[HN Gopher] Tell HN: My kid's school installed spyware and I can... ___________________________________________________________________ Tell HN: My kid's school installed spyware and I can't remove it My middle schooler goes to Chicago Public Schools. They use Google Classroom for assignments and other communications. I bought him a Chromebook for schoolwork, but also for other private things. When we logged in, the system installed GoGuardian monitoring software on the Chromebook without notice or permission. And now I can't remove it. I wrote to GoGuardian support, and they replied that I had to contact the school or remove my son as a user. The instructions for removing him as a user do not work; on the contrary, I see the message "cps.edu manages this user and may remotely manage settings and monitor user activity" and he can't be removed. I did a full factory reset, signed in to his account again, and now the system is once again locked down. So now I'm in the position where I have to ask permission from a local government entity to please let me install stuff and don't monitor the computer I bought and paid for. Does anyone know how to refer these people to law enforcement for prosecution? Author : ccleve Score : 133 points Date : 2022-04-04 20:32 UTC (2 hours ago) | wanderer_ wrote: | I would do the factory reset again and then not use that account | anymore. If you want, you can create a new local-only account and | then (this is the important part) sign in to the school Google | Classroom _on another browser_. Install Firefox, Brave, | something, and use it for the school account rather than Chrome. | Chrome allows extensions installed to it to run in the background | and manage the system, but another browser cannot. | ananonymoususer wrote: | Good suggestion. If the school is requiring your child to have | the chromebook, then they should pay for the thing. They don't | have the right to infect any device that your child happens to | log in with. So factory reset, don't log in. Then when the | school complains that the child is not completing the | assignments, tell them that he/she cannot do them unless the | school issues a school-owned device. | | A better move would be to get your child out of Chicago public | schools altogether. | josephcsible wrote: | > create a new local-only account | | I thought you couldn't do that on a Chromebook. | dragonwriter wrote: | > Does anyone know how to refer these people to law enforcement | for prosecution? | | You can simply look up the phone number for any law enforcement | agency you want and call them. None of them are likely to do | anything, however; even if there was a crime involved, they have | no obligation to pursue anything, and it's almost certainly not | something that is on anyone 8nnlaw enforcement's list of | priorities. | | What you probably want to do is contact a lawyer and see if you | have any civil law remedies. | | Even if they are things you will eventually pursue in small | claims court, you absolutely can get advice from a lawyer on | causes of action and what you need to do, but in general forcing | a behavioral change--equitable remedies--are not available in | small claims (which mostly just allows limited monetary recovery) | and you'd need a lawsuit in a "full" trial court to force that | (or, of course, a settlement agreement.) | steffanA wrote: | Prosecute for what, though? It's very common for school | accounts to take over a chromebook until you remove their | profile/perform factory reset. | | This sounds more like a Google issue for allowing this behavior | in the first place. | nicce wrote: | It is not actually specific behavior to Google (while Android | in general has the same property). History has seen many | cases, even my old Nokia Lumia phone many years ago has | similar properties when I logged in the organisational email | and that granted them remote wipe and access rights. Also | iPhones have "organizational control", which can be set by | certain configuration profiles, to track users. | | Companies have had demand for these kind features and now | they are there. | dragonwriter wrote: | > Prosecute for what, though? | | Both what and who are good questions, which is why I say: | "What you probably want to do is contact a lawyer and see if | you have any civil law remedies." | | It's plausible that something in the combination of Google | and school district practices violates some law of some | applicable jurisdiction, but it's not obvious to me what law | would be impacted. | sumthinprofound wrote: | What paperwork did you sign, and what did you agree to wrt | computer policies? I'd start there. | andrewmutz wrote: | I think if you log in with any other google account, you won't | have the GoGuardian stuff running. | | So I would recommend setting up a personal account for your child | and telling them to log in to that whenever they want to work on | something unrelated to school (or just want privacy) | lappa wrote: | You might consider small claims court for the value of the | laptop. Whether you would win depends on the context which you've | mostly left out. | jeffal wrote: | Good lord, just call the CPS IT helpdesk. Problem solved. | ccleve wrote: | Didn't know they existed. Just called them. They said "no, it | cannot be removed". | | They suggested signing in with a different account, but when I | do that, I get the error message "This account is not allowed | to sign in within this network." | hunter2_ wrote: | Do you get that error if you try using a different account | (non-MDM, for example a personal Gmail account) after a | factory reset, never using* the MDM account post-reset? | | * Feel free to use it in a third party browser such as | Firefox or Brave, as another commenter suggested. Just don't | use it for an OS login. | [deleted] | donohoe wrote: | Have you tried to see if the Small Claims Court would work? | | https://ag.state.il.us/consumers/smlclaims.html | | Get the cost of the Chromebook, some money for your time, and | then donate the Chromebook to the school since its deadweight at | this point. | | My guess is that no one from Dept. of ed will show up and you'll | get a summary judgment. | mhb wrote: | Unless someone from HN is mediating, it seems pretty unlikely | that there will be an award for the value of the computer in | small claims court. | steffanA wrote: | The Chromebook isn't ruined. Just do a factory reset and do not | log into the school account. | | I know it doesn't help the op's kids who needs the CB for | school, but there is nothing being done that a factory reset | can't fix. | MrWiffles wrote: | Good idea; IMO, probably the only way the OP is likely to get | any "justice" (if you can call it that) here... | wmf wrote: | What happens if you have two accounts on the Chromebook? | | Ultimately spyware has to be unremovable to do its job so you're | not going to get anywhere by contacting anyone. You have to | decide to use the account or not. | turtlebits wrote: | Powerwash/factory reset it and don't sign into the school | account. Ask for the school to provide a device. | colinmhayes wrote: | Yea I graduated from Chicago Public Schools and they gave out | chromebooks starting in 8th grade. I think that was the first | generation of them so maybe CPS get some deal, but through high | school the chromebook system only seemed to expand. I imagine | it's possible for OP to get one from school. | tragictrash wrote: | I think it's now a managed device and that won't help. | | If he power washes it, I believe it's still locked down to the | school, I could be wrong thought. | fn-mote wrote: | There's a separate provisioning process for the "very locked" | state you're talking about, not just signing in on the | device. | steffanA wrote: | Factory reset and not logging into the account again, should | fix the issue. | throwaway413 wrote: | Nothing gets "installed" in the traditional sense on a | chromebook. | | When you login to the chromebook, you can log in with any Google | credentials. The credentials the school gave your son are managed | by them. If you log into that account, it configured the user | session per the management of the account, so this will start a | "managed" session for that managed user. | | If you use a personal Google account, none of that should happen. | It's not a managed account, it's a normal one, and there shouldnt | be any additional provisioning. | | You should be able to switch between them and use both | independently. | | However, if you are saying that is what you are doing, and the | spyware isn't respecting the config between users, then that is | definitely a problem. | secabeen wrote: | This. My kids have chromebooks, and they have two accounts | active on their devices, on at their .k12 for school stuff, and | one for their gmail that is open. | dddnzzz334 wrote: | Easy, wipe the system and install Linux on it. | wanderer_ wrote: | Another little push in the right direction: you'll have to go | into developer mode to expose the shell and flip the write- | protect bit. | jiffygist wrote: | Could it possibly be impossible to enter developer mode? | | If so, could it be possible to somehow flip the write protect | bit "by hand"? | sp332 wrote: | Some Chromebooks do have a physical switch, like in the | battery compartment. I don't know of any Chromebooks where | it's actually impossible to enter developer mode. | livueta wrote: | Every Chromebook model I've ever had has had a physical | switch or screw that can be removed/toggled somewhere on | the motherboard to unset the write-protect bit. | | e.g. https://joshuawoehlke.com/wp- | content/uploads/2018/07/dell-31... | wanderer_ wrote: | Oops, I had forgotten about that. I was doing a bit of | ...research a while back to apply to my own school | machine. | throwawybllion wrote: | Probably need to log into the school account on chromeos | | So run another chromeos in a VM and just shut it down to switch | to personal | summm wrote: | Why did you buy a device that's patronizing you in the first | place? You bought a device that is even advertised as not being | fully under your control, then it turns out it's actually not | under your control. Meh. Put Linux on it and next time buy an | normal PC. | MrWiffles wrote: | Way to blame the victim. Obviously he didn't know this would | happen when he bought the device. | vinceguidry wrote: | You are completely failing to grasp the level of tyranny here. | Schools these days often will not accept non-Chromebook | devices. | dhzhzjsbevs wrote: | Probably shouldn't go