[HN Gopher] Bill Watterson's refusal to license Calvin and Hobbe...
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       Bill Watterson's refusal to license Calvin and Hobbes (2016)
        
       Author : herbertl
       Score  : 394 points
       Date   : 2022-07-16 08:23 UTC (14 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.thelegalartist.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.thelegalartist.com)
        
       | spaceman_2020 wrote:
       | Watterson was always going to have a special place in the
       | cartoonist pantheon because of C&H, but by this decision, I feel
       | he will be truly immortalized. Every single Calvin & Hobbes comic
       | strip feels more special because that's the only time I get to
       | see it, and I get to see it in complete context.
       | 
       | If it was plastered on mugs and tshirts, it would be completely
       | decontextualized and feel a little cheaper.
        
         | dotancohen wrote:
         | What about those peeing stickers? I am fully aware that
         | Waterston had nothing to do with them, but do you not feel that
         | they diluted the brand?
        
           | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
           | I always enjoyed this _The Onion_ blurb:
           | https://www.theonion.com/peeing-calvin-decals-now-
           | recognized...
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | pizzathyme wrote:
         | I feel the opposite. In 20 years people who are avid comic
         | historians may remember him, like how a few people today may
         | remember Fred Astaire (greatest dancer of black and white
         | films). But in the grand scheme of things C&H is fading into
         | nothingness. Few Gen Z or kids today have heard of it, and that
         | percentage will grow each decade. Large brands like Potter,
         | Garfield, Lord of the Rings, Star Wars will live on potentially
         | forever as long as the brands and businesses are well managed.
         | 
         | I respect his decision but it makes me sad. I loved C&H as a
         | kids but as I type this in a store it is nowhere to be found.
         | Immortality at the cost of creative compromise.
        
       | mchusma wrote:
       | I was confused about the comment on Sherlock Holmes, apparently
       | you do not need a license fee anymore (but this is as of 2014)
       | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/sherlock-holmes-no...
       | 
       | The length of copyright is insane. I think the US founding
       | fathers had it right. 14 years plus the ability to extend another
       | 14 years. I'd be fine with another extension or 2, with each
       | extension getting more expensive. (Like $1k for first extension,
       | $10k for 2nd, and $100k for 3rd). Heck I'd actually be ok with it
       | keeping going so a 4th extension costs $1M, 5th costs $10m, and
       | so on so you could have people with 100 year long copyright if
       | they were willing to pay for it.
        
       | deng wrote:
       | > In the old days, there was this idea of "selling out" and we as
       | a culture decided that it was bad. Monetizing a thing immediately
       | called into question its integrity, and more importantly, the
       | integrity of the artist. But then an interesting thing began
       | happening in the late 90's and early 00's. The idea of selling
       | out lost its negative connotation.
       | 
       | It did? I completely missed that, but it's probably because I'm
       | old...
        
         | I-M-S wrote:
         | There's an episode of "Decoder ring", an excellent podcast
         | devoted to decoding cultural mysteries, on this subject:
         | https://slate.com/podcasts/decoder-ring/2021/08/selling-out
        
         | yyyk wrote:
         | "Old days" is a very relative term here. This attitude was
         | common for Watterson's generation (b. 1958), but for example
         | Schulz (b. 1922) had zero problems with monetization.
        
           | JKCalhoun wrote:
           | That may be when Peanuts, IMHO, went downhill. "Oh, the dog
           | sells? I'll do more of the dog."
           | 
           | Sigh, so kawaii.
        
             | ghaff wrote:
             | It's hard to look at Peanuts with fresh eyes from such a
             | distance of time. Halloween specials notwithstanding, I'm
             | not sure I can say that I ever _loved_ Peanuts--certainly
             | not as an adult--but it was absolutely a cultural icon.
        
               | JKCalhoun wrote:
               | I think it was from reading the "Complete Peanuts"
               | collections and seeing how brilliant the strip was in the
               | earlier part of its run (certainly before I was old
               | enough to either read or understand its depth as a
               | child).
        
         | chubot wrote:
         | _In the old days, there was this idea of "selling out" and we
         | as a culture decided that it was bad. Monetizing a thing
         | immediately called into question its integrity, and more
         | importantly, the integrity of the artist. But then an
         | interesting thing began happening in the late 90's and early
         | 00's. The idea of selling out lost its negative connotation._
         | 
         | Chuck Klosterman's recent book "The Nineties" talks about this
         | a lot! And honestly it's spot on. I had forgotten about this,
         | and not realized how much it disappeared as a cultural concept.
         | 
         | https://www.amazon.com/Nineties-Book-Chuck-Klosterman/dp/073...
         | 
         | We all used the phrase "selling out" frequently (on the east
         | coast of the US), but I remember one high school friend who
         | invoked it constantly. Calling people "sell outs" (i.e. lacking
         | in authenticity) was a common insult.
         | 
         | Grunge bands and in particular Kurt Cobain had almost a
         | pathological obsession with "selling out", to the point where
         | it had some part in his death. Even popularity was seen as a
         | sign of selling out -- it was better to be true to your indie
         | roots.
         | 
         | There are some interesting quotes in the book from Cobain and
         | contemporaries, and the author talks about influential movies
         | at the time that dealt with the concept.
         | 
         | I was never a Calvin and Hobbes fan, but it's definitely
         | interesting and notable that the creator avoided "selling out".
         | 
         | While I think we were too obsessed with it back then, I think a
         | concept that probably needs more respect today. You could even
         | talk coherently about Google "selling out", although that
         | concept may now be foreign to many people. There was a notion
         | of authenticity and that you cared about the mission, i.e.
         | organizing the world's information. But that is long gone :-(
         | 
         | In retrospect the obsession with "selling out" in the 90's was
         | a reaction to capitalist values affecting more and more parts
         | of life. Though, being a teenager, I didn't realize that, and I
         | just said what my friends said!
         | 
         | It was a way to keep your peers in check. But it's sad that
         | people don't even notice it anymore. They would wonder why you
         | did NOT "sell out".
        
           | ethbr0 wrote:
           | Google sold out when they bought DoubleClick. (Bought out?)
        
           | wintermutestwin wrote:
           | You don't need to go as far forward as the 90s and grunge.
           | Rush was skewering musical sellouts at the beginning of the
           | 80s:
           | 
           | "For the words of the PROFITS were written on the studio
           | walls. Echoes with the sound of salesmen, of SALESMEN (sung
           | with the highest levels of disdain)"
        
             | dasil003 wrote:
             | Zappa released "We're Only in It for the Money" in 1968.
        
         | adastra22 wrote:
         | It did in the sense that kids these days don't worry about
         | selling out. It's a generational change.
        
           | simonh wrote:
           | I suspect the difference is that in the past the only way to
           | go commercial was to work with a big corporation. Going to
           | market with something was so hugely expensive, and required
           | extensive marketing and distribution infrastructure, which
           | was all internal to these big concerns. The problem was these
           | companies expected a lot of invasive creative control and
           | long term contracts to give access to those capabilities,
           | which to be fair were hugely expensive to build and operate.
           | 
           | Nowadays all of that infrastructure exists as generic
           | services on the internet you can throw together in a few
           | days, with costs that scale with your needs. I recently
           | watched a Q&A Mark Zuckerberg gave to the Harvard CS50 class
           | in 2005 [0]. He explained that what made Facebook possible to
           | start with was cheap hosted servers running open source
           | software, and the ways that had changed over the previous
           | decade. Nowadays with AWS and Google Cloud its even easier
           | and cheaper. The same applies to physical goods now with
           | eBay, Amazon Marketplace, Etsy, Shopify, running your own
           | one-person media empire on Youtube, etc.
           | 
           | The negative connotations with "selling out" were the fact
           | that you had to sell out creative control. You don't have to
           | do that anymore. Dave Chappelle is rightly still sore about
           | how he was cheated over the Chappelle Show. Nowadays you can
           | build an audience independently, and that fact means that
           | even if you do make a deal with big business, they know
           | you're not as dependent on them anymore, so creatives have a
           | much stronger hand than they used to.
           | 
           | So I really don't think this is down to the generation
           | themselves, the world they live in is just different.
           | 
           | [0] https://youtu.be/xFFs9UgOAlE?t=935
        
             | f17 wrote:
             | You could be right, insofar as in the 1990s, "selling out"
             | was a discrete event and there was no denying that one had
             | given creative control up. In the 2020s, the PR departments
             | are so good at making their efforts look like things that
             | happened organically that the difference between genuine
             | success and packaging has blurred.
        
             | bsenftner wrote:
             | It was hip hop, declaring "selling out" (specifically) to
             | be propaganda. An entire decade and genre of music focused
             | on this idea and the negative impacts of not selling one's
             | work. "Getting paid" became the repeated mantra of many an
             | artists' music. And that changed our culture.
        
               | simonh wrote:
               | That's actually a good point, I'm not sure how much broad
               | influence that had but it's definitely an element.
        
             | coldtea wrote:
             | > _I suspect the difference is that in the past the only
             | way to go commercial was to work with a big corporation._
             | 
             | I'm not so sure. Even if you "hustled" with a small
             | business, or sold stuff yourself for the money, you were
             | considered a sell-out. Musicians weren't supposed to peddle
             | t-shirts, for example.
        
             | jltsiren wrote:
             | There was a vibrant community of independent publishers,
             | volunteer organizations and other entities that were
             | considered authentic. Working with them was not "selling
             | out".
             | 
             | The way I remember, it was more about resisting the
             | establishment than being against commercialization. The
             | ideal was keeping organizations small enough that everyone
             | would be doing "real" work. Dedicated managers and
             | administrators were inherently suspicious. Any organization
             | large enough to employ middle managers (managers and
             | administrators working primarily with other managers and
             | administrators) was part of the establishment. If you
             | worked with them, you were selling yourself out.
        
               | simonh wrote:
               | >There was a vibrant community of independent
               | publishers,....
               | 
               | Of course, that's always existed. By 'commercial' I meant
               | mass market. It's always been possible to break through,
               | in IT Apple and Microsoft both started out with two
               | techies hacking stuff together. Richard Branson started
               | out trying to grow Christmas trees. Those are all a very
               | few extreme outliers compared to the tens of thousands
               | that would only ever have a chance of making it big by
               | reaching the mass market.
        
               | jltsiren wrote:
               | You were not supposed to try to break through, because
               | that meant becoming part of the establishment. Doing cool
               | things was what mattered. Success was tolerated when it
               | arose organically, but it was not a positive thing in
               | itself. People who were deliberately trying to be
               | successful were branded mediocre and boring, because only
               | mediocre and boring people wanted to be part of the
               | establishment.
        
               | simonh wrote:
               | Realistically, that was only ever an extreme view held by
               | a small minority even in the alternative lifestyle and
               | arts communities.
        
               | jltsiren wrote:
               | I remember it more as the dominant left-wing ideology
               | among university students, creative people and various
               | subcultures. Extremists obviously had more extreme views,
               | but some mild anarchism was mainstream.
               | 
               | Back then, people still believed in a better future, and
               | the struggle for money was not as central as it is today.
               | There was this belief that if everyone contributed
               | something valuable and focused on things that were
               | inherently important, there would be enough for everyone
               | in the future.
               | 
               | People today are more militant and more focused on money,
               | because they have lost hope.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | Whether or not the odds are actually all that better
               | today, you have a whole culture of
               | TikTok/YouTube/Instagram/etc. would-be influencers who at
               | least _think_ they have a real shot and, of course, that
               | ends up pervading a lot of the medium.
        
           | willcipriano wrote:
           | The corporations won the culture war. I never realized it but
           | looking at the cultural wasteland that we have now, they won.
        
             | mbg721 wrote:
             | I don't know about that; the corporations certainly think
             | they won, but I'm more inclined to believe they already
             | killed the golden goose. There's no money in top-40 payola;
             | the time to the grocery store soundtrack has never been
             | shorter. The average age of cable TV viewers gets a year
             | older every year, and there's much less patience for
             | sitting around watching ads than in the 90s or 00s. Big
             | corps are trying to win loyalty by loudly believing all the
             | right things, only to find that they're alienating more of
             | their customers than they thought. It's cool to be a foodie
             | and do your own cooking, so fewer people are buying ever-
             | shrinking prepared meals. Everyone's hugely cynical and
             | expects a sales pitch around every corner. Culture is an
             | incoherent wasteland largely _because_ the big corps lost
             | control.
        
