[HN Gopher] Childhood antibiotics as a risk factor for Crohn's d...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Childhood antibiotics as a risk factor for Crohn's disease: Cohort
       study
        
       Author : Jimmc414
       Score  : 135 points
       Date   : 2022-07-09 17:05 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
        
       | sk8terboi wrote:
        
       | w10-1 wrote:
       | OMG, does anyone think that with samples size this small that
       | this study means anything? The effect is barely significant, and
       | the potential confounders could fill a dictionary.
       | 
       | Crohn's et al is important, but this study adds little more than
       | noise.
        
       | popotamonga wrote:
       | Happened to me. My doctor as a kid would just prescribed
       | antibiotic for everything thing,no matter what. How can there be
       | such bad doctors.
        
         | swayvil wrote:
         | It's screwy for sure.
         | 
         | My doctor is obese and diabetic. Great doctor, wonderful
         | person, but dang!
         | 
         | There's a disconnect there.
        
           | oneoff786 wrote:
           | Why do you think they are a great doctor
        
             | swayvil wrote:
             | Because they are nice and cure my ills... Ok good question.
        
           | lostlogin wrote:
           | Careful with the incantations, you might be summoning the
           | moderator.
        
         | dham wrote:
         | They still do. It's literally insane. Most will prescribe oral
         | for everything even if it's just a cut. Not only will they give
         | antibiotics they won't even tell someone to take a probiotic
         | during treatment. Most doctors I've met over the years just
         | phone it in and don't stay up to date on anything.
        
           | kube-system wrote:
           | It's partially doctors giving in to the demands of patients
           | who want a prescription for everything. I think it's a side
           | effect of our expensive healthcare system. People don't like
           | paying their copay for just a band aid. Or to be told "it's a
           | virus, get some sleep and drink fluids". They want to feel
           | like they got something for their money.
        
             | mirekrusin wrote:
             | That's why we now have homeopathy placebos in pharmacies.
        
       | Mildlypolite wrote:
       | Two words : fecal transplant.
        
       | sammyjoe72 wrote:
       | I had chronic tonsillitis as a kid. The doctors treated it with
       | antibiotics until finally after about 3 years they recommended I
       | just get my tonsils out. I got diagnosed with UC about 14 years
       | ago. Also have had psoriasis for years.
       | 
       | I blame both on excessive use of antibiotics as a 5 - 8 yr old.
        
       | saiya-jin wrote:
       | Wife is a internal doctor (Switzerland's biggest hospital), and
       | we were very wary about avoiding giving any kind of antibiotics
       | before our kids reached age of 1. Common knowledge among peer
       | doctors is that even single usage before 12 months significantly
       | increases risk of diabetes later in life significantly (and god
       | knows what other nasty side effects).
       | 
       | In some cases they are miracle cure, with some nasty side
       | effects. But general over-prescription even in relatively
       | developed world is ridiculous.
       | 
       | From my less developed and highly corrupt home (Slovakia/Czech
       | republic), I often get news from friends who got prescribed full
       | course of antibiotics on clearly viral infections. General
       | doctors there are mostly on such an abysmal level that self-
       | treatment is sometimes better than their clueless visits. Even
       | for small kids.
       | 
       | Another item are painkillers - I see prescriptions for literally
       | anything, usually heavy doses of paracetamol or ibuprofen but
       | I've seen worse for maladies which don't warrant it. I don't even
       | take those in pharmacies unless I know I have acute inflammation
       | to treat.
        
         | Daniel_sk wrote:
         | My wife is a GP in Slovakia and she has a device for a quick
         | test (CRP) whether you have a bacterial infection in blood or
         | not. So they don't prescribe antibiotics if the test is
         | negative. And she doesn't recommend them if not necessary -
         | unfortunately many patients demand them because that's what
         | they expect to get. But she is maybe an exemption who cares a
         | lot about each patient and invests into better equipment even
         | though you are not really incentivized by the system to do so.
        
       | refurb wrote:
       | Well when your kid is screaming in pain from an ear infection,
       | I'm not sure I'm going to decline to treat them with antibiotics
       | because of some small future risk of Crohn's disease.
        