round accusing Linux users of "failing | to grasp the level of tyranny" when it comes to people | forcing the use of Apple, Google or Microsoft operating | systems. | savant_penguin wrote: | I'm curious on how they enforce that | kube-system wrote: | Presumably, the same way they enforce any other supply | requirements. | Schroedingersat wrote: | And the root of the tyranny is devices you 'buy' without | owning. Something the parent commentor has probably been | trying to warn everyone about since it was first pushed in | the 90s like most other long term linux users. | | 'trusted' computing is tyranniclal, petty managers and school | boards exploiting it is its intended use case | b20000 wrote: | how can they enforce that as a public school? | monkeybutton wrote: | Same way they dictate which graphing calculator you buy? | duxup wrote: | > I did a full factory reset, signed in to his account again, and | now the system is once again locked down. | | That's by design though isn't it? You logged in with a managed | account and the policy was applied again? | | The account is his school account right? | | That's pretty much how Chrome OS works. | | This might just be a good lesson that you want to maintain device | / role boundaries. | trasz wrote: | A gaping security hole is fine if it's been introduced on | purpose? | duxup wrote: | > A gaping security hole | | What is that? | trasz wrote: | "the system installed GoGuardian monitoring software on the | Chromebook without notice or permission." | duxup wrote: | When I logged in with my son's school account on chrome | OS it had some notifications about who owns the account | and so on. | | I don't think it is as much a mystery as implied. | | In the end there's no getting around that mixing device | uses like this doesn't work. It works less and less as | the history of computers goes on. | xg15 wrote: | Can the managed account actually access files from the | unmanaged account or control which processes are active | while the unmanaged account runs? | | Because, if yes, this absolutely does sound like a | security hole: | | 1) Set up an organisation and add a managed account. Set | up policies that install a backdoor on first login. | | 2) Get hold of victim's Chromebook. | | 3) Log into the Chromebook using the account from (1) | | 4) Chromebook will execute the policies and run the | backdoor. | | 5) Use the backdoor to snoop victim's files. | | You've successfully gained access to the victim's files | without knowing their password. Profit! | micromacrofoot wrote: | It's tied directly to the remotely managed account, | that's how the account works. If you don't sign into the | account, the software won't be installed. | | Students don't get to decide what software to install | when it comes to logging in to school accounts. Generally | the laptops are provided by the district, but it seems OP | was trying to add another personal device to their | system. | | You can't participate in their system without the | software. So I guess the alternative would be to block | personal devices from logging in like this at all. | MereInterest wrote: | > That's pretty much how Chrome OS works. | | And that's the problem. Signing onto a _remote_ account is a | request to access a remote resource, and should not be | interpreted as granted the remote actor control over _local_ | resources. That Chrome OS works this way implies that Chrome OS | is fundamentally flawed. | duxup wrote: | Maybe there should be more of a notice, but when I tried it | with my son's account I got some notifications. | | Having said all that the default will be for most school | accounts... all or nothing. Don't allow them to manage it and | you won't get in. | awinter-py wrote: | woof also goguardian has a prediction model for the 'active | planning' phase of suicide which monitors all text + web activity | | https://www.goguardian.com/admin | | good in theory I guess, but 1) is it EBM and 2) not sure this | plays well post CTL / loris snafu | | their privacy policy is nonsense | https://www.goguardian.com/privacy-information, they don't sell | 'private student information' but this is shrunk to be just PII. | no details about non-PII categories of data | js2 wrote: | It seems like you should be able to sign out of the CPS managed | account, then use "Add Person" to add a non-CPS managed account: | | https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r7xOL4U9lL0qyqMIVl4eH2EM... | | https://support.google.com/chromebook/answer/1059242?hl=en&r... | | For school work, login to the CPS-managed account. Otherwise | login to the personal account. | [deleted] | mperham wrote: | I believe the OP is concerned the Chromebook is rooted by the | spy software and therefore using another account doesn't solve | that issue. | dervjd wrote: | Why did you buy him the Chromebook versus the district? | ccleve wrote: | District chromebooks are for in-school use only. You can't take | them home. This is for homework. | colinmhayes wrote: | Chicago Public Schools gave me a chromebook to do homework | on. It was a piece of trash computer that they probably got | for free, but I could certainly take it home and use google | suite for homework. | throwawayboise wrote: | Yes. The district should supply the Chromebook for school