Overall, humanity is using | more than ever. | | As for video calls, they don't need massive data centres since | it's supposed to be p2p for all sorts of reasons. | | I am struggling to get where you come from. The actual content | is so wrong, that it seems satirical, yet it's presented in a | very serious, almost patronising way | Retric wrote: | Overall humanity is much larger and richer than it was 40 | years ago. Paper use includes packaging, plates, toilet | paper, etc so it's hard to get actual numbers as it relates | to IT. Especially when recycling initiatives have resulted in | new uses for lower grade paper products. | | That said, personally I am way down due to IT not just | replacing forms but also physical books, newspapers, and even | bills. | roca wrote: | P2P can't work once you have more than a few participants. | ssivark wrote: | > Yes we still have paper and lots of it, but now it's | significantly reduced. | | But a la Jevons Paradox [1] I'm sure the total amount of | information being shuttled around now is far more than what was | being sent around on paper -- bu orders of magnitude. So it's | not at all clear that we still have a lower net ecological | footprint. | | [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox | shadowofneptune wrote: | That assumes the same amount of information is being passed | around. The ease of the modern internet has led to more work | being produced for servers to process. No video site 10 years | ago had HD enabled by default, for instance. | rr808 wrote: | We used to print out a few dozen photos a year. Now my wife | takes that many photos at lunch time- then backed up to 3 | locations forever. | open-source-ux wrote: | What about calculating the ecological impact of the programming | languages running on those 'cloud' servers? | | Some of the most popular languages are the least performative (we | all know which ones), but they make life easier for developers. | | Thankfully, newer languages take performance seriously: Rust, Go, | Nim, Crystal. A typed, compiled language gives you good | performance for free and a smaller memory footprint (and the | reduced computing resources that implies). When you consider the | millions of servers in use, that additional language efficiency | adds up to a substantial saving in electricity use. | | In the computing field, we readily encourage throwing cheap | hardware at a performance problem until a program runs fast. It's | embarrassing that the "hardware is cheap" attitude is so | widespread among developers. Imagine if a manufacturer said that | they were going to make energy-guzzling fridges/washing machines | or other appliances without regard to energy-efficiency. | | In programming, everything is for the ease and comfort of the | programmer and anything else takes a back seat - the user, energy | use and ultimately the environment. | | _Aside - If you think programming language energy usage a | ridiculous topic, consider the follow_ : | | The creator of PHP, Rasmus Lerdorf, calculated potential CO2 | savings due to speed improvements in PHP 7: fewer servers, | smaller memory use and reduced CPU activity. (And remember this | is an interpreted language.) You can watch a segment from his | presentation below where he talks about the calculations he made | of potential CO2 savings: | | Rasmus Lerdorf - "PHP in 2018" (extract from the 15 min mark): | https://youtu.be/umxGUWYmiSw?t=15m16s | throwaway17_17 wrote: | Here are two papers on this topic. In particular, the first is | the shorter version (with a better/more journal friendly | layout) and second is basically the technical report for the | research. It does show some support for your hypothesis | compiled languages are more energy efficient. C ranks in at #1 | and Python is last at #15. | | There is also a paper that I can't find (I'm on my phone) that | was done in conjunction with a Google researcher that reaches | similar conclusions. | | 1 - https://greenlab.di.uminho.pt/wp- | content/uploads/2017/10/sle... | | 2 - https://haslab.github.io/SAFER/scp21.pdf | jeffbee wrote: | Pretty much exactly as accurate as you'd expect from an | ethnographer holding forth on datacenter thermodynamics. | | "Today, power-hungry computer room air conditioners (CRACs) or | computer room air handlers (CRAHs) are staples of even the most | advanced data centers." | | False. The absence of CRACs is, in fact, the defining | characteristic of "the most advanced data centers". | | "In most data centers today, cooling accounts for greater than 40 | percent of electricity usage." | | That might be true if the statement is weighted improperly, but | for advanced large-scale cloud data centers, the figure is more | like 8%. | | "Virginia's "data