[HN Gopher] Can we protect land for nature and carbon by simply ...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Can we protect land for nature and carbon by simply buying it up?
        
       Author : mooreds
       Score  : 138 points
       Date   : 2022-07-21 13:32 UTC (9 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (whoownsengland.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (whoownsengland.org)
        
       | lbriner wrote:
       | This is one issue like others where we have gone wrong a long
       | time ago and don't have an easy way back. I think Scotland got it
       | right when they passed a law that required a landowner to sell to
       | a not-for-profit at the market rate if they were selling and they
       | couldn't be outbid by a private buyer.
       | 
       | I would be interested to know the proportion of non-wilded land
       | and how much is private farming land, national parks, private
       | estates etc. and realistically how much of each would need
       | turning back to nature to make it worthwhile. I don't think that
       | buying from farmers is impossible, there must be plenty who would
       | happily sell for market rate + 25% or something, something that
       | could easily be done by a combination of crowd-funding and
       | government grants.
        
         | radford-neal wrote:
         | "...a law that required a landowner to sell to a not-for-profit
         | at the market rate if they were selling and they couldn't be
         | outbid by a private buyer"
         | 
         | Why would a law be required for this? Wouldn't the landowner
         | just naturally be willing to sell to the not-for-profit entity
         | if they were willing to pay as much or more than someone else?
         | 
         | I have to suspect that this is really about forcing the
         | landowner to sell at _less_ than market rate, with some sort of
         | camouflage to conceal that that 's what's happening.
        
           | obowersa wrote:
           | TL;DR: Sometimes!
           | 
           | So its a little more complex and a little bit more nuanced.
           | 
           | The mechanism is part of the land reform policy and called
           | the 'Community Right To Buy'.
           | 
           | Ahead of time, a community body (which has a legal
           | definition) can register an interest in buying qualifying
           | land. All of these notes of interest are available from the
           | registers of scotland and has to be renewed regularly/etc.
           | 
           | At the point that a landowner indicates to the land register
           | that a piece of land is to be transferred (which could be due
           | to public sale, or a private sale or direct transfer), the
           | bodies with notes of interest are notified.
           | 
           | This then kicks off a whole process, including an independent
           | market price evaluation, reviewing of land
           | development/business plans and if that all goes through,
           | final ministerial approval.
           | 
           | It can lead to land being sold at less than the offers over
           | price (scotland has a weird way of doing land/property
           | sales), or for more, depending on if the land transfer was a
           | public sale or a private shift around.
           | 
           | Its not a perfect system and has a lot of flaws, but its
           | worth being aware of the implementation.
        
             | thatguy0900 wrote:
             | So if I want to give land to a friend, I can be forced to
             | sell it if one of these groups have shown interest? That
             | sounds very strange
        
               | obowersa wrote:
               | At a high level, yes.
               | 
               | However there are a lot of checks and balances to it. Not
               | all land falls under the criteria and there's a lot of
               | requirements around forming a group and the proposed use
               | of the land ( such as being geographically local /etc ).
               | 
               | When I last looked into it, I think there'd only been 2
               | occurrences of the right to buy happening over a 4 year
               | period.
               | 
               | Which does raise the question on 'Does the act achieve
               | the goals it was setout to achieve' or is it mainly
               | political posturing.
               | 
               | That's not something I can really comment on (nor would I
               | want to).
        
         | rlpb wrote:
         | If it's not possible to sell to a private buyer, how is it
         | possible to determine a "market rate"? There would be no
         | market.
        
       | Simon_O_Rourke wrote:
       | In the US, almost certainly, you would probably get a few bad
       | actors though coming in and using the land thinking it was a free
       | for all.
       | 
       | Can't see it happening in places like Holland or Japan where
       | every inch of land is worked relentlessly. In fact in Holland
       | someone would probably complain.
        
         | michaelt wrote:
         | Eh, densely populated countries have some of the most
         | enthusiastic protection of public parks, woodlands, and so on.
         | 
         | For example, when a disused airport in Berlin was converted
         | into a public park then there was a plan to build apartments on
         | parts of it, Berlin's voters passed a referendum blocking
         | development of any kind. [1]
         | 
         | The major downside to buying up land in countries like Britain
         | and Germany is you can get much more land for the same money in
         | less developed countries (although of course there have been
         | 'buy an acre of rainforest' companies in the past that have
         | just pocketed the money, so buying land in distant countries
         | isn't an ideal solution).
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport#Publi...
        
           | Simon_O_Rourke wrote:
           | Yeah, I was there in Berlin when all that ruckus started, and
           | had kept bubbling up again and again every few years.
           | Templehof is held in too much regard by Berliners to be
           | auctioned off by lot, but that doesn't stop real estate
           | developers from trying. I hope they never succeed.
           | 
           | But it's not a wild area, and it's probably as well looked
           | after as most folks front lawns. What I can't see is places
           | like Templehof being just closed off from any kind of access
           | to allow re-wilding. Sort of like Pripyat after Chernobyl
           | blew. It'd be cool, but I just can't see people keeping out
           | and letting nature take over.
        
       | Invictus0 wrote:
       | The Peconic Land Trust is one of the biggest conservation land
       | trusts in the US, they're doing something similar.
       | 
       | https://peconiclandtrust.org/about-us
        
       | citboin wrote:
       | Can we create a nonprofit to do this for the Amazon rainforest?
        
         | adammarples wrote:
         | I remember a documentary about a guy who did this, but came
         | back next year to find they'd logged it anyway. Turns out you
         | have to actualy enforce the law or it'll get broken! In the end
         | he paid the guy who was logging his land to guard it anyway,
         | the guy was dirt poor and just looking out for his family.
        
           | hedora wrote:
           | The current leader of Brazil is known as the Trump of South
           | America. He's actively encouraging illegal logging in the
           | rainforest, and the rate at which the Amazon is being clear
           | cut is accelerating rapidly.
           | 
           | If ever there was a good case for the use of pre-emptive
           | military force, it's this clown; his actions are directly
           | destabilizing the world economy and will lead to trillions of
           | dollars of damage / countless lives lost.
        
       | BurningFrog wrote:
       | The big problem, at least in the US, is that we don't build
       | things anymore. The homeless camp 2 blocks from me is one glaring
       | proof.
       | 
       | The lack of power generation, power transmission, and pretty much
       | any infrastructure you can think of is another.
       | 
       | I agree that there is some conflict of interest between humans
       | and untouched nature, and I am firmly on the side of us,
       | humanity!
       | 
       | What side are you on?
        
