[HN Gopher] Eye contact marks the rise and fall of shared attent...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Eye contact marks the rise and fall of shared attention in
       conversation
        
       Author : yamrzou
       Score  : 153 points
       Date   : 2022-11-20 15:03 UTC (7 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.pnas.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.pnas.org)
        
       | tgv wrote:
       | The abstract oversells it, as usual. The effects are small, and
       | the modelling is loose. Other studies have shown that gestures
       | can play a role in turn taking, and that we are capable of
       | predicting when the speaker is going to finish simply by
       | listening. Eye contact may be just one more factor weighing in.
        
       | lvl102 wrote:
       | I am not gonna lie, I don't look at people in the eyes because I
       | can sometimes see that they're lying to my face. You don't need
       | to make such a personal connection every single time you engage
       | in a conversation with people. Most people are not worth that
       | type of attention.
        
         | Invictus0 wrote:
         | This is sad
        
         | MichaelCollins wrote:
         | > _I don't look at people in the eyes because I can sometimes
         | see that they're lying to my face._
         | 
         | Ignorance is bliss I guess? I prefer to know. Usually I don't
         | call people out, but I still prefer to know.
        
         | iwillbenice wrote:
        
       | sdwr wrote:
       | I love the direction, drilling down into conversation mechanics.
       | Very cool that technology is enabling this kind of deep dive.
       | It's a very conservative article tho, not making any big points.
       | 
       | I'd like to see a stab at a theory that explains how conversation
       | actually works. Intuitively, it feels like a hack built on top of
       | systems designed for acting in the world.
       | 
       | I think social position is written on the face. The labiofacial
       | folds measure exclusion (deep lines indicate social
       | isolation/discomfort, no crease indicates strong social ties).
       | Feels tied in with nervous laughter as well.
       | 
       | Eye openness
        
         | oblak wrote:
         | First year phrenology student?
         | 
         | Seriously, though. As I get older, I am starting to think there
         | might actually be a strong correlation between how people look
         | and act. What I don't know for sure is which is first. Some is
         | obviously nature bur nurture is obviously a thing, too.
        
           | MichaelCollins wrote:
           | > _I am starting to think there might actually be a strong
           | correlation between how people look and act._
           | 
           | I think the way people act influences the way their
           | appearance is perceived in very subtle ways. A sketchy liar
           | could have exactly the same bone structure as an honest man,
           | but the sketchy liar will be perceived as less honest due to
           | almost imperceptible differences in body language, the way
           | they hold their facial muscles, etc. The result of these
           | subtle differences can be detected with a vague sensation of
           | _" this guy is sketchy, he's probably about to lie to me."_
           | 
           | Also I think there is an element of truth to the old wive's
           | tail of "your face is going to get stuck like that". People
           | who frequently have malicious facial expressions in private
           | will find themselves having malicious facial expressions when
           | they don't mean to, when interacting with the people they
           | intend to deceive. Maybe out of pure habit, or maybe because
           | those muscles are just getting more exercise. Somebody who
           | often has a lopsided smirk will develop muscles on one side
           | of their face more than the other, and eventually they can't
           | help but to smirk by default.
        
           | surfpel wrote:
           | The brain is a physical structure. So is it inconceivable
           | that some genes may code for phenotypes in both the brain and
           | external appearance, or have some indirect purely biological
           | relationship? I'm not suggesting that this would account for
           | a significant portion of the correlation between external
           | appearance and behavior (if any at all), but maybe it's
           | enough to be picked up subconsciously.
           | 
           | Domestication syndrome seems to suggest a link. [1]
           | 
           | 1 - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_syndrome
        
       | nottorp wrote:
       | Maybe for normies.
       | 
       | Could the sales type extroverts stop setting standards for
       | everyone please?
       | 
       | I never bother with eye contact. Whats important is what they're
       | saying.
        
         | khazhoux wrote:
         | The majority of comments here are from people (including
         | myself) who hate eye contact.
        
       | marginalien wrote:
       | It is for that reason why online meeting tools like Zoom, MS
       | Teams, etc., should provide an option to hide your own video from
       | yourself - I believe one's own video is a massive source of
       | distraction from concentrating on other persons in a
       | conversation.
        
         | stevage wrote:
         | Most of them do? Certainly Zoom does.
        
           | khazhoux wrote:
           | Teams does not. So annoying... I can't stop from looking at
           | myself talking.
        
             | marginalien wrote:
             | Same here.
             | 
             | From time to time I observe where other meeting
             | participants look at and I feel like this is very, very
             | common (you can tell by the specific corner a person is
             | looking at in some of these applications)
        
       | yolo3000 wrote:
       | The moment I make real eye contact I hope for the conversation to
       | end quickly, because I can't disconnect the eye contact. I try to
       | offset my gaze a bit, but for some reason my mind will try to
       | make eye contact again, it's hard to concentrate and keep my eyes
       | from making contact again. And when I make eye contact, it's like
       | I see straight inside the person. Now that I think of it, this
       | differs from person to person, it feels more weird when the other
       | person is not someone close to me.
        
       | amelius wrote:
       | Is there a maximum duration of eye contact (after which things
       | get awkward)?
        
         | nickjj wrote:
         | I don't think so.
         | 
         | In person I tend to look into people's eyes for mostly the
         | whole conversation (easily 95% of the time) when I'm either
         | listening or talking minus natural breaks to react to a noise
         | or event that warrants looking away. I've had really long chats
         | like this where I never got a hint someone was weirded out.
         | 
         | Honestly I couldn't even imagine talking with someone without
         | looking at them. In my mind that would be one of the rudest
         | things you could do, especially if they're the one talking. I
         | also wonder if this comes down to how you feel about yourself.
         | I think when you're looking at someone's eyes you know what
         | they're looking at it. For me, knowing where they're looking
         | makes me more relaxed.
         | 
         | I'm in the US and don't recall ever being brought up a certain
         | way, it just "feels" right to do the above.
        