               | coldtea wrote:
               | > _I don 't know about that; the corporations certainly
               | think they won, but I'm more inclined to believe they
               | already killed the golden goose. There's no money in
               | top-40 payola; the time to the grocery store soundtrack
               | has never been shorter_
               | 
               | They don't care. They do "hollistic deals", and sell
               | Billie Eilish merchandize and Taylor Swift dog collars
               | and barf bags. Music is just a byproduct of the whole
               | thing...
        
               | mbg721 wrote:
               | Sure, but they're only doing that because they're
               | desperate and have no other ideas. They'd make way more
               | money if they had a monolithic gaggle of 18-35 fans, and
               | they don't.
        
           | watwut wrote:
           | They however care a lot about "shilling" as in trying to
           | promote yourself on discussion forums.
        
           | nickelpro wrote:
           | "Hustling" is viewed as an on-the-whole good, even if various
           | archetypes associated with it (the Logan Pauls of the world)
           | aren't viewed positively.
           | 
           | Being able to monetize a personal brand is viewed as more
           | than just benign, it's viewed as a societal endorsement of
           | the individual and their ideas/perspectives/strategies.
        
             | tristor wrote:
             | To be fair, nobody dislikes Logan Paul due to his "hustle",
             | it's that he's arrogant and a d-bag.
             | 
             | Hustling is almost universally seen positively be anyone
             | under 35.
        
               | RodgerTheGreat wrote:
               | Consider me from a different universe.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | Hustle is probably an overloaded word in this context. I
               | don't think you'll find a lot of people who say "hustle"
               | in the abstract is bad. What you will probably find--
               | especially among older better-off people--is a certain
               | distaste for trying to aggressively turn _everything_
               | into a side-hustle and monetization opportunity.
        
           | deng wrote:
           | > It did in the sense that kids these days don't worry about
           | selling out. It's a generational change.
           | 
           | I mean, I can understand that establishing a "brand" is more
           | important nowadays, but it must still be important to
           | carefully curate it and not mindlessly promoting anything
           | that earns you money. When Tony Hawk promoted crypto.com, I
           | immediately regretted any kind of respect I ever had for that
           | man. Does the younger generation really not care at all?
        
             | adastra22 wrote:
             | That's not what the article is talking about. When I was
             | growing up (mid 90's) and earlier, ANY commercial success
             | was selling out. Playing your guitar at the local cafe?
             | Awesome. Signing your first album deal? You're selling out,
             | man.
             | 
             | It was a weird remembrance of the punk movement, and maybe
             | counterculture before it, where basically any capitalist
             | interaction was working with The Man and considered selling
             | out.
        
               | TheSpiceIsLife wrote:
               | I grew up around then, and definitely noticed the only
               | people who weren't selling out where those who didn't
               | have the opportunity to.
        
               | toto444 wrote:
               | That's probably true but people were reminded that they
               | were losing agency on their creation to businessmen. The
               | creation was losing a bit of its soul. Nowadays most
               | 'creations' are designed to make money from the very
               | beginning.
               | 
               | Very few people still create something for the sake of
               | creating something great. If you are aware of some of
               | them please share !
        
               | dotancohen wrote:
               | Not "art" per se, but SpaceX has a little cottage
               | industry of followers who make terrific content, and
               | successfully monetize it, while staying true to the
               | ideals of producing the content for enthusiasts' sake.
               | Marcus House, Tim Dodd, etc. Of course they cover other
               | content too, and had established products before pivoting
               | heavily towards SpaceX, but they certainly keep the sense
               | of community.
        
               | usrusr wrote:
               | Your cafe/album part makes it sound like a clear binary,
               | but it was an enormous gradient spanning the entirety of
               | pop culture and just about everybody seemed to rely on it
               | for orientation. From the most pretentius "we would
               | never" that was all top obviously more about getting an
               | offer than about the claimed selling out, all the way to
               | stadium rockers struggling to retain whatever the term
               | "authenticity" meant to them or their audience.
               | 
               | The 90ies started with R.E.M. freshly signed on Warner
               | instead of I.R.S. and ended with an absurd DAG of labels
               | and sublabels and sub-sub-sub-labels (again, with the
               | whole range from true grassroots independence to being
               | part of one of the global media giants ten indirections
               | deep), shortly before that entire monstrosity was put
               | down by the onslaught of Napster, iTMS and so on.
        
             | coldtea wrote:
             | > _When Tony Hawk promoted crypto.com, I immediately
             | regretted any kind of respect I ever had for that man. Does
             | the younger generation really not care at all?_
             | 
             | The younger generation follows and idolizes social media
             | stars and "influencers" that sell out 24/7, in the
             | cheapest, corniest (late night tv informercial style) ways
             | possible...
        
               | lapinot wrote:
               | Yeah.. hem tiktok youtube facebook hem instagram snapchat
               | twitch.. This whole thing being discussed in the thread
               | is not some abstract destiny, it's just that the social
               | media lobby, ie the mass advertisement and marketing
               | lobby is crushing everything on it's path since 20 years
               | because they are now tech giants and have data crunching
               | tech. It's not "the spirit of the time" or some other
               | naturalization or whatever, there are active forces
               | behind this (and i absolutely don't mean this in the
               | "evil hidden goverment" way, these forces are fuzzy are
               | multiple, but still, it's a school of thought that
               | recognizes itself).
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | It's complicated but it feels like there is a huge aspect
               | of personal branding/influencer/side hustle/etc. culture
               | that's about making money any way you can and that to
               | disdain it is to be "privileged."
        
           | hans1729 wrote:
           | [citation needed]
        
           | avgcorrection wrote:
           | The only selling out buy-in I've seen is on HN with all the
           | talk about being at "faang" or wanting to get into "faang",
           | all the while being very aware of how problematic big tech
           | is.
        
           | ekianjo wrote:
           | Its not that they dont worry. They completely embrace selling
           | out. Its almost as if everything they do is for the purpose
           | of selling out.
        
         | calvinmorrison wrote:
         | Well, it's also happened to the music market. Songs are
         | worthless so you play a show and then hit the merch tent to
         | sell LPs, hoodies, VIP passes etc. How many full time
         | cartoonists are employed by papers vs 100 years ago?
        
         | karaterobot wrote:
         | It did. Partly this was a change in economics: it got harder to
         | make a good living as an artist in a digital, networked
         | environment, where your art wasn't worth as much. So, artists
         | started doing a lot more commercials, selling their art or
         | their image to advertisers, and later using their access to
         | fans to sell their own consumer products directly to them.
         | 
         | Once the cultural taboo was banished, it disappeared quickly.
         | The idea that outside money pollutes art is not a concept most
         | people under 20 would find intuitive or familiar, and
         | relatively few under 30 either.
         | 
         | Now, whether this is good or bad, I can't say. It certainly
         | _feels_ like there is less art produced today that will stand
         | the test of time. But there are a lot of reasons that might be
         | true other than just this one, and in any case as a man in my
         | 40s, I 'm generally out of touch with culture, and not a
         | suitable judge. Nor are teenagers the authorities in this
         | matter, though for other reasons. It's something historians of
         | the future will have to sort out.
        
         | makeitdouble wrote:
         | We're on a forum that will celebrate independant companies
         | getting bought by bigger entities.
         | 
         | Going "major" is widely seen as positive.
         | 
         | More generally artists will openly talk about trying to get
         | financing, be more transparent about advertisement spots being
         | open, or request sponsorship. Patreons and direct support also
         | comes here.
         | 
         | The "if you're not paying for it you're the product" quip at
         | least cemented the idea that how money is made is something
         | that can be discussed in the open, instead of just shunning
         | "sell outs"
        
           | Folcon wrote:
           | I personally think "selling out" is a bit more subtle than
           | that, in my mind it's not about just making money, a tech
           | company can sell out if it takes money from an entity and
           | breaks promises that it made to it's early / current users,
           | be they written or less spelled out.
           | 
           | Maybe your initial userbase was a bunch of hard core privacy
           | people and post funding you start selling user data, or
           | performing other actions which makes your original users or
           | the people that supported you go, "wait, that's not the
           | company I championed to success"
           | 
           | It's not exactly cut and dried when put like that, but there
           | are a few companies that come to mind that effectively "sold
           | out".
        
           | EnKopVand wrote:
           | I do think the "selling out" argument is still a thing in the
           | modern world. Here in Denmark we're going back and forth on
           | how to regulate things like influencers, and I'm not sure
           | there would be a push back against it if being forced to tell
           | people that you're advertising a company that pays you money
           | to advertise them wasn't still seen as negative. Even here on
           | HN it's not like the buy of Red Hat by IBM was revived with a
           | lot of love.
           | 
           | So I think user deng has a point about "selling out" still
           | being a thing.
           | 
           | That being said, I think there is a big difference between
           | selling out and wanting to remain in control of your
           | creation. I have no idea whether George Lucas likes what
           | happens with Star Wars or not, and I hope I'm not going to
           | start a debate over it either, but by selling it he lost the
           | creative control in a way the Bill Watterson didn't.
           | 
           | My guess is that being "seen" as a "sell out" isn't actually
           | something that comes into play when people consider what to
           | do with their creations very often. Because honestly, why
           | would you ever care? So maybe there is less of it today, but
           | to state that our public discourse has changed on the
           | subject? I'm not convinced it has.
        
             | mc32 wrote:
             | Charles Schulz commercialized Charlie Brown. He's the
             | opposite of Bill Watterson but at the same time he wasn't
             | Mickey Mouse.
             | 
             | The whole concept of selling out is both particular to a
             | person or in group and also cultural. A related concept is
             | 'poser' or 'poseur'. I think it's more about fans thinking
             | they're losing their importance vis a vis the performer or
             | artist. The artist is no longer "exclusive" to them, so to
             | speak as well as no longer an idealized representation of
             | them, the fans.
        
               | egypturnash wrote:
               | I feel like Watterson's stance about licensing was in no
               | small part a direct response to the way Schulz never met
               | a deal he didn't like. At the time Calvin & Hobbes was
               | becoming successful, there was Peanuts stuff everywhere.
               | Snoopy was in commercials selling _life insurance_ , and
               | it really did feel like this was taking something
               | important out of a small-scale, moody strip about
               | disillusionment and failure.
        
               | selimthegrim wrote:
               | Didn't Schultz also criticize other illustrators
               | (including Watterson) for taking sabbaticals as he
               | thought it was unprofessional?
        
               | egypturnash wrote:
               | I don't remember that but I don't feel like it's
               | something out of character for Ol' Sparky. Been a heck of
               | a long time since I last read his bio.
        
               | thaumasiotes wrote:
               | > I feel like Watterson's stance about licensing was in
               | no small part a direct response to the way Schulz never
               | met a deal he didn't like.
               | 
               | Was it his choice? I swear one of the introductions in
               | _The Complete Peanuts_ talks about how Charles Schulz
               | spent much of his life trying to buy back the copyright
               | to his strip.
        
               | egypturnash wrote:
               | It has been a long time since I last read any bio
               | material on Schultz so that could certainly be the case!
               | In which case Watterson's lack of licensing becomes more
               | of a triumph of the artist's wishes that's similar to the
               | way Eastman and Laird learnt from the way Marvel fucked
               | over Jack Kirby, and made sure they retained ownership of
               | the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
               | 
               | (Which let them do things like "buy Heavy Metal and run
               | it at a loss for a while" and "start a publishing company
               | that became infamous for handing out huge advances to
               | their comics buddies that let them spend a couple years
               | on passion projects instead of turning the Superhero
               | Crank for Marvel/DC", both of which I feel are perfectly
               | delightful ways to deal with making the kind of money
               | they made off the Turtles. The history of Tundra Press is
               | a hell of a ride, if you can find it.)
        
               | jfax wrote:
               | Well, both Charles Schulz and Watterson placed immense
               | value in craftsmanship, in that they both valued that
               | their work was untampered by anyone else. Schulz
               | maintained that the strip was unaffected by licensing.
               | 
               | https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/selling-newspaper-
               | comic-...
        
               | HWR_14 wrote:
               | Of the various things you may condemn Walt Disney for, he
               | placed an immense value in craftsmanship as well.
        
               | mc32 wrote:
               | That's true no doubt. I think when most people criticize
               | Walt it's about his empire building. Obviously he also
               | had an iron grip on his IP but leveraged that to amplify
               | his empire and to expand into all sorts of other areas.
               | Whereas Bill wanted to limit exposure. So the focus of
               | their visions were markedly different.
        
               | HWR_14 wrote:
               | Yes, I was commenting on the distinction the above poster
               | was trying to Walt Disney and Charles Schultz (of
               | Peanuts) to move Schultz closer to Watterson.
        
