[HN Gopher] 43 km line of sight with USB WiFi stick (2005)
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       43 km line of sight with USB WiFi stick (2005)
        
       Author : NotAWorkNick
       Score  : 269 points
       Date   : 2022-03-03 14:38 UTC (8 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.qsl.net)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.qsl.net)
        
       | aledalgrande wrote:
       | To someone that understands this, I'm curious: is line of sight,
       | especially this far, impacted by something like a bird flying in
       | the middle?
        
         | topspin wrote:
         | Not unless the bird is very close to the antennas at either
         | end.
         | 
         | This is a neat exercise in antenna design. They've built high
         | gain directional antennas and minimized transmission line
         | losses. The 15 dBi antennas aren't even that remarkable; you
         | can buy 30+ dBi wifi antennas.
         | 
         | My first 'better than dial-up' internet connection was a 2.4
         | GHz wifi service across 7 miles. On my end was a roof mounted
         | aluminum parabolic grid antenna. It worked rather well and
         | sometimes I wish I still had it.
        
           | creeble wrote:
           | Mine too! Though mine was the other way 'round: I had a frac
           | T1 line (256kbps iirc) and shared it with two other locations
           | via a central omni antenna. Breezecom radios that I think
           | were frequency-hopping (pre-spread-spectrum).
        
         | marcodiego wrote:
         | By line of sight, I think it means that it must be held in a
         | tall enough mast not to be impacted by curvature of the earth.
         | IIRC curvature of the earth limits line of sight to around 35km
         | at 1.7m of height.
        
         | Reventlov wrote:
         | This might interest you:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_zone
        
         | ajsnigrutin wrote:
         | Nope, not really.
         | 
         | Very simplified, the signal is carried within a "fresnell
         | zone", which s basically a 3d ellipse, that is relatively wide
         | in the middle, and you'd have to cover a lot of that area, to
         | block the signal... definitely more than a bird can do.
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_zone#Clearance_calcula...
         | 
         | ...unless the bird is standing infront of the
         | transmitter/receiver.. then yes.
        
       | stagger87 wrote:
       | The WIFI beacon he received is likely using the 1Mbps DSSS
       | 802.11b PHY, which has 11dB of processing gain which also helps
       | quite a bit here.
        
       | chrissnell wrote:
       | And why not? When I lived in Utah, I could easily hit a mountain-
       | top ham radio repeater 20+ miles away with my little 5W handheld
       | radio. A small weather balloon with a sub-1W transmitter can
       | easily be heard at 100K feet altitude by people hundreds of miles
       | away. So long as you have LoS, it's not problem.
        
         | dragontamer wrote:
         | Water molecules block 2.4Ghz spectrum that WiFi uses.
         | 
         | This is on purpose: the idea is to make the common WiFi (and
         | Bluetooth) bands short range on purpose, so that many people
         | within a city block can have local WiFi or local Bluetooth
         | without interfering with each other.
         | 
         | So 2.4GHz over a long distance kinda goes against the design of
         | WiFi / Bluetooth.
        
           | ac29 wrote:
           | > Water molecules block 2.4Ghz spectrum that WiFi uses.
           | 
           | This isnt really true to any significant degree that matters,
           | unless you are literally under water.
           | 
           | Rain fade is a thing, but is really only meaningful above
           | 10GHz.
           | 
           | edit: I should note, its not that water droplets dont
           | attenuate radio signals, its just that losses on a typical
           | radio path are already huge in perfectly clear weather - you
           | might lose 99.99999999% (100dB) or more of your signal
           | strength between transmitter and receiver anyways.
        
           | bonzini wrote:
           | The idea really was that 2.4GHz spectrum was already polluted
           | by microwave ovens (because microwave ovens operate at the
           | resonance frequency of water molecules), so it was left for
           | public use.
        
             | jwilk wrote:
             | That's a common misconception:
             | 
             | https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/10/15/why-are-the-
             | micr...
             | 
             | > _The microwaves in a microwave oven are not tuned to a
             | resonant frequency of water._ [...]
             | 
             | > _They heat the food through simple dielectric heating._
             | [...] _Many types of molecules in the food absorb energy
             | from the microwaves in this way, and not just water
             | molecules._
        
             | sandworm101 wrote:
             | Almost. 2.4GHz had been set aside for consumer devices long
             | before wifi. Microwaves are essentially very powerful
             | unlicensed transmitters. Wifi devices are also all
             | unlicensed transmitters. So 2.4GHz devices don't use the
             | same space despite microwaves, they use it because that
             | space had already been given over to unlicensed devices. If
             | not for microwave ovens we might not have wifi as it is
             | today.
             | 
             | Back when people were gobbling up the spectrum, the
             | military didn't care about 2.4GHz because of the water
             | absorption issues. It wasn't good for communication at long
             | distances and so it was allowed for consumer devices.
        