       | huqedato wrote:
       | I am one of those that can communicate effectively but cannot
       | make eye contact with the other party. Simply can't. I never
       | could. If I try to look him/her/them in the eyes I am loosing
       | control, can't find my words, losing the train of thought and
       | focus. This inability brought me a lot of disadvantages in time.
       | For example, I've been underperforming at all interviews and oral
       | exams.
        
       | mradek wrote:
       | I am terrible at eye contact. First of all my eyeball FOV is set
       | to like 60 and I wear glasses so when people are too close it's
       | hard for me to make eye contact because I just see their whole
       | face lol. Also when I talk to some people who make strong eye
       | contact I feel like they're looking into my soul and it's
       | uncomfortable.
       | 
       | I know it's a me problem, just my experience tho lol.
        
       | p0nce wrote:
       | For me eye contact is basically aggression. I don't like doing
       | it, and I don't like people thinking it means some kind of
       | authenticity.
        
         | Waterluvian wrote:
         | I suspect eye contact is rather engrained in our species. It's
         | a very important part of communication, or so I've been told
         | and experienced.
         | 
         | I've definitely seen people disadvantaged by being unwilling or
         | unable to look others in the eyes while having a conversation.
         | But I'm not sure we should go as far as discouraging it because
         | some people feel aggressed by being looked at.
         | 
         | At the same time we can all endeavour to be more understanding
         | that people not being able to make eye contact doesn't
         | necessarily mean much.
        
           | lamontcg wrote:
           | > I suspect eye contact is rather engrained in our species.
           | It's a very important part of communication, or so I've been
           | told and experienced.
           | 
           | Except as has been pointed out several times in this thread,
           | the two most populous countries in the world consider it
           | rude, which means your opinion is probably a minority opinion
           | worldwide and not really so ingrained.
        
       | stevezsa8 wrote:
       | Keep in mind that in some cultures eye-contact is avoided:
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_contact#Cultural_differenc...
        
         | mtlmtlmtlmtl wrote:
         | I should move there immediately.
        
           | BigRedDog1669 wrote:
           | I support you brother
        
         | dagmx wrote:
         | Yeah coming from a culture where you were taught not to make
         | eye contact and then going to a country where it's rude to not
         | look someone in the eye was very jarring.
         | 
         | I still have to basically look at someone's temple to get by,
         | even a decade later. The discomfort of making eye contact is
         | just so ingrained now.
        
           | stevezsa8 wrote:
           | Yeah this is a common issue for people who move across
           | cultures.
           | 
           | I had a boss who said he only hires a certain ethnic group
           | because they always take on more work and never say no.
           | 
           | He had 2 of these people end up in hospital and a formal
           | accusation of bullying against him... my conclusion was, he'd
           | narrowed on a culture that is averse to social challenge /
           | conflict. Where saying "no" would be socially unacceptable.
           | 
           | But he wasn't aware of the flip-side... that the manager is
           | then responsible for judging the situation and not making
           | direct requests that are impossible to refuse.
        
             | js2 wrote:
             | Ask Culture meets Guess Culture:
             | 
             | https://ask.metafilter.com/55153/Whats-the-middle-ground-
             | bet...
        
               | a1445c8b wrote:
               | I <3 you, Hacker News.
        
             | throwawaysleep wrote:
             | > But he wasn't aware of the flip-side... that the manager
             | is then responsible for judging the situation and not
             | making direct requests that are impossible to refuse.
             | 
             | You assume he cares. Assuming the person across from you
             | gives a crap about you is a regularly fatal one.
             | 
             | Humans are not basically good. They are basically greedy.
        
               | RHSeeger wrote:
               | Most humans are both good (empathy is a strong thing) and
               | greedy (wanting what's best for yourself and those are
               | you close to is also a strong incentive). Balancing those
               | two, sometimes opposing, desires is part of being human.
               | 
               | It's worth noting that they're not always opposing.
               | Sometimes empathy makes us feel better when others feel
               | good, and the negative impact on ourselves can be more
               | than countered by the good feeling from making others
               | happier.
        
               | MichaelCollins wrote:
               | Most humans are basically good. A significant minority
               | aren't, maybe about 10%. Enough that you should never
               | ignore the possibility the other person is a psycho, but
               | few enough that you should never assume everybody else is
               | a psycho.
               | 
               | Also, psychos tend to concentrate in certain places. If
               | you're in a board room, or hanging out with a bunch of
               | surgeons, perhaps it's rational to assume everybody else
               | there is a psycho.
        
             | dagmx wrote:
             | Yeah unfortunately I see that a ton as an Indian myself ,
             | where we've been taught to be submissive.
             | 
             | Many of my other Indian coworkers are always too scared to
             | push back in any form, and many of my Indian friends back
             | in India would work till the early hours of the morning
             | regularly.
             | 
             | I'm lucky in the sense that I know to push back often when
             | something doesn't feel right or is illogical to me.
             | Ironically I was often chided in high school for that as
             | teachers would suggest that this would be bad for my
             | career. It's actually been the best thing for it, letting
             | me become system architects at multiple large companies.
             | But I see where they were coming from, in that the same
             | attitude would have burned me if I'd stayed.
        