         | nsgi wrote:
         | Does the study recommend antibiotics not be used to treat ear
         | infections? I would think the message is that it's even more
         | important not to use antibiotics when they're not needed, not
         | that they shouldn't be used at all
        
         | ipaddr wrote:
         | You are better off treating the ear pain because antibiotics
         | are going to take awhile if it's not viral.
        
           | robocat wrote:
           | Do you think you should be writing medical advice?
           | 
           | Ear infections are dangerous. My nurse friend decided she
           | didn't need to go to a doctor for her ear pain (nurse knows
           | best). A few days later two burst eardrums, blood running
           | from ears. Fixing ear infections without losing hearing
           | ability is a wonder of modern science. Good parents don't
           | risk their children going deaf.
           | 
           | The answer to bad doctors is not "don't go to the doctor".
           | 
           | The answer is to go to a good doctor.
           | 
           | It takes time and effort to find a good doctor. Worth the
           | investment since health risks are very high expected personal
           | costs. Or you are spending X% of your salary on health
           | insurance, so the implication is that you should invest
           | significant time and effort to get a good doctor.
           | 
           | Same with house purchases: treat that like a fucking degree
           | you must learn, otherwise you are just gambling with quality
           | years of your life (the extra years you work to buy a bad
           | decision, the quality of life of the years you spend living
           | on a property).
           | 
           | Either learn doctor and property knowledge (if you have the
           | capacity to do so), or learn how to choose the right people
           | to help you. Anything else is rolling the dice with your life
           | and the lives of those you care for.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | DantesKite wrote:
           | One of the reasons why antibiotics are somewhat ineffective
           | against ear infections is because the bacteria develop
           | biofilm that makes it difficult for both the immune system
           | and treatments to reach that area.
           | 
           | Xylitol nose spray can help along with a humidifier and
           | rubbing behind the ear to sort of try and disrupt the biofilm
           | colonies.
           | 
           | Anecdotally I've also had great success with a supplement
           | called X-INFX (and I've tried quite a bit including various
           | antibiotics to no avail).
           | 
           | As far as preventative measures, keeping the inner ear dry
           | with a quick dab of toilet paper or a little ear dryer pump
           | goes a long ways.
           | 
           | It also helps if you get an ear cleaner, just in case you
           | have hardened wax. For whatever reason, an ear infection
           | sometimes causes wax to build up inside (which is a like a
           | sticky conveyor belt your body uses to "churn" out debris and
           | pathogens).
           | 
           | I make no judgement about whether or not to use antibiotics
           | since that's not my expertise and I'm not a doctor. I'm just
           | simply offering adjunct treatments that have historically
           | worked for me and others.
           | 
           | Best of luck everyone.
        
         | weberer wrote:
         | Maybe just give them topical antibiotics?
        
       | rossdavidh wrote:
       | On the one hand, it makes total sense to me that childhood
       | antibiotics could mess up your digestive tract immune system. On
       | the other hand:
       | 
       | "Subgroup analysis showed that antibiotic use <18 years old was a
       | risk factor for CD development in the Chinese (adjusted OR 4.80,
       | 95% CI 1.62-12.24; P = 0.005) but not in Australian populations
       | (OR 1.80, 95% CI 0.33-9.95; P = 0.498)."
       | 
       | If it were a robust finding, it would not fall apart on subgroup
       | analysis.
        
         | xxpor wrote:
         | Different antibiotics/doses/frequency of prescription in
         | different countries? Haven't read the whole thing yet though.
        
           | cpncrunch wrote:
           | Just look at the results table. Even for china it looks like
           | only certain age ranges show the effect. Most likely just
           | random.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | Saint_Genet wrote:
       | I suspect (but have no science to back it up) that it's a risk
       | factor for many things. I had ear infections more or less
       | constantly in my childhood and were on antibiotics the whole time
       | until they finally stooped working. The end result is that I'm
       | now deaf on one ear. I get why they were prescribed, it stopped
       | the acute pain but no one thought about the long term
        
       | PaulKeeble wrote:
       | Antibiotics are actually really more damaging than we realise.
       | Western digestive tracts show significant differences in
       | microbiome that those of people who do not use antibiotics as
       | treatment and some of the lost species are really important. We
       | also have no way to fix it currently, some of the species like
       | Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii are critical to our bodies energy
       | system but can't survive in oxygen, so we have no way to eat it
       | at all, you kill it then its gone likely for good. Others like
       | Limosilactobacillus reuteri stop fungus from inhabiting our small
       | intestine as well as other bacteria but just 5% of us still have
       | some of it as its very susceptible to antibiotics.
       | 
       | We don't know what ideal microbiomes look like, we just know the
       | bulk of people living in the western world have unhealthy ones
       | that are missing key species and we have only scratched the
       | surface of understanding.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | bobbylarrybobby wrote:
         | How are bacteria that can't be eaten first acquired by infants?
        