             | Johnythree wrote:
             | 2.4Ghz was a ISM junk band long before domestic microwave
             | ovens arrived. In fact 2.4Ghz was used for microwave ovens
             | specifically because it was an ISM band, and therefore was
             | available.
        
         | meatsauce wrote:
         | You can work the ISS voice repeater with a handheld and it is
         | around 400km away. Line of sight is everything and more so as
         | you increase the frequency.
        
         | codazoda wrote:
         | I'm from Northern Utah and used to try to get a response from
         | repeaters on my handheld radio. Being and introvert, that
         | didn't really want to talk to people, it was one of the few
         | things I really found interesting on HAM. I got pretty far but
         | I was unable to hit the repeater in Wendover, NV (it was my
         | next goal before I gave up). I used the local mountains to get
         | myself up to an elevation where the curvature of the earth
         | still allowed line of sight. I think Wendover is about 120
         | miles, line of sight, from the drive-able mountain top I
         | selected. The expanse has two mountain ranges but there are
         | some low spots that I thought I might be able to get through.
         | The rest of it runs pretty flat over the salt flats.
        
         | ajsnigrutin wrote:
         | 1W at a very narrow bandwidth, is a very different thing form a
         | 20mhz wide signal at 2.4ghz with ~71mW transmitter (100mW eirp
         | with a dipole). Just calculate the peak power at those
         | bandwidths.
        
       | PaulHoule wrote:
       | Overall I've had very good luck with the RF performance of
       | external WiFi sticks. All too often the antennas inside laptops
       | and phones are really an afterthought so the WiFi and
       | (particularly) Bluetooth performance is awful.
        
       | NotAWorkNick wrote:
       | An easier to find link that shows how to make the home-brewed
       | antenna for those interested in trying it out for themselves
       | 
       | https://flylib.com/books/en/2.434.1/hack_83_make_a_deep_dish...
        
         | genewitch wrote:
         | I seem to have a recollection that a cheap DIY system is to get
         | two RCA 18" dishes (or larger) and remove the LNB from the dish
         | (or whatever the horn part is called) and affix a "cantenna" or
         | other waveguide to the arm, then, using the shortest, largest
         | coax you can manage, connect the two cantenna/waveguides
         | together, and aim them 180 degrees apart. I also seem to
         | remember that putting this "halfway", even if halfway happened
         | to be the highest point, wasn't ideal, it was something like
         | 60/40 or 70/30.
         | 
         | Now-a-days, mikrotik or ubnt make doodads you can replace the
         | LNB with that instead provides some wifi band, with PoE, so two
         | of those up on a tower means you have active repeating, and you
         | can probably push that solution out a lot further than 43km.
         | 
         | For the record, i put a USB wifi stick inside of a pirouette
         | cookie can and it was a phenomenal "war driving" antenna. I use
         | folded-dipole-fed yagi antennas now for doing wifi surveys, but
         | in a pinch 802.11B 1000mW+ wifi cards are stacked up in a
         | filing cabinet...
        
         | ge96 wrote:
         | Those propagation maps are cool, was learning about them 12
         | years ago for FPV
        
       | londons_explore wrote:
       | And mine keeps cutting out if someone fat walks between my laptop
       | and the router 6 feet away...
        
         | Nextgrid wrote:
         | A lot of people don't realize that Wi-Fi pretty much always
         | operates in an extremely degraded mode (on the verge of not
         | working at all - which is why a person walking past can be
         | enough to break it) and it only seems to work for certain
         | applications due to the magic of protocols such as TCP which
         | can recover and essentially conceal packet loss. Jumping onto a
         | call or some other real-time application (where retransmissions
         | don't help and actually make the problem worse) will break the
         | illusion and show you the reality of things.
         | 
         | There's also this misconception that speed is the only thing
         | that matters, so "higher speed = better connection" and the
         | vast majority of consumer-grade tools only ever test for this.
         | This is where it will mislead you, as an unstable connection
         | with short bursts of high speed will appear "better" (despite
         | being fragile and completely unusable for anything real-time)
         | than a slower but more reliable connection. In-browser speed
         | tests are extremely bad for this because all the buffering &
         | various layers could even fool the test code itself, making it
         | believe it's getting a steady stream while in reality it's
         | getting merely short bursts of data (in between tons of
         | underlying TCP retransmissions). Iperf & ping are the tools of
         | choice if you actually want to look into it - they are closer
         | to the metal and will give you faster feedback (you will be
         | able to actually see the dropouts due to packet loss).
        