       | BaudouinVH wrote:
       | (unless you are somewhere on the autism spectrum)
        
       | 121110987654321 wrote:
       | As we age, maybe prior experience coalescing as 'wisdom' begins
       | to play a more active role in our day to day decision making?
       | That wisdom manifesting in more of a consciously aware way...
       | 
       | Whereas maybe we once used to (passively or actively) make
       | important judgement calls about a persons broader character based
       | on certain physical attributes such as the uniqueness of their
       | face, our wisdom says it just doesn't matter in quite the way we
       | maybe once thought. One of the biggest lessons I learned early on
       | when starting in the tech industry is absolutely never assume
       | anything about anyone based on appearance. We've all fallen for
       | that before!
       | 
       | This is industry dependent because for example, if we're talking
       | about the fashion industry then things are different. I
       | digress...
       | 
       | Regarding the body language and signaling by extension of
       | appearance in American culture it can be used as an measure of
       | certain aspects of someone's personality - not necessarily bad in
       | the lack-of-eye-contact scenario, but we know it's a lot harder
       | for someone to maintain the impression of engagement throughout
       | inattentive interactions. Eye to eye is engaging, anything else
       | is less.
       | 
       | However, since it's about establishing trust and respect when it
       | comes to a new business relationship, at least in America,
       | there's a sense of 'can I trust this person', that's rooted in
       | fear. So if we're talking about something important presumably
       | with potentially painful financial or reputational ramifications
       | - then you tell me if it matters that this person is unwilling,
       | or unable to look into your eyes? Does the inability to match
       | ones gaze lead itself to more or less inherent trustworthiness?
        
       | mberning wrote:
       | Maybe I'm a weirdo but I tend to look at peoples mouths more than
       | their eyes. I'm not hard of hearing, but I feel like it helps me
       | follow conversations better.
        
         | stevezsa8 wrote:
         | The human body is giving non-verbal cues in many different
         | ways. Maybe you've found something that works well for you.
        
         | csa wrote:
         | > I tend to look at peoples mouths more than their eyes
         | 
         | Same.
         | 
         | I've done this since I was a child.
         | 
         | A side benefit is that I have become half way decent at reading
         | lips.
         | 
         | I learned at some point (teens?) to look at my conversation
         | partner's eyes in certain situations, but it's not my default.
        
         | samtho wrote:
         | I actually found out I rely on lip reading during the pandemic
         | when everyone was wearing masks and I couldn't understand about
         | 2/3 people I was engaging with.
        
           | VancouverMan wrote:
           | When most people are asked to consider the accessibility
           | problems that masking causes, they often don't realize that
           | it extends beyond just the person wearing the mask.
           | 
           | Like you just described, somebody else wearing a mask can
           | impose a significant accessibility burden, even for people
           | who may not necessarily have hearing difficulties, for
           | example.
           | 
           | Encouraging, or even forcing in many places, people to wear
           | masks was truly an accessibility tragedy. It's made even
           | worse by the fact that widespread everyday masking isn't even
           | effective. A lot of people were forced to endure a lot of
           | unnecessary and unjustifiable suffering.
        
           | MichaelCollins wrote:
           | I have a similar problem, but I don't think lack of lip
           | reading is the problem for me. I think a lot of people simply
           | mumble when they have a mask on. Something about the
           | sensation of the mask on their face has them start slurring
           | words and speaking softly.
        
             | VancouverMan wrote:
             | For a large segment of the population, the act of covering
             | the mouth (regardless of whether it's with a mask, a hand,
             | or something else) activates a deep-seated submission
             | reflex.
             | 
             | Different individuals submit to varying degrees, and in
             | different ways.
             | 
             | Some people become very quiet and withdrawn, which can lead
             | to the problems you describe when they try to communicate
             | verbally while masked.
             | 
             | Others feel intense paranoia, and desperately seek out
             | authority figures to latch onto.
             | 
             | Yet others realize that they're submitting, and it makes
             | them feel weak and powerless. These are the individuals who
             | often react aggressively when encountering somebody who
             | isn't submitting like they are.
             | 
             | It's quite a fascinating subject.
        
             | layer8 wrote:
             | The mask itself muffles the sound.
        
               | MichaelCollins wrote:
               | Sure there's an element of that, but for some people it
               | seems much worse than others. Some people can still speak
               | clearly with a mask on, but many people can't.
        
               | VancouverMan wrote:
               | It can be particularly bad when there is a plastic
               | barrier of some sort in front of the masked speaker.
               | 
               | Even today, this is still pretty common at cashiers and
               | checkouts in Canada, for example.
               | 
               | Many of these barriers were put up rapidly without much
               | thought, and are completely improvised. They aren't like
               | the purpose-build security shields that still have holes,
               | vents, or microphones/speakers to allow at least some
               | verbal communication to take place.
               | 
               | The thick, rigid plastic barriers are the worst
               | offenders, by far, although even flexible plastic sheets
               | can definitely disrupt communication, too.
        
         | swayvil wrote:
         | Ditto. Eyes are too intense.
        
       | faeriechangling wrote:
       | >Mean engagement was quantified as an average of the two
       | continuous self-reported engagement ratings that each
       | conversation partner made while rewatching a video of their
       | conversation
       | 
       | The tail is wagging the dog in this study. The study
       | fundamentally fails to validly measure what it claims to measure.
       | It's measuring the perception of attention, not attention itself.
       | 
       | I only look at their face to signal that I'm paying attention to
       | them, but if I'm looking at their face, I'm probably paying
       | attention to looking at their face not at what they're actually
       | saying. It's a very conscious move on my part to sacrifice my
       | actual ability to pay attention to give off the perception of
       | paying attention. If I want to both pay attention and look like
       | I'm paying attention, I write notes.
       | 
       | >186 subjects comprising 93 dyads (mean age: 19.38 y; 120
       | females) participated. Subjects were recruited from Dartmouth
       | College
       | 
       | Also a rather WEIRD sample which is actually a major issue in a
       | study like this since it's measuring something rooted in cultural
       | perceptions.
        
         | gundmc wrote:
         | This is a huge problem for many psychology studies more
         | broadly. Undergrads are a ready and plentiful source of test
         | subjects for research professors, but they come with a huge bag
         | of self-selected characteristics that may not extrapolate to
         | the broader population at all.
        