             | zamfi wrote:
             | > I'm not sure there would be a push back against it if
             | being forced to tell people that you're advertising a
             | company that pays you money to advertise them wasn't still
             | seen as negative
             | 
             | Hmm, is this really about "selling out" though? Or is it
             | about trust, and the deception inherent in taking money to
             | say something that people could reasonably believe are your
             | own words?
        
           | ghaff wrote:
           | More generally, there is certainly a subgroup that mostly
           | celebrates monetization as opposed to just doing something
           | because you like to, you're good at it, and don't really try
           | to make any money off it.
        
           | bawolff wrote:
           | People think selling out is bad when you're a punk rock band.
           | 
           | I dont think anyone really ever thought selling your company,
           | particularly a speculative tech start up type company, is the
           | same type of bad.
        
             | JKCalhoun wrote:
             | Yeah, art and enterprise are different.
             | 
             | And no one begrudges the punk band for selling t-shirts,
             | albums. It's when they sell soft drinks....
        
               | greedo wrote:
               | Yeah, the day I see RATM endorsing American Express I'll
               | know things are wonky...
        
               | tzs wrote:
               | I'm not sure if I've heard RATM but looking at the lyrics
               | to a few of their songs there seems to be a lot of anger
               | or rage in their music.
               | 
               | If that's right, you could actually do a pretty funny
               | American Express commercial with them.
               | 
               | It could show a montage of them dealing with shoddy
               | consumer goods failing shortly after their warranties
               | expire, which keeps pissing them off and keeps them in a
               | constant state of rage which is reflected in their
               | songwriting.
               | 
               | Then someone points out to them that they paid for all
               | those things with their American Express card, and
               | American Express provides extended warranties
               | automatically.
               | 
               | They lose their anger over poor consumer products, and
               | with that their songwriting too loses its anger.
               | 
               | Cut to them releasing a new album, and it is all slow
               | acoustic ballads about true love and togetherness.
        
               | pksebben wrote:
               | > there seems to be a lot of anger or rage in their music
               | 
               | this... this is sarcasm, or irony, right?
               | 
               | The 'R' literally stands for rage.
               | 
               | Against the machine. to wit, the _capitalist_ machine.
               | 
               | So, to put the finishing sauce on your story, 'Rage
               | against the machine' with the rage taken out, would be
               | just the Machine, exemplified by Amex.
               | 
               | I just wasn't sure if you knew quite how appropriate that
               | scenario fits the schema.
        
               | lolive wrote:
               | Always thought it was rage against the coffee machine.
               | You changed my whole perspective. Thanks!
        
               | LBJsPNS wrote:
               | "Fuck you I won't leave home without it!"
        
             | Retric wrote:
             | Unfortunately selling out a brand generally means the
             | quality tanks because it's easy way to boost margins.
             | 
             | Food gets a few more preservatives and slightly worse
             | ingredients until over time it tastes like cardboard. Video
             | games become ever more blatant cash grabs. Clothing becomes
             | more fragile, with cheaper materials and worse
             | craftsmanship.
             | 
             | Trying to appeal to the widest possible audience means
             | removing that which makes art interesting, but maximizing
             | short term profit means taking the same shortcuts as
             | everyone else in the industry.
        
             | shaklee3 wrote:
             | from a Tool song (won't write the name):
             | 
             | And in between Sips of coke He told me that He thought We
             | were sellin' out Layin' down, Suckin' up To the man Well
             | now I've got some A-dvice for you, little buddy Before you
             | point the finger You should know that I'm the man And if
             | I'm the man Then you're the man, and He's the man as well
             | so you can Point that fuckin' finger up your ass.
        
         | tablespoon wrote:
         | > It did? I completely missed that, but it's probably because
         | I'm old...
         | 
         | IIRC, being a "social media influencer" is literally selling
         | out, and it seems like it's what a lot of kids aspire to these
         | days.
        
         | foobarbecue wrote:
         | Came here to say this. AFAIK "selling out" has just as negative
         | a connotation as it ever did. Maybe he means commercialism is
         | more prevalent, but that's not what he wrote.
         | 
         | Nobody says "congratulations on being a sellout" unless they
         | are being sarcastic.
        
         | locallost wrote:
         | There definitely was a time, and I noticed I myself let go of
         | it. Recently I watched an old clip of Bill Hicks where he calls
         | out Leno for doing a commercial! I can't imagine anybody
         | calling someone out over a commercial today and having an
         | audience.
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8aj3BA3cGg
        
         | bsenftner wrote:
         | For many of you, some older and some those who did not get into
         | street music, the cultural event that ended the concept of
         | "selling out" was hip hop artists declaring "selling out" to be
         | white establishment propaganda, and "getting paid" is all that
         | matters anymore. The 90's street music was all about "getting
         | paid" and quite elaborate examinations of how the negative
         | attitude toward "selling out" was the establishment suppressing
         | the voices of the street.
        
         | systemvoltage wrote:
         | "Selling out" is basing your morality on someone's well
         | deserved accomplishment and whether they should be rewarded for
         | that or not. That seems complete opposite of how I see morality
         | ought to be. Seems incredibly contemptious and anything but
         | moral.
        
         | coldtea wrote:
         | > _It did? I completely missed that, but it 's probably because
         | I'm old..._
         | 
         | Yeah, it totally did. Ever since the 90s. The majority of the
         | mainstream youth don't even understand the concept.
        
         | nabla9 wrote:
         | The phenomenon is not new. The difference seems to be that
         | there is no limit at all. Today nobody thinks "this is so
         | tasteless that I don't want to work with it anymore".
         | 
         | I think it's more honest. Art's and creative jobs have had the
         | aura of being form of uncompromising self-expression, vehicle
         | of social and political change and beauty. Pretending adds
         | layer of deceit.
         | 
         | That can't coexist with the goal of maximizing mass market
         | popularity and income. I think this is the logical conclusion
         | when something turns into pure commerce. Only thing valuable is
         | visibility, recognizably, hype.
         | 
         | What makes Bill Watterson look like mystical figure is that
         | "having enough" and "shutting up after you have said what you
         | wanted" is alien concept in business.
        
           | ghaff wrote:
           | There are a fair number of examples in cartooning (to greater
           | or lesser degrees) where creators have partially or wholly
           | walked away. Being engaging and funny day in and day out must
           | be incredibly difficult and I imagine that many at the top of
           | their field who aren't doing formulaic creations just burn
           | out and--once out--don't really have the motivation to get
           | back in again.
        
             | nabla9 wrote:
             | Walking away when there is diminishing return from the
             | effort is common.
             | 
             | Walking away from opportunity to earn 1000X with little
             | effort is not that common.
        
           | swayvil wrote:
           | Can't tell truth and lies at the same time.
           | 
           | Or can you? I haven't actually given the idea serious
           | thought.
        
         | starkd wrote:
         | To see evidence that Bill Watterson made the right decision,
         | all you have to do is look at what happened to the Simpsons'
         | brand. Matt Groenig unleashed any and all restraint on product
         | merchandising. It used to be a clever and insightful commentary
         | on American society. Now it's just sad.
        
           | lancesells wrote:
           | Same as what happened to David Bowie after he died. His
           | estate seemed to let everything of his be merchandised after
           | he passed. Monopoly version of David Bowie, lunchboxes,
           | etc... oof.
        
             | onionisafruit wrote:
             | I thought you must be exaggerating about the David Bowie
             | Monopoly game, but you were not. Who is buying that?
        
         | clsec wrote:
         | That's exactly what happened to San Francisco's culture. It
         | started the during the first tech boom when all the artists
         | started leaving for the East Bay and PDX.
        
         | c3534l wrote:
         | I've not heard anyone seriously accuse someone of selling out
         | in over a decade.
        
           | jasonladuke0311 wrote:
           | It's still prevalent in music, especially the hardcore and
           | metal scenes. Changing your sound and/or finding commercial
           | success are frequently met with accusations of "selling out"
           | (see Turnstile or Deafheaven for examples).
        
         | maxutility wrote:
         | There was a really interesting NYTimes piece [0] about Gen X
         | comedy icon Janeane Garafolo earlier this week that touched on
         | similar themes of "not selling out." I have often wondered over
         | the years what happened to her. It turns out that she really
         | walked the walk of not selling out and the obscurity that comes
         | with avoiding publicity and promotion.
         | 
         | Personally my feelings on the subject are conflicted. I think
         | that some degree of promotion is important so that others can
         | discover great art and contributions, and so that artists and
         | creators can make a comfortable living off of their work, but
         | that "selling out" becomes bad when the pursuit of commerce
         | overtakes and reduces the art.
         | 
         | [0] https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/movies/janeane-
         | garofalo.h...
        
         | dkarl wrote:
         | "Selling out" still has negative connotations, but "hustle"
         | became a positive word that we use for a lot of behavior that
         | previously would have been labeled "selling out."
         | 
         | Basically a bunch of upper-middle-class people adopted the
         | concept of "hustle" from its poor urban context, where it
         | acknowledged that the drive to do anything to scrape by was
         | hard to reconcile with strict ethical standards. You don't
         | question someone's ethics when they're trying to make sure
         | their siblings have something to eat for dinner that night.
         | 
         | Upper-middle-class people recognized that feeling -- hey,
         | that's the desperation I feel when I realize that if I don't
         | take this adtech job, I might not be able to maintain the same
         | lifestyle as my friends that I met in the dorm at my highly
         | selective university. If I don't found a startup and get
         | monstrously rich, other people will never think of me the way I
         | think of myself, and that would _suck_.
         | 
         | How convenient that there's a word for when your desperate
         | circumstances excuse you from the ethical standards that we
         | apply to normal people! No matter how privileged you are, when
         | you do ethically questionable things, just call them "hustle"
         | and everyone will know that it isn't because of entitled self-
         | indulgence, but because of your plucky determination to survive
         | everything the world throws at you.
        
           | hitekker wrote:
           | Solid comment. The word "hustle" conceals face-saving under
           | the lip-service of survival. A careerist use it to cover up
           | their wrongdoing. Like you said, they also _believe_ in
           | "hustle" because they're desperate; they've confused their
           | face with their character. They believe "I needed to cheat
           | and steal to get ahead because if I didn't, I won't be who I
           | need to be, who I am." The belief in hustle masks and
           | resolves an identity crisis, easily & selfishly.
           | 
           | When people can justify complex, bad behavior with simple,
           | bad beliefs, bad behavior spreads like a fire. In the
           | article, Bill Watterson calls out justifying as the first
           | step for regulating bad beliefs:
           | 
           | > The world of a comic strip is much more fragile than most
           | people realize. Once you've given up its integrity, that's
           | it. I want to make sure that never happens. Instead of asking
           | what's wrong with rampant commercialism, we ought to be
           | asking, "What justifies it?"
        
           | hattmall wrote:
           | It used to be that people lived life for the acts of life and
           | a material things generally had a negative connotation. Now
           | for a tremendous amount of people life is almost exclusively
           | about material wealth and even many life experiences have a
           | material quality because if you don't post pictures at
           | certain landmarks did you really even go.
        
             | majormajor wrote:
             | Rich and powerful people have had gaudy things for
             | centuries. Life was about power and material wealth was
             | included in that.
             | 
             | How much of the negative connotations sometimes associated
             | with that have been akin to propaganda to keep the rest of
             | the people in line.
        
         | stareatgoats wrote:
         | I remember way back when no real athlete would carry
         | sponsorship messages - it would be "selling out". People who
         | participated in sports for money were banned from participating
         | in "clean sports" (and shamed). Maybe it wasn't like that in
         | the US, but in Scandinavia it certainly was.
         | 
         | In the good old days, in many ways. Kudos to Bill Watterson.
        
           | Rastonbury wrote:
           | I'm a millennial, I don't see how licensing IP would be
           | selling out compared with carrying sponsorship messages. I
           | understand how the latter can be seen as selling out
        
             | batshibstein wrote:
             | This is because in the last couple of decades "selling out"
             | has become not only acceptable, not only a desirable
             | outcome but in fact the ultimate end goal. Probably one of
             | the key defining factors between Boomer/Gen X and
             | Millennial/Gen Y/Z/etc. or however they are labeled.
        
             | tsimionescu wrote:
             | If you saw Calvin in a Cola commercial, you wouldn't feel
             | that lessens the artistic value of Calvin and Hobbes?
        