           | nearlyepic wrote:
           | Is there anything short of "get a better antenna" that helps
           | address these issues? Recently had to switch to Wi-Fi for my
           | desktop and have been frustrated with the inability to stop
           | the connection from constantly being on the edge of not-
           | working.
        
             | Nextgrid wrote:
             | More access points is the only real solution. Ideally with
             | Ethernet backhaul - mesh systems still consume spectrum
             | which is what you're after - there's a finite amount of it
             | (that you need to share with neighbors - especially on
             | 2.4Ghz - and potential interference) and you need to
             | maximize efficiency, so only use it for mobile devices that
             | can't be wired - static access points (and other devices,
             | TV, gaming console, etc) should be wired.
             | 
             | Mesh systems are a step up and _can_ work but due to their
             | cost (and also the fact it 's usually hard to tell how well
             | it'll perform without actually buying it and trying it out
             | in the field) I would very much recommend just biting the
             | bullet and doing it once and well with wired access points.
             | A stop-gap solution would be to use powerline adapters to
             | provide the Ethernet backhaul to the access points; you'll
             | be limited in terms of bandwidth (mine top out at ~100Mbps
             | in my current property, but went to ~300 in my previous
             | one) but latency and packet loss-wise they're rock-solid
             | and won't hog the precious Wi-Fi spectrum.
             | 
             | Forget consumer-grade crap as well, go for enterprise-grade
             | equipment or at the very least "prosumer" grade such as
             | Ubiquiti.
        
         | gunfighthacksaw wrote:
         | Are you sure your friend is fat, and not just wearing a bulky
         | faraday cage?
        
       | bjt2n3904 wrote:
       | But did they establish a link and transfer data?
       | 
       | Broadcast packets with the SSID aren't too difficult to get. You
       | only need to get one.
       | 
       | Fun regardless, but I'm curious for more info.
        
         | jandrese wrote:
         | I doubt it. The remote side was a generic AP with an omni
         | antenna I think. The return traffic is going to be way down in
         | the noise floor.
        
       | mcgeez wrote:
       | This is an old article, dating back to at least 2005 as per Web
       | Archive[0] please edit the title to reflect that.
       | 
       | [0]https://web.archive.org/web/20050201000000*/https://www.qsl...
       | .
        
         | ajross wrote:
         | And the ideas are older still. The days of the Pringles Can
         | Antenna were pretty wild. I'm not aware of any similar hacks at
         | 5 GHz though.
        
           | rolph wrote:
           | a 5GHz waveguide AKA "cantenna" is between beer can and
           | bean/soup can
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantenna
           | 
           | width or diameter is a criticalproperty:
           | 
           | https://www.everythingrf.com/tech-resources/waveguides-sizes
           | 
           | https://web.archive.org/web/20161029045619/http://www.pwmn.n.
           | ..
           | 
           | have fun, and dont cut yourself, they do work well when used
           | at both ends of the line.
           | 
           | https://web.archive.org/web/20071012133113/http://www.saunal.
           | ..
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Year added above. Thanks!
        
       | 0000011111 wrote:
       | You can hit the space stations repeater with a $40 boafeng radio.
       | Line of site baby!
        
         | beeskneecaps wrote:
         | Love my UV5R! I put a telescopic, 1 meter antenna on mine and
         | was able to hit a repeater on Mount Diablo from the Twin Peaks
         | in SF ~42 miles away!
         | 
         | PSA: we need more HAMs out there! Check out
         | https://hamstudy.org and get your license
         | https://hamstudy.org/sessions/remote
        
           | throwaway48375 wrote:
           | What antenna?
        
             | genewitch wrote:
             | just get a legitimate nagoya and call it good, if you want
             | 100% portable and "not likely to break if you sneeze while
             | using it".
        