         | BeetleB wrote:
         | For folks who are not aware of the WEIRD acronym:
         | 
         | > In 2008, Arnett pointed out that most articles in American
         | Psychological Association journals were about U.S. populations
         | when U.S. citizens are only 5% of the world's population. He
         | complained that psychologists had no basis for assuming
         | psychological processes to be universal and generalizing
         | research findings to the rest of the global population.[279] In
         | 2010, Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan reported a bias in
         | conducting psychology studies with participants from "WEIRD"
         | ("Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic")
         | societies.[280][281] Henrich et al. found that "96% of
         | psychological samples come from countries with only 12% of the
         | world's population" (p. 63). The article gave examples of
         | results that differ significantly between people from WEIRD and
         | tribal cultures, including the Muller-Lyer illusion. Arnett
         | (2008), Altmaier and Hall (2008) and Morgan-Consoli et al.
         | (2018) view the Western bias in research and theory as a
         | serious problem considering psychologists are increasingly
         | applying psychological principles developed in WEIRD regions in
         | their research, clinical work, and consultation with
         | populations around the world.[279][282][283] In 2018, Rad,
         | Martingano, and Ginges showed that nearly a decade after
         | Henrich et al.'s paper, over 80% of the samples used in studies
         | published in the journal Psychological Science employed WEIRD
         | samples. Moreover, their analysis showed that several studies
         | did not fully disclose the origin of their samples; the authors
         | offered a set of recommendations to editors and reviewers to
         | reduce WEIRD bias.[284]
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology#WEIRD_bias
        
       | photochemsyn wrote:
       | Even for people who think eye contact is important during a
       | conversation - please, you don't want to do this while driving a
       | vehicle. Keep your eyes on the road and have a normal
       | conversation without looking at the other person. It's a major
       | safety hazard, as bad as texting and driving.
        
       | jleyank wrote:
       | Get used to eye contact cuz if/when you lose hearing you'll be
       | lip reading and trying to pick up cues re when to speak and what
       | was said. Unless you have two hearing aids for stereo, where
       | people look in a group is an excellent cue who is talking. And
       | talking over people is an "I'm an asshole" cue that one should
       | try to avoid.
        
         | gertlex wrote:
         | (I wear hearing aids and always have; not correcting you; just
         | typing/sharing y own observations to see if I learn anything)
         | 
         | I do plenty of staring at mouths (subconciously), and eye
         | contact has always been a different thing than eyes-watching-
         | lips, especially one-on-one. I'm not sure how it is for the
         | normal-hearing, but prolonged eye contact has never been
         | something I've done much of, my eyes usually regularly drop to
         | the lips (or for those who I can hear really well, I won't be
         | looking at their faces at all ;) )
         | 
         | When following in a group setting, I do watch eyes, but have
         | that strong response of looking away if the speaker happens to
         | make eye contact. And yeah, participating/interjecting in
         | conversations is a weakness.
         | 
         | The whole masking thing though... has been new and rough. If I
         | have to converse 1-on-1 with the other wearing masks, there's
         | no lips to watch, but the eyes are still there! I haven't dug
         | into it too much (spooky? eyes are just distracting non-
         | lipreading motions?), but my brain does massively better at
         | figuring out what is said if I look to the side (typically at
         | the floor/wall). Whether or not I have any autism spectrum
         | traits or not, I'm sure a higher percent of people wonder about
         | such now, than they did a few years ago.
         | 
         | Masks + group of friends: I pretty much auto give up and idle
         | on my phone; the culture of "don't question others about
         | wearing masks" is too strong to feel socially comfortable with
         | asking for masks to be removed. That's definitely excuse-making
         | on my part, but my friends also are pretty good about removing
         | masks when we're seated for dinner, etc. so I haven't been
         | forced to ask for mask removal anyways...
        
           | jleyank wrote:
           | I wear them also with severe loss. The eyes comment came from
           | meetings before I got them. Many people "grow" into needing
           | aids and go through a struggling period where many voices are
           | just gone. Masks suck for deaf folks, but I can get a little
           | from eye crinkles. And saying what a lot. And avoiding
           | crowded, noisy restaurants as I'm screwed with or without
           | aids.
        
             | gertlex wrote:
             | There's another thread below that mentions a bunch of the
             | same things you and I just did. Good knowledge and
             | confirmation!
             | 
             | And agreed, masks have shown (what has been said plenty in
             | the past), there's still a ton of readable emotion just
             | around the eyes. Distracting, though!
             | 
             | Relating to the growing into needing/wearing them: I've
             | worn mine since age 3 (and gone from analog to digital,
             | with some tradeoffs of each), they're a constant, but I
             | also have suspicions of my listening comprehension getting
             | worse-over-time. But it could also just as well be
             | increasing self-reflection/awareness + new experiences.
             | (Just this month, mid 30s, first time visiting Germany,
             | after 6ish years of German classes in middle/high school +
             | college; confronted some real hearing limitations trying to
             | listen to natives!)
        
       | gumby wrote:
       | I wonder how much this is affected by culture ("a lot" would be
       | interesting and "not at all" would be _very_ interesting). It
       | feels like it 's a low-level innate communication thing (e.g.
       | dogs do this too when communicating with humans, while inter-dog
       | eye contact has different semantics).
       | 
       | I do notice that I look at the speaker in a zoom call, even when
       | I have my own video off. I also notice in big calls where many
       | people have their cameras off, it's common that a questioner or
       | commenter will enable the camera before speaking, and then
       | disable it again when their turn is over.
       | 
       | (I searched for "culture" and "language" before posting)
        
       | oezi wrote:
       | Probably the key reason why online meetings where eye contact is
       | impossible never feel engaging.
       | 
       | The cool tech demos from Nvidia and other which do gaze
       | correction unfortunately didn't make it to Zoom or Teams.
        
