[HN Gopher] Boeing looked for flaws in its Dreamliner and couldn...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Boeing looked for flaws in its Dreamliner and couldn't stop finding
       them
        
       Author : dangle1
       Score  : 128 points
       Date   : 2022-04-27 17:27 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.wsj.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.wsj.com)
        
       | bombcar wrote:
       | > The agency now has more power to choose which Boeing employees
       | represent the FAA's interests, and there are new protections for
       | them from undue pressure by company managers.
       | 
       | This still smells strange, even if the Boeing employees are the
       | most knowledgeable about the planes, having them be under FAA
       | "control" but Boeing pay seems counter-productive.
       | 
       | I wonder if after it's all said and done, whether the splitting
       | up of parts manufacturing will really have saved that much money.
       | I also wonder how much of this is caused by pushing materials as
       | far as they can go to get to the fuel/efficiency targets they
       | want to hit.
        
         | rossdavidh wrote:
         | 1) it is absolutely a problem, but... 2) to fix it, you'd have
         | to pay federal FAA employeees as much as equally-skilled
         | members of the private sector at Boeing, and that hasn't
         | happened in a long time. My understanding is this system
         | started because the FAA's best technical people kept leaving
         | for Boeing and other private-sector employers.
        
           | martin8412 wrote:
           | Build it into the cost of certification. You absolutely want
           | the brightest people working their hardest to uncover
           | potentially fatal issues so they can be fixed before people
           | die.
        
             | bombcar wrote:
             | There's problems on any side, if they're direct FAA
             | employees they end up being paid way more than other
             | similar FAA employees - though given that the _only_ major
             | airplane manufacturer is Boeing you could just charge
             | Boeing enough to pay _all_ FAA airplane examiners the
             | requisite amount.
        
             | macintux wrote:
             | How often do you certify a new plane of this magnitude? I'd
             | wager you would have to plan on contracting that out vs
             | hiring a bunch of people to only work periodically, and how
             | are you going to find contractors who know how to build
             | these?
        
         | phkahler wrote:
         | >> even if the Boeing employees are the most knowledgeable
         | about the planes, having them be under FAA "control" but Boeing
         | pay seems counter-productive.
         | 
         | Yeah but after I read this:
         | 
         | >The FAA delegated an increasing number of tasks to a group of
         | Boeing employees authorized to work on the agency's behalf.
         | 
         | I first imagined a typical corporate group which might have
         | turnover and I thought: What if the FAA delegated to
         | _individual_ people, so if Boeing fired someone for raising too
         | much concern the role would fall back to the FAA? But yeah, its
         | still a conflict of interest no matter how you do it.
        
       | black_13 wrote:
        
       | nisten wrote:
       | That's what happens when your executives vindictively outsource
       | important software to the cheapest devshop they can find. You end
       | up with a product being built by a team that by default has no
       | sense of ownership.
       | 
       | https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-28/boeing-s-...
       | https://www.industryweek.com/supply-chain/article/22027840/b...
        
         | nonamechicken wrote:
         | Common! This gets brought up all the time when the topic is
         | Boeing. Max's issue had nothing to do with the outsourced
         | software. Netflix has a documentary called 'Downfall' which
         | talks about what all went wrong. AirBus also outsources, they
         | haven't crashed right?
        
           | amarka wrote:
           | Not sure if the last sentence is in jest or not, but here's a
           | list of crashes for just one of their plane models:
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incident.
           | ..
        
         | WalterBright wrote:
         | There was nothing wrong with the software developed for the
         | MAX. The flaw was in the specification of what the software was
         | supposed to do. The delivered software adhered to the
         | specification.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | hemreldop wrote:
        
         | justinjlynn wrote:
         | > by default has no sense of ownership.
         | 
         | Because they don't own anything. They're paid to enrich the
         | requirements into software specifications and nothing else. It
         | gains them absolutely nothing - so why would they ever feel any
         | sense of ownership after the job is delivered and accepted?
         | 
         | The business relationship is predicated on them being
         | disposable contract workers. At a minimum, a sense of ongoing
         | engineering ownership requires an ongoing relationship
         | predicated on trust and support - which requires ongoing
         | financial support after the software project is 'completed' -
         | which Boeing, in hiring contract workers, explicitly did _not_
         | want to provide.
         | 
         | Given this, how can we seriously expect the engineers of an
         | outsourced development shop, working under a piecework
         | contract, to _ever_ feel any sense of ongoing ownership?
        