work. | They will manage that as they see fit. If he wants to do other | stuff with a Chromebook, he should have a separate Chromebook | and separate Google account. Ultimately that's easier and safer | than constantly logging in and out of two different accounts on | one machine anyway. | don-code wrote: | I am not a parent, but this seems like a good practice to get | a child in the habit of, anyway: separating out your devices | for work and school. Much like I wouldn't log into personal | Slack groups on my work laptop (I learned that lesson!), I | wouldn't try to conduct personal work on a school laptop. | eitally wrote: | In my case, we bought our kids better ones than the district | offered, which are the lowest educational spec machines | available. It was only after we bought it - during covid | school-from-home last year - that we learned our district also | forbids any non-district-issued computer from connecting to | school wifi, so we ended up with one of the crappy machines | anyway. On the plus side, no effect on our personal chromebook, | but on the negative side, my kids are restricted to using the | crappy school computers for school work. | [deleted] | [deleted] | anamax wrote: | If it's not too late, return it to where you got it. | | Then tell the school district that they have to pay for computers | that they control. | | > Does anyone know how to refer these people to law enforcement | for prosecution? | | You call the police. However, don't expect them to do anything | and you won't be disappointed when they don't. | | You can then call the city/county DA and get the same treatment. | The state's attorney will do the same thing. | emerged wrote: | ..and if those offices doing nothing to help you isn't enough, | there are plenty of other government agencies/services which | will also do nothing for you | | you can also try contacting Google, who will bend over | backwards to make sure not to do anything for you. | AnimalMuppet wrote: | You're not going to get prosecution. You might get somewhere with | a civil suit, though. (For that, talk to an actual lawyer, not | random commenters on HN.) | | You also might get somewhere talking to the press. Be careful on | this route, though, because it might get you sued by the school | district... | splch wrote: | You could always install a different OS on your son's Chromebook | since it would still have access to all of the school's software | (through Chrome) and more. I'd recommend GalliumOS | (https://galliumos.org/) since the drivers support audio and | keyboard shortcuts better. | b20000 wrote: | wipe the chromebook and return it and get him a normal laptop and | put linux on it | monkeybutton wrote: | This is the correct answer. | awinter-py wrote: | related support ticket from someone trying to log into device w/ | work account without inheriting workplace MDM policy | | https://support.google.com/chromebook/thread/117916330/how-t... | | > Even if the Chromebook is your private device and your owner | account is your private @gmail.com account, once you sign in with | a managed account, even using a separate profile, the managed | account polices become active. | | > This is NOT a bug. It's required to maintain security of the | managed environment. Whenever the managed account is active, | ChromeOS management and the policies set by your administrators | pwn the entire machine. | | > Google promises bulletproof security to customers who license | Chrome OS management, and having any instance of an active non- | managed account available when a managed account and its | resources are active is a potential security hole. | | not a chrome-os user -- I imagine you can access the G acct via a | browser without signing in the whole OS? if 'signing into gmail | signs in the OS', maybe can do it via crostini linux | | re law: illinois is the state that has the biometric privacy law | iirc? you may be able to do a civil suit via that, if the device | is sharing face images _and_ you really didn 't consent _and_ you | can prove it and the law was written with your situation and mind | and CPS hasn 't indemnified big G. my guess is you'd have to pay | a few $k to a lawyer to evaluate the case and then many more $k | on the suit, plus you probably have a TOS problem. | fn-mote wrote: | The ending of that post (trimmed above) is also important: | | > So you can boot into your personal account and do your | personal business and then reboot into your business acount and | do your business' business, but never the twain shall meet. | xg15 wrote: | Not a chomeOS user, so maybe I'm not familiar with the | terminology, but what is the difference between "log into" an | account and "boot into" one? | | Are there different ways how you can add multiple accounts to | a Chromebook and the OP just used the wrong one? | Ancapistani wrote: | Hmm. | | I'm not super familiar with ChromeOS's MDM stuff... but I | wonder what would happen if someone were to log in to two | separate managed accounts, for two separate organizations, with | conflicting requirements? | steffanA wrote: | If you login with a different profile, is the GoGuardian software | still running? Or is it only running on the managed school | account? | yeetsfromhellL2 wrote: | As a longtime armchair attorney