           | PaulKeeble wrote:
           | Passed to them from their mother while in the womb. Seems to
           | be transferred at birth but there is some evidence it happens
           | earlier too.
        
             | refurb wrote:
             | Source?
             | 
             | Amniotic fluid and blood is sterile.
             | 
             | Newborns acquire their biome once born by ingesting various
             | food and contact from family members.
        
       | jamal-kumar wrote:
       | I had really bad IBS from consuming water on a tropical island in
       | Panama one time and suffered for a few years with even my doctor
       | friend telling me "Damn that sucks, not much you can do except
       | manage". Pretty horrible symptoms until I discovered L. Reuteri.
       | [1] I read that it's been a bacteria that was more commonly found
       | in samples until around the 1950s when people started consuming
       | more garbage processed food and was sold. Simply stated, it
       | changed my life. It emits a substance called Reuterin which
       | inhibits the growth of other more harmful bacterial species. [2]
       | I can't speak personally for suffering on the level of Crohn's
       | disease, but there's positive research out there regarding it.
       | [3] [4]
       | 
       | [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5917019/
       | 
       | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuterin
       | 
       | [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7270012/
       | 
       | [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7468961/
        
         | AdmiralAsshat wrote:
         | Fellow IBS-sufferer here. Runs in my family.
         | 
         | So doing a search for "Reuteri" on Amazon, I immediately see
         | several pages worth of supplements, with such helpful reviews
         | as "HELPS DIGESTION. ENLARGES TESTICLES."[0]
         | 
         | How do you separate the trustworthy supplements from the snake
         | oil?
         | 
         | [0] https://a.co/d/4Qa1iy1
        
           | vimy wrote:
           | If reddit anecdotes are to be believed the enlarged testicles
           | are true.
           | 
           | https://www.reddit.com/r/Supplements/comments/9pdrg1/my_expe.
           | ..
           | 
           | https://www.reddit.com/r/Supplements/comments/m3ywju/questio.
           | ..
           | 
           | There are more but just linking these two.
        
             | bbarnett wrote:
             | In places like this on reddit, so many posts are just
             | influencer accounts.
             | 
             | You'd probably be better off reading such reddit forums,
             | and presuming the exact opposite happens.
             | 
             | This is another area to clean up, in the digital age.
        
               | heavyset_go wrote:
               | Just echoing this. I've worked with marketing agencies
               | who use Reddit to post things like this for their
               | clients.
               | 
               | Both of those posts have the OP linking to specific
               | products, with one of the OPs blatantly posting a
               | referral link to a specific product.
               | 
               | Even without the links or mentioning specific products or
               | brands, marketers will post things like this to build up
               | markets, audiences and anticipation for new products, in
               | this case it is a specific species and variant of
               | bacteria.
        
           | jamal-kumar wrote:
           | There's one supplier I trust out of Sweden called Biogaia.
           | [1] Look for the keith haring lookalike box art. I don't buy
           | anything off of that website but it's something you can get a
           | couple of weeks supply of from the pharmacy for under 100$.
           | 
           | Amazon is so full of scams, Jeff Bezos really needs to be
           | held to account for that.
           | 
           | [1] https://www.biogaia.com/
        
             | unicornporn wrote:
             | > There's one supplier I trust out of Sweden called Biogaia
             | 
             | Which supplement from them are you referring to?
        
               | lstamour wrote:
               | Probably https://www.biogaia.com/product/biogaia-gastrus/
               | ?
        