               | jsymolon wrote:
               | I feel the same way about music licensed to shows or
               | commercials. Due to the amount of airplay a show or
               | commercial gets, the music becomes overused.
               | 
               | The USPS use of "Fly like an Eagle", and overplayed CSI:
               | X shredded The Who songs.
               | 
               | Although, "Love and Marriage" used in "Married with
               | Children" (90's) doesn't have the same tiredness,
               | probably because that Sinatra really wasn't in my
               | listening list.
        
               | JKCalhoun wrote:
               | Still laughing about the irony of Melanie's "Look What
               | They've Done to My Song" becoming "Look What They've Done
               | to Oatmeal".
               | 
               | Can't un-hear.
        
               | hyperman1 wrote:
               | I was wondering why I heared 'Running up that hill' from
               | Kate Bush so much on the different radio stations. Then
               | HN had an article about someone recreating the synth
               | sound of it. Why the renewed interest?
               | 
               | Yesterday I heard it got used on a popular Netflix show.
               | Ah.
               | 
               | It could be worse, I thought they were forcing interest
               | in some new album from her.
        
               | burntoutfire wrote:
               | I think it's ok to cash out once your career is over.
               | It's bad to do while creating, because the money people
               | will inevitably influence your works. But, if you're not
               | creating anymore, then there's no great harm in it.
        
               | nkrisc wrote:
               | In the case of Calvin and Hobbes, I think a lot of the
               | meaning would be lost if you saw Calvin selling sugary
               | cereal on TV.
               | 
               | The philosophy of the strip is fundamentally incompatible
               | with commercialization.
        
               | greedo wrote:
               | I do see a lot of car decals with Calvin pissing on
               | [insert name of hated automaker]. Now obviously these are
               | unlicensed, but a lot of people obviously have no problem
               | with it.
        
               | blululu wrote:
               | Bill Watterson once remarked: "I figure that, long after
               | the strip is forgotten, those decals are my ticket to
               | immortality."
        
               | nkrisc wrote:
               | And you can probably find unlicensed porn of every IP out
               | there, but I wouldn't draw any conclusions from that.
        
               | planetafro wrote:
               | It may depend on the type of work but there is something
               | to be said about the longevity of the art and legacy.
               | 
               | Calvin and Hobbes was a massive part of my youth. It fed
               | that creative and mischievous part of me that "regular"
               | life just wasn't satisfying. I was smitten and still am.
               | 
               | Fast forward to my daughter's birth... At around 4 years
               | old, I bought her the giant anthology of strips which
               | includes everything Calvin and Hobbes ever printed. Like
               | me, it shaped her in undefinable ways. It drove her
               | drawing and reading off the charts. She very much grew as
               | a person because of Bill's work and my influence in
               | reading to her often. She took over very quickly! She
               | latched on and studied those books with a fervor that
               | I've not seen repeated in her yet.
               | 
               | Do you think the result would have been the same if there
               | were T-shirts, TV shows, video games, and the like
               | plastered all over? You can only shield a child from the
               | world so much. They absorb everything.
               | 
               | Anyway, I think Bill absolutely made a most excellent
               | decision. Not only for himself, but for us.
        
               | nemo44x wrote:
               | > Anyway, I think Bill absolutely made a most excellent
               | decision. Not only for himself, but for us.
               | 
               | Especially for us. It has remained special all these
               | years later as it hasn't been supersaturated or made
               | overrated by virtue of being commoditized.
               | 
               | I'm guessing whoever inherits his estate sells the
               | license and rights for untold millions. You can only hope
               | a billionaire super fan buys it and buries it.
               | 
               | At some point in the future it will all be public domain
               | anyways. So enjoy it while you can.
        
               | drdec wrote:
               | > I'm guessing whoever inherits his estate sells the
               | license and rights for untold millions.
               | 
               | I wouldn't be surprised if he sets up a trust to control
               | the rights to prevent that from happening.
        
               | szeil wrote:
        
               | mcv wrote:
               | I've seen people with interesting and valuable YouTube
               | channels suddenly pimp Raid Shadow Legends, which
               | definitely cheapened their channel to me and made me lose
               | some respect. I do understand it, but I'm not happy about
               | it.
        
               | JKCalhoun wrote:
               | Yeah, when a woodworking channel spends half a video
               | "testing" some new product on their table saw, I begin to
               | feel like I am being sold a bill of goods.
        
               | tzs wrote:
               | How to you distinguish that from someone trying out a
               | product to review it?
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | It's one of those grey areas that comes down to the
               | integrity of the channel owner. There are probably people
               | who never find anything wrong with stuff they're sent to
               | review and there are people who give honest reviews.
               | Conflicts of interest are everywhere but it doesn't mean
               | that a potential conflict of interest automatically
               | translates into bias.
        
               | JKCalhoun wrote:
               | It's a tough line to walk. For something like
               | woodworking, I suppose I'm not looking for "a new
               | product"?
               | 
               | Perhaps there should be separate channels in such a case:
               | the wood-worker-reviewing-stuff channel and the making-
               | things-from-wood channel.
        
             | hourago wrote:
             | T-shirts of Ernesto "Che" Guevara are the top example of
             | this. It's too take an ideal, whatever you agree with it or
             | not, and to convert it into a product for profit.
             | 
             | It's to commercialise ideals, memories and anything that
             | makes people human. It reduces the idea's value and by
             | extension our own humanity.
        
             | peoplefromibiza wrote:
             | some people just care about their work more than money.
             | 
             | Now imagine that the whole star wars franchising made more
             | money by selling merchandise than everything else combined.
             | 
             | That's why new movies and shows are being produced ever
             | more often: to sell toys and merch.
             | 
             | And that's also why the quality and the creativity went
             | down compared to the original movies.
             | 
             | There's a price to pay when you start thinking your
             | business is not the art itself anymore, but selling or
             | licensing it.
        
               | JKCalhoun wrote:
               | Ha ha, characters appearing for a few seconds in a
               | background shot just to get their cameo before the
               | inevitable Kenner/Hasbroken figure release.
        
           | em-bee wrote:
           | we just had this topic:
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32110420
           | 
           | making money as an athlete used to disqualify you from the
           | olympics
        
             | melling wrote:
             | This had nothing to do with selling out. Olympic athletes
             | were supposed to be amateurs and not professionals.
             | 
             | If you were paid to be an athlete then you had a
             | competitive advantage, or so was the thinking.
        
               | usrusr wrote:
               | The amateur/pro separation is spelled out most clearly in
               | the early history of cycling, and it has very little to
               | do with the punk rock idea of selling out: gentlemen with
               | a family name so big they likely had minor celebrity
               | status even before sports showing off how far and fast
               | they could go starting to hire a series of pacemakers to
               | draft behind. Then one day, particularly strong
               | pacemakers got sponsorship, starting in their own name,
               | with their own relay of pacemakers, and they took the
               | prestigious titles. Gentlemen were not amused and started
               | their own racing series. Members only. (right before
               | falling in love with the speed provided by the internal
               | combustion engine)
        
               | Lio wrote:
               | In the UK we have the split between Rugby Union and Rugby
               | League, now two distinct sports. The history of that
               | split gets to the heart of British class distinction and
               | is more interesting that you might at first think.
               | 
               | There's a good description of it here[1] but the TL;DR
               | is:
               | 
               | In the South of England rugby was played by independently
               | rich amateurs and in the North of England it was played
               | by the working class men who needed to support themselves
               | and their families and wanted it to become
               | professionalised.
               | 
               | The groups couldn't agree and so split. With the rules of
               | Rugby League supposedly changed to make it more appealing
               | to paying crowd.
               | 
               | 1.
               | https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/sport/2019/10/split-
               | bet...
        
               | coldtea wrote:
               | That might have been the thinking, but it was also
               | totally associated with selling out, and being an
               | inferior athlete, morals wise.
        
             | kingkawn wrote:
             | Especially if you were Native American
        
               | vajrabum wrote:
               | Did you see they restored the 2 Olympic medals for the
               | pentathlon and decathlon to Jim Thorpe just the other
               | day. Long overdue.
        
             | mcv wrote:
             | While it certainly sounds more honest and less
             | commercialised, it also means that high level sports is
             | mostly a rich-people's game. Poor people often can't afford
             | to say no to money.
        
               | watwut wrote:
               | At some point, they even found it dishonest to train for
               | event specifically.
        
         | recursiveturtle wrote:
         | If the reader here can find it, Linklater's SubUrbia captures
         | this sentiment on film.
        
       | gus_massa wrote:
       | Cutting the strip at the 10 years is a good idea to avoid the
       | Zombie Simpson problem.
       | https://deadhomersociety.wordpress.com/zombiesimpsons/
       | 
       | (It's easier when it's just one man job, and you must not fire
       | all the team.)
        
         | detritus wrote:
         | If you're interested in checking this out, as I am, don't use
         | the links in the 'table of contents' as they're all misdirected
         | - use the splurge of links near the top of the document.
        
         | ghaff wrote:
         | I sort of have what I jokingly call the five season rule for TV
         | series. Even if quality doesn't really trail off, I'm mostly
         | done. I definitely lost interest in Doonesbury at one point
         | even if Trudeau did evolve and age the characters. Dilbert?
         | Pretty much forget about it even aside from Adams'... um
         | interesting modern perspectives. I've been pointed to a few
         | funny things now and then but it mostly still seems stuck in
         | some 1990s PacBell time warp.
        
       | sammalloy wrote:
       | > But someone that disciplined and resolute in his convictions
       | can probably teach us all something about integrity. That's how
       | you build a lasting brand. That's how you build meaning.
       | 
       | I grew up with C&H and their initial fan base. The author of this
       | piece doesn't get it. Watterson didn't build a lasting brand nor
       | did he build meaning. The strip had those things already without
       | the added commercialism. Watterson is a purist whose work doesn't
       | need to build anything to market it. If you're trying to build a
       | brand and add meaning, you've already failed.
        
       | boomboomsubban wrote:
       | I feel like I've seen the Calvin pissing meme openly sold in
       | chain stores multiple times. Is he unwilling to be litigious?
       | What about his publisher?
        
         | adastra22 wrote:
         | Why would the publisher spend money fighting it? It's not like
         | they have merchandise sales to protect.
        
         | phnofive wrote:
         | It is a mark of integrity in the same vein of refusing to
         | license his artwork; he is aware of these rip-offs and
         | considers them part of his legacy.
        
         | kevingadd wrote:
         | This approach is more common these days, though probably for
         | different reasons. A massive subset of modern anime and video
         | game franchises from overseas implicitly or explicitly allow
         | fan works as long as basic rules are met - people can create
         | and share fan comics, games, etc, and even sell art books or
         | prints.
         | 
         | The people in charge of the franchises recognize that letting
         | fans riff on the work will make them enjoy it more even if
         | doing that means giving up control.
         | 
         | Touhou Project is famous for having barely any controls at all
         | so there is a massive amount of high quality fan work available
         | in multiple languages.
        
         | ekianjo wrote:
         | > Is he unwilling to be litigious?
         | 
         | That point is specifically adressed in the article
        
           | boomboomsubban wrote:
           | Kind of. Making a quip that he should do something still
           | makes his position somewhat unclear.
        
             | pksebben wrote:
             | I believe that's part of the point. one doesn't get the
             | sense from Watterson's work that clarity is high on his
             | list - the lessons of Calvin and Hobbes are very
             | interpretive, and a lot is left to the reader.
        
       | moviewise wrote:
       | Another take: "Watterson, of course, is Calvin, at least partly,
       | and the refusal to agree to what his bosses wanted in terms of
       | licensing is a demonstration of the rebellious spirit that
       | energizes the comic strip. But at the end of the day, it is
       | juvenile, shortsighted, and damaging. This is why becoming an
       | adult is hard to do. Watterson made a decision that was rooted in
       | pettiness:
       | 
       | "I worked too long to get this job, and worked too hard once I
       | got it, to let other people run away with my creation once it
       | became successful.""
       | 
       | From: https://moviewise.substack.com/p/are-you-socially-mad-or-
       | cap...
        
         | sonofhans wrote:
         | I appreciate that you're just quoting someone else's work here.
         | But let me say that this is by miles the worst take I've read
         | on Calvin & Hobbes, and one of the saddest and most
         | dehumanizing things I've ever read about the intersection of
         | art and commerce.
         | 
         | They author fundamentally misunderstands art: "The value of
         | artistic work is in reaching people." They claim repeatedly
         | that artists have an obligation to use commerce to spread their
         | work far and wide: "Can you not see that in denying the
         | syndicates profits that countless others were harmed?"
         | 
         | It is a long elucidation of exactly what Watterson has spent
         | his life trying to avoid. It's literally calling the man
         | "selfish" for refusing to allow others to profit from his work.
         | It's kneeling at the altar of capitalism and kissing the ring
         | of commercial exploitation, and prizing both those things above
         | simple human creativity, and the ability of artists to curate
         | their own works.
        