         | carapace wrote:
         | We do build things. I'm in SF where we have recently replaced
         | the Bay Bridge, dug a big ol' tunnel, put up skyscrapers and
         | luxury condos, etc.
         | 
         | What we don't do is build housing. (A lot of people blame
         | NIMBYism for that but the situation is complex.)
         | 
         | > The lack of power generation, power transmission, and pretty
         | much any infrastructure you can think of is another.
         | 
         | A friend of mine drives a Tesla, he says charging stations are
         | cropping up all over. 5G is rolling out. There is a lot of
         | aging infrastructure that needs to be repaired, rebuilt, or
         | retired, but we're not quite Mad Max yet.
         | 
         | > I agree that there is some conflict of interest between
         | humans and untouched nature, and I am firmly on the side of us,
         | humanity!
         | 
         | I don't agree with that framing.
         | 
         | First of all, tactically, you're siding with the underdog! :)
         | 
         | Nature could literally wipe us out in the blink of an eye. A
         | single hurricane can devastate a whole city in a few hours,
         | Godzilla-style.
         | 
         | However, that's not the real reason why I don't think there's a
         | real conflict of interest.
         | 
         | The reason is that untouched nature is the only baseline (in
         | the entire known universe) for _sanity_. We _need_ nature.
         | 
         | As we enter a computer-mediated "metaverse" or cyberspace, and
         | especially as we allow our infants and children to grow up in
         | it, _untouched nature_ will become exponentially more important
         | as (literal!) grounding for humanity.
         | 
         | That's why something like E. O. Wilson's Half Earth proposal is
         | so important ( https://www.half-earthproject.org/ )
         | 
         | We only have one biosphere in the entire universe, of course we
         | should try to preserve it intact and in working order! After
         | all we have the rest of the solar system to do human stuff, eh?
        
           | BurningFrog wrote:
           | You're probably giving a more thoughtful answer than my rant
           | deserved :)
           | 
           | What I was trying to express was said better by Marc
           | Andreessen "It's Time to Build" manifesto. Read that instead:
           | https://a16z.com/2020/04/18/its-time-to-build/
           | 
           | The Bay Bridge only got built because the old one proved
           | seismically unsafe, and that took 24 years, with a 2500% cost
           | overrun, according to Wikipedia. No other bridges will be
           | build in the SF bay, despite huge needs.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | dougmwne wrote:
       | Yes, but it's a bad approach.
       | 
       | Source: I have worked in environmental policy. See The Nature
       | Conservancy, a large nonprofit that does this.
       | 
       | But it is an inefficient use of funds. The US government has
       | massive land holdings and the biggest budgets in the world. For a
       | paltry amount, you can lobby them and convince them to use their
       | resources for environmental protection, not yours. Basically the
       | entire US environmental protection community takes this approach
       | with just a few outliers like TNC.
        
         | hedora wrote:
         | I've often wondered if it is possible for environmental groups
         | to buy oil drilling rights at auction (to prevent oil companies
         | from buying the wells).
         | 
         | At the very least, it would run up the cost of the mineral
         | rights, making the resulting oil/coal more expensive. In the
         | best case, it would prevent drilling/mining.
        
           | dougmwne wrote:
           | I am pretty sure that's not possible, as the government won't
           | sell the rights to just anyone, you need to qualify to
           | participate. Making the government look foolish is not
           | appreciated and the goal is to incentivize energy production,
           | not enable trolls and political opponents. Besides, the
           | rights are expensive and it is comparatively cheap to find
           | some endangered corals or tie the whole thing up in court.
           | The extractive industries have way more money than the
           | greens, so best to skip the bidding war.
        
           | ttyprintk wrote:
           | In Colorado, those rights are detached from land ownership. A
           | state commission chooses lease parameters and, with some
           | local consequence, those leases fund rural schools. A better
           | system might:
           | 
           | - Fund schools in a different way - Permit mineral rights to
           | be owned just like private land - Require an insurance policy
           | for exploration in the event it destroys a well or other
           | water source
        
       | hgomersall wrote:
       | Land ownership as a concept sits uneasily with me. Much of the
       | land is owned by people who are descendents of Henry VIII's
       | cronies after it was taken from the monasteries. More is owned by
       | descendents of those that got wealthy through the slave trade.
       | 
       | Given that land is essentially finite, my view is that the
       | closest thing to ownership should be a form of stewardship with
       | certain rights.
        
         | engineer_22 wrote:
         | Been a long time since ya'll had a populist revolution.
        
       | nibbleshifter wrote:
       | Short answer: yes.
       | 
       | Long answer: you need to put in a bit more work than "just"
       | buying it up.
       | 
       | In the UK, Ireland, and other countries with out of control
       | deer/grazer populations and no large natural predators, this
       | means enclosing the land with deer fencing (allows smaller
       | animals to pass, but not large grazers) and probably doing some
       | initial remedial work (scattering seeds of native species,
       | planting a few native trees, etc) to kind of "get things going".
       | 
       | Usually after 5-6 years you can just let nature take over and go
       | with traditional "ignore it" rewilding, once some kind of life is
       | established. After maybe 10 years you can consider removing the
       | fence.
        
       | lwswl wrote:
       | this is wrong
        
       | toomuchtodo wrote:
       | Absolutely!
       | 
       | https://www.landtrustalliance.org/what-you-can-do/conserve-y...
        
       | shadowgovt wrote:
       | There's one aspect of this that the article doesn't note, which
       | is enforcement.
       | 
       | On a small scale, this sort of thing can work (modulo the
       | criticisms the post highlights). On massive scales... It's not
       | just the cost of land, it's the cost of paying people to patrol
       | that land to prevent poaching.
        
         | zekrioca wrote:
         | Exactly, I was going to mention this. Sometimes in large areas,
         | like the Amazon, it is extremely difficult to monitor and
         | secure these lands. Regardless if you have satellites and
         | everything watching it. It is even more complex to safely reach
         | the areas to stop someone from doing unlawful things.
        
       | theptip wrote:
       | Another option for the UK would be to abolish or substantially
       | reduce the monarchy, and include a one-off wealth tax on the
       | aristocracy.
       | 
       | A huge swathe of the land in the UK is owned by the crown and
       | individual royals, with ownership lineage being extremely dubious
       | if you don't accept the concept that the monarchy has a God-
       | granted right to dominion over the people.
       | 
       | Taking the crown estate back into the trust of the people would
       | be a good start.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finances_of_the_British_royal_...
        
       | photochemsyn wrote:
       | You can protect land for habitat, and you can preserve existing
       | stores of carbon, but any notions about nature being a carbon
       | sink capable of offsetting fossil fuel use are best discarded.
       | Take a look at UK energy consumption (it's mainly gas and oil
       | these days, with most coal phased out):
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#/...
       | 
       | The only carbon solution is figuring out how to not need fossil
       | fuels for energy, because there's absolutely no way biological
       | photosynthesis can make more than a tiny dent in that figure.
       | 
       | I'd also look at Canada's abject failure on the 'natural carbon
       | sink' front. Their idea was that Canada's pine forests would
       | somehow serve as an offset for Alberta tar sands fossil carbon
       | emissions (among the highest in the world, as they use gas to
       | melt the tar to process it into syncrude for refineries). Climate
       | change however increased temperatures, leading to pine beetle
       | outbreaks and fires, and those forests became net atmospheric
       | carbon sources, not sinks:
       | 
       | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/beetles-t...
        