       | dangle1 wrote:
       | https://archive.ph/mby8X
        
       | pseingatl wrote:
       | South Carolina. Should have kept manufacturing in Washington.
        
         | nickff wrote:
         | The Washington manufacturing facilities seem to have issues as
         | well.
         | 
         | https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/09/business/boeing-737-max-w...
         | 
         | https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/16/more-electrical-problems-fou...
        
         | winslow wrote:
         | Why is the South Carolina factory worse than Washington?
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | As soon as you figure that out, I'm sure Boeing would love to
           | know as well
        
             | zmgsabst wrote:
             | They do know:
             | 
             | - older, more mature organization
             | 
             | - based near the engineering teams; frequent collaborations
             | 
             | - unionized, highly skilled workforce
             | 
             | The people who took over Boeing and moved the HQ out of SEA
             | intentionally picked SC to union-bust their own workforce.
             | 
             | MBAs just refuse to believe that workplace culture and
             | experience matter -- so they treat high skilled workers
             | like dumb, replaceable cogs and then their companies fail a
             | decade later when the senior/principal staff are
             | incompetent or non-existent.
             | 
             | That same mentality is why their new planes have major
             | issues:
             | 
             | They don't have competent senior/principal engineers
             | because they viewed mid-career engineers as "too expensive"
             | -- and so didn't train any.
        
               | kasey_junk wrote:
               | Nit: The HQ was moved to Chicago, manufacturing was moved
               | to SC.
        
               | rob74 wrote:
               | I guess you have to read "moved the HQ out of SEA" (to
               | Chicago) and "intentionally picked SC [for 787 final
               | assembly] to union-bust their own workforce" separately,
               | then it makes more sense...
        
             | tzayk wrote:
             | Unless the answer is not politically expedient!
        
           | michaelmrose wrote:
        
           | nickff wrote:
           | The trope is that the South Carolina facility is largely un-
           | unionized (because it's in a freedom-to-work state), which
           | has caused poor quality. I have not seen any clear evidence
           | of this, as all Boeing facilities seem to have QC issues. On
           | a related note, I'm not sure how Boeing's QC compares to
           | Airbus, though both seem to have similar aircraft
           | availability rates, which would indicate similar levels of
           | QC.
        
             | panick21_ wrote:
             | SpaceX manufacturing facility in California is also un-
             | unionized. The amount of difference between the two places
             | is very large, to just conclude that it has to do with
             | unions seems like a stretch to me.
             | 
             | That one factory is the home factory close to where the
             | designs are made and the other is so far away seems like a
             | pretty important thing.
             | 
             | This seems like the kind of argument people who really love
             | unions would make.
        
             | masklinn wrote:
             | > The trope is that the South Carolina facility is largely
             | un-unionized (because it's in a freedom-to-work state)
             | 
             | FWIW "right to work" is the normal terminology.
        
               | justinjlynn wrote:
               | "Freedom to work" and "Right to work" are both Orwellian
               | euphemistic terms, to be honest. Realistically, it's best
               | described as "mutual right to terminate employment
               | without cause" or just "right to terminate".
        
               | masklinn wrote:
               | > "Freedom to work" and "Right to work" are both
               | Orwellian euphemistic terms, to be honest.
               | 
               | The latter is essentially a term of art, the former is
               | not. Using the former is imprecise and confusing.
               | 
               | > Realistically, it's best described as "mutual right to
               | terminate employment without cause" or just "right to
               | terminate".
               | 
               | That is a completely different concept called at-will
               | employment. RTW is about union shops (not to be confused
               | with closed shops, which have been illegal in the US
               | since Taft-Hartley)
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | Or perhaps "right to freeload"?
        
               | masklinn wrote:
               | ...
               | 
               | What?
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | That's the whole point of 'right to work.' Allow new
               | employees to freeload on the union-negotiated rates for
               | the shop without requiring them to actually join the
               | union. Who would pay if they got the benefits anyway? So
               | the union gets defunded.
        