           | oneoff786 wrote:
           | Having any sort of active microbiome is probably a good idea
           | and an intended aspect of the human digestive system. I don't
           | know that this one specifically is better or worse but I
           | would probably consider probiotics a decent idea to try.
           | 
           | The testes thing is... I guess vaguely plausible. I'm bemused
           | everyone in the reviews seems to be confident that this is
           | desirable. It seems like desperate people are just flocking
           | to some study on rats.
        
             | AdmiralAsshat wrote:
             | Sure, but the parent comment was suggesting a specific
             | bacterium, so I would want to make sure whatever probiotics
             | I'm buying contain it. And normally I would probably just
             | rely on getting them through a trusted vendor (e.g. my
             | neighborhood grocer/pharamcy/health food store), but if I'm
             | forced to shop online to make sure it has this specific
             | thing in it...I want something I can check to vouch for its
             | quality, yeah?
             | 
             | For example, pretty much every bottle of probiotics you buy
             | will claim it contains "Over XX billion CFUs (colony-
             | forming units?) in every pill!" But, are more better? Are
             | they the right kind? Will I get 60 billion CFUs in a pill
             | if I just dehydrate some pond water?
        
               | markdown wrote:
               | > And normally I would probably just rely on getting them
               | through a trusted vendor (e.g. my neighborhood
               | grocer/pharamcy/health food store), but if I'm forced to
               | shop online to make sure it has this specific thing in
               | it...I want something I can check to vouch for its
               | quality, yeah?
               | 
               | Oddly enough, with the food/supplement I'm most familiar
               | with, kava, the worst quality you can find is in brick
               | and mortar establishments. The trusted vendors are all
               | online-only and dedicated entirely to the one product
               | instead of just trying to stock their shelves with every
               | supplement on the planet.
        
               | AdmiralAsshat wrote:
               | Well I guess my thought process (however incorrect it
               | might be) is that from a _food safety_ perspective--not
               | necessarily a supplement efficacy perspective--there 's a
               | greater bar to pass for the FDA to allow something to sit
               | on the shelf at CVS than to get it from some random
               | vendor on Amazon that might not even reside in the US.
        
           | emmelaich wrote:
           | https://iherb.com/search?kw=Reuterin
        
           | ARandomerDude wrote:
           | > Fellow IBS-sufferer here. Runs in my family.
           | 
           | I see what you did there.
        
           | collegeburner wrote:
           | Interestingly, may not be all wrong:
           | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3879365/
           | 
           | Yes its shitty chumbucket type marketing but there's still
           | some potential.
        
         | folli wrote:
         | Reuterin which is a broad spectrum antibiotic... Ironic.
        
         | webstrand wrote:
         | How did it change your life? Did you take a supplement
         | containing it, or was it some experimental treatment?
        
           | jamal-kumar wrote:
           | I don't have the shits every day anymore. Got it at a
           | pharmacy.
        
         | DantesKite wrote:
         | Along those same lines, Visbiome and homemade kefir (the kind
         | at the store isn't technically kefir) helped me out immensely.
        
         | ThrowawayTestr wrote:
         | Where do you get it?
        
           | jamal-kumar wrote:
           | Pharmacy
        
           | rhexs wrote:
           | Go to any health food store and they'll have a refrigerated
           | section of all the placebo bacteria supplements you could
           | ever want.
        
             | jamal-kumar wrote:
             | You speak from a position of disparagement but I'm living
             | proof -\\_(tsu)_/-
        
               | danielheath wrote:
               | The world has no shortage of "I don't understand this so
               | it couldn't be important" in daily life, let alone
               | online.
        
             | oneoff786 wrote:
             | You can test if a probiotic is actually alive. They may not
             | provide the effect you want but they're probably not
             | placebos. The good ones at least.
        
               | anonporridge wrote:
               | Test I found if anyone else is wondering.
               | 
               | https://drformulas.com/blogs/news/probiotic-milk-test-
               | how-do...
        
         | yumraj wrote:
         | Since it's a Lactobacillus, I wonder if you can take the
         | supplements and introduce it in home made yogurt?
         | 
         | Then just consume the yogurt regularly.
         | 
         | Not sure if anyone has ever tried anything like that..
        
           | bsilvereagle wrote:
           | It looks like this strain will indeed culture a yogurt -
           | https://www.luvele.com/blogs/recipe-blog/how-to-make-l-
           | reute...
        