who has closely read summaries of | cases like this on Slashdot for well over the past decade (IANAL, | BTW)...you could go the lawyer route but this basically amounts | to your kid being a minor in school which means they don't have | full legal rights, and the interpretation of 4A is likely up in | the air here anyway. Constitutional rights don't necessarily | apply at school or anywhere near school (see bongrips4jesus | case), your kid is a minor anyway (another special case), and a | school doing this for the sake of "preventing cheating" may not | fall under the umbrella of _unreasonable_ search. | | There was a PA school district back around 2009 that issued | laptops to students preloaded with spyware that let school staff | watch students through the webcam, while _the students were at | home and not doing schoolwork_. Neither the students or parents | were informed of this. IIRC the FBI got involved but nobody | actually got in any real trouble, I 'm not even sure they were | fired. | | I wish things weren't this way. You could maybe use Wireshark and | black hole anything the spyware tries to connect to at the | router, or maybe add the addresses to the hosts file on the | machine itself (not sure if ChromeOS lets you do this). | kaladin-jasnah wrote: | Nit: I think it's "Bong Hits 4 Jesus." | yeetsfromhellL2 wrote: | Thank you, this one still makes me lose my damn mind. | salawat wrote: | Actually.... | | It's the poster's Chromebook. They has revoked authorization | for the school to deploy $software on their machine. | | Next step is the public school supplying a spyware'd laptop and | NOT imstalling spyware on said parent's chromebook, but also | said private chromebook _not_ being used for school stuff. | | If you want the district to not install spyware... Well... Lets | just say, the poster is probably pissing in the wind in my | experience. | filesystem wrote: | On the flip side of that "minors have no rights" coin you're | holding up is the fact that laptop is the parent's property | since they bought the laptop for the child to use. They did a | factory reset and the problem software still remains. What if | the parent did a factory reset to use the laptop for | themselves? There is no reason for the spyware to remain in | that case. It needs to be removable. | detaro wrote: | They did a factory reset and reconnected the Chromebook to | the school account, which configures the device according to | the schools requirements. If they wanted to use it | themselves, they would reset it, do not connect the school | account and all is well. GPs argument seems to support that | the school doesn't have to allow to use a school account | without the device being put under the schools control. | | (at least as I understand it. if the MDM enrollment is | actually tied to the device somehow, then they could | reasonably demand it to be released if they planned to use it | themselves) | MereInterest wrote: | That doesn't really make sense to me. User accounts, | whether managed remotely or locally, should be subordinate | to administrator accounts. That administrator-level | privileges are insufficient to undo a change made with | user-level privileges breaks this relationship. | detaro wrote: | OP didn't mention that the child's account is a secondary | account. AFAIK if you log-in with an account the first | time on a fresh(ly reset) chromebook, it becomes the | "administrator" account - and at the same time if its in | an organization (i.e. the school) the orgs policies are | applied. No clue how that interacts if you do attempt to | login such account as a second account, it's possible the | org can require an account to be in control of the | device. Chromebooks are deeply designed for exactly this | centrally managed scenario after all, that's (partly) why | they are so popular with schools and companies. | deathanatos wrote: | > _to your kid being a minor in school which means they don 't | have full legal rights, and the interpretation of 4A is likely | up in the air here anyway_ | | IANAL, either. Just because the student is a minor, I don't see | how that gives the school the right to pwn a _private_ laptop | (were the laptop a school laptop, my opinion would be different | here); at best, this would seem to be the parent 's machine, or | right to decide, at that point. | | The OP's post isn't very clear on how the school managed to get | into a private laptop in the first place; he mentions they | "logged on", but onto what? And how does signing into something | permit installs? (There's a comment below that hypothesizes | this might be an MDM profile sort of situation, and that's ... | trickier. But doesn't even an MDM login have an uninstall of | some sort? (Although, IDK, perhaps Chromebooks just can't do | that, but that would seem to be an issue then with their | software. But I've never tried, as I don't usually go for MDM | stuff myself, as companies that do it typically want too much | permission onto what is my personal device.)) | yeetsfromhellL2 wrote: | pwning the laptop was a req for doing school work, like how | you essentially give prior consent to a field sobriety test | when you get a drivers license. I'm not saying it's right, | but that likely the school district's argument in