           | moviewise wrote:
           | >It's literally calling the man "selfish" for refusing to
           | allow others to profit from his work.
           | 
           | If the object was to prevent others ---- i.e. the syndicates
           | who helped him develop the comic strip and helped to promote
           | and distribute it ---- from profiting from his work, why
           | wouldn't you call this selfish?
           | 
           | Bill Watterson chose to syndicate "Calvin & Hobbes," that is,
           | he chose to sell it, so he fully engaged in capitalism. He
           | just didn't want to profit (or let others profit) from it in
           | other ways, e.g. selling plushy toys etc. But he profited
           | enough from newspaper syndication and book publishing to
           | retire at 35.
        
         | moviewise wrote:
         | Related: Here is an article describing the speech Watterson
         | gave railing against licensing. Note the different approaches
         | of the two cartoonists on opposite sides, Bill Watterson vs
         | 'Beetle Bailey'/'Hi and Lois' creator Mort Walker.
         | 
         | "Walker and Watterson also had very different approaches to
         | dealing with the public at the three-day festival. Walker
         | agreed to numerous requests to do autographed sketches and pose
         | for photos, while Watterson declined to give autographs and
         | requested no photos and no taping of his remarks."
         | 
         | http://timhulsizer.com/cwords/cdiffer.html
        
       | fourthark wrote:
       | _But Watterson stands apart from his fellow creators because he
       | rejected that wisdom. Which ironically has led to the exact thing
       | Watterson didn't want... the creation of a brand identity._
       | 
       | The desperate American search for irony where there is none.
        
       | ChrisMarshallNY wrote:
       | Reminds me of the note Watterson sent Breathed:
       | https://www.reddit.com/r/TheSimpsons/comments/c7viyp/another...
        
       | cturtle wrote:
       | Just finished reading the daily Calvin and Hobbes comic before
       | coming here. Here's an RSS feed [0] if anyone is interested.
       | 
       | [0]: https://www.comicsrss.com/rss/calvinandhobbes.rss
        
       | margoguryan wrote:
       | I collect fake Calvin & Hobbes merchandise as a hobby and have
       | enough peeing Calvin stickers to make a surrealistic flipbook of
       | it if I hold my collection in my hand. Bill Watterson should
       | enjoy these dimensions of kitsch, irony and cheap simulacra
       | instead of fighting it; and even still, would we have pissing
       | Calvin to begin with had he licensed it early on enough? Who
       | invented pissing Calvin? I don't care about Bill Watterson. I
       | care about pissing Calvin.
        
         | rideontime wrote:
         | He should and he apparently does.
        
       | Linda703 wrote:
        
       | cheschire wrote:
       | The timing of this is a fun coincidence. My kids recently
       | discovered my print copies of the strip collections. I didn't
       | want them to destroy them though so i looked on the kindle store
       | for the whole set, but the experience is inconsistent and one
       | isn't even available anymore. Found them on archive.org though!
       | And I was wondering to myself why those scans are allowed to
       | live, and why there aren't crystal clear comixology versions,
       | etc. This article has given just a touch more insight just at the
       | time I was looking for it.
        
       | Joel_Mckay wrote:
       | Good, kind of admire the respect of the story, medium, and
       | artwork.
       | 
       | Upon seeing Disney licensed diapers at the store, it reminded one
       | that often corporate studios eventually take a literal dump on
       | characters to sell nostalgia. I doubt Stan Lee had envisioned
       | this was to be the tragic fate of his work...
        
         | baq wrote:
         | 'Extracting value from the brand' is apparently the MBA term
         | for this
        
       | ken47 wrote:
       | If you ever read these comics, I think you'd understand that it
       | would be _extremely_ odd to see these characters in an ad for
       | e.g. coca cola or some such. Calvin and Hobbes have very well-
       | defined characters that would seem very out of place in a profit-
       | oriented environment.
        
         | franciscop wrote:
         | I feel it could be the same for Mafalda, which I just realized
         | I haven't seen outside of comics. Or maybe I'm too young?
         | 
         | The internet is tricky for these things though, if you search
         | "calvin and hobbes mug" you'll definitely find a lot of them to
         | buy, same as with Mafalda, so not sure how to validate this
         | feeling.
         | 
         | Edit: Wikipedia corroborates my feeling that Mafalda hasn't had
         | many adaptations also because of the author didn't want:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafalda#Adaptations
        
           | philistine wrote:
           | I only know Mafalda through its cartoon; it was broadcast on
           | Canal Famille in Quebec in the 90s.
        
         | spacemanmatt wrote:
         | I can't drive a mile without seeing a truck sporting a sticker
         | of Calvin peeing on (competing brand truck logo) or praying to
         | a cross. Or both.
        
           | beowulfey wrote:
           | You probably knew this but those are 100% not licensed.
        
         | makeitdouble wrote:
         | That has never stopped advertisement companies though.
         | 
         | I'm pretty sure Rage Against the Machine tracks have been used
         | for tv commercials without anyone blinking.
        
           | [deleted]
        
       | jdblair wrote:
       | Sometime in the 80s while the strip was still running (and I was
       | probably 10 or 11), I attended a talk by Bill Watterson at the
       | Akron Art Museum. He looked astonishingly like Calvin's dad!
       | 
       | Over the course of about an hour he drew all the different
       | characters he had tried before Calvin and Hobbes. One was a
       | hedgehog that looked like a short Hobbes. What struck me the most
       | was that he had tried over and over before he hit on Calvin and
       | Hobbes.
       | 
       | At the end, I walked up and introduced myself and asked if I
       | could have one of the drawings. The answer was no. He was already
       | very careful.
       | 
       | I lived in Hudson, Ohio and he donated a signed book to the
       | library auction at least once. I'm pretty sure I once saw him
       | sitting in the lawn at Western Reserve Academy drawing.
        
         | selimthegrim wrote:
         | Rumor has it he slips signed copies into the shelves at
         | Fireside Books in Chagrin Falls every so often.
        
           | gedy wrote:
           | He stopped that once he saw them being auctioned on eBay for
           | high prices iirc.
        
             | selimthegrim wrote:
             | Well at least we had nice things for a while.
        
       | optimalsolver wrote:
       | He did give permission for someone on Tumblr to make a C & H/Dune
       | mashup.
       | 
       | Calvin & Muad'Dib:
       | 
       | https://calvinanddune.tumblr.com/
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | Sort of. He got C&D'd for it, had his lawyers make a fair-use
         | argument to the Calvin & Hobbes lawyers, and got his specific
         | use cleared. He never talked to Watterson.
        
       | em-bee wrote:
       | _I've always been a little skeptical of letting creators have so
       | much control, because that's how you end up with things like the
       | Star Wars Special Editions or Jo Rowling claiming she should've
       | killed off Ron so Harry and Hermione could get together. If
       | enough time passes, creators can lose touch with what makes their
       | work so special in the first place._
       | 
       | i don't follow this argument. the author claims that everyone
       | should have a right to modify someones creations to their liking,
       | but they criticize the original creators if they do that?
       | 
       | that seems kind of hypocritical to me. i am all for shortening
       | the copyright, but that won't protect us from any star wars
       | special editions.
       | 
       | we don't need a shortening of copyright to allow fan-fiction or
       | even fan films. star trek is a good example of that. there are
       | thousands of fan films out there. star trek creators have given
       | explicit permission for these works, while other creators are
       | much more restrictive, and it would be nice if what star trek
       | fans are doing was actually explicitly allowed by copyright law.
       | in other words, loosen the control a bit, without needing to
       | abolish control completely.
        
       | Trasmatta wrote:
       | It's amazing how you uncover just a bit more depth to Calvin and
       | Hobbes every single time you read it. Reading it once again
       | recently, I began to really see the subtle depth written into his
       | parents.
       | 
       | They're generally seen from Calvin's perspective: super old,
       | crabby, out of touch. But then you realize that's just how a 6
       | year old sees them, and that there's a lot more to their
       | characters. They're likely only in their early 30's, and are
       | honestly doing their best job as parents. There are all sorts of
       | little hints towards how much they love their son (even though he
       | can drive them crazy), their fears, their hobbies and interests
       | outside of parenting, their relationship, etc. It's really
       | beautiful.
        
         | mcv wrote:
         | Ever since I had kids, I started identifying a lot more with
         | Calvin's parents. Sometimes more than with Calvin.
        
           | Trasmatta wrote:
           | Reading strips like this as a kid, it was easy to look at
           | them slightly negatively: https://i.imgur.com/zBko5hB_d.webp?
           | maxwidth=640&shape=thumb&...
           | 
           | Now, though, I get it. Parenting is hard, and it's not only
           | thing going on in their lives. And despite it all, they put
           | up with Calvin's behavior, encourage his imagination, keep
           | him fed and warm, and comfort him when it matters. What more
           | could you ask for?
        
         | glitcher wrote:
         | Now I want to go back and read all my old Calvin and Hobbes
         | books again!
         | 
         | Speaking to the depth of the comic strip, one of my favorite
         | themes was the philosophical discussions about the nature of
         | reality and meaning of life while they were barreling down a
         | huge hill in the sled or wagon :)
        
           | Trasmatta wrote:
           | I remember always skipping over those when I was 10 because I
           | couldn't understand them. Now they're some of my favorite
           | parts.
           | 
           | Calvin and Hobbes is magic in how it seems to unlock new
           | depth at every age.
        
         | webkike wrote:
         | It's hinted at throughout the series that Calvin's mom was a
         | much more difficult child than even Calvin was, and I always
         | appreciated that touch.
        
           | radley wrote:
           | It's made clear both parents were naturally difficult too,
           | which is part of the point. This panel probably had to be
           | expressly stated since Mom doesn't encourage Calvin's (over)
           | imagination like his father does.
        
           | avalys wrote:
           | Really? I think I've read all the C&H strips multiple times
           | and never picked up on that. Notably, Calvin's parents are
           | never given names, and the only relative ever featured as I
           | recall was his uncle on his dad's side.
           | 
           | Do you have a link to a strip where this is hinted at?
        
             | madcaptenor wrote:
             | IIRC Watterson said that he had been planning to introduce
             | more adult relationships to the strip, but he realized this
             | would be difficult when Uncle Max couldn't address his
             | brother (Calvin's father) by name.
        
             | webkike wrote:
             | Here's a panel that references it https://calvinandhobbes.f
             | andom.com/wiki/Calvin%27s_mother?fi...
        
               | creaghpatr wrote:
               | Wow I never caught that!
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | That's a bit more than a mere hint!
        
             | DizzyDoo wrote:
             | I believe it's this one:
             | https://www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes/1987/07/31
        
         | civilized wrote:
         | Even when I was a kid I thought the parents were cool. Other
         | than perhaps Moe, Calvin is obviously the worst human being in
         | the comic (although in a mostly funny and relatable way).
        
       | d1l wrote:
       | There are plenty of people out there who share Bill Watterson's
       | beliefs about art or their creations. You just don't hear about
       | it because obviously they aren't interested in shilling. I do,
       | however, wish that blatant self-promotion was more frowned-upon
       | by our culture. It's hard to tell when the creator is motivated
       | by sincerity or a cynical desire for personal gain. I personally
       | believe, though, that we don't live by money (or prestige) alone.
       | I take comfort from the fact that for thousands of years others
       | have shared this belief.
        
         | AndyNemmity wrote:
         | This very idea that you should be trying to determine if a
         | creator is motivated by sincerity or a cynical desire for
         | personal gain, assumes negative intentions.
         | 
         | When you assume negative intentions, you accuse sincere people
         | of a cynical desire for personal gain.
         | 
         | The reality is, you can't tell what someone's motivations are,
         | and believing you can sets you up for a world of intentionally
         | hurting people who are just trying to live their life.
        
         | nathanvanfleet wrote:
         | It generally irks me when I hear about someone who tried to get
         | famous in about 5 distinctly different categories before they
         | actually became famous. It seems like that is just not looked
         | down upon enough. I was reading about how Blippi was apparently
         | a Jackass like videos where he shit on his naked friend in a
         | Harlem Shake video. It really tells you what he's after and it
         | informs you about his goals. And when Blippi came out with his
         | own NFTs it made sense because you know what he's out for.
        