           | creeble wrote:
           | Let me add my favorite, https://hamexam.org
        
         | Zenst wrote:
         | Yes though the issue with many boafend radios is that they get
         | banned in countries due to the bleed over other frequencies
         | with the harmonics that break the rules. Covered better here:
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0EdkdNqczk
        
           | genewitch wrote:
           | Baofeng caught heat because their radios are "unlocked" and
           | in the US you _cannot_ sell a radio that can set arbitrary
           | frequencies in the FRS or GMRS bands (i forget which and it
           | 's irrelevant) - that is, they can't have keypads for one
           | thing. Another issue is the power, if your radio can transmit
           | on those two bands it must use <=1000mW, and all of the
           | baofengs claim at least 5W transmit. Yet another reason is
           | FRS/GMRS radios (whichever) _must_ have *fixed* antennas.
           | 
           | The hash is just a reason for people to complain about them.
           | As shipped from the factory, they're below the minimum hash
           | levels required. Now, if you connect them to a cheap RF
           | amplifier, you might run afoul of your license's rules about
           | hashing up the harmonics.
           | 
           | Personally i prefer quansheng, as their speakers are louder,
           | but i've never had an issue with a baofeng, especially with
           | an external speaker/mic/antenna.
           | 
           | for posterity, i am extremely tired, and i welcome all
           | elucidations and corrections, because i'm probably
           | misremembering something, here.
        
       | jollybean wrote:
       | Ukranians interested in this now.
        
       | NovemberWhiskey wrote:
       | As always with radio, it's mostly about unobstructed line of
       | sight and the gain in your antenna system.
       | 
       | We're still in communication with Voyager 1, which is operating
       | on a grand total of about 20W of RF power; and is currently about
       | 14.5 billion miles away.
        
         | agumonkey wrote:
         | doesn't atmosphere (or the lack thereof) plays a role in power
         | losses too ?
        
           | jupp0r wrote:
           | Yes, radio waves are attenuated in the atmosphere. This is
           | highly frequency dependent - for practical applications the
           | lower the frequency, the less radio waves are attenuated. In
           | comparison with attenuation from obstacles in non-line-of-
           | sight situations, the atmospheric component is not
           | significant.
           | 
           | For really long range propagation on earth, reflections on
           | atmospheric layers are the dominant factor (as there is no
           | line of sights due to the curvature of the planetary
           | surface).
           | 
           | See https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/atmosphe
           | ric... for some nice graphs.
        
           | Anunayj wrote:
           | it does, but it is not as significant in normal weather
           | conditions in the frequency ranges we're dealing with here
           | (Likely sub 2.4 Ghz) [1], (General rule of thumb, Atmosphere
           | absorbs everything except visible spectrum and 10 cm - 10 m
           | wavelength), compare this to effect from the inverse square
           | law. :)
           | 
           | Now this _might_ be significant enough in directional waves
           | with a huge constant multiplier (like a  'ideal' laser with
           | no divergence). Someone can probably give insight on it here.
           | 
           | 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270512069_Propaga
           | ti...
        
             | genewitch wrote:
             | I'm curious why you ordered the wavelengths the way you
             | did, you totally potholed my entire comprehension. 10
             | meters (28mhz) through 10cm (2800mhz) to me reads "left to
             | right".
        
           | wildzzz wrote:
           | Atmosphere does play a part but just freespace losses are
           | going to be massive, probably at least 250dB just for the
           | distance voyager is at. Atmosphere could add another
           | 60-100dB. Voyager's antenna has about 40dB of gain but the
           | DSN network can array multiple antennas to make up for the
           | losses. They have up to 2 70m dishes and several 34m dishes
           | that can point at Voyager, quite a massive antenna gain.
        
         | MadVikingGod wrote:
         | So by the articles calculations voyager 1 is a steal.
         | 
         | At $865 million[1] and 14.5B miles that about 0.034 Euros/Km.
         | 1/20 of what he did in 2005.
         | 
         | 1: https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-
         | questions/fact...
        
         | Sporktacular wrote:
         | It's also handy when you only need a low data rate and can make
         | your channel bandwidth was wide as you like without worrying
         | about licensing restrictions.
        
           | KennyBlanken wrote:
           | That's...not how that works. The FCC requires power be
           | dropped to compensate for antenna gain.
           | 
           | https://afar.net/tutorials/fcc-rules/
        
         | gorgoiler wrote:
         | Thanks for sharing those figures. I've always known "it's
         | amazing" and "it's far away", but those numbers really put
         | things into perspective.
         | 
         | Is there anything particularly special about the antennae on
         | the spaceship? They must be rigorously aligned to point at
         | Earth, and even a slight knock would spoil everything? Or is it
         | more resilient than that?
        
           | jjeaff wrote:
           | I would think the biggest part of being able to transmit that
           | far is the perfect vacuum of space. There is almost nothing,
           | not even air particles between us and the probe.
           | 
           | If you threw a beach ball from the distance of voyager
           | straight to earth it would eventually make it here.
        