               | deltarholamda wrote:
               | Interestingly, back when Jesse Jackson was in the news a
               | lot, he did a lot of advocating for Right-to-Work
               | legislation. The idea was that unions were racially
               | discriminating against blacks, and RtW laws prevented
               | this.
               | 
               | Goes to show... something, I guess.
        
               | blendergeek wrote:
               | You are thinking of "at-will" employment [0]. That is a
               | separate issue from "right-to-work" which has to do with
               | labor unions [1].
               | 
               | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment
               | 
               | [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-work_law
        
               | nickff wrote:
               | They're euphemisms, but I am not sure they're Orwellian.
               | How would you say they're Orwellian?
               | 
               | It's better to just allow people to name their own
               | movement, otherwise, you end up endlessly fighting about
               | names (i.e. are people 'pro-life' or 'anti-choice' and
               | 'pro-murder'/'anti-life' and 'pro-choice').
        
               | kwertyoowiyop wrote:
               | It does mean the opposite of what the phrase might
               | normally imply.
        
               | masklinn wrote:
               | > They're euphemisms, but I am not sure they're
               | Orwellian. How would you say they're Orwellian?
               | 
               | Right to work laws do not in any way provide a right to
               | work.
        
               | djbebs wrote:
               | They do though
        
           | posguy wrote:
           | South Carolina planes were getting flown to Washington before
           | delivery to customers when I had a friend still working
           | there. He was finding metal shavings in the fuselage of the
           | plane, along with tools, nicked wires and such.
           | 
           | None of this should have made it out of the factory floor.
           | Every crew that works on a plane has to certify (literally
           | sign off a form) that when they worked on the plane they left
           | it in good shape (no obvious defects, like metal shavings,
           | tools left inside, etc). If the next shift comes in and finds
           | dangerous debris or damage the prior crew should have noted,
           | then the prior crew is required by the FAA to have a formal
           | report written against them, as they have created a dangerous
           | plane.
           | 
           | Management has applied heavy pressure to my friend repeatedly
           | to not report these incidents, despite his legal obligation.
           | Ultimately, he took a $25k hit paying back the Boeing
           | relocation package and left after 10 months to work on
           | repairing trains (which has been a significant improvement).
        
             | lostlogin wrote:
             | Completely alarming.
             | 
             | Publishing his experience anonymously is likely impossible,
             | but if not, I'd be really keen to read it.
        
               | toomuchtodo wrote:
               | Preferably as an open letter addressed and submitted to
               | the FAA.
        
             | quarterdime wrote:
             | There are numerous reports on debris (metal shavings,
             | tools, and even a whole ladder) being discovered in
             | aircraft by customers after delivery. This requires not
             | only that assembly signed off on the aircraft, but that the
             | issues are not discovered in final inspection either.
             | 
             | Some reporting suggests several major customers (airlines)
             | were so fed up with this 'foreign object debris' (metal
             | shavings etc) problem that they said they would only accept
             | aircraft from Washington. From your story, I can't help but
             | wonder if Boeing management got around this by flying near-
             | complete aircraft from SC to WA to get around this.
             | 
             | To give you a sense of how bad this debris issue is: the US
             | Air Force refused delivery of new air tankers after finding
             | debris (in fuel tanks if I remember correctly).
        
               | rob74 wrote:
               | The story about airlines only accepting 787 aircraft from
               | Washington was from the time when it was still being
               | assembled in two plants (Everett, WA and North
               | Charleston, SC). Since March 2021 (according to
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner), the
               | only plant assembling 787s is the SC plant, which is
               | cheaper and non-unionized. I guess that's more important
               | to Boeing than occasional quality issues...
        
             | phkahler wrote:
             | >> Management has applied heavy pressure to my friend
             | repeatedly to not report these incidents, despite his legal
             | obligation.
             | 
             | Yeah, the idea is to have management put pressure on the
             | people who left stuff in bad shape. Shooting the messenger
             | isn't the right answer.
        
               | posguy wrote:
               | Shooting the messenger seems to be Boeing tradition of
               | the last decade.
               | 
               | When I was a kid, half the parents I knew worked at
               | Boeing and were proud of the quality engineering or
               | manufacturing they did, but over the past two decades
               | Boeing has had this crew retire and has worked to shift
               | to a blame the messenger culture.
        