         | duncan-donuts wrote:
         | I know I'm in the minority here but I've never experienced
         | this. Eye contact for me is a deeply uncomfortable thing and
         | I've struggled with it my whole life. I do make eye contact
         | with people but I almost never sustain it for more than a
         | couple seconds. I find online meetings to be pretty engaging
         | most of the time. No less engaging than a meeting in an office
         | with the same amount of participation.
        
           | dazc wrote:
           | I have never been comfortable with direct eye contact but the
           | funny thing is that I am often complemented on my eyes, which
           | feels kind of weird but also makes me realize how other
           | people can judge you in ways you wouldn't normally consider.
        
           | euroderf wrote:
           | Yes. Eye contact can sometimes/often be unbearably intense.
           | Not sure what the cure is.
        
             | swader999 wrote:
             | Just more of it I think. It's like anything, practice it
             | until it becomes second nature and you can even feel
             | relaxed doing it.
        
           | swader999 wrote:
           | Do you think you connect with others effectively in
           | conversation? I struggle the same way and really have to
           | focus on it.
        
           | tartoran wrote:
           | Yep, im one of these too and find online meetings more
           | relaxing too. When I make (forced) eye contact I lose my
           | train of thought and often have to glance at the ceiling or
           | out in the distance when I'm in a deep conversation. But I
           | adapted and I am comfortable not making eye contact when I
           | deliver a speech. I may as well be on the spectrum somewhere
           | as I've always been this way. The coping mechanisms I've
           | built still don't help not disturb my train of thought when
           | making eye contact, I have no problem with the eye contact
           | itself but it's just too distracting sometimes.
        
           | dragontamer wrote:
           | In martial arts when I was younger, we spent at least a few
           | sessions just staring at each other, to get comfortable /
           | less awkward with looking at your opponent.
           | 
           | That, along with taking punches to the stomach (We weren't
           | very strong yet, so no worries about us actually injuring
           | each other), just to get "used to getting hit", among other
           | things... these kinds of training helps remove the mental
           | blocks when you actually start to spar.
           | 
           | I'd say that eye-contact is just one of those things you need
           | to train for. I know I did, it helped me a lot inside of a
           | sparring match to help me focus on the opponent rather than
           | feeling awkward (they're looking at me kinda thing).
           | 
           | -----
           | 
           | If you haven't had martial arts practice, then you could just
           | practice eye-contact with your friends instead.
        
             | throw827474737 wrote:
             | > I'd say that eye-contact is just one of those things you
             | need to train for.
             | 
             | But for why and what if I'm not into martial arts? Just for
             | social norms and studies that say only then I am really
             | engaged and pay attention, which is definitely not true for
             | me?
        
               | oblak wrote:
               | Not that you care but I straight up ask people with
               | sunglasses to take them off if they want to talk to me. I
               | take covering your eyes as hiding.
        
               | Godel_unicode wrote:
               | That sounds incredibly rude to me.
        
             | csa wrote:
             | > In martial arts when I was younger, we spent at least a
             | few sessions just staring at each other
             | 
             | This seems... not right.
             | 
             | I'm guessing your martial arts teacher was not
             | traditionally trained, but I could be wrong.
             | 
             | In pretty much every sport that I have played in which I
             | engage in some way with my opponents, it's pretty much
             | always best to focus on the hips, since all
             | major/significant motion starts there.
        
               | tejohnso wrote:
               | I took karate and was instructed to look at the eyes. I'd
               | stare into the eyes while sparring.
               | 
               | Didn't work well because I'd feel somewhat hypnotized by
               | the eye contact and could never react in time to block
               | strikes.
               | 
               | The blocking method was ridiculous as well but that's a
               | separate point. Looking back I think a high percentage of
               | that karate training was counter productive or just
               | useless.
        
               | sdwr wrote:
               | Useless for fighting maybe, but for socializing?
        
               | yakubin wrote:
               | It is useful for fighting. Allows you to see what your
               | opponent is going to do early. If you look at their hands
               | instead e.g. you'll see their movement well after it's
               | already started, and you won't be able to react in time.
               | That of course assumes your opponent is well trained.
               | Amateurs' moves are so inefficient you might as well look
               | at the ground and you'll still probably be able to defend
               | yourself.
        
               | fidesomnes wrote:
        
               | guenthert wrote:
               | > it's pretty much always best to focus on the hips,
               | since all major/significant motion starts there.
               | 
               | Not a martial artist, but I'm sure it starts with the
               | intention. Whether that intention can be intuited from
               | the glance I don't know, but wouldn't surprise me.
        
               | lljk_kennedy wrote:
               | You'll end up biting on feints - or worse, get hit - if
               | you look at their eyes. A good fighter might look at your
               | legs and begin moving as if to throw a leg kick, but
               | throw a hook to the head instead. If you read their
               | advertised intent and try to check the leg kick, you get
               | knocked out by the hook.
               | 
               | In MMA fights / sparring, I've found touch is the biggest
               | thing to understand intent. A hand on the shoulder can
               | feel where the opponent is moving. Like a race car driver
               | who feels the slide through their butt and corrects the
               | slide before their eyes are telling them they're sliding.
        
               | Godel_unicode wrote:
               | At least in Basketball defense all about looking at hips,
               | eyes lie.
        
               | matwood wrote:
               | When training in jiu jitsu, once I make contact with my
               | opponent I tend to close my eyes most of the time. Once
               | you see something it's usually too late, so you need to
               | learn to feel your opponents body, their muscles tensing,
               | their breathing, etc...
        
               | neilv wrote:
               | Sensei Shakira taught to do this because hips don't lie.
               | 
               | Though Eagles style leverages that opponent can't hide
               | their lying eyes.
        