         | cableshaft wrote:
         | If you don't promote then your work is much less likely to be
         | noticed by the people who would like or appreciate it, though.
         | There's SOOO much crap being released now, you're really knee-
         | capping your chances at success if you don't promote as much as
         | possible (speaking as someone who has thrown away opportunities
         | because I've been pretty terrible at self-promotion).
         | 
         | I'm watching it right now with my wife. She's been relentlessly
         | promoting her first book, and she's gone from someone no one
         | knows about and 0 preorders, 0 followers to beating several
         | established authors in her writing groups' in having more
         | preorders for her first book than they've gotten for any book
         | they've ever released. She's creating her own promo graphics,
         | writing and engaging in Facebook group takeovers, and filming
         | her own Instagram and Tik Tok videos. She's up to almost 1000
         | followers in just a couple months. And this is for a pen name
         | she doesn't want to share with friends or family, so not even
         | getting any initial boost from them.
         | 
         | Meanwhile I've been trying to make it as a board game designer
         | for the past six years (as a side-thing), and haven't really
         | gotten anywhere, since I've been mostly just networking with
         | publishers and other designers and not the fans, and have
         | hesitated to really put myself out there much (still get
         | nervous talking to a publisher for the first time). I do have
         | one signed game, but it's probably not coming out for a few
         | years still.
        
           | d1l wrote:
           | You said it in your first paragraph. You've equated success
           | with some kind of approval from others.
           | 
           | I'm saying some people, like Bill or the dwarf fortress
           | brothers, or countless others, have a different idea of
           | success.
        
             | FPGAhacker wrote:
             | Or perhaps they just want people to enjoy the work. Success
             | is an overloaded term.
             | 
             | I would definitely prefer people producing things I'm
             | interested in promote them than not.
        
               | sixstringtheory wrote:
               | Yes, I also read "success" as in "getting your message
               | heard". Art is a statement and is pointless in a vacuum.
               | As Sufjan says, "What's the point of singing songs / If
               | they'll never even hear you?" Or the old "if a tree
               | falls..."
        
             | NikolaNovak wrote:
             | It's an interesting example as both of them have phenomenal
             | approval from others and are widely respected, shared and
             | enjoyed for decades and seen as successful along various
             | lines of criteria. By tautokogical definition, we cannot
             | share mutually recognizable examples of artists who _aren
             | 't_ seen and shared :).
             | 
             | They may have taken unique _path_ there, but I 'm not
             | certain their motivations are as different. If an artist
             | does not want their work to be shared and seen and enjoyed,
             | I'm not even sure they're an "artist" , as opposed to
             | someone who's spending their private time on a whimsy and
             | hobby - They're just tinkering in a vacuum with audience of
             | one. Art, to me, is created to have an impact, an
             | impression, a point do view, or a message, or emotion - all
             | of it predicated on a receiving audience.
             | 
             | I think we'll quickly agree that _methods_ of achieving
             | that sharing can be significantly different, and there
             | certainly are other motivations such as money and fame etc,
             | but this perspective of an artist as someone who doesn 't
             | care is their art is seen strikes me as depressingly anti
             | social.
        
             | phailhaus wrote:
             | > You've equated success with some kind of approval from
             | others.
             | 
             | Yes, this approval is called "money to survive." If you
             | don't self-promote, you are not going to get enough income
             | to support your side hobby, which means it has to remain a
             | side-hobby powered by whatever extra time you have left
             | after your real job. That might not be much, if any.
             | 
             | Looking down on people for "shameless self promotion" means
             | that you only want art from people privileged enough to
             | have a job that can support it, or that are passionate
             | enough to make significant sacrifices to their quality of
             | life. We can deal with a little self-promotion so that they
             | are compensated for their time and effort.
        
               | d1l wrote:
               | As I wrote already,
               | 
               | >I personally believe, though, that we don't live by
               | money (or prestige) alone. I take comfort from the fact
               | that for thousands of years others have shared this
               | belief.
               | 
               | That said I'm not really interested in arguing with you.
               | I'm already familiar with all the rationalizations and
               | arguments. I choose to believe something different,
               | that's all.
        
             | thaumaturgy wrote:
             | I love coding. Wrote my first code when I was 8, so I've
             | been doing it off and on for 35 years. It's my art. There's
             | a chance I've managed to write code in more languages and
             | on more platforms than any other HN'er.
             | 
             | I also loathe self-promotion. Not because I'm some kind of
             | purist, I just... suck at it. Hate it.
             | 
             | So guess what? I'm miserable. Money has always been okay
             | sometimes, hard a lot of others. I'm stuck on an endless
             | treadmill right now with my resume hoping that if I just
             | keep polishing this turd, somebody will see some value in
             | it and that will help me feel like less of a failure in my
             | 40s.
             | 
             | This argument paints a too starkly black-and-white idea of
             | success. We should not romanticize the starvation of the
             | artist, and we should accept some of the facts on the
             | ground, like, "success should include happiness" and "our
             | society doesn't reward unrecognized artists".
             | 
             | Much as I appreciate Watterson for never making Calvin and
             | Hobbes into a product -- and I truly do -- I'm not so quick
             | to judge anyone else as a sellout.
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | I'm pretty proud to say that many contributors to the D
               | programming language have found it to be a path to a
               | well-paying job. Many employers look to our contributors
               | for people to hire. Anyone can contribute - all we care
               | about is the quality of the code contributed.
        
         | nemo44x wrote:
         | Well, we live in a world where it isn't considered sociopathic
         | to refer to and think of yourself as a "brand" somehow.
        
           | d1l wrote:
           | I think it's easy to overestimate how many people approve of
           | this attitude, because the ones who do are also extremely
           | loud and present in mass media.
        
           | wussboy wrote:
           | Right now. It isn't consider sociopathic right now. But it is
           | my sincere hope that it will soon be again.
        
       | nemo44x wrote:
       | I remember a skinhead moralizing to me about a Calvin and Hobbs
       | pirate t-shirt I was wearing (sone local guy made it) back in the
       | 1990's. Was ironic to say the least.
        
       | beardyw wrote:
       | I am saddened that now success === money is so very pervasive.
        
       | maverick74 wrote:
       | I love the strip. I love the artist decision and resistance to
       | "the money".
       | 
       | It's the artist I have more respect in the whole world because of
       | this!
       | 
       | It's still teaching us something!!!
        
       | ur-whale wrote:
       | > Which is what makes Watterson's position so fundamentally at
       | odds with what we consider normal behavior.
       | 
       | So, selling out is "normal behavior" now ?
       | 
       | What a deeply arrogant perspective from the article's author.
        
       | abetusk wrote:
       | This, to me, is another tragedy of the overly long copyright
       | term. The author even somewhat acknowledges this ("I've even
       | advocated for ... copyright terms to ... 75 years in order to
       | limit that control").
       | 
       | I do respect Watterson for his stance but at the same time, I
       | look at the effect of his stance and it's made Calvin and Hobbes
       | inaccessible to a new generation so much so that I would guess
       | that anyone under 30 thinks that Calvin and Hobbes has something
       | to do with redneck culture or "southern pride" because of all the
       | bootleg "Calvin pissing" stickers.
       | 
       | Ironically, Watterson even acknowledges this ("long after the
       | strip is forgotten, those decals are my ticket to immortality.")
       | but still won't even consider letting up control.
       | 
       | The author talks about Sherlock Holmes without acknowledging that
       | one of the big successes of Sherlock Holmes is almost surely that
       | it's in the public domain, which allows endless reboots from the
       | same source material. We see Austen's work re-invigorated because
       | it's in the public domain and I imagine we'll soon see more
       | Howard and Lovecraft's work re-imagined because of it. There is a
       | sprawling culture of re-interpretations from the Potterverse,
       | Star Wars, Lord of the Rings, etc., we just call them "fan-fic"
       | without any real legal way for all those artists to keep
       | producing content under that umbrella.
       | 
       | I would like to see an article that frames this stance not as
       | some show of integrity but touches on the the deeper discussion
       | of the social contract an artist has with the society they live
       | in. The government puts the weight behind the artist to allow
       | them to have a monopoly for a period of time with the
       | understanding that, eventually, the artist has a duty to put
       | their work in the public domain for everyone to use. By creating
       | that term to be more than a century, this creates a void for
       | media that that's older than 20 years but still not in the public
       | domain, as it's not relevant enough to keep producing but not
       | free enough for other people to experiment with and re-
       | invigorate.
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | In exactly what way has Calvin & Hobbes been made inaccessible
         | to new generations? By not allowing some horrible movie to be
         | made of it? My young niece had no trouble inhaling all of the
         | Calvin & Hobbes books; neither did my kids, 10-12 years ago.
         | 
         | If you want to advocate for shorter copyright terms, raising
         | the salience of Calvin & Hobbes seems like the worst possible
         | way to do it; this is one place where copyright is doing
         | exactly what reasonable people want it to.
        
       | walrus01 wrote:
       | Obviously the people selling the "Calvin pissing on (WHATEVER
       | THING)" stickers sold in truck stops and gas stations did not get
       | the message.
        
       | michaelbuckbee wrote:
       | We're talking a lot about "selling out" but maybe not so much
       | about the bigger issue of his work leaving his control and
       | becoming a property that would be used all sorts of weird ways.
       | 
       | If you want a cautionary tale, look at the Iron Giant. A
       | thoughtful and interesting character whose whole arc is choosing
       | peace is now shoved into things like Ready Player One [1] as a
       | fighting weapon.
       | 
       | It's hard not to think that Calvin wouldn't get reduced to some
       | Dennis the Menace type character that misses the point were he to
       | leave Watterson's control.
       | 
       | 1 - https://www.inverse.com/article/42896-ready-player-one-
       | iron-...
        
         | manytree wrote:
         | Thanks for this link. Had me remember that excellent movie.
         | 
         | And an excellent illustration of the perils of "selling out"
         | rights to depict a fictional character.
        
         | defaultcompany wrote:
         | Winnie the Pooh also comes to mind. There was one beautiful and
         | very authentic animated movie followed by two or three terrible
         | films that just felt like a horrible caricature of anything the
         | original work was about.
        
           | szeil wrote:
        
         | bokchoi wrote:
         | The Lorax, The Cat in the Hat, and The Grinch movies also were
         | completely warped by Hollywood.
        
       | wdr1 wrote:
       | I've been running a Calvin & Hobbes bot for ~20 years now. Back
       | when Google Reader was a thing, the bot published an RSS feed
       | which had greater than >1M subscribers. It's now a bot on Reddit
       | (/u/CalvinBot) with >700k karma.
       | 
       | During that time, I've tried to be very mindful of Watterson's
       | copyright and make sure I don't violate it anyway.
       | 
       | This had led to some interesting "bugs." Specifically
       | amuniversal.com only publishes the comic strip as a GIF. But the
       | official Reddit mobile app has a bug. It treats _all_ GIFs as a
       | video  & disables other image features, like zooming. The nature
       | of C&H is such that very often _want_ to zoom to see all the
       | wonderful details Mr. Watterson put into the strip.
       | 
       | Because of that I routinely get complaints about it being in a
       | GIF ("GIFs are for movies!" the whippersnappers say) and tell me
       | to publish them as JPG or PNG. Now converting a GIF to JPG or PNG
       | is trivial, but there's no way I can do so without violating his
       | copyright. I'd have to host the converted image myself, which I
       | don't have the right the do.
       | 
       | So I won't do it.
       | 
       | It's minor, but knowing Watterson felt so passionate about
       | copyright, I think it's important to honor. But because the team
       | at Reddit won't fix the bug, the complaints continue to come
       | rolling in. Enough that I wrote a FAQ about it:
       | 
       | https://www.reddit.com/r/CalvinBot/comments/bdxb6h/why_are_p...
       | 
       | If any C&H fans knows anyone on the team at Reddit, I'd much
       | appreciate it if you could ask them to fix it.
        
         | LeoPanthera wrote:
         | This is a very common bug. Lots of software think all gifs are
         | animated - Telegram is a good example. We've all forgotten our
         | history.
        
         | gjs278 wrote:
        
         | arijun wrote:
         | I can't read your link because Reddit thinks it's "Unreviewed
         | Content", a fairly transparent play to get me to download the
         | app or log in.
        
           | boogies wrote:
           | I can because LibRedirect
           | (https://github.com/libredirect/libredirect) automatically
           | redirected it to https://libreddit.projectsegfau.lt/r/CalvinB
           | ot/comments/bdxb...
        