               | FabHK wrote:
               | There's this documentary on Netflix that also notes the
               | cultural shift, and largely blames it on the 1997
               | acquisition of McDonnell-Douglas, and the subsequent
               | shift, roughly speaking, from an engineering-dominated
               | culture to an MBA-dominated culture.
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall:_The_Case_Against_
               | Boe...
        
               | posguy wrote:
               | Almost Live has a pretty good satirical take on the
               | Boeing cultural shift:
               | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVUeZ2HLYlM
        
               | panick21_ wrote:
               | Wow, that reporter is Joel McHale.
        
       | assttoasstmgr wrote:
       | > In 2019, they detected gaps between sections of the
       | Dreamliner's fuselage that were slightly wider than specified in
       | the FAA-approved designs. The gaps, about the width of a piece of
       | paper, were wider than the manufacturing tolerance of 0.005 of an
       | inch allowed under the approved design.
       | 
       | I feel like the article is really grasping at straws here, and
       | I'd be willing to bet the author doesn't even comprehend how
       | small this is. 0.005" is _small_. For the hardware-challenged:
       | 0.005 " is a typical manufacturing tolerance for a standard-spec
       | PCB. Some of the Chinese board-houses that deal in high volume
       | are higher than that[1]. The fact that they even found a gap this
       | size on something the size of an airplane is amazing to me.
       | 
       | [1]
       | https://www.pcbway.com/pcb_prototype/PCB_Manufacturing_toler...
        
         | floxy wrote:
         | I don't see enough information in the text to help us out here.
         | The say it is out of the tolerance band of presumably +/-
         | 0.005". But they don't tell us how far out of tolerance it was.
         | Was it, say 0.0055", or 0.060"? What was engineering purpose
         | was driving that tolerance? I could see that a +/-0.005"
         | tolerance is from the title block (common default on mechanical
         | engineering drawings), and that this was a reference dimension
         | and not a critical dimension. But yes, 0.005" on something 20
         | feet in diameter is pretty dang tight.
         | 
         | And for reference a sheet of bog-standard copy paper is right
         | around 0.004".
        
         | jdavis703 wrote:
         | I'm not expert enough to know if this is dangerous are not. But
         | an aircraft is a combinatorial explosion of complexity. For
         | example, innocuous sounding changes for the 737 Max caused
         | several hundred deaths.
         | 
         | If the tolerance was indeed too strict I would expect Boeing to
         | go through a engineering review and seek approval from the FAA.
         | 
         | People who work on assembly lines are really good at keeping
         | the line moving. But I don't want someone who's perf bonus
         | relies on pushing out aircraft determining on-the-fly if
         | something that's outside of the spec is safe or not...
         | 
         | And this isn't a knock on blue collar labor, almost no one at
         | Boeing has the knowledge to work through all the potential side
         | effects like this.
        
         | bzxcvbn wrote:
         | What do PCBs have to do with airplane fuselage design?
        
         | dzdt wrote:
         | 0.005 is 1/200. How thick is a 200 page book? About an inch
         | seems right. Its not clear to me how much difference there is
         | between 0.005" and the thickness of a sheet of paper.
        
           | hathawsh wrote:
           | The thickness of typical copy paper in the US is 0.1 mm. I
           | measure it by measuring the height of a ream (500 sheets) and
           | dividing by 500. This bit of trivia turns out to be rather
           | helpful for 3D printing.
           | 
           | Also, 0.005 inches = 0.127mm, so we're talking about slightly
           | more tolerance than the thickness of copy paper.
        
             | skybrian wrote:
             | How do you use this in 3D printing?
        
               | r2_pilot wrote:
               | It's helpful to know how high above the print bed to
               | print, so you can slide a piece of paper freely
               | underneath the nozzle while only just feeling a tiny bit
               | of drag from the nozzle. That way you have enough space
               | to put your material down.
        