         | dogcomplex wrote:
         | While I agree that natural forests are unlikely to make a
         | significant dent in CO2 through biological photosynthesis, that
         | is not necessarily true for all plants. Kelp and Bamboo farming
         | can do quite a lot more than the average tree with their
         | extremely high growth rates. Just need to figure out what to do
         | with the resulting product. Source: I'm in a working group
         | looking at circular economies with net CO2 loss per cycle,
         | using kelp for fuel and plastic production, scalable to
         | Gigatonne levels.
        
         | mellavora wrote:
         | > Take a look at UK energy consumption
         | 
         | I think you are missing the big picture.
         | 
         | Look at all of the oil/gas pumped out of the Earth by the UK
         | (North Sea). Guess what, most of it gets burned.
         | 
         | Measured this way, UK contribution to carbon is even larger
         | than the very nice source you provide.
        
         | ZeroGravitas wrote:
         | It's true that not burning fossil fuels is the simplest and
         | best place to start, but land use changes can add up, so
         | shouldn't be totally neglected.
         | 
         | https://www.wri.org/insights/7-things-know-about-ipccs-speci...
         | 
         | Methane released from destroying Peatland for example.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | midislack wrote:
       | This is a great scheme to make sure we drive the peasant class
       | into their pods in their walkable cities. The only thing that
       | remains is to buy up and destroy all ranch lands and meat
       | production infrastructure, so these pathetic, scum sucking
       | peasants are forced to eat the bugs. Until they commit suicide,
       | assisted or no.
        
       | rmbyrro wrote:
       | > a million acres of peat is owned by just 124 individuals and
       | organisations
       | 
       | Probably even more concentrated, since multiple organizations are
       | likely to be controlled by the same individual(s).
        
       | derwiki wrote:
       | James Hetfield of Metallica was doing something like this in
       | Marin:
       | 
       | https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/metallica-james-he...
        
         | nightshift1 wrote:
         | According to the article, he gave the land to preserve it for
         | agricultural use after failing to build houses on it.
         | 
         | I guess it's better than nothing but I dont think we should
         | label this as "Preserved Land".
        
       | 0000011111 wrote:
       | In the US we struggle to protect the land that is already owned
       | by state and federal agencies.
       | 
       | For example, each year we spend billions on fire suppression on
       | public land. And most year more acres burn and the cost
       | increases.
       | 
       | https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/statistics
       | 
       | 5,510,675 Acres Year-to-date Acres Burned
       | 
       | FY 2021 suppression cost $4,389,000,000
       | 
       | Conservation his hard especially in a landscape where we fail to
       | manage fire effectively.
        
         | Mtinie wrote:
         | While I agree with your assessment given the available data you
         | shared, I have to wonder if we really have to spend that much?
         | 
         | From what I understand it's hard to separate how much of that
         | spend is effective vs. how much of it is "bad money" tied up in
         | modern forestry cargo cult practices carried over from the last
         | 100 year.
         | 
         | With the increasing frequency of megafires in the Western
         | United States (and other locations around the world) the
         | discussion has shifted to reconsidering if the existing
         | paradigm of prioritizing fire prevention over active fire
         | management (planned burns, building code improvements, etc.) is
         | in our best interests.
         | 
         | For example:
         | 
         | https://www.ctif.org/news/modern-forestry-practices-may-be-p...
         | 
         | http://www.roosevelthouse.hunter.cuny.edu/?forum-post=preven...
        
         | GavinMcG wrote:
         | This presupposes that fire suppression is an important goal.
         | Obviously carbon storage is only possible if it isn't all
         | routinely released as smoke, but it's not obvious to me that
         | fire reduces carbon capture so much that other alternatives are
         | better--and preservation may be a net good if other
         | conservation/recreation/quality-of-life goals are accomplished
         | alongside carbon capture.
        
       | Eddy_Viscosity2 wrote:
       | No. Most places have 'immanent domain' type laws were the gov can
       | essentially seize your property (forcing a sale) to give to
       | someone else. A rich developer could see all that sweet sweet
       | natural land and make a strong case (with lobbying, backroom
       | deals, the usual) that it would be better used with a new condo
       | or factory or strip mine and get it anyway.
        
         | RajT88 wrote:
         | I have also read about cases where foreign owners just have
         | their land straight up taken.
         | 
         | Locals just assume the property while the owners are away and
         | force them into a court unfriendly to foreigners.
        
           | idiotsecant wrote:
           | Devil's advocate - if you don't even live in the country
           | should you have the right to own property there?
        
             | bananarchist wrote:
             | If you don't live on the property should you have the right
             | to own it?
        
               | RajT88 wrote:
               | It happens to people who live on the property too, and
               | have to leave for a while.
               | 
               | I read about a person who had to go to the US for cancer
               | treatment and in the interim his otherwise full-time
               | primary residence was stolen.
        
         | donatj wrote:
         | So you get your money back, and then you use it to buy other
         | land. Same same?
        
           | dotancohen wrote:
           | Land is not fungible.
        
         | pibechorro wrote:
         | That is a problem of immanent domain and lobby. Remove that and
         | private reserves work perfectly fine.
        
         | arethuza wrote:
         | Scotland has what is pretty much the opposite - communities can
         | register interest in land and get a "right to buy" if the land
         | is ever going to be transferred:
         | 
         | https://www.gov.scot/policies/land-reform/community-right-to...
        
         | TrueGeek wrote:
         | Note that this article is about the UK. It discusses your point
         | in part 3 and goes on to discuss an alternative solution at the
         | end. There are complex laws as almost all of the land is
         | privately owned by either private citizens or the crown.
        
         | CapitalistCartr wrote:
         | Eminent Domain is nearly never used in the USA for private
         | development, since Kelo v. City of New London. The City won in
         | court, but lost massively in the court of public opinion. Many
         | states passed laws restricting or prohibiting that type of
         | eminent domain use following that case.
        
           | jker wrote:
           | And even in that case, Kelo's land ended up not being used
           | after all.
        
         | cduzz wrote:
         | The reverse also works.
         | 
         | People see a block of land that's "unused" so they simply move
         | there and start "developing" it. Sometimes they'll legally own
         | the land ("adverse possession") but usually it doesn't matter.
         | It's theirs because they're there and they're willing to defend
         | themselves and "their" land even if they don't have a deed.
         | 
         | So sure, go ahead and buy a bunch of land, in the USA or
         | elsewhere; you'll need to be prepared to enforce your ownership
         | stake or lose it.
        
         | UncleEntity wrote:
         | Which is why it is important for the states to pass laws
         | forbidding this activity after the Supreme Court deemed it
         | legal (or not prohibited by the constitution) a few years ago.
         | 
         | And there's a bunch of land for sale outside of the UK which
         | can be bought and let to go back to prairie or whatever. You
         | can get 10,000+ acre ranches for a few million in places like
         | Nebraska and just let some buffalo lounge around.
        
         | rootusrootus wrote:
         | Eminent domain is close to dead in the US. We nearly always
         | lack sufficient political consensus to use it. It is partly why
         | new infrastructure projects are increasingly rare and
         | significantly more expensive.
        