             | lultimouomo wrote:
             | Vacuum is good, but inverse-square law still applies.
             | 
             | There is almost perfect vacuum between Earth and every star
             | in the galaxy, and yet they don't appear nearly as bright
             | as the Sun.
        
               | thfuran wrote:
               | But you can see the Andromeda galaxy, which is several
               | quintillion miles away.
        
               | josephg wrote:
               | Sure, but the andromeda galaxy doesn't have a power
               | budget of 20 watts.
        
             | thfuran wrote:
             | Well, orbital mechanics would mess up a straight toss but
             | at least it wouldn't be stopped by air resistance.
        
         | causi wrote:
         | _As always with radio, it 's mostly about unobstructed line of
         | sight and the gain in your antenna system._
         | 
         | Indeed. If you grow up with your most common radio interactions
         | being an FM car radio and a dumbphone, you get the impression
         | it's entirely about range. Then you buy a drone and find out
         | one pine needle shaves 50% off of your signal strength.
        
           | genewitch wrote:
           | the mavic 2 series of drones by DJI don't have this issue,
           | but the tradeoff is the controller weighs like 40 pounds,
           | because it's a quite powerful wireless access point. Every
           | other drone i've owned that supported video used an android
           | or ios device to connect to the drone via wifi (drone
           | presents as a WAP).
           | 
           | iirc the claimed range is around 8km on the one i have, about
           | 5 miles. I have assuredly gone well over 2km with no issues
           | with control or video feed. This was over a straight highway.
           | I routinely fly around a kilometer away, and the only issues
           | i have is if i launch from an extremely dense patch of pine
           | trees, and only at about 800-900 meters, i will lose video
           | (artifacting for a second), but not control. It's never had
           | to RTH.
           | 
           | In case you're curious about city usage, i have a friend that
           | has one he launches from a culdesac in Orange County and can
           | fly in nearly any direction for about 8 minutes* before he
           | hits a geofence, the drone still functions normally. If there
           | is any issues, he can just fly higher.
           | 
           | The newest _newest_ DJI stuff claims even more ridiculous
           | range, 15km+ over open water, for instance.
           | 
           | If i hadn't used it myself, i wouldn't have believed it, it
           | sounds like BS.
           | 
           | * this is 5-7km depending on the tailwind
        
         | dbcurtis wrote:
         | The "path loss equation" goes something like:
         | 
         | At the receiver, you have "minimum detectable signal", MDS,
         | measured in dBm.
         | 
         | At the transmitter, you have power out, measured in dBm. Add
         | transmitting antenna gain, in dB, subtract propagation loss
         | through medium(s), add receiving antenna gain, and if that
         | number is greater than MDS, you win! The Really Great Science
         | in Voyager is the added factor of "coding gain" --
         | sophisticated error correction codes can give you a many dB
         | adder, at the expense of data rate (nobody cheats Claude
         | Shannon).
        
         | dr_orpheus wrote:
         | And gets up to a whopping 1.4 kbps downlink and 16 bps uplink!
         | 
         | https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/
        
           | timbit42 wrote:
           | The first modems were only 110 bps.
        
             | nonsapreiche wrote:
             | You mean bauds
        
           | anaganisk wrote:
           | Which somehow is a dream on a few networks.
        
           | mshockwave wrote:
           | that is amazing for something 14.5 billion miles away
        
             | iszomer wrote:
             | What's more amazing is how NASA's Deep Space Network
             | continues to make communication with Voyager possible.
             | 
             | https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-contacts-
             | voyager-2-usi...
        
             | benbristow wrote:
             | I wonder what the ping/latency is...
        
               | Frost1x wrote:
               | ~23.2B km / c (m/s) seconds, so about 43 hours or roughly
               | the time to get through to an arbitrary customer service
               | representative these days.
        
               | tomxor wrote:
               | (Current) One-Way Light Time = 21:35:13 [0]
               | 
               | So 43 hours 10 minutes 26 seconds minimum, excluding
               | processing time.
               | 
               | That's probably another record... Although I'm pretty
               | sure it can't process ICMPs, so "ping" in the more
               | general sense.
               | 
               | [0] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/
        
               | benbristow wrote:
               | That must be fun over SSH/Telnet. 43 hours between every
               | key press
               | 
               | Joking, but thanks for the interesting info (and Frost1x
               | also).
        
               | _joel wrote:
               | Come on, SSH and Telnet? That's ludicrous. It's a job for
               | https://mosh.org/
        
               | tanbogy wrote:
               | And I used to get angry with 250ms ping playing WoW.
        