               | [deleted]
        
         | rootusrootus wrote:
         | Indeed, 0.005 is thicker than many papers. 0.010 would qualify
         | as card stock IIRC.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | quarterdime wrote:
         | 0.005 inch is indeed quite small, and a demanding tolerance
         | indeed for carbon fiber composite construction. I trust that
         | Boeing design engineers would have know full well that this
         | tight tolerance would cost a lot of money, and would therefore
         | specify it only if necessary. When the out of spec assemblies
         | were discovered, Boeing could either use testing and analysis
         | to show these gaps are OK or rework the aircraft to get them in
         | spec. They chose the latter.
         | 
         | In short, just because 0.005 inch is a small number does not
         | mean the article is grasping at straws. I routinely design
         | mechanical assemblies where the difference between 0.005 inch
         | and 0.010 inch is the difference between a comfortable factor
         | of safety and guaranteed failure under design loads.
        
           | stevage wrote:
           | Are you able to explain how a tiny gap causes a failure under
           | load? I couldn't picture it.
        
             | ew6082 wrote:
             | Because gaps like this multiply out at the end of a beam.
             | If for example the abutting structural member relies on
             | that joint for support and is 12 feet long (144 inches) and
             | lets say the flange is 6" across, .005/6 x 144 = .12" which
             | is about 1/8 of an inch of wiggle at the end. If your gap
             | were, say .010" instead, there is suddenly 1/4" of wiggle
             | and when things can wiggle like that vibration gets much
             | worse.
        
             | munk-a wrote:
             | There might be someone on HN who can legitimately answer
             | you but I think this question isn't really helpful to
             | discussion. Some experts have said y should be less than x,
             | instead, y is greater than x... this is a problem. Someone
             | may very well chime in with an explanation about how as
             | long as y is less than 1.2 * x it's actually probably fine,
             | but considering this is a highly technical field and
             | considering the expense of making such a small gap I think
             | it's a good idea to just assume there is some really good
             | for y to be less than x.
             | 
             | Edit: Actually there _are_ some highly technical replies
             | and that 's awesome! But I still stand by my point - the
             | time to evaluate whether a test is fair or not is generally
             | not when you're failing the test.
        
             | avs733 wrote:
             | What matters isn't the size of the gap, what matters is the
             | size of the gap relative to the size of the gap it was
             | designed for.
             | 
             | If I design a 10" Diam part to be assembled to another with
             | a .001" gap, then a .010 gap is huge. If it's a 10' part
             | that has the same tolerance, a 0.01" gap is still huge.
             | 
             | Tolerances aren't arbitrary, they are analyzed and the
             | issue is you generally don't k ow what happens accurately
             | if those tolerance limits are violated.
             | 
             | As for the mechanism, you need to worry not just about a
             | single cycle load to failure, you need to also worry about
             | shortened fatigue life (I,e, failure after many cycles -
             | but many less cycles than predicted). Overall, load
             | transfer is highly complicated in thin skin structures and
             | that the gap is small doesn't mean that a change in that
             | gap crosses a small change in load
        
             | quarterdime wrote:
             | This is a fair question but the answer can get complex.
             | Honestly the design/manufacturing of this aircraft joint is
             | way above my expertise and pay grade. I would hope that
             | Boeing has some extremely specialized and talented people
             | working on this. In short, the question of how a gap might
             | affect this assembly is far outside my expertise. However
             | if you want a simple example:
             | 
             | Consider a geometrically perfect cylinder resting on a
             | perfect plane. The contact is a line, with zero width.
             | Therefore a contact area of zero. Pressure is force divided
             | by area. So the nonzero weight of the pin, divided by area
             | (zero) is... infinite? You run into the same problem with a
             | pin in a slightly larger hole. How does this seemingly
             | infinite pressure not lead to failures in wheels (think of
             | train wheels on tracks), ball bearings (spherical balls in
             | torroidal raceways with slight clearance), roller bearings,
             | etc? We are surrounded by geometries that have seemingly
             | zero area points of contact, but they support tremendous
             | loads.
             | 
             | Hertz (yeah, the same guy for whom the 1/s unit is named)
             | figured out the math behind these contact stresses.
             | Basically, for round (and round-ish) things in 2d and 3d,
             | the contact stress has a lot to do with the deformation of
             | the materials. To answer the riddle above (of the cylinder
             | on plane infinite contact stress), you have to consider the
             | deformation of the cylinder and the plane. The stiffness of
             | the materials comes into play, as well as the geometry. You
             | can read up on Herz (or Hertzian) contact stresses if you
             | would like to know more. The math is not terribly
             | difficult, especially for 2d geometries. For a 2d case of a
             | pinned joint, you can often find that a change of a couple
             | thousandths of an inch can mean the difference between a
             | comfortable factor of safety and failure.
             | 
             | I have given a hand-waving example of the importance of
             | tight tolerances on clearances for a small class of
             | problems. I hope it is close enough to the subject matter
             | at hand to be of some use. My comment is from memory, so
             | please forgive (and correct!) any mistakes I've made.
             | 
             | edit: I am rereading my comment, and realize that I didn't
             | make explicit the importance of tight fit for Hertzian
             | contact stress. The smaller the gap between a pin and hole,
             | the greater the contact area (with the same amount of
             | deformation). Think of it this way--for a fixed amount of
             | deformation (say strain at failure), you can carry way more
             | load if the contact area is greater. How do you increase
             | this contact area? By a smaller difference in diameters
             | (smaller gap) of pin and hole. So all things equal
             | (material properties, load), a smaller difference between
             | pin and hole diameters will increase load the joint can
             | carry.
             | 
             | Another point: calculating these contact stresses is doable
             | for most metals, but is far more complex for anisotropic
             | materials (mechanical properties vary in different
             | directions) materials like the carbon fiber composites.
        