           | xeromal wrote:
           | It's probably for the better. It generally just gets used on
           | people who lack the resources to fight back. It just doesn't
           | sit well with me that a government can force you to sell your
           | land at a price they determine.
        
             | throwaway0a5e wrote:
             | Exactly. The more justified infrastructure use cases of the
             | 20th century gave way to "economic development" crap where
             | the city takes land it thinks the current owner isn't using
             | effectively enough and then sells it to their cronies who
             | promise to build a strip mall or a mixed use development or
             | whatever (and some number of useful idiots support it
             | because they like the idea of more taxable commerce). The
             | government has zero business stomping on people to do the
             | latter. Just buy the F-ing land outright the normal way if
             | that's what you want to do.
        
             | timmg wrote:
             | > It's probably for the better.
             | 
             | Until you want to build a train line (or some other form of
             | public transportation).
        
             | rootusrootus wrote:
             | I don't disagree, but there are ramifications. A big one
             | being sprawl. If existing urban/suburban areas are to
             | remain stagnant, then development will just push outward
             | into areas where land is cheap and landowners more than
             | happy to pocket a nice chunk for their former farmland.
             | Wrap an urban growth boundary around the city, and then you
             | can stop some of that and instead watch your housing prices
             | skyrocket.
             | 
             | Wait a second, I think I just described Portland.
        
       | Bloating wrote:
       | Land Conservation Easements May Prove Misguided
       | 
       | https://www.law.virginia.edu/news/2001_02/easements.htm
        
       | amelius wrote:
       | Sounds well-intended, but I oppose the idea of 1% of people
       | owning 99% of the land ...
       | 
       | And what do we say if Nestle buys all natural water sources to
       | "protect" them?
        
       | stochtastic wrote:
       | A cautionary tale from personal experience: My parents retired to
       | a rural area and wanted to ensure that their area would remain a
       | healthy old growth forest. They have been actively involved in a
       | land trust that has successfully created large, continuous
       | corridors throughout the area. One of their contributions was a
       | continuous strip of about 20 acres. Their community has stitched
       | these together to create wonderful cycling/walking paths through
       | the woods, linking up different areas.
       | 
       | At the start of the pandemic, a developer bought up a large (~200
       | acre) tract neighboring them and the corridor. They immediately
       | clearcut the whole thing, and are building hundreds of tract
       | houses, cheek by jowl, and have consequently forced the local
       | government to build additional roads. Guess the big selling point
       | they use in their website and listings? 'Neighbors a wilderness
       | trust with extensive woodland paths.'
       | 
       | Knowing all of this, I'm not sure whether I'd still go through
       | with the land trust purchases or not. They couldn't have afforded
       | the 200 acre parcel, and who knows if the developer would have
       | bought the other 50 acres. All I can say is that it is
       | dispiriting to see people doing the right thing and having a net
       | increase in clearcutting at their doorstep.
        
         | dogman144 wrote:
         | Well rural living and by extension preservation has to be
         | joined with land ownership maps. First thing to check with a
         | rural purchase must be what it borders. The more
         | BLM/federal/state/county land, the more likely stuff like the
         | above doesn't happen. Same issue for building trusts.
        
         | h0l0cube wrote:
         | Make the land private and only allow access to conservation
         | workers, volunteers and financially contributing members. The
         | less joggers disrupting the ecosystem the better.
        
         | ttyprintk wrote:
         | I know this may not help now, but to approve such a
         | development, many counties would require that it is not down
         | range from a historical or even prospective shooting range. You
         | might offer every new resident subsidized membership because
         | they live downrange.
        
       | PretzelPirate wrote:
       | We can also look into reducing the amount of monocropping we do.
       | If the grain isn't profitable, the land it's grown on will drop
       | in value, making it easier to purchase and use for re-wilding
       | efforts.
        
         | kickout wrote:
         | Correct, problem is the most productive land isn't always the
         | most profitable. That's how you end up with Maize grown in
         | Western Kansas under dryland conditions.
        
       | anonAndOn wrote:
       | The super wealthy in the US sometimes pull off major conservation
       | easements.
       | 
       | Roxanne Quimby, of Burt's Bees fame, slowly purchased land in
       | Maine over many years then donated an entire National
       | Monument.[0] She wasn't the first to do this, though. JD
       | Rockefeller pulled the same trick almost a century prior by
       | donating a National Park in Wyoming.[1]
       | 
       | [0]https://www.nationalparks.org/connect/blog/transforming-
       | kata... [1]https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017
       | /12/04...
        
       | secretsatan wrote:
       | I'm sorry, but this seems like a very libertarian view of
       | conservatism. Like how they tried to solve these problems with
       | the idea of personal action. We simply don't have the capital to
       | combat the groups that really couldn't give a fuck
        
       | throwaway2a02 wrote:
       | In most places, including the UK, there's a legal principle
       | called adverse possession
       | (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_possession), where anyone
       | can take possession of a property for free, if it's
       | unoccupied/unmaintained by the owner, and the possession is not
       | challenge for certain a period of time, i.e. actual owner doesn't
       | evict the prospective occupier (12 years in the case of the UK).
       | 
       | So people or the government don't really need to actually buy
       | much of the land.
        
         | arethuza wrote:
         | That link actually only talks about England and Wales. Scotland
         | has _positive prescription_ :
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_(Scots_law)#Posit...
         | 
         | Mind you the end result is similar - different legal systems
         | though!
        
       | rtkwe wrote:
       | Depends a lot on what government you're dealing with. A few years
       | ago some conservationists bid on and won some mineral rights but
       | the government invalidated their bid when they realized they
       | weren't going to be extracting it.
        
       | marcosdumay wrote:
       | Are you going to put out the fires that appear on it from time to
       | time and police it against illegal invaders?
        
       | NiceWayToDoIT wrote:
       | > "just 1% of the population own half the land in England"
       | 
       | This is idea in same level as quantitative easing,
       | (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_easing) "Lets give
       | rich people money so they recover economy" what happens "Rich
       | people use that money PS895 billion buy stocks, so they inflate
       | market even more and not even penny trickles down to ordinary
       | people, so they become even poorer.
       | 
       | Paying rich people that own land to sequester carbon is equally,
       | (not sure which word to use) ... evil, diabolic as QE scam for
       | the rich. Probability is high that they will use that money not
       | to plant trees but to buy more land, even more increasing gap
       | between wealthy and poor.
       | 
       | So, my question is when does wealthy people greed and naivety of
       | poor ends?
        
       | bmitc wrote:
       | It should be pointed out that conservation and reserves are not
       | enough. We have got to be _restoring_ land with native plants, in
       | particular land in urban environments.
       | 
       | https://homegrownnationalpark.org/
        
       | hprotagonist wrote:
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumal%C3%ADn_Park
       | 
       | sometimes!
        