             | tomxor wrote:
             | It's also amazing considering it's using a computer built
             | over 45 years ago from discrete components with only 70Kb
             | of memory, while operating on a gradually failing
             | thermonuclear power source. Voyager 1 also holds the world
             | record for the longest continual operation of a computer:
             | 
             | https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-
             | records/635980-lo...
        
               | ge96 wrote:
               | > ...the last of the project's original programmers,
               | retired, and it was difficult to find a replacement with
               | such in-depth knowledge of what now seem like ancient
               | hardware and design principles
               | 
               | Man I would not want to be the one to brick that.
        
               | admiral33 wrote:
               | What an incredible project. Does anyone know of any good
               | interviews or written content from the engineers?
        
               | ProAm wrote:
               | There are tons of documentaries and interviews. [1]
               | 
               | [2] https://www.pbs.org/the-farthest/
        
               | dTal wrote:
               | Wow. World record for the longest continual operation of
               | a computer... achieved in a radiation bath.
        
               | tomxor wrote:
               | Pretty much, although I think the RTG is mounted on a
               | limb as far away from the other equipment as possible,
               | but still the computer needs to be able to tolerate a
               | decent amount of radiation. It also has an interesting
               | redundant design where it has double the component count
               | and can either exploit that for extra compute or
               | redundancy in case of component failure.
        
               | anthropodie wrote:
               | I think parent comment is talking about cosmic radiation
               | and not the one from RTG which most probably is properly
               | shielded.
        
               | tomxor wrote:
               | Possibly. I wonder which is the more significant source
               | given it's distance from the Sun.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | It used a memory called "plated wire memory" which, like
               | the very related core memory is very resistant to changes
               | caused by radiation.
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plated_wire_memory
        
           | 1024core wrote:
           | Reminds me of the early days of dial-up Internet... ;-D
        
       | mrfusion wrote:
       | What about the curvature of the earth?
        
         | sushibowl wrote:
         | OP chose a hill 250 meters above sea level, and also has an
         | antenna about 5m high. According to a calculator I found[1]
         | that puts the distance of the horizon at roughly 57km. So
         | plenty of range to still be in LOS of the transmitter.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/earth-curvature
        
         | ck2 wrote:
         | (after posting this I thought of "liquid/atmosphere only"
         | planets and how they are round so obviously my initial thought
         | process on this was wrong, I thought water followed the bottom
         | of its curved-earth container while trying to remain level on
         | top)
        
           | orangepurple wrote:
           | This is nonsense. Do you believe that water forms a cliff at
           | the edge of the beach so that its curvature tangent to the
           | center of the body of water is zero? Hilarious
        
             | [deleted]
        
           | aeastw wrote:
           | I'm fairly sure water follows the curvature of the earth...
        
           | smilespray wrote:
           | Teach us more science facts, professor!
        
           | blueprint wrote:
           | meniscus please
        
       | meatsauce wrote:
       | My guess is that they had an inversion layer, tropospheric duct,
       | or other enhancement condition. 43km is a long way on 0.02 watts.
        
         | ryanmarsh wrote:
         | From the diagram in the article the entire fresnel zone was
         | unoccluded.
        
         | bprater wrote:
         | As a reference, folks that fly quadcopters, drones and flying
         | wings often will transmit at 1 to 2 watts of power using line
         | of sight. (Yes, at the edge of legal.) .02 watts is an
         | insignificant amount of power for radio transmission.
        
           | bananasbandanas wrote:
           | Given a good control link such as ExpressLRS [0], people can
           | also fly quadcopters 10+ kilometers on as little as 10 mW.
           | See for example the range competition at [1].
           | 
           | Of course, the VTX is usually a different matter..
           | 
           | [0]https://www.expresslrs.org
           | [1]https://www.expresslrs.org/2.0/info/long-range/
        
           | bri3d wrote:
           | I think it's much more fair to compare EIRP to EIRP, I don't
           | know the gain of this crazy foil dish but it's probably
           | pretty high. FPV is way harder since you can't use a highly
           | directional transmit antenna and you're weight and size
           | constrained, so you usually have dinky <3dB transmit gain and
           | have to make up for it with big radio amplifiers.
        
           | spookthesunset wrote:
           | It's not edge if legal if you are a licensed ham operator.
           | Then could fly with more than a thousand watts!
           | 
           | Of course you'd have a little problem with the battery :-)
        
       | jll29 wrote:
       | I wonder how modern (2022) equipment might fare?
       | 
       | Certainly the author picked a beautiful region to do that kind of
       | outdoor experiment in.
        