               | an1sotropy wrote:
               | Thanks for these details.
               | 
               | I think others might be forgetting (or not know) that the
               | factors of safety* for the parts in airplanes (around 2,
               | or less?) are very different than factors of safety for
               | the structural parts of bridges (around 5?). Compared on
               | those terms, planes are light and fragile, on purpose, so
               | you can't f around with cheating tolerances.
               | 
               | * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_of_safety
        
             | krageon wrote:
             | It causes a failure because it is not according to the
             | design. Who knows what happens when you start doing things
             | differently? You're not supposed to add or remove wings and
             | the tolerances should be as described. You don't need to
             | understand the math involved to understand that when an
             | engineer tells you something is important, you should
             | probably listen.
        
               | MAGZine wrote:
               | I'm not sure why you felt the need to explain to someone
               | who was genuinely curious as to how something might fail,
               | that they shouldn't ask questions.
        
             | inkeddeveloper wrote:
             | It doesn't matter. They didn't meet the standard. It was a
             | standard for a reason and it failed.
        
               | iancmceachern wrote:
               | Exactly. If the spec was wrong, fix the spec. But we must
               | meet the spec, and we must have specs that are meaningful
               | and accurate.
        
             | csours wrote:
             | If you have multiple parts in an assembly, each with small
             | deviations from the specification, those deviations add up.
             | Now add some substantial load (like a whole airplane), and
             | you can have a real bad time.
             | 
             | Edit: in this case it looks like it was airplane skin
             | panels, some (most?) of which may be stressed members -
             | meaning that it's not a cosmetic piece, it's a load bearing
             | piece. If you have multiple panels with tiny deviations,
             | that changes the loading of the whole structure,
             | potentially leading to warping, flexing, and premature
             | failure.
        
             | lazyier wrote:
             | Why do you suppose there are gaps in the first place?
             | 
             | Why don't they make it one solid piece? You can do that
             | with composite construction. Just overlap layers and glue
             | it all together.
             | 
             | It could have something to do with how the fuselage change
             | shapes and distorts under different conditions. The
             | airplane goes through various different shapes depending on
             | things like pressurization and thermal expansion. The body
             | gets a bit bigger, the wings flap up and down, things get
             | wider and shorter and harder, etc. etc.
             | 
             | With composite construction things are glued into place,
             | but they need to be designed to accommodate this movement.
             | The glues and such things have a particular amount of
             | elasticity and fatigue limits.
             | 
             | Could be that a 0.005 amounts to 10% less gluing surface
             | and thus the projected fatigue life of the glue is now much
             | different because there is much less.
             | 
             | Just speculating.
        
               | assttoasstmgr wrote:
               | > Why do you suppose there are gaps in the first place?
               | 
               | > Why don't they make it one solid piece? You can do that
               | with composite construction. Just overlap layers and glue
               | it all together.
               | 
               | Are you suggesting they build the entire fuselage as one
               | piece and "glue it all together"? It's an airplane
               | fuselage, not a MacBook chassis.
        