       | andrewmutz wrote:
       | If they want to buy land for carbon capture, why restrict
       | themselves to the UK?
       | 
       | There are many countries with plenty of land for sale that will
       | not require eminent domain laws to buy land.
       | 
       | And of course, carbon is a global concern. Capturing carbon in
       | specifically the UK is no better than capturing it elsewhere,
       | from a climate change perspective.
        
       | nimbius wrote:
       | Its an unpopular opinion but no. Much as we cannot stop drowning
       | in water with more water, we cannot extinguish climate change
       | caused by technocratic neoliberal consumer capitalism with more
       | of the same. The effort must exist outside a market. it cannot be
       | commercialized, it exists as an inefficiency, and it remains a
       | corrective action to right some of the most egregious hubris of
       | mankinds existence on this planet. ideally it should be done in
       | silence without marketing, discipline without aggrandizement, and
       | with remorse.
        
         | ch4s3 wrote:
         | You say that as though no one outside of a market economy every
         | burned coal or clear cut a forrest.
        
           | GavinMcG wrote:
           | That's a non sequitur. So what if bad things have happened
           | outside of a market? The question is whether a solution can
           | be found outside one.
        
             | ch4s3 wrote:
             | It's not a non sequitur at all. The original claim was that
             | contemporary market economies caused the problem so markets
             | can't be part of the solution. I think this is first and
             | foremost a logical fallacy. I'm also pointing out that the
             | need for energy and resources created the problem, which is
             | orthogonal to markets.
             | 
             | Markets are great for optimizing things that can be priced.
             | Pricing carbon, and wild spaces can be really powerful
             | levers for fixing some of these problems.
        
               | GavinMcG wrote:
               | It didn't say it was caused by. It said it couldn't be
               | solved within.
        
           | frobishercresc wrote:
           | Technocratic neoliberal consumer capitalism isn't the only
           | form of market economy, it's just the form that uses up the
           | most land without regard to social and environmental impact
           | because it is inherently focused on capital gains.
        
             | ch4s3 wrote:
             | > uses up the most land
             | 
             | How are you quantifying that?
        
               | frobishercresc wrote:
               | It's self evident, endless and unchecked profit motives
               | (neoliberalism) are divorced from considerations of
               | resource sustainability or genuine social need, it will
               | always use up more land than market economies with a more
               | social minded approach.
               | 
               | If that isn't enough, loss of tree cover since 2001:
               | 
               | Neoliberal capitalist USA: 16% [1]
               | 
               | [1]
               | https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/BRA
               | 
               | Socialism with Chinese Characteristics China: 6.7% [2]
               | 
               | [2]
               | https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/CHN/
        
         | hedora wrote:
         | It's easily solved with markets: Charge a carbon recapture tax
         | equivalent to direct air capture of 150% of the product's
         | greenhouse emissions. (This is affordable; it'd end up being
         | about $1/gallon of gas tax.)
         | 
         | Getting our corrupt government to actually do that is another
         | story, even with > 60% of the population calling for drastic,
         | urgent action.
        
       | qchris wrote:
       | In the United States, the American Prairie Reserve [1] is doing
       | something along these lines in the area around the
       | Wyoming/Montana border. In particular, their purchases (which
       | often include private ranches that come up for sale) focus on
       | building those corridors between existing public lands,
       | effectively creating much larger continuous ecosystems that this
       | article mentioned.
       | 
       | It's probably easier to do in the United States (a lot more land
       | than in England, and with fewer entrenched ownership
       | considerations), but I'd really be interested to see if similar
       | projects would work in other parts of the country that are more
       | densely populated, or in areas like the California central basin
       | to where public water resources are being abused to farm a
       | desert.
       | 
       | [1] https://www.americanprairie.org/
        
         | CodeWriter23 wrote:
         | > where public water resources are being abused to farm a
         | desert
         | 
         | You are incredibly short-sighted and your implied policy
         | direction seems to favor human extinction.
         | 
         | "Over a third of the country's vegetables and two-thirds of the
         | country's fruits and nuts are grown in California."
         | 
         | https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/Statistics/
        
         | amalcon wrote:
         | It would be tricky in more densely populated areas, thanks to
         | the ruling in _Kelo vs. City of New London_.  "The local
         | government thinks they'll get more economic activity from
         | someone else" is a valid reason to exercise eminent domain
         | powers for some reason. It works in more rural places because,
         | frankly, it's generally not worth the trouble of litigation
         | there.
        
           | ROTMetro wrote:
           | As someone who lives in a county with National Forests, this
           | is a huge issue. Originally the deal was the Feds could have
           | national forests, but make up for missing property
           | tax/economic activity with logging grants, mineral right
           | grants, and paying a portion of the money the feds made from
           | that to the local community. Then for environmental reasons
           | the feds just stopped allowing anything on the land and
           | paying what they promised AND killed all those local
           | community jobs. Double whammy. Personally I think the Feds
           | should have to sell all the national forests now since they
           | did not keep to the promises they made, or at least
           | renegotiate with the local community. But unlike when these
           | deals were made, the USA is now a Federal system without any
           | state rights power, so we just try to keep the roof from
           | leaking on our school and vote to increase our own taxes to
           | educate kids. Meanwhile people talk trash about rundown rural
           | communities and all the unemployed millworkers/miners that
           | turned to drugs when they lost their job opportunities and
           | ignore that the entire country broke it's promise to those
           | people. Imagine the weight of the country choosing to break a
           | promise and ruin you while making fun of your rundown
           | ignorant small town po-dunk life, an ant crushed with no-
           | power to do a thing about it. Lumber is through the roof, yet
           | the mills are all closing. Because the country hates you,
           | your way of life, and TOOK all of the land and locked it up
           | even though it promised not to do that when it took the land.
        
             | cactacea wrote:
             | I've spent the majority of my life living in rural areas.
             | I've also spent a ton of time on public land in just about
             | every state west of the Mississippi. The lack of historical
             | context and understanding of the economics of resource
             | extraction here is staggering.
             | 
             | 1 - Guess who the land belonged to before the federal
             | government? It wasn't the states. I reject your assertion
             | that localities are even entitled to a say here beyond the
             | federal democratic process. Almost all of the land in
             | question was open to claim at one point - nobody did so and
             | ownership was retained by the government.
             | 
             | 2 - It's absolutely laughable to say that they "just
             | stopped allowing anything on the land". In certain areas
             | maybe but as a blanket statement that's absolutely
             | incorrect. As a personal anecdote, one of my favorite spots
             | to pick berries in western WA was clear cut just this past
             | summer. I'll never visit that spot again in this lifetime.
             | But hey, someone got paid a couple of bucks so I guess
             | that's a net positive for the country. Don't even get me
             | started about cattle ranchers and the damage they've done.
             | 
             | 3 - Those jobs were based on extracting a resource that
             | didn't belong to them and that takes decades to recover, if
             | ever. Why should the rest of us let (in your words) some
             | po-dunk town clear cut everything in sight when the rest of
             | us can make our living without destroying everything from
             | sea to shining sea?
             | 
             | 4 - Should we help them out now that the economics have
             | changed? Sure, absolutely, totally support that. However
             | economies built on resource extraction have never been
             | sustainable long-term, what's the point in doubling down on
             | what already failed? I also disagree with your supposition
             | that federal restrictions is what hollowed out these towns,
             | the fundamental economics of resource extraction is why
             | they've failed to be sustainable over the long term.
             | 
             | 5 - I actually agree with you on one thing at least: put
             | all it up for sale at a fair price. All national forests,
             | all BLM land - everything that isn't wilderness or a
             | national park. While the cattle ranchers, miners, and
             | loggers will get a bit I can guarantee that
             | conservationists will buy more. Leases are a sweetheart
             | deal to extractors and always have been. Why should they
             | buy what they can lease for basically nothing? The
             | extractors would fight your proposal harder than anyone
             | else.
        