center alley," the site of 70 percent of the | world's internet traffic" | | This author has no idea what they are talking about. | mmmBacon wrote: | Yep. The amount of power that can be pulled to a building is a | difficult thing to change. So the biggest cloud companies try | to maximize the amount of power used for compute. There is a | metric for this called Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE). It's | the ratio of totally energy usage to energy used for compute. | Most modern cloud companies have PUEs <1.3. | | Here's a great link showing Google's PUE. | https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/ | | The data centers in Ashburn, Virginia are mostly leased | facilities and these kinds of facilities are more of the | traditional raised floor air conditioning type facilities. | However these facilities are also quite efficient with PUEs in | the 1.6 range. | | https://sustainability.equinix.com/environment/energy-effici... | | Digital Realty Claims to have some sites with PUE <1.12 | | https://sustainability.equinix.com/environment/energy-effici... | rp3 wrote: | The stat about Virginia receiving 70% of all internet traffic | seems to be often repeated: https://www.vedp.org/industry/data- | centers | | I can't find where that stat comes from, however. As for | everything else you said, it would be great to have sources. As | far as I know, cooling is one of the major costs of running a | data center. It would be illuminating to know why that's now | false. | jeffbee wrote: | The 70% thing came from a business development official in | Loudoun County, a person whose job is to promulgate | misleading boosterism. It doesn't make even a sliver of sense | to someone who thinks it over for a moment. | | Cooling _is_ a major data center cost, but it 's not 40% any | more. All of the major datacenter operators claim a PUE of | 1.11 or less. Facebook has been the most open and vocal about | how they achieve this, for example at | https://tech.fb.com/hyperefficient-data-centers/ (scroll down | to "Systems"). | jillesvangurp wrote: | > Steven Gonzales Monserrate is an anthropologist and a PhD | candidate | | Maybe this person should stick to studying skull sizes or | whatever it is an anthropologist studies these days. I'm sorry to | say, but what a load of horse shit. | | Yes, data centers use energy. Essentially all of the big cloud | providers have committed to carbon neutrality, most of them are | pretty far done with getting there, and essentially all of them | already source the vast majority of their power from renewables | at this point. That's not just because it is greener, but also | because it is cheaper. | | Amazon, Google, Microsoft, etc. each maintain nice web pages on | how far they are with these plans. | | - Amazon is shooting for 2025 for 100% carbon neutral energy. | https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/environment/the-cloud... | | - Microsoft plans for carbon negative by 2030: | https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2020/01/16/microsoft-will-b... | | - Google claims to have been carbon neutral since 2007 and plans | to be carbon free by 2030 as well: | https://sustainability.google/commitments-europe/ | | That's a trend with many other manufacturers as well. E.g. lots | of automotive manufacturers. If there's a deep conspiracy where | these companies are lying about what they are doing, that would | be news worthy of course. But, I suspect that most of these | companies are simply getting very good at managing absurdly high | degrees of energy and water efficiency and cost. | | Kind of counters the message of the article / the author's world | view of course. So, instead this author is dragging in all sorts | of things: waste problems, hypertension in people, "computational | whir of data centers is not merely an annoyance, but a source of | mental and physical harm". I mean, what the actual F** is he | going on about here?! What's the point here? Modern technology is | bad? Is there a point at all? | globalise83 wrote: | A lot of the time people watching cat videos aren't travelling by | car or airline, so the net impact is quite subtle. | rossjudson wrote: | NFTs close the crypto loop back to cat videos. So now it's | really cat videos all the way down. | rodgerd wrote: | Something near and dear to my heart - it's painful watching NZ | shift its compute footprint from local hydro sources to coal- | fired in NSW. | Gigachad wrote: | I assume you are talking about New Zealand and New South Wales | here? | rodgerd wrote: | Yes | roca wrote: | AWS and Azure opening data centres here should help. ___________________________________________________________________ (page generated 2022-02-20 23:00 UTC)