court, and | I'm sure it's buried deep in a EULA or privacy policy | somewhere. | dhzhzjsbevs wrote: | Probably a Google account sign on. | | If I sign into my work Google account on my androids chrome | it basically forces you to install spyware so our IT team can | suck up my browser history. | | It sounds like chrome os takes this approach and adds | steroids. | CodeWriter23 wrote: | Organize other pissed-off parents and persist at school board | meetings until they change the policy. You'll likely be labeled | as terrorists for seeking redress with your public officials but | stand strong, read up on laws and the board's bylaws. Let them | enter a trap (like ignoring you) where the law/bylaws say you can | petition for removal of board member(s) on that cause. You'll | likely have to take it to court. But parents are prevailing and | board members are being removed, for example in Pennsylvania over | schools imposing their own mask mandates that do not align with | public health. | duxup wrote: | Considering the range of protections a school is required to | provide and that school IT is usually poorly staffed, paid, | funded awkwardly... tons of different motivations for various | policies. | | I wouldn't expect these policies to change. | | Best bet is to not mix school administrated accounts with | personal devices. | mbubb wrote: | "this is my rifle/ this is my gun/ this one's for fighting/ | this one's for fun" | mfreydavis wrote: | I work for a school district (not CPS) with about 2000 deployed | Chromebooks and you're likely running into one of two things. | | 1) You somehow 'enrolled' the device into the Chromebook | management. This is hard to do by mistake but if you do, | essentially puts the device under the control of the school | district. It also uses up a license on their end. We only allow | particular IT only accounts to enroll devices. 2) You're logging | in with their CPS account. Once a person logs in with their | managed account it can deploy user level policies that include | everything you described: extensions, filtering, and blocking | signing into another account in the browser. You'll also find | some random pages are blocked to keep students from bypassing the | restrictions. | | That you can wipe the machine makes me think you didn't enroll it | - if you wipe an enrolled device it will prompt/force you to re- | enroll. You should be able to reboot the device so you land at | the login screen and hit "Add Person" down at the bottom. From | there sign in with a different Google account and it should be | completely unaffected by any policy the school is deploying. | Unless you enroll it, the policies are deployed to the Google | account, not the device. | | Its likely the CPS Help Desk Staffer you reached doesn't have the | power to fix things for you if you've enrolled things - that | usually requires permissions that are restricted to a few admins. | | Feel free to shoot me a message via the email in my profile - I'm | happy to give you some of the inside perspective and help you | figure it out. | car_analogy wrote: | > I bought him a Chromebook for schoolwork, but also for other | private things. When we logged in, the system installed | GoGuardian monitoring software on the Chromebook without notice | or permission. | | Can you give more details? Logged in to what? I don't know how | Chromebooks work, but I take your description to mean logged into | a webpage, which allowed it to install arbitrary software on your | computer - this sounds like a vulnerability in Chromebooks. | | Edit: On rereading the post, I suppose you mean logged in to | Google Classroom. | ev1 wrote: | This is similar to MDM. Sign in to a school .edu Google account | that force auto provisions the device. | i_am_jl wrote: | >Edit: On rereading the post, I suppose you mean logged in to | Google Classroom. | | Oh, if only. They mean logged into ChromeOS with a Google | account. | | There is an option to log in as a Guest, but the machine is so | unbelievably gimped in Guest mode I can't imagine anyone | actually using it like that permanently. | Glyptodon wrote: | Is your son's Google account a school account rather than a | personal one? | icsa wrote: | You use ask for a reasonable accommodation. E.G. Access to | assignments via email. | | The Department of Education mandates such accommodations. | evilotto wrote: | MrWiffles wrote: | I haven't used a Chromebook before because I've always suspected | this kind of malfeasance is inevitable, but I wonder... | | Could you just rip out the disk device (nvme/etc) and shove a | blank one in there? | | As long as you never used the backdoored Google account again, at | least you could re-use the device for other purposes (albeit with | a different OS most likely). Not optimal I agree, but could that | be a viable option? | | Also, is it possible to virtualize Chrome OS, feasibly? Might be | an option for anyone with the skills to firewall/isolate that | malware when usage is compulsory. | barbacoa wrote: | >Could you just rip out the disk device (nvme/etc) and shove a | blank one in there? | | When I last owned a Chromebook the storage was soldered on the | motherboard. ___________________________________________________________________ (page generated 2022-04-04 23:00 UTC)