             | yumraj wrote:
             | This is seriously awesome. We make yogurt at home anyway,
             | so it is very easy to introduce this.
             | 
             | I'm assuming we can just add this to our culture and not
             | make yogurt using just this, but I guess that will require
             | some experimentation.
        
           | bluechair wrote:
           | Yes you can make yogurt out of it. Technically speaking,
           | lactobacillus refers to the fact that this bacterium produces
           | lactic acid not that it consumes lactose.
           | 
           | It's easy to confuse.
           | 
           | I just finished making 2 liters of yogurt with this bacterium
           | this morning.
        
             | yumraj wrote:
             | Is your yogurt culture just this bacteria or did you start
             | with regular yogurt culture and added this?
        
         | metadat wrote:
         | Which tropical island, specifically?
         | 
         | It sounds horrible, I'm sorry that happened to you.
        
         | ng12 wrote:
         | > Damn that sucks, not much you can do except manage
         | 
         | This has been my entire experience with gastroenterology as a
         | field. Once they rule out cancer there's really not much they
         | can do for you. Meanwhile, I'm waiting for the revolution in
         | our understanding of the microbiome.
        
           | Mildlypolite wrote:
           | My advice is to go to microbiome experts like Dr Borody, he
           | has a lot more tools to help like fecal transplants and
           | antibiotica for Crohn (long story, look at his videos).
           | Borody is the one who invented the triple antibiotics therapy
           | for the helicobacter pylori.
        
           | wincy wrote:
           | I've been throwing up for a year straight. Recently it has
           | gotten worse. The only thing that seems to help is weight
           | loss. I just feel like there's shit in the back of my throat
           | multiple times a day (which I mean, there is) but the only
           | way to clear it to my body's satisfaction is throwing up.
           | Gastroenterologist took a look and said everything looked
           | fine. Thanks, doc, very helpful.
        
           | kevinmchugh wrote:
           | I couldn't swallow pills before, my gastroenterologist
           | performed surgery which corrected that. She also proscribed
           | pills which address my GERD
        
             | ng12 wrote:
             | That's fair. Guess I'm mostly talking about the other end
             | of the system :)
        
         | Aaargh20318 wrote:
         | Do you need to keep taking this or is it enough to take it a
         | while and repopulate your guts ?
         | 
         | How long until you saw results ?
        
           | jamal-kumar wrote:
           | I took a couple of 40$ boxes of it for a few weeks and ever
           | since, I've had no problems. Pretty great!
           | 
           | I buy a box every now and then since then just to keep it up.
           | It's like the most expensive probiotic on the shelf, but it
           | works.
           | 
           | Oh yeah, and I also stopped consuming crap that goes in the
           | fridge or freezer ready to eat a long long time ago. I think
           | that might have something to do with it. They found that
           | there's certain harmful bacterial species which proliferate
           | in such environments [1]
           | 
           | [1] https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/Can-bacteria-grow-in-the-
           | refr...
        
             | sprokolopolis wrote:
             | Also, people who are eating too many pre-
             | made/processed/frozen foods might not be eating enough
             | fresh, organic fruits and vegetables, which are a great
             | source of helpful bacteria and the prebiotic fibers that
             | keep them alive.
        
       | sgammon wrote:
       | this is fascinating, thank you for sharing
        
       | codeTired wrote:
       | The healthcare needs to be completely overhauled. So many doctors
       | are completely ignorant of risks of antibiotics and other meds.
       | 
       | There was a study that found 7% of doctors reported adverse
       | reactions. Some were scared, some didn't know how, some didn't
       | have time. Some doctors made no reports in nearly lifetime of
       | practice.
       | 
       | When I was 16-22 I had multiple 6+ months courses of doxycycline
       | for acne. I have seen multiple dermatologist who said nothing can
       | be done about my cystic acne. At some point I was tired of doxy
       | making me feel awful so I researched different skin types and
       | skin care routines. As long as I use a mild soap twice a day, use
       | a moisturizer and don't touch my skin I get 0 cystic acne but it
       | took weeks to see the results. No doctor ever told me about
       | different types of skin and I was young and dumb. My parents
       | didn't know any better. And internet wasn't as popular back then.
       | 
       | Then, I got an adverse reaction to cipro. And 40+ doctors ignored
       | it. Told me it's all in my head. Told me to seek help for my
       | mental health and depression. Later FDA added warning about
       | permanent nerve damage. I still have to send studies to doctors
       | because they try to tell me I'm wrong, after I had every test
       | under the sun to rule out other causes.
       | 
       | I help admin flouroquinolone toxicity group and every day we get
       | individuals who were given these last resort meds for suspected
       | infection. It is border line medical malpractice. However, I have
       | seen that it is impossible to find a lawyer to take the case and
       | find a physician willing to testify.
       | 
       | There needs to be a better system for tracking allergic reactions
       | and trends. For example, cipro might show no reaction up to 6
       | months. Then, you snap your Achilles. The doctor won't tell you
       | it was cipro unless you tell him. It's fucked and extremely
       | underreported.
        