         | OJFord wrote:
         | > Certainly the author picked a beautiful region to do that
         | kind of outdoor experiment in.
         | 
         | I don't mean to be argumentative, but I wonder what the ugliest
         | 43.33km line of sight environment one could find would be? I
         | imagine it's quite a good proxy for beauty, the maximum
         | distance you can see.
        
           | amelius wrote:
           | Regions that are covered in dense fog often.
        
           | thehappypm wrote:
           | Alberta tar sands, maybe. Bleak nature + industrial
           | hellscape.
           | 
           | Or maybe somewhere like North Korea.
        
           | sandworm101 wrote:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_3
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fillmore_03_Hwy_33.jpg
           | 
           | Flat. Flatter. Flattest. With virtually zero change in
           | elevation there is very little to see but pavement and sky.
        
             | bri3d wrote:
             | The flatness makes this not a workable line of sight
             | environment without towers due to the Fresnel zone though,
             | the topography is the only reason this 43km link worked.
             | Need to find an ugly hilly region, a much harder task than
             | an ugly flat region :)
        
           | bombcar wrote:
           | Ugliest would be point-to-point in a some run-down city.
        
             | OJFord wrote:
             | 43.33km line of sight though? How run-down is this city?
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | Los Angeles is wider than that, and I'm sure you could
               | get a high-rise to high-rise line of sight.
        
               | thehappypm wrote:
               | That would probably be pretty though. Mountain
               | backgrounds, full city skyline.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | Yeah even Wall-E's trash piles get decent from far away.
        
               | cardiffspaceman wrote:
               | In Los Angeles, California, there is a street called
               | Sepulveda Blvd[1]. With extensions outside the city
               | proper that have the same name, it once went 68.9 km end
               | to end. Unfortunately for my hypothetical, it is not a
               | straight line. But to me, it increases the odds that
               | there is a street somewhere in the world's large
               | metropolises that extends that far, and that it goes in a
               | straight line, and you could see one end from the other,
               | or at least the tops of buildings at either end could see
               | each other. And then run-down is in the eye of the
               | beholder.
               | 
               | [1] Part of the street was renamed.
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulveda_Boulevard
        
               | genewitch wrote:
               | Sepulveda is a good one, but i remember for a small
               | section it's called "Imperial Highway"[1] And that is
               | 169km, and the longest "straight" section is 50km[2]. I
               | have driven that stretch many many times, and it takes
               | hours, even at midnight.
               | 
               | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Highway
               | 
               | [2] https://i.imgur.com/c7Og4sr.png
        
             | drewzero1 wrote:
             | There's an old dish antenna on the roof of my office that's
             | pointed at a building we used to have in the 90s. I've
             | wondered if I could get it to do anything cool, since my
             | house is near the other building, but I don't think I could
             | get an antenna high enough to get line of sight.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | I would not be surprised at all if half or more of the
               | dishes you see on commercial buildings are just
               | vestigial, waiting for a signal that will never come
               | again.
        
           | falcolas wrote:
           | My vote would be for over badlands. They're fairly flat on
           | the median, but it looks like a pockmarked hellscape of dirt
           | and rock with little greenery.
        
             | titzer wrote:
             | I find natural vistas, even the pockmarked hellscapes, to
             | be oddly beautiful. It's in the eye of the beholder :)
        
         | mikepurvis wrote:
         | I'm interested in this too-- ten years or so ago I briefly got
         | into long range wifi and bought a bunch of Ubiquiti gear (eg
         | https://dl.ubnt.com/sr71a_datasheet.pdf). I was never
         | successful in getting much more than 1km, even with their
         | recommended antennas, but I was also working with watercraft,
         | and I know that's hard mode for 2.4GHz, particularly when your
         | antenna isn't able to be very far off the surface and only one
         | end can be directional.
         | 
         | My impression though is that recent advancements in wifi have
         | all been focused on getting high bandwidth at very short range,
         | like same room line-of-sight, so I wouldn't assume there'd be
         | much to be gained over b/g/n range performance in trying an ac-
         | or 6-based system.
        