             | otikik wrote:
             | I am sorry this has happened to you.
             | 
             | I must point out that a lot of your post feels written by a
             | Native American. Their story is also about broken promises
             | and land (and other deplorable things)
        
           | dragonwriter wrote:
           | > valid reason to exercise eminent domain powers for some
           | reason
           | 
           | The reason is:
           | 
           | (1) eminent domain isn't Constitutionally limited in purpose
           | beyond that it must be a public purpose.
           | 
           | (2) State governments under the US Constitution have general
           | police powers, so any purpose they aren't expressly
           | Constitutionally forbidden to pursue is a valid public
           | purpose, as distinct from the federal government being one of
           | granted powers where there must be a specific Constitutional
           | basis for it pursuing a purpose for it to be valid.
           | 
           | (3) Seeking revenue is not a thing prohibited to the states
           | by the Federal Constitution.
           | 
           | (4) Under the federal Constitution, subordinate entities
           | within states don't have distinct powers from states; if they
           | are limited, that is a matter of state law, not the federal
           | Constitution.
           | 
           | EDIT: Also, note also that some states do Constitutionally
           | restrict the purposes of eminent domain, or have state laws
           | limiting local use of it, some, IIRC, in Constitutional
           | provisions that were proposed and passed directly in response
           | to _Kelo_ , so that what happened there would not be allowed.
        
             | voxic11 wrote:
             | How is using property to profit private business "for
             | public use"?
             | 
             | > "[the decision eliminates] any distinction between
             | private and public use of property--and thereby effectively
             | delete[s] the words 'for public use' from the Takings
             | Clause of the Fifth Amendment."
             | 
             | > "This deferential shift in phraseology enables the Court
             | to hold, against all common sense, that a costly urban-
             | renewal project whose stated purpose is a vague promise of
             | new jobs and increased tax revenue, but which is also
             | suspiciously agreeable to the Pfizer Corporation, is for a
             | 'public use.'"
        
               | dragonwriter wrote:
               | > How is using property to profit private business "for
               | public use"?
               | 
               | Because, as the Supreme Court has consistently held since
               | interpreting the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause to
               | apply the 5th Amendment's protections against the states
               | in the first place (without which, the issue would be
               | moot since absent such application there would be no
               | federal constraint at all) use in which the state action
               | is pursuing a legitimate public _purpose_ has been held
               | to be a "public use".
               | 
               | Which presumably you already know, because surely you
               | read the majority opinion in _Kelo_ in the course of
               | locating and quoting (without attribution) O'Connor's
               | dissent.
        
               | [deleted]
        
           | Semiapies wrote:
           | Some states have set up more restrictive eminent domain laws
           | since that ruling.
        
           | silon42 wrote:
           | they don't have to use eminent domain, adding/increasing
           | property tax is enough.
        
             | sgtnoodle wrote:
             | I can't imagine that would actually work if the political
             | system isn't completely corrupt.
        
         | dbingham wrote:
         | There are actually quite a few community land trusts [1,2] out
         | there. They can be conversation focused, housing focused, or
         | focused on other priorities. But they all have similar
         | structures - non-profits that are focused on acquiring some
         | level of ownership over large tracts of land so that they can
         | manage that land to achieve a goal (conservation, keeping
         | housing affordable, etc).
         | 
         | My local conservation focused [3] one has been very successful
         | and is the source of many of the best hikes in my area as well!
         | 
         | If you want to find similar projects, search for "conservation
         | community land trust" and you'll find them! Alternately, here's
         | a handy tool provided by the Land Trust Alliance a quick search
         | turned up: https://www.landtrustalliance.org/find-land-trust
         | 
         | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_land_trust
         | 
         | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_trust
         | 
         | [3] https://sycamorelandtrust.org/
        
           | gerad wrote:
           | Here in the Bay Area in Marin County, we have the Marin
           | Agricultural Land Trust [1].
           | 
           | [1] https://malt.org/
        
         | spurgu wrote:
         | Similar initiative for preserving ancient forests in Finland,
         | originally founded by legendary Finnish environmental activist
         | Pentti Linkola:
         | 
         | https://luonnonperintosaatio.fi/en/
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Natural_Heritage_Found...
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentti_Linkola
        
           | cromulent wrote:
           | Also the Helsinki Foundation buys land and then distributes
           | veto rights to ensure it is never re-sold.
        
         | throwaway894345 wrote:
         | Wow, TIL the Missouri river flows through Montana (from the map
         | on the American Prairie site).
         | 
         | It's not clear from a cursory glance at the site whether
         | American Prairie is giving the land to the public, or whether
         | they retain ownership and are simply allowing public access. I
         | would think giving it to some federal parks/wildlife agency
         | would come with stronger protections than an NGO could provide.
         | I'm also curious if anyone can just give their private land to
         | the public for use as a wildlife preserve?
         | 
         | EDIT: I also found this map of protected lands, but I'm having
         | a hard time discerning between the different colors and I'm
         | _not_ colorblind. http://www.protectedlands.net/map/
        
           | toast0 wrote:
           | > I would think giving it to some federal parks/wildlife
           | agency would come with stronger protections than an NGO could
           | provide.
           | 
           | Not really. Federal agencies sell parklands from time to
           | time. It's easier to have an NGO that won't sell the land for
           | a long time.
        
             | toomuchtodo wrote:
             | There's two parts. The conservation easement strips the
             | land of its development capacity, and that restriction
             | rides with the land to future owners in perpetuity, while
             | the non profit stewards the land and enforces those legal
             | claims if necessary.
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | > in perpetuity
               | 
               | Or until the current owners convince a court of law to
               | extinguish the conservation easement.
        
               | toomuchtodo wrote:
               | You should research what's required to do so and the odds
               | of it occurring. Only in rare/limited circumstances can
               | the easement be terminated, and the IRS has some
               | oversight into this because of the tax consequences of
               | these easements (as you can claim a charitable tax
               | deduction for donating and extinguishing the development
               | capability of the parcel).
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | I've done the first part [0]. But I don't know an easy
               | way to assess the second part. Clearly congress intended
               | for it to be difficult, but the idea that a conservation
               | easement is in fact permanent should always have an
               | asterisk next to it.
               | 
               | [0]: https://www.landcan.org/article/extinguishing-
               | transferring-a...
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | I hate this process. It effectively gives someone else
               | rights over the current owners land. The person becomes a
               | tenet farmer in effect and is responsible for the taxes
               | and upkeep while under the control of the organization.
               | And the land is not accessible to the public.
               | 
               | It's much better for the land to be organization-owned
               | and open to public use.
               | 
               | Just my opinion.
        