               | throwaway0a5e wrote:
               | >Are you suggesting they build the entire fuselage as one
               | piece and "glue it all together"?
               | 
               | That's basically how they build ships...
               | 
               | It seems doable but QC would probably be a nightmare and
               | it wouldn't be very repairable.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | They definitely stich sections of hull together to make
               | all but the smallest ships.
        
               | hedgehog wrote:
               | IIRC a major rationale behind the 787 design is to allow
               | sections to be manufactured complete with wiring harness
               | etc in different locations and then shipped for final
               | assembly. You can build really big parts (check out
               | Janicki) but for this application probably not desirable.
        
             | mjevans wrote:
             | Not a mechanical Engineer, but I can imagine how.
             | 
             | Both for pieces abutted against each other and for E.G.
             | rivet holes, mechanical interfaces have extremely precise
             | tolerances to support a range of possible stresses. Too
             | wide a tolerance in one area can allow deformation and
             | wiggle that applies unexpected forces on other areas. You
             | should also remember that many aircraft are pressure
             | vessels, since they operate at altitudes where the density
             | of our atmosphere is substantially different.
        
           | throwaway0a5e wrote:
           | > I trust that Boeing design engineers would have know full
           | well that this tight tolerance would cost a lot of money, and
           | would therefore specify it only if necessary
           | 
           | Hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha
           | 
           | Source: worked in places that manufactured aerospace stuff.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | emeraldd wrote:
         | What really matters is where that 5 thousandths is ... If it's
         | in the wrong place, that could compromise all kinds of things.
         | Maybe not immediately, but definitely down the road. Watch a
         | few May Day Air disaster episodes, some of the most innocuous
         | sounding things can cause a crash a decade down the line ...
        
           | TheCondor wrote:
           | That and Boeing defined the specification, the FAA approved
           | it and Boeing isn't meeting their own design specification.
           | If it doesn't really matter, then why is it the
           | specification?
           | 
           | Sucks to be Boeing, I want them to be successful. Hell, I
           | even liked that big goofy looking X-32 which was a JSF
           | competitor. People die when their planes fail, it's nothing
           | like a PCB as mentioned by the grandparent. They f-ed around
           | with the 737Max and found out. Honestly though, if your loved
           | ones died on a 737Max and then you found out that they
           | weren't building planes to the specs that they defined, what
           | would you think?
        
             | thereisnospork wrote:
             | >If it doesn't really matter, then why is it the
             | specification?
             | 
             | Sometimes you just need _a_ specification, because you have
             | to tell your mfgr something[0]. Notably 5 thou is a pretty
             | standard idgaf-tolerance, but in this specific case might
             | be important.
             | 
             | [0] e.g. a spec of 5" is meaningless, 5.00000 +/-.000001 is
             | insane, and 5.000 +/- 0.005" is (generally) readily
             | achievable and good enough.
        
             | michaelt wrote:
             | _> If it doesn 't really matter, then why is it the
             | specification?_
             | 
             | Bob: You've called for a 5mm hole here, but you don't have
             | a precision specified?
             | 
             | Alice: I really only need the sort of hole a 5mm drill bit
             | would produce.
             | 
             | Bob: Do you know what level of precision that is? Have you
             | done any calculations to confirm that's the appropriate
             | level of precision?
             | 
             | Alice: Not really, in my judgement this doesn't rise to the
             | level of needing such calculations.
             | 
             | Bob: Well, our drawing quality standards require a
             | precision to be specified. Would +-0.5mm be OK? If not, how
             | precise does it need to be?
             | 
             | Alice: How precise is the laser cutter we're cutting this
             | out on?
             | 
             | Bob: The spec sheet claims +-0.05mm
             | 
             | Alice: The required precision is +-0.05mm
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | kurupt213 wrote:
         | 5 thousandths is a pretty standard spec for precision parts
        
         | jannyfer wrote:
         | I don't think the _article_ is grasping at straws - it's Boeing
         | who discovered this and it was reported in multiple news
         | outlets at the time about it.
         | 
         | This below site/article seems to give the most technical
         | description, although I know nothing about aircraft
         | engineering.
         | 
         | https://www.key.aero/article/shims-thin-end-boeings-wedge
        
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