               | glogla wrote:
               | Shakira is from Brazil. BJJ is from Brazil. Makes sense!
        
               | Godel_unicode wrote:
               | She's from Barranquilla, which is in Colombia.
        
               | eternalban wrote:
               | (aside: you have some very cool projects! )
        
               | dragontamer wrote:
               | A lot of martial arts is an "after school club" activity.
               | It could very well be not martial arts related at all but
               | more general social training the instructors wanted from
               | us that time around.
               | 
               | I dunno. Its where I learned to look people in the eyes,
               | honest.
        
               | csa wrote:
               | > Its where I learned to look people in the eyes, honest.
               | 
               | Oh, I totally believe you.
               | 
               | It's the teacher I question.
               | 
               | Regardless, I'm glad you were able to take away at least
               | one positive from your instruction.
        
           | dagmx wrote:
           | I think statistically you're not in the minority.
           | 
           | The two most populated countries in the world for example
           | don't encourage eye contact, and when you account for the
           | large number of countries in Asia that similarly don't, the
           | statistical norm is to avoid eye contact.
        
             | duncan-donuts wrote:
             | Yeah in hindsight I'm probably not. Probably my own bias of
             | 1) hearing from people that online communication just isn't
             | the same 2) my own struggle with eye contact 3) being
             | American.
        
         | lelandfe wrote:
         | > The cool tech demos from Nvidia and other which do gaze
         | correction unfortunately didn't make it to Zoom or Teams
         | 
         | Apple's Facetime does this by default. It actually works quite
         | well - none of my friends or family have ever noticed it.
         | https://mashable.com/article/fake-eye-contact-on-facetime
        
         | BeetleB wrote:
         | Worth reading the other comments from people (and cultures!)
         | that prefer little to no eye contact.
         | 
         | A prior discussion on the topic:
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33003356
         | 
         | As I mentioned there, personally, once I switched to WFH once
         | the pandemic started, this was a total non-issue for me. I even
         | switched teams and had all brand new coworkers. They never saw
         | me and I never saw them. Everyone's totally fine with it.
         | 
         | I mean, for many of us, we've often had to have meetings/calls
         | with people in another geo anyway. People talk on the phone all
         | the time and I've yet to hear someone say they didn't feel
         | engaged talking to someone on the phone because they couldn't
         | make eye contact. People fall in love that way all the time.
        
       | kitanata wrote:
       | ... in Nuerotypical populations.
       | 
       | This study mentions but provides no data or analysis for how
       | their study is impacted by or was affected by the differences
       | between nuerotypical and autistic samples. Which is a shame
       | because as an autistic person who doesn't like eye contact, I
       | think those findings would have been much more insightful and
       | potentially groundbreaking. My hope is the authors have plans to
       | look closer at that.
        
         | Pigalowda wrote:
        
           | kitanata wrote:
           | Welcome to the world of science where critique, positive
           | criticism and open questioning is encouraged! We're glad to
           | have you finally join us.
        
             | Pigalowda wrote:
             | Thank you for the re-welcome! I've been in "science" for 15
             | years now, it's always good to be welcomed again.
             | 
             | You should know that the cohort you would like studied was
             | actually referenced in the article as a further avenue of
             | study and an additional publication! So your critique of
             | the current study is actually just a complaint that it
             | isn't your cohort. They've outlined their materials and
             | methods, you could maybe do a study yourself?
             | 
             | "These findings raise many questions for further research--
             | both for typical and atypical neurological populations--
             | about how attentional states are modulated during
             | interaction with downstream consequences on how minds
             | engage with each other"
        
         | iinnPP wrote:
         | As someone you are referring to, though not on the spectrum, I
         | can say confidently that eye contact has a negative impact on
         | my following of a conversation. This is more true when the
         | conversation requires more thought to contribute meaningfully.
         | 
         | Perhaps interesting is that I do have a mild form of Tourette's
         | syndrome. Eye contact for me very quickly becomes "itchy" and
         | there is a lot of focus required to ignore that feeling for a
         | lengthy conversation.
        
         | Brian_K_White wrote:
         | you say typical, which means you already recognize the
         | exceptions are exceptions, which makes this into nothing more
         | than an observation that exceptions exist, but exceptions exist
         | in everything, and so it is an uninteresting no-op of an
         | observation. You could say "except for the exceptions" about
         | everything on every topic.
         | 
         | "2 plus 2 equals 4"
         | 
         | "... in base 10, with arabic numerals."
        
           | hinkley wrote:
           | That's not what the title says. The title reminds
           | neurodivergent people that, once again, go fuck yourself.
        
             | Brian_K_White wrote:
             | uh huh ok
             | 
             | or... it's already the default baseline that everything
             | ever written about any chaotic system from humans to frogs
             | to cells to the weather, is already understood to only ever
             | be expressable in any other terms than percentages,
             | averages, generalizations. All facts or observations are
             | already only some percentage. _especially_ for humans,
             | _especially_ for behavior, _especially_ for behavior in
             | humans. It 's frankly ridiculous to mention, like any other
             | truism.
             | 
             | You could add a ridiculous qualifier on practically every
             | other word in any statement on any subject, and that
             | doesn't make them go from false to true, it makes them go
             | from useful to useless.
        
             | MichaelCollins wrote:
             | It says nothing of the sort. If "neurodivergent" people are
             | going to imagine insults where there are none, that cannot
             | be helped.
        