           | culi wrote:
           | The redesigned reddit is unusable ~~on mobile~~. You need to
           | change the "www" subdomain to "old" like this:
           | 
           | https://old.reddit.com/r/CalvinBot/comments/bdxb6h/why_are_p.
           | ..
        
       | kzrdude wrote:
       | There's not too many photos of Bill.
       | 
       | Here's a few from 1980s
       | 
       | https://goldfm.lk/life/other/3349/bill-watterson-creator-com...
       | 
       | https://calvinandhobbes.fandom.com/wiki/Bill_Watterson
        
       | darepublic wrote:
       | There was the somewhat ubiquitous car sticker of Calvin grinning
       | mischievously and peeing on the ground. Used to see that a lot as
       | a child.
        
       | dry_soup wrote:
       | > Whatever decisions Lucas and Rowling and Martin made regarding
       | the integrity of their work, they were tempered by the need to
       | ensure their properties were also profitable. Conventional wisdom
       | says that's how you build brand recognition. But Watterson stands
       | apart from his fellow creators because he rejected that wisdom.
       | Which ironically has led to the exact thing Watterson didn't
       | want... the creation of a brand identity.
       | 
       | This is a misunderstanding of what Watterson was (is!) trying to
       | achieve. He wants Calvin and Hobbes to exist on its own terms.
       | You can call that a "brand identity" if you like, but it is
       | certainly very deliberate on Watterson's part. What he is really
       | trying to avoid is taking away the experience of reading the
       | comic strip by having to make elements of it too concrete: What
       | Calvin's or Hobbes' voices sound like, making the fuzzy line
       | between Calvin's imagination of Hobbes and the real world too
       | clear, etc. This isn't speculation, you can read this in the 10th
       | anniversary Calvin and Hobbes book, which has a lot of great
       | commentary.
       | 
       | As for how he was able to financially justify this, you can read
       | about it in his commencement speech at his alma mater of Kenyon
       | College, which I highly recommend reading in its entirety [1].
       | 
       | > Creating a life that reflects your values and satisfies your
       | soul is a rare achievement. In a culture that relentlessly
       | promotes avarice and excess as the good life, a person happy
       | doing his own work is usually considered an eccentric, if not a
       | subversive. Ambition is only understood if it's to rise to the
       | top of some imaginary ladder of success. Someone who takes an
       | undemanding job because it affords him the time to pursue other
       | interests and activities is considered a flake. A person who
       | abandons a career in order to stay home and raise children is
       | considered not to be living up to his potential-as if a job title
       | and salary are the sole measure of human worth. You'll be told in
       | a hundred ways, some subtle and some not, to keep climbing, and
       | never be satisfied with where you are, who you are, and what
       | you're doing. There are a million ways to sell yourself out, and
       | I guarantee you'll hear about them.
       | 
       | It's funny to me that all these years later, Watterson is still
       | seen as some mysterious recluse with obscure motivations, when it
       | couldn't be more clear: Watterson does not want to compromise his
       | artistic vision, and he does not need more money than he already
       | has in order to live a life he is content with. So there is no
       | reason for him to milk Calvin and Hobbes for all it's worth.
       | 
       | [1] https://web.mit.edu/jmorzins/www/C-H-speech.html
        
         | snowwrestler wrote:
         | Right. Watterson had no issue with making money; the strips ran
         | in tons of papers and he signed off on lots of retail items:
         | books, calendars, posters, etc.
         | 
         | But none of the retail items took the characters out of the
         | context of the comic. They all presented the full strips that
         | Watterson drew.
         | 
         | That was his ethic: the strip is the object, the whole piece of
         | art. To him, selling a stuffed Hobbes would be like selling a
         | commemorative plush "left eye of Mona Lisa."
        
         | antisocial wrote:
         | Logged in to post about this commencement speech.
         | 
         | "We're not really taught how to recreate constructively. We
         | need to do more than find diversions; we need to restore and
         | expand ourselves. Our idea of relaxing is all too often to plop
         | down in front of the television set and let its pandering
         | idiocy liquefy our brains. Shutting off the thought process is
         | not rejuvenating; the mind is like a car battery-it recharges
         | by running."
         | 
         | It had a great impact on me and I never had a TV in the living
         | room. I made my kid read this as well. This speech is aging
         | well and is timeless in my opinion.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | whiplash451 wrote:
         | Absolutely. I always felt that Tintin's movies were such a
         | terrible idea.
        
           | philistine wrote:
           | I truly fell in love with Tintin watching the Nelvana cartoon
           | as a kid (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tin
           | tin_(TV_s.... It wasn't a bad idea, but it highlights the
           | most important element of adapting Calvin & Hobbes: you must
           | change the format.
           | 
           | While Tintin stayed an adventure series that lasts for about
           | 45 minutes per story, what do you do with Calvin & Hobbes? It
           | can't be a 5 seconds long show! It's a big part of
           | Watterson's refusal; he was adamant that Calvin was a strip,
           | and only worked as a strip.
        
       | shmde wrote:
       | I have read his comics since my childhood and I have no idea why
       | I always assumed throughout my 25 year existence that Mr. Bill
       | Watterson was history. I found out "NOW" that he is well alive
       | and kicking and lives in solitude, away from public eye. It feels
       | so weird thinking a man is dead for your whole childhood years
       | only to be alive this whole time, I feel like crying right now.
        
         | camoufleur wrote:
         | I was quite surprised to learn he began Calvin and Hobbes at
         | only age 27 and quit by 37
        
       | shellfishgene wrote:
       | Sometimes I hope he has been drawing more comics all this time,
       | to be published some time in the future, all at once in a great
       | book. Probably not, but who knows...
        
         | nemo44x wrote:
         | Last I heard he paints landscapes.
        
           | thechao wrote:
           | I've read this, too; I could only imagine the price he'd
           | command on a painting. The man is a national treasure.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | stiltzkin wrote:
       | > I've always been a little skeptical of letting creators have so
       | much control, because that's how you end up with things like the
       | Star Wars Special Editions or Jo Rowling claiming she should've
       | killed off Ron so Harry and Hermione could get together. If
       | enough time passes, creators can lose touch with what makes their
       | work so special in the first place. That's why I support a "death
       | of the author" approach over the long haul - maybe the author's
       | intent isn't as important as we assume. Once the work is out
       | there, it belongs to the people, regardless of what copyright law
       | says. I've even advocated for shortening copyright terms to a
       | flat 75 years in order to limit that control.
       | 
       | There must be a balance, creators with control know how the lore
       | and the story must follow. See now Disney's Star Wars has gone
       | different route not for the love of the lore and just for the
       | good ESG score of Disney company.
        
         | ghaff wrote:
         | Lucas didn't really do a whole lot for Star Wars after the
         | original trilogy. And while most agree that the prequel trilogy
         | was mostly pretty bad (though I'd argue that the original
         | Phantom Menace played a big role in tainting the following two
         | installments), a lot of what's followed has been at least
         | middling and some quite good.
        
       | thaumaturgy wrote:
       | I haven't seen it mentioned yet, so in case you're a big Calvin
       | and Hobbes fan and haven't heard about Watterson's brief return
       | to the comics page as a guest artist for Stephan Pastis' _Pearls
       | Before Swine_ , Stephan describes the whole thing in a really fun
       | story here: https://stephanpastis.wordpress.com/2014/06/07/ever-
       | wished-t...
       | 
       | It includes links to the strips.
       | 
       | C&H remains one of very few influential and yet uncorrupted parts
       | of my youth. I'm grateful to Mr. Watterson for never selling out.
       | But it's bittersweet, because kids don't read newspaper funnies
       | with their breakfast cereal anymore, and I fear that Calvin and
       | Hobbes will disappear from the public consciousness long before
       | Garfield does.
        
         | dredmorbius wrote:
         | Thanks!
         | 
         | That's one of the returns I was thinking of earlier (see my top
         | level comment in thread), though I couldn't think of the strip.
         | It was of course PBS.
        
         | gnicholas wrote:
         | > _because kids don 't read newspaper funnies with their
         | breakfast cereal anymore_
         | 
         | Neither kids nor adults read the newspaper with their breakfast
         | much anymore...
         | 
         | That said, my kid came across my old C&H books and loves to
         | read them. She also reads Fox Trot, Garfield, and Peanuts, but
         | not nearly as much as C&H.
        
       | arunprakash01 wrote:
        
       | NKosmatos wrote:
       | Interesting to read about this and never knew about it since I'm
       | a fan of Calvin and Hobbes. I can understand his motives and
       | reasoning, but I'm sure after a few decades, when the copyright
       | pass over to his heirs, we're going to see more of Calvin and
       | Hobbes.
        
         | Hayvok wrote:
         | Just imagine what Disney or Amazon will be doing to this
         | property in thirty years time.
        
       | stargrazer wrote:
       | So... what does Waterson do now with his life?
        
       | rm445 wrote:
       | Got to respect Mr Watterson's stance, but I was a little bit
       | gutted to learn he had turned down Pixar - surely a safe set of
       | hands that could produce something incredible from his creation.
       | Would he turn down Hayao Miyazaki as well?
        
         | phinnaeus wrote:
         | Yes
        
         | layer8 wrote:
         | Are you aware of how different Miyazaki's adaptations generally
         | are from the original works?
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | em500 wrote:
         | I'm glad he did. I hope you realize that not everybody loves
         | Pixar or Miyazaki. (Or C&H for that matter.)
         | 
         | Watterson seems close to enlightened in the Buddhistic or
         | Daoistic traditions.
         | 
         | "Therefore he who knows that enough is enough will always have
         | enough." Dao De Jing - Chapter 46
        
       | alsetmusic wrote:
       | Watterson's integrity is one of the reasons that I have a
       | Stupendous Man tattoo on my forearm.
       | 
       | It's the pose from the back of Homicidal Psycho Jungle Cat[0],
       | only I asked the artist to draw the costume as it appears in
       | Calvin's imagination. It's one of the few things about which I
       | absolutely know my feelings will never change. I always feel
       | happy when I look at it.
       | 
       | [0]
       | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/superheroes/images/6/65/St...
        
         | js2 wrote:
         | Working link
         | https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/superheroes/images/6/65/St...
        
       | endominus wrote:
       | For those who are interested and may not know; Bill Watterson
       | also ghost-drew a few strips for the comic Pearls Before Swine
       | (part of an arc beginning on the 2nd of June 2014[0] and
       | continuing till the 8th). There are a couple of neat references
       | to who it is behind the better art (anyone who's read Watterson's
       | complaints on shrinking panel space in print media will be
       | familiar with the guest character's comments) and I recall an old
       | blog post by the artist of Pearls describing what it was like to
       | work with Bill (terrifying; the thought of the postal worker just
       | chucking these, the only comics anyone had gotten out of
       | Watterson in years, onto his porch in the rain was horrible), but
       | I can't find it.
       | 
       | [0]: https://www.gocomics.com/pearlsbeforeswine/2014/06/02
       | 
       | EDIT: Nevermind, found it!
       | https://stephanpastis.wordpress.com/2014/06/07/ever-wished-t...
        
         | JoeAltmaier wrote:
         | It so easy to see that Bill Watterson drew those 'Libby'
         | panels. Once you're told anyway. Especially 2nd one!
        
           | JoeAltmaier wrote:
           | Another comic that I identified by style, is the 'Secondhand
           | Lion' strips. They seem almost identical to Berkely
           | Breathed's strips 'Bloom County'
        
             | classichasclass wrote:
             | That's because Breathed drew them for the film.
        
         | guggalugalug wrote:
         | Patsis's blog contains a post from 2014 and a post from 2018.
         | Yet its "Pearls Books" page has been kept slightly more up to
         | date. There is something comically sad about a recently active
         | blog with only two posts over a 6+ year period. Bill Waterson
         | and a canceled United flight were some of the most noteworthy
         | things to have happened to him.
        
         | dcminter wrote:
         | That's amazing, thank you for posting it!
        
         | Natsu wrote:
         | It's funny how it says there's "one picture in existence" but
         | the site just shows "watterson.jpeg" and no actual photo, even
         | in old archives.
        
           | Izkata wrote:
           | Looks like broken javascript. If you inspect "watterson.jpeg"
           | and go up a few sibling elements, there's this:
           | <div class="rawhtml">         <span class="resimg adv-photo-
           | large" data-image="http://media.cleveland.com/ent_impact_home
           | /photo/11001963-mmmain.jpg" data-position="article-
           | main"></span>       </div>
           | 
           | http://media.cleveland.com/ent_impact_home/photo/11001963-mm.
           | ..
        