               | atourgates wrote:
               | I volunteer with a regional land trust, and I think
               | you're maybe misunderstanding the conservation easement
               | process, or at least it's typical application.
               | 
               | The typical process is:
               | 
               | Private Landowner Decides they want to conserve their
               | land.
               | 
               | They work with a Land Trust to define, and put in place
               | the restrictions of that conservation easement. Those
               | typically restrict development (though the landowner can
               | in some cases "carve out" future building sites), and
               | depending on the goals of the landowner and land trust,
               | could allow things like agriculture, forestry, recreation
               | etc..
               | 
               | I'm sure there's a conservation easement somewhere that
               | restricts public access, but I've never seen one. Most
               | commonly, the land stays inaccessible to the public just
               | like it was before the easement, but nothing in the legal
               | language of the easement prohibiting future public
               | access.
               | 
               | (One conservation easement manager half-joked that every
               | easement we do has public access potential, it just might
               | take a few generations for that potential to be
               | realized).
               | 
               | Next, that easement goes through the legal process of
               | being put into place. Now, that land is subject to the
               | restrictions of that easement forever. And it's the job
               | (legal responsibility) of the Land Trust that holds the
               | easement to regularly monitor the easements they hold,
               | and make sure they're followed.
               | 
               | However, the original landowner still owns the land, just
               | like before. If they sell the land, or someone inherits,
               | it's still (de facto) private land, just private land
               | with restrictions as to what can be done on it.
               | 
               | Now, there are private landowners who want to open their
               | land to public access, and that's amazing. (We did our
               | first few public access-specific easements this year at
               | our comparatively-small land trust, and we're super
               | excited). There are also times where a landowner puts an
               | easement on their property, and then sells it to someone
               | like a local, regional or state institution to be managed
               | specifically for public access. There was recently a
               | great story about how private individuals stepped in to
               | conserve land, and then later transferred it to
               | Washington State Parks[1].
               | 
               | There are also times when a property might transfer
               | ownership, as well as the easement, to a Land Trust. We
               | actually have one of these that we basically operate as a
               | public park. But, that's like less than 2% of the total
               | easements we hold.
               | 
               | So, to your points, I guess I would say:
               | 
               | The process of conservation easements by large
               | _increases_ the amount of land available for public
               | access and recreation, not decreases it. And if anyone is
               | becoming a tenant farmer, it's the landowner choosing to
               | become a tenant themselves.
               | 
               | There are times when an outside entity might purchase the
               | easement from the landowner, but again, the landowner's
               | not forced into that transaction.
               | 
               | 1. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-
               | states/washington/articles/...
        
               | wolpoli wrote:
               | Thanks for the detailed information. I am curious here:
               | After an easement is added to the property, who has the
               | ability to cancel the easement? Or is an easement non-
               | removable forever?
        
               | atourgates wrote:
               | I don't work on the legal side, but easements are
               | generally designed to be permanent forever, with some
               | caveats.
               | 
               | For example, I believe most conservation easements have
               | some language that allows them to be essentially "moved"
               | in certain circumstances. Say the city needed to build a
               | road through an easement - than that easement could be
               | exchanged for a similar parcel that was conserved in a
               | similar manner nearby or similar.
               | 
               | But outside of that and similar narrow exceptions,
               | conservation easements are generally designed to be
               | forever.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | I understand all that perfectly fine.
               | 
               | I didn't say that I would decrease public land, simply
               | that these organizations should focus on making the
               | conserved land public. Often times land is willed to the
               | trust and then the trust sells it. This keeps it in
               | private circulation when it could be made public access.
               | 
               | Why would a private individual go through the legal risks
               | of opening their land to the public? I highly doubt these
               | lands will become public access in the future as there's
               | zero incentive for it, despite the joke you stated.
               | 
               | Land is finite. By placing the restriction on some
               | parcels, that makes it much less likely to find
               | unrestricted parcels due to the demand. Also, people
               | don't live forever. Putting a restriction on future
               | generations is not something of their choosing.
               | 
               | My experience with these land trusts has been negative. A
               | friend bought one that permits agricultural use. They
               | wanted to put down gravel in an area for that purpose.
               | The trust said that couldn't do that because it's
               | _impermeable_... perhaps we can go to the desert and
               | leave you there for a few days with 5 gallons of water
               | poured on a gravel pile. If it 's really impermeable,
               | then you'll be fine. The point is, you have to deal with
               | idiots like this and risk getting into legal battle that
               | will exhaust your resources to enforce your (limited)
               | rights on the land.
               | 
               | If effect you end up with extremely powerful
               | organizations that have rights over an increasing amount
               | of land, while the "owners" have to bear all the costs
               | and comply. Sounds a lot like being a serf or tenant
               | farmer to me. Is there some choice in there? Not much if
               | you want land. The vast majority of people can't afford
               | real land in the areas where these trusts (and
               | billionaires) are operating, pricing them out due to the
               | constrained supply.
        
               | atourgates wrote:
               | > "Why would a private individual go through the legal
               | risks of opening their land to the public? I highly doubt
               | these lands will become public access in the future as
               | there's zero incentive for it, despite the joke you
               | stated."
               | 
               | Because they're community-minded, and doing that aligns
               | with their values?
               | 
               | Our small local land trust is currently in the final
               | stages of two easements brought to us by private
               | landowners who wanted to open their land to the public.
               | One of them was I would say "community" oriented, in that
               | their land had been informally open to the public, and
               | they wanted to formalize that access, and use it to
               | educate the public on the value of the ecosystems in
               | place there.
               | 
               | The other is I would say is also community minded, but
               | coming more from a place of principle in that they
               | believe more people opening their land to public use is
               | the right thing to do, and what we should be doing as a
               | society.
               | 
               | It also helps that in our state, liability for public
               | access is essentially zero, and we have very strong legal
               | protections for landowners who open their land.
               | 
               | > Is there some choice in there? Not much if you want
               | land.
               | 
               | Don't buy land that's encumbered by an easement? But it's
               | gonna cost you more.
               | 
               | IDK about your friend's specific situation, but one of
               | the big benefits of agricultural easements is that they
               | significantly reduce the value of the land, allowing
               | (perhaps) people like your friend to afford to buy farm
               | land who wouldn't otherwise be able to.
               | 
               | In the area we operate, agricultural land has shot up
               | from about $5K/acre, to $20K+/acre in less than a decade.
               | At those prices, no family farmers can afford to buy farm
               | land, and the only people who can farm are multi-
               | generational farming families who bought land decades ago
               | and haven't sold out yet, or large corporate farms.
               | 
               | But that price increase is being driven by developers who
               | want to build houses. Take away that ability, and
               | suddenly new farmers just starting out can afford to buy
               | some land to farm on.
               | 
               | True, they don't have the freedom to turn around and sell
               | that land to housing developers, but I think that hardly
               | turns them into serfs.
        