               | reilly3000 wrote:
               | Wow. Do you feel the same way about feminism? Racism? Do
               | you doubt the existence or severity of ADHD, ASD, etc?
               | 
               | In case there was any doubt on that last point, consider
               | that each of those lower lifespan by about 30 years, have
               | ~15X higher suicide rates, and are 1:2 are not able to
               | work full time.
               | 
               | Insults are in the eye of the beholder. For a person with
               | a disorder marked by issues with eye contact and
               | understanding social nuances, imagining insults that
               | aren't there IS the disability's effect.
               | 
               | If you comment on how much a black person enjoys
               | watermelon and you do so objectively without malice, it's
               | still fair for that to be considered a big insult. Why?
               | Because it has been used as a derogatory stereotype for
               | many years.
               | 
               | If you want to understand the perspective of
               | neurodivergents, look up the terms "allistic" and
               | "ableism".
        
           | the_gipsy wrote:
           | HN's average audience is probably not neurotypical.
        
           | Spivak wrote:
           | This is so silly because roughy 15% of people or 1 in 6
           | people is neurodivergent.
           | 
           | Or stated another way if you would feel squeamish about
           | playing Russian Roulette then you're making the same bet if
           | you make judgments about someone you're not sure is
           | neurodivergent.
           | 
           | If we play this game at the margins every human in the US is
           | female and there's some exceptions.
           | 
           | Things there's fewer of than neurodivergent people.
           | 
           | - people who are left handed
           | 
           | - the number of black americans
           | 
           | - people with blue eyes
           | 
           | - redheads
           | 
           | - people who live in California
        
           | eks391 wrote:
           | 2 + 2 = 4 in any base system 5 or higher, not just 10 Anyway
           | I agree with your argument and am not trying to nullify it
           | with this tangential correction
        
             | Brian_K_White wrote:
             | Are you telling me my statement was true except in some
             | cases?
        
             | ironSkillet wrote:
             | To add to the chain of tangential corrections, it is
             | incorrect to state that you are correcting a mistake. What
             | your parent said was in fact a true statement, you just
             | generalized it a bit.
        
             | boomskats wrote:
             | The Hacker News Parody Thread[0] has ruined your comment
             | for me.
             | 
             | [0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33680661
        
         | electromech wrote:
         | At a local Burger King drive-through, there's an attendant who
         | looks off to the side while handing me stuff through the
         | window. It was a learning moment for me: "so _that 's_ what
         | other people see when I'm talking to them!"
        
         | raldi wrote:
         | Indeed. For some people, the way to know they're _really_
         | paying attention is when they close their eyes altogether.
        
         | Simon_O_Rourke wrote:
         | Just about to say that. I've worked with a few very talented
         | engineers who simply wouldn't look anyone in the eye during
         | conversation, but focused their full attention on the subject
         | under discussion.
        
           | Spivak wrote:
           | Yep, if I'm ever making eye contact anyone I am devoting like
           | 80% of my brain power to just that.
        
         | furyofantares wrote:
         | I'm sure that if you make any eye contact during conversation
         | it marks the rise and fall of shared attention even if the
         | correlation is lesser or maybe a lot lesser for you. Unless
         | you're saying you do make eye contact but it's when your
         | attention has lapsed, which I doubt is what you're saying but
         | correct me if wrong!
         | 
         | That said I've personally almost never made eye contact in 42
         | years of life, but I do look at mouths which nobody has ever
         | noticed isn't eye contact, and I'm sure serves the same
         | purpose. If all you ever do is look away, it would be
         | interesting to hear if you think there are other things that
         | might serve the same "signal shared attention" functionality
         | for you.
         | 
         | I'll also note that autism isn't the only way to be atypical,
         | and sure wouldn't be surprised if eye contact signals shared
         | attention just as much in ADHD folks as in neurotypical folks
         | (but would be very interested in finding out if that's true or
         | not).
        
           | Thlom wrote:
           | Many with ADHD struggles with eye contact. It's too intense
           | for more than a few seconds at the time.
        
         | ravenstine wrote:
         | Could you clarify what you might expect from a similar analysis
         | performed on neuralatypicals? For example, would eye contact
         | play little to no role in shared attention between two autistic
         | people? I ask in part because I don't think I know that much
         | about the autistic experience.
        
           | kitanata wrote:
           | I would suspect significantly reduced eye contact between
           | autistic and Nuerotypicals and between autistic and autistic
           | social pairings. My central question would be in high masking
           | autistic individuals does there masking ability relate
           | somehow to eye contact? And if so... by how much? Similarly
           | in autistic-autistic pairings how much eye contact is
           | required for autistic people to communicate well with each
           | other? In my experience, and in some recent studies we see
           | that autistic people can communicate seamlessly with other
           | autistic people without the need for eye contact.
           | 
           | This study asserts that eye contact is required for good
           | social engagement and communication. What I am challenging is
           | that that finding is probably only true in Nuerotypical
           | samples and is probably not present in autistic people.
        
             | _fat_santa wrote:
             | > And if so... by how much? Similarly in autistic-autistic
             | pairings how much eye contact is required for autistic
             | people to communicate well with each other?
             | 
             | As a neurotypical person, this is actually pretty
             | interesting to me as well. I live in the US and here we are
             | always taught to make eye contact when speaking to someone,
             | as it shows as sign that you are "engaged" with that
             | person. It's something so ingrained in you from a young age
             | here that you start to think that this is how all humans
             | should communicate.
             | 
             | Neurodivergent people just tend to ignore those social
             | constructs, makes me wonder if we as neurotypical people
             | play all these social games and a neurodivergent person
             | just looks at all that as window dressing that isn't
             | required.
        
               | eyelidlessness wrote:
               | > Neurodivergent people just tend to ignore those social
               | constructs, makes me wonder if we as neurotypical people
               | play all these social games and a neurodivergent person
               | just looks at all that as window dressing that isn't
               | required.
               | 
               | I can only speak for my own view, which is that I find
               | making eye contact uncomfortable, and I find that when I
               | _do_ make eye contact it seems like I must be "doing it
               | wrong" because it seems to make others uncomfortable too.
               | Granted I may be reading others' reactions wrong, the
               | possibility of which contributes to my own discomfort!
        