           | genewitch wrote:
           | I made a comment above about the mavic drones having
           | 8km-15km+ "line of sight" range with their handheld WAP
           | controllers, and my having flown 2km without any issues. I
           | doubt i'll ever go to the max range, but the power is there
           | to get in and around trees, towers, whatever.
           | 
           | But with 440mhz i've transmitted data over 100 _miles_ with
           | full decode, from my driveway in a forest with a 6 element
           | yagi. And a couple of years ago the first trans-atlantic 440
           | (UHF) transmission ever was accomplished.
           | 
           | The main issue with consumer wifi is that it's attenuated by
           | water, and by nature, nature is full of water. That's why
           | UBNT switched to 12ghz or 24ghz for their long range
           | "airfiber" stuff, and hacker hams try and find 902MHZ band
           | capable equipment, as 900mhz can "punch through" more
           | vegetation than 2.4 or 5.8ghz.
        
         | nathancahill wrote:
         | Truly. I biked the coastal highway around the Istria peninsula
         | last year. Never had better views or better food. Rijeka itself
         | is a fun city too.
        
       | giantg2 wrote:
       | I wonder if you could boost output even farther using a colinear
       | antenna in the reflector dish.
        
       | alasr wrote:
       | Approximate locations of the setup & measurement on the
       | OpenStreetMap:
       | 
       | https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm...
        
       | ng55QPSK wrote:
       | actually, LoS over open water, is following physical laws. GSM
       | (with a range limitation of 35km by timing) was very well
       | recievable from ships.
        
       | 1970-01-01 wrote:
       | This reminds me of another old story I have bookmarked, but it's
       | for a wireless keyboard:
       | 
       | https://web.archive.org/web/20061205205844/http://www.aftenp...
        
       | bombcar wrote:
       | He got the Wifi network to show up, but did he get a connection?
       | 
       | A bit higher quality point-to-point can be obtained with a bit of
       | specialized equipment, Mikrotik has a bunch:
       | https://mikrotik.com/product/MTAD-5G-30D3-PA for example, can go
       | 40+ km.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | wanderer_ wrote:
       | I loved looking at that laptop - a translucent chassis, crazy!
        
       | foobarbecue wrote:
       | Very impressive! Please correct the error in the title -- it's
       | "line of sight," not "line of site."
        
         | NotAWorkNick wrote:
         | Done, thanks for the heads-up! (Also corrected it to read
         | 'achieved' ;-)
        
       | digitallyfree wrote:
       | I wonder if optical communications (with lasers or similar
       | technology) would be a better choice in this situation, given
       | that there is line of sight. With WiFi you are mostly limited by
       | the legal requirements regarding transmit power.
       | 
       | See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-
       | space_optical_communicati....
        
         | Sporktacular wrote:
         | Nope, they suck. Rain, pollution, low clouds, fog, thermals etc
         | and it drops to nothing.
        
         | wmf wrote:
         | With eye-safe optical power, FSO is limited to very short range
         | under 5 km.
        
       | RF_Savage wrote:
       | Huh, did not know that Adam 9A4QV had also that site in addition
       | to the Microwave Croatia blog and the LNA4ALL product blog. Dude
       | has done all kinds of cool stuff.
        
       | Sporktacular wrote:
       | Without the bit rate there's not enough information to know if
       | it's impressive or not. Define a low enough bit rate as a usable
       | radio link and it can be 10 times that length with a 10th of the
       | power level (Shannon-Hartley).
       | 
       | Perhaps given the limitations of 802.11 it means something but in
       | theory it's meh.
        
       | subinsebastien wrote:
       | I want this to be part of a Hollywood movie. The protagonist is
       | using his makeshift wifi setup to hack into a bank computer
       | systems 43Km away from his location, and the bank people has no
       | idea what is going on.
        
         | teaearlgraycold wrote:
         | I wonder what feats such a hacker could pull off once they hear
         | about the internet.
        
         | anaganisk wrote:
         | Why? Im not interested to answer why our router is not capable
         | of that, and there is no such router in the market. But on a
         | serious note, some enterprise networks are unsecured enough,
         | that you could probably login to root of their server from
         | anywhere in the world.
        
           | kayodelycaon wrote:
           | CW: TV Tropes...
           | 
           | https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RuleOfCool
        
         | sgt wrote:
         | Unless the bank has a 43km perimeter with trenches and guard
         | dogs, why doesn't he just move closer?
        
           | contingencies wrote:
           | Uhh, maybe a believable plotline like "Because the
           | protagonist lives on a crumbling bridge with a military-
           | trained dolphin encircled by cyborg psychopaths and Japanese
           | megacorp military types while a highly infectious disease
           | ravages remnant humanity and it's the end of the world?"
           | https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113481/
        
             | ant6n wrote:
             | Well, obviously.
        
       | ape4 wrote:
       | Now LoRa seems like a better choice
        
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       (page generated 2022-03-03 23:00 UTC)