               | toomuchtodo wrote:
               | The land absolutely can be open to the public in this
               | model, it just can't be developed.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | At least in my experience, th orgs near me buy the land,
               | place restrictions on it, then sell it. Only rarely do
               | they hold it and open it to the public.
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | This seems like it would inevitably lead to a limited
               | number of entities owning almost all the conservation
               | land. Stripping it of development value in perpetuity
               | ought to lower the value considerably, making it easier
               | for an interested party to accumulate it. Maybe in hopes
               | that some day they'll figure out how to undo that
               | restriction.
               | 
               | Edit: On second thought, after doing a quick bit of
               | research, the conservation easement can be removed. So
               | the value will be impacted, but the land will still have
               | some residual development value.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | Generally the easement can't be removed except by the
               | trust that owns those rights, and that's not something
               | they will want to give up. So yes, these organizations
               | will eventually hold the rights to vast amounts of land,
               | with limited oversight (compared to a municipality or
               | other democratic org), while the "owner" paying the taxes
               | and upkeep on the land can be individuals (not the org).
               | And yes, the value of _that land_ tends to go down
               | slightly. But it constrains supply which causes _all the
               | other land_ to increase.
        
             | mcguire wrote:
             | Several years ago there was a kerfuffle in Texas: The
             | Nature Conservancy had traded a piece of land, that had
             | been donated to it, to the state parks and wildlife
             | department with the understanding that the land was going
             | to be under their conservation regime. Several years later,
             | TPWD was reportedly considering selling the land to a group
             | to form a hunting reserve. I don't recall how it ended (but
             | I suspect the sale did not go through), but there were
             | threats floating around that the Nature Conservancy would
             | no longer make those kinds of trades with Texas.
        
               | yonaguska wrote:
               | Interesting, because a hunting reserve is probably one of
               | the easiest ways to actually monetize conservation and
               | allow it to pay for itself.
        
           | jen20 wrote:
           | > I would think giving it to some federal parks/wildlife
           | agency would come with stronger protections than an NGO could
           | provide.
           | 
           | This largely depends on whether an NGO is more trustworthy
           | than the party in control of the federal government when it
           | comes to conservation. Half the time, the answer seems to be
           | "yes".
        
             | throwaway894345 wrote:
             | To be clear, my intended implication wasn't "NGOs are
             | untrustworthy", but rather that "the federal government is
             | a lot more likely to be around in 50 years than an NGO". I
             | was also assuming that donating the lands to a federal
             | program implied that the federal government couldn't just
             | turn around and sell the land a few years later, although
             | that might be naive on my part.
        
           | idiotsecant wrote:
           | >TIL the Missouri river flows through Montana
           | 
           | Not only flows through it, but originates it! That's where
           | rocky mountain snow turns into the mighty Missouri river.
           | 
           | Another interesting fact is that the world's shortest river
           | also dumps into the missouri close to it's headwaters in
           | central Montana. The river flows from Giant Springs in great
           | falls, Montana for a little over 200 feet and then dumps a
           | substantial flow of crystal clear, clean water into the
           | sometimes muddy Missouri. The mixing is sometimes a striking
           | thing to watch and there is a neat little park there that
           | also has a trout hatchery and you can feed the enormous
           | number of ducks and canada goose that spend large portions of
           | the year in Great Falls. Underrated town with some neat stuff
           | :)
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_River
        
           | ekidd wrote:
           | > _I would think giving it to some federal parks /wildlife
           | agency would come with stronger protections than an NGO could
           | provide._
           | 
           | There is supposedly an island on the Maine coast that was
           | given to the federal government for conservation purposes
           | (probably for migratory birds). The feds later sold it off.
           | Last I heard of it, people were raising money to buy it back
           | and protect it again. Federal protection really only works in
           | the long term if the land becomes part of a national park or
           | other protected reserve.
           | 
           | In the US, conservation is often handled by "land trusts,"
           | private non-profits that protect land, and make it available
           | for public uses. One common strategy is for two land trusts
           | to work together: One will own the land, and the second will
           | own a "conservation easement" that prevents the land from
           | being developed. This reassures land donors that their wishes
           | will be protected.
           | 
           | Local land trusts are often very popular. Almost everybody
           | likes to have some scenic walking paths. Local businesses
           | also like being able to hand out trail maps to their
           | customers. But some land trusts also protect working land: I
           | know of a protected fishing warf that is used by many small
           | commercial fisherman. In other towns, land trusts may protect
           | a certain amount of farmland.
           | 
           | The most entertaining case I know of is a land trust that
           | maintains a trail system for ATV vehicles. They acquired the
           | land to protect some key bird habitat. But the parcel also
           | included a separate wooded area that was popular with ATV
           | users. So they said, "Hey, ATVs are a public recreational
           | use, and we have plenty of other land that _doesn 't_ allow
           | them. So why not let people keep doing that here?"
           | 
           | I think that's one important trick to running a successful
           | land trust: Make sure that you serve a wide variety of
           | community needs. Set aside land for conservation, for
           | walking, and to preserve traditional working land. And try to
           | support a wide variety of recreational uses.
        
             | hutzlibu wrote:
             | "So why not let people keep doing that here?"
             | 
             | Because loud ATV engines are opposite to the goal of
             | protecting bird habitats?
             | 
             | In general I agree for multi recreational use, but maybe
             | with something less disturbing?
             | 
             | (like using electric engines only for example)
        
               | ekidd wrote:
               | Happily, they actually closed all the existing ATV trails
               | that went anywhere near the bird habitat. And the ATV
               | woodlot itself was not a significant conservation target.
               | (And the ATV use was long-standing.)
               | 
               | A successful local land trust relies on both small
               | donations _and_ a certain measure of political support.
               | Many towns exempt them (partially or fully) from property
               | taxes, so I feel it 's admirable for them to look for
               | ways to serve the entire community. Probably very few
               | land trusts will ever find themselves owning ATV trails.
               | But it's good for them to think about what public needs
               | they _can_ serve, even if the answers are sometimes
               | surprising.
        
           | jandrewrogers wrote:
           | > I would think giving it to some federal parks/wildlife
           | agency would come with stronger protections than an NGO could
           | provide.
           | 
           | The Federal government is not a reliable steward of public
           | wilderness lands. Their incentives and motivations are quite
           | different from a purpose-built NGO. In practice an NGO can
           | offer a much more consistent and aligned implementation of
           | objectives.
        
             | aporetics wrote:
             | Example: Bears Ears National Monument
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bears_Ears_National_Monument?
             | w...
        
               | loonster wrote:
               | It's just as hard to undo something as it is to do
               | something. A proclamation by a president is a very low
               | bar.
               | 
               | A better method would be by law. That would require a
               | future president, house, and Senate to agree.
        
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