           | jamiek88 wrote:
           | https://www.themarginalian.org/2013/05/20/bill-
           | watterson-199...
        
             | upwardbound wrote:
             | If anyone wants this, here's the highest-resolution version
             | I could find of that photo of Watterson.
             | 
             | https://image.cleveland.com/home/cleve-
             | media/width2048/img/n...
             | 
             | He looks just like Calvin's dad for sure :)
        
               | jamiek88 wrote:
               | That's what I thought as well, Calvin's dad as self
               | portrait adds another lovely layer to it too!
        
         | Sateeshm wrote:
         | That was a great read. I really liked the second comic.
        
         | dclowd9901 wrote:
         | There's definitely strong thematic overlap between the two. It
         | delights me to know Watterson had some hand in PBS as I really
         | love it too.
        
         | tomcam wrote:
         | Beautiful. Thank you very much.
        
       | deathgripsss wrote:
       | I've never read any Calvin and Hobbes, is there a resource to
       | read the comics in the most sensible way or should I just try to
       | read them in chronological order?
        
         | psyc wrote:
         | Get an anthology. Someone got me one for Christmas in 9th
         | grade. By the time I finished high school I owned all of them.
         | I don't keep much physical stuff around, but I still have
         | those.
        
         | brk wrote:
         | IMO you can read them in pretty much any order and get 90% of
         | it. Most of them were self-contained.
         | 
         | In same cases there are occasional characters, like Susie, and
         | Calvin's perspective of her changes over time, but you can read
         | any strip with Susie in it and probably get the message even
         | without knowing her history in the strip.
        
         | keithnz wrote:
         | I like the books, but the strips are online
         | anhttps://www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes/2022/07/16
        
         | nemo44x wrote:
         | Buy an anthology book and just read it from the beginning.
         | There's no "bad season" and he stopped it well before it was
         | showing signs of going off.
         | 
         | For me it's hard to give a critical review since reading the
         | strip every day in the newspaper is both nostalgic and
         | sentimental as my dad and I both loved it. And then it was gone
         | and that was that.
        
           | JJMcJ wrote:
           | Similar to The Far Side.
           | 
           | Also Peanuts. Charles Schultz died overnight just before the
           | final Sunday strip. He'd been in failing health and had drawn
           | the final strips a month or two before his death.
           | 
           | Garry Trudeau, who does Doonesbury, has drawn some flak over
           | the years because he doesn't throw himself into the full
           | publicity grind.
        
       | Sjonny wrote:
       | I love this comic from him: https://i.imgur.com/CFq57ny.jpg
        
         | the_common_man wrote:
         | This is not by him, this is zenpencils
        
           | Sjonny wrote:
           | you're right .. it's the quote, not the comic.
        
       | dredmorbius wrote:
       | Two observations:
       | 
       | Bill Watterson did return to public cartooning, if briefly, in
       | 2014. There's a reference here:[1]
       | https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/55321/first-new-bill-wat...
       | 
       | Berkeley Breathed's "Bloom County" shares a similar cultural and
       | temporal space (1980--1989 initial run) with "Calvin and Hobbes",
       | and I was going to comment that _for the most part_ Breathed 's
       | also avoided commercialisation. Only to learn that there's an
       | animated series planned to appear on Fox:
       | 
       | https://collider.com/bloom-county-animated-series-berkeley-b...
       | 
       | In the current world of Web2.0 / Web3 hype and catastrophe, much
       | of the Waterson ethic resonates fairly strongly with me. The
       | 1980s and early 1990s were something of a spiritual child / echo
       | of the 1960s, within the digital realm, and there was a promise
       | of possibilities which ... have to a large extent failed to
       | materialise.
       | 
       | The cesspits of Facebook and Twitter are the Altemont to Usenet
       | and the WELL's Woodstock. Reality, bad trips, and Hells Angels
       | have intruded.
       | 
       | ________________________________
       | 
       | Notes:
       | 
       | 1. Stealth footnote edit: thaumaturgy's commented with the strip
       | in question, Pearls Before Swine, see
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32116647
        
         | easytiger wrote:
         | > _In the current world of Web2.0 / Web3 hype and catastrophe,
         | much of the Waterson ethic resonates fairly strongly with me._
         | 
         | You get shanghaied into a way of thinking. I recently wrote a
         | simple 1998 style (flask.py + mongodb) web thing for someone
         | hosted on the other side of the Atlantic to me.
         | 
         | A domain.com/search page with results below the search box
         | loaded on a page refresh
         | 
         | Even before adding pagination the clicking a search->query with
         | 10k rows of results->return and render on a different page with
         | a full page refresh was faster than any other site i had used
         | recently doing a fraction of the information display. I was
         | shocked that i was able to do all that in less than a second...
         | because my brain had been conditioned by the modern web
         | 
         | I had become used to news website which take 15 seconds to
         | fully render the content using 25MB of data or react apps or
         | wordpress sites with dozens of fade in animations and the like.
         | 
         | I am fully blackpilled on the present state of the web. Outside
         | HN it is basically unusable
        
           | DoingIsLearning wrote:
           | The problem is advertising.
           | 
           | The reason we have come to this is because there is real FOMO
           | in Megacorp marketing departments across the globe.
           | 
           | The way to solve it is to bring forward evidence that despite
           | the info graphics and impression statistics and dashboards,
           | targeted advertising by tracking users does not bring in more
           | sales than say showing your ad on a relevant content page.
           | 
           | Showing me ads for bicycle helmets because from my profile
           | you know I bought one on another site is idiotic. However,
           | showing me an ad for fishing rods when I'm looking for
           | fishing supplies stores would probably be a good idea.
           | 
           | If you can prove that than all of ad words and facebook non-
           | sense and user tracking is busy work with no value added.
           | 
           | Then maybe we could go back to a saner web.
        
         | selimthegrim wrote:
         | Bloom County was revived in 2015 - when I saw Breathed speak at
         | the National Book Festival the next year he indicated Trump's
         | resurgence was "not unrelated"
        
           | dredmorbius wrote:
           | I'm aware of that.
           | 
           | I was speaking more to the aversion to commercialising the
           | comic or its characters.
        
         | agumonkey wrote:
         | I also feel very strongly about the failure of the digital era.
         | Understanding that society moves in weird curves and is rarely
         | self aware enough to do good things in one shot. Maybe it will
         | have to crash and rebuild using some valuable bits and a better
         | insight (or hindsight).
        
         | daniel-cussen wrote:
         | No, but there's always someone listening in from the outside.
         | Woodstock wasn't pure, like...some people were just there to
         | sell bad weed. There is no purity.
         | 
         | This is purity, like a gold coin is .999 pure, that's what you
         | get, this. Hacker News was created with the intent of avoiding
         | the Neverending September that happened when Usenet was opened
         | up in ?1993 was it? So that led to a series of attempts to
         | cling to a more beautiful time, until Reddit, and in response
         | to Reddit getting massified, this pretty small forum that lost
         | a lot of its inertia it had seven years ago, and it's cool,
         | it's a joint that's out of the way and few know about but it's
         | a cool place. I'm rate-limited on here, which I embrace as a
         | way of spending less time saying my words. I say a lot of
         | things that make people's head hurt. Like there's stuff I only
         | tell friends if there is aspirin on hand.
         | 
         | And the other thing is it has to be subsidized in some way. So
         | this forum is subsidized by Y Combinator Management LLC (I
         | think that's what it's called) and even though it is very
         | synergistic, like...it's not as synergistic now. Well I don't
         | know. I didn't do winter during Covid, until now which I
         | regret, winter sucks. But there has to be a winter for there to
         | be a spring...I'm losing conviction in what I just wrote as I
         | continue writing. Like why lose when you can win and win
         | forever?
        
           | dredmorbius wrote:
           | It's less that Woodstock was _pure_ and more that it was
           | _idealistic_ , and ... mostly, the idealism held / didn't
           | break.
           | 
           | Altamont wasn't necessarily bad. But reality intruded to an
           | extent it hadn't at the earlier festival.
           | 
           | The idealism of the 1960s stumbled heavily when it hit the
           | Real World. Communes often proved to be unsustainable,
           | tremendously unequal, and microcosms of the outer world of
           | The Man that they were intended as an antidote / counterpoint
           | to. Collective and cooperative organisations folded. Or
           | evolved --- Whole Foods didn't simply out-compete many local
           | and regional "natural food stores", but often bought them
           | out.
           | 
           | It's not possible to simply wish (or mission-statement) away
           | human behaviour and it's darker nature. I'm not sure if Mark
           | Zuckerberg really believed that most people are good and
           | privacy was obsolete, though those are principles he said and
           | promoted aggressively ... which haven't worked out so well.
           | 
           | Part of me regrets tremendously that the idealism didn't
           | deliver. Another part recognises _that the idealist model of
           | reality was fundamentally flawed_. The questions of _how_ and
           | _why_ it was flawed, if there 's some way to redeem or
           | resurrect parts, or if there are alternative ways to deliver
           | on some of those principles or goals ... I'm not sure of.
           | 
           | Looking at the present state of things, its systems and
           | organisations and institutions, I'm strongly disinclined to
           | participate at all. Watterson's very few public comments
           | don't seem to indicate he feels this way, and I don't want to
           | put words in his mouth. The commentary on selling out ...
           | suggests at least some alignment with this philosophy.
           | 
           | Among the things I've focused on over the past decade or so
           | has been trying to _understand_ media, its interactions with
           | society (there 's a bidirectional feedback), and both its
           | capabilties and limitations. If I'd known then (in the late
           | 1980s / early 1990s) what I know now ... I don't know how my
           | activities would have differed, though I suspect my outlook
           | would have been vastly less idealistic.[1] As I've come to
           | hold that view myself it seems also to have become far more
           | prominent generally, I don't know if I've led or followed
           | that path to any particular extent.
           | 
           | Understanding who was promoting what visions of the future of
           | technology, and what their own motiviations, beliefs, and
           | priors were, has also been illuminating.
           | 
           | HN has been extraordinarily durable for an online forum, even
           | by historical standards. Usenet's heyday was about a decade
           | (mid-1980s -- mid-1990s), Slashdot only about 5 years (1999--
           | 2004). Reddit and Facebook both grew far too large for
           | meaningful discussion (as well as suffering numerous other
           | failings[2]). A large part of HN's success has been in
           | remaining reasonably small, and it is of course dilligently
           | moderated. Despite that, there are topics HN really can't
           | discuss, and I'm often frustrated by the shallowness with
           | which meatier topics and articles are addressed. But
           | _relative to other general online fora_ it really does excel.
           | Applying my lens, perhaps it has the right ballance of ideal
           | vs. pragmatism.
           | 
           | PSA: Don't take the brown acid.
           | 
           | ________________________________
           | 
           | Notes:
           | 
           | 1. The "light reading list" I've occasionally linked in
           | earlier HN comments gives a pretty good grounding in my
           | thinking / reading. It's incomplete and probably always will
           | be, but should give good initial vectoring and velocity. http
           | s://old.reddit.com/r/dredmorbius/comments/7k7l4m/media_a...
           | 
           | 2. I don't, and never have, participated in Facebook, so
           | can't comment on its dynamics. I was an active participant on
           | the conceptually similar platform Google+ where a "salon-
           | style" form of discussion emerged around a few dilligent
           | hosts. I've discussed Reddit's issues numerous times at my
           | now all-but-entirely-defunct subreddit, with several of those
           | addressed / linked here: https://old.reddit.com/r/dredmorbius
           | /comments/8rq08y/i_wont_...
        
             | bedhead wrote:
             | I say this to people frequently: don't confuse the way
             | things are vs the way you wish things were. It seems to be
             | the source of so much poor decision-making and misery.
        
               | dredmorbius wrote:
               | I'm not entirely sure I'm following.
               | 
               | There's the is-ought fallacy.
               | 
               | There's also wishful thinking: believing that what you
               | want / would prefer is what should be, or that a
               | realistic but unpleasant appraisal is wrong or false
               | because it is painful to consider. (Truth and reality
               | don't much care about your preferences.)
               | 
               | Or are you referring to something else?
        
         | mbg721 wrote:
         | Breathed was always hyper-conscious of selling out in the
         | comics industry and elsewhere; his approach was just to create
         | Bill the Cat as an anti-Garfield. It was only later that irony
         | became the only thing that sells.
        
       | [deleted]
        
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