               | MichaelCollins wrote:
               | > _a neurodivergent person just looks at all that as
               | window dressing that isn 't required._
               | 
               | This seems like a hypothesis that we could test. For
               | instance, by rationally explaining the practical utility
               | of eye contact, to detect earnestness or deception. Then
               | ask them to attempt this, and see if they can bring
               | themselves to even try. My guess is most neurodivergents
               | who avoid eye contact will find that eye contact remains
               | too uncomfortable to even attempt it. This would show
               | that their eye contact avoidance is not merely a matter
               | of them not seeing any utility in a pointless social
               | game.
        
             | lstodd wrote:
             | So this.
        
         | BeetleB wrote:
         | > ... in Nuerotypical populations.
         | 
         | As pointed out in another thread, the population of cultures in
         | the world where not making eye contact is the social norm
         | likely exceeds that where it is, so no - not neurotypical
         | population.
        
       | zoklet-enjoyer wrote:
       | I can focus better on what someone is saying if I'm not looking
       | at them. Sometimes it's detrimental because others think I'm not
       | paying attention. If I do look at a person's face while speaking
       | with them, it is most beneficial to me to look at their mouth and
       | read their lips while I listen. But then I'm like aware that I'm
       | staring at this person's mouth so then I'll fake eye contact by
       | looking them in the eyes but blurring my vision slightly. I'm not
       | sure if that looks weird, but I think people don't notice. Nobody
       | has ever said anything about my eyes looking odd. Or maybe they
       | just think that's how they are.
        
         | Gareth321 wrote:
         | Same here. I feel like I'm hyper-focusing on their facial
         | features and expressions instead of their words. When I'm
         | looking away I can devote my full attention to their words (and
         | tone).
         | 
         | I've overcome this to a degree with a lot of practise, but it's
         | not my comfort zone.
        
         | out-of-ideas wrote:
         | For me it falls as a "dont care" if we use a Karnaugh map/truth
         | table; i'd more likely believe that "looking somebody in the
         | eyes" for conversation has evolved from some trust issues
         | similar to hand-shaking to show a form of trust.
         | 
         | I've had many-a-day playing some relaxing/intense video games,
         | all the while having very in-depth conversations with both
         | people online (no eye contact there) as well as with people in
         | the same room who were also playing video games.
         | 
         | People that think you are not paying attention just need to
         | both learn and understand that not everybody is the same in how
         | brain functions work; we are also taught to take notes in
         | lectures as well, and as far as I recall, there was no staring
         | the lecturer in the eyes while I was writing shit down... (and
         | then mulling over data and questioning as needed)
        
           | noodles_nomore wrote:
           | I agree a lot. You make eye contact to catch nuances in
           | meaning of a socially laden topic, or when you want to gauge
           | the other persons reaction to what you're saying etc.
           | Different topics just require different levels of eye
           | contact.
           | 
           | There are some people though, who are clearly very socially
           | apt who almost stare at you while they keep talking, which
           | actually seems weird to me. Firstly, what are they looking
           | at? It seems kind of shameless to say it crassly. Secondly,
           | they don't gesticulate with their eyes, which makes them
           | harder to read.
           | 
           | The entire idea that someone has a problem with "holding eye
           | contact" is misguided in my opinion. It doesn't explain what
           | you could do to fix it, and focusing on where you are looking
           | is most certainly going to make it worse because your visual
           | attention is a low-level function that is supposed to work
           | unconsciously. What one might have a problem with is not
           | caring about the person you're talking to, or whether you
           | catch the intricate social implications, or that they
           | understand exactly where you're coming from. And if that's
           | the problem, it's at least possible to work out some kind of
           | solution for oneself.
        
         | a1445c8b wrote:
         | I also tend to stare at the mouth of the person I'm talking to!
         | 
         | Which, I think, makes it look like I'm looking at their chest
         | because the women I talk to almost invariably adjust their
         | shirt in a way that suggests they've become uncomfortable
         | (because they think I'm looking at their chest)
        
           | alcover wrote:
           | No, they would know by the angle of your eyes if you were
           | staring that low.
           | 
           | Looking intensely at someone's lips is at times the prelude
           | to a kiss. I think this ambiguity makes them uncomfortable.
        
           | gumby wrote:
           | I also find I often look at the mouth of the person I'm
           | speaking with but don't encounter the responses you have. Not
           | sure why.
        
         | dontlaugh wrote:
         | The unfocused vision is quite obvious to some, I've had people
         | complain that I look through them.
        
         | penguin_booze wrote:
         | Same here. I assume a thinking pose and look at a corner in the
         | room - that should signal that at least my attention hasn't
         | strayed elsewhere more significant.
         | 
         | My another strategy is to make occasional eye contact while
         | blurring my vision. To them, I'm making eye contact, whereas
         | for me, it's not that different when I'm looking at the corner.
        
           | erik_landerholm wrote:
           | Yeah I'm really good at those hidden 3d pictures. I can split
           | the focus of my eyes super quickly and will do that sometimes
           | while looking at someone if I feel like I've not looked at
           | their eyes for too long. On zoom if I'm really listening I'm
           | literally turning my head to the side and possibly closing my
           | eyes.
        
           | bayofpigs wrote:
        
         | musha68k wrote:
         | Same for me. I think social cues / non-verbal processing
         | hijacks the actual verbal information channel.
         | 
         | One of the reasons why remote works so well for me.
         | 
         | I realized that through the pandemic actually: I didn't even
         | see it before, I always thought to be a very social nerd,
         | thriving in in-person work interactions.
         | 
         | Though ultimately I realized that open plan offices and context
         | discussions in person - all of these seem to be major drains of
         | both energy and focus for me at least.
        
         | bombela wrote:
         | Same. Blury