         | bejelentkezni wrote:
         | >So many doctors are completely ignorant of risks of
         | antibiotics and other meds.
         | 
         | Not ignorant, complicit.
        
         | ReptileMan wrote:
         | >The healthcare needs to be completely overhauled. So many
         | doctors are completely ignorant of risks of antibiotics and
         | other meds.
         | 
         | Doctors are well aware by my talks with them. There is
         | unfortunately a large subset of the population that unless
         | prescribed antibiotics feel that they have not been taken care
         | by the doctor. So there is quite a demand.
        
         | ipaddr wrote:
         | Are there any techniques for recovery you discovered?
        
           | Madmallard wrote:
           | If you were damaged enough for long term side-effects it is
           | likely to an extent an irreversible process, as it trends to
           | be for many diseases.
           | 
           | That's not to say you can't have some recovery and adapt,
           | just that what you were before is never coming back.
           | 
           | I developed diastolic dysfunction and severe sensitivities
           | and food intolerances after Cipro and other antibiotics in
           | 2014. The only way there could be a persistent diastolic
           | dysfunction is if there has been permanent damage to the
           | cells of the heart.
           | 
           | If he has input as to things which helped him I'd love to
           | see, but as far as I understand, if the mechanism is indeed
           | mtdna depletion and mutagenesis from excessive ROS then I
           | don't really see how you actually cure that.
        
         | swayvil wrote:
         | The problem is how knowledge in managed in our society.
         | 
         | A central authority administering truth to the greater unwashed
         | mass is the popular method.
         | 
         | And it seems to be built into us, to get our truth that way.
         | Truth is what the authority tells us. Contriving truth yourself
         | is generally considered a perversion.
         | 
         | So there's that inertia, keeping the knowledge management
         | system stuck this way.
         | 
         | Maybe high-quality society-wide pervasive knowledge is
         | impossible.
        
         | victorclf wrote:
         | I research every prescribed treatment side effects after
         | levofloxacin gave me bilateral achilles tendinitis. In my
         | experience, potential side effects and complications from
         | treatments are never discussed with patients.
         | 
         | I also had the displeasure of suffering from the mental side
         | effects of the antiallergic montelukast, which again were not
         | even mentioned by the doctor despite the serious FDA warning.
        
         | tcbawo wrote:
         | Doctors in the USA have no feedback mechanisms to know whether
         | treatments work or not. They're probably falling back to
         | hunches in marginal cases. Also, if you are discussing
         | treatment options with parents or patients, advising against
         | antibiotics is a losing battle: the parent/patient gets angry
         | whether you are right or wrong. The question of whether
         | antibiotics would be helpful or ineffective means there is
         | asymmetric risk. Even long term risks are unknown on an
         | individual case by case basis.
        
           | codeTired wrote:
           | There is definitely a mix of issues. Some patients expect
           | antibiotics because they paid for the visit.
           | 
           | However, every physician should be able to present patient
           | with different options and risks. It simply is not happening.
           | Some antibiotics carry smaller risks than flouroquinolones as
           | this drug belongs to topoisomare II inhibitors along with
           | chemo drugs. Some reactions we are seeing are much like
           | damage from chemo. However, the action of damage is still
           | very poorly understood. There is some research on
           | mitochondrial dna damage and adducts.
           | 
           | There recently has been talk if flouroquinolone antibiotics
           | could be a potential cancer treatment even.
           | 
           | If I knew I would never touch this antibiotic unless on my
           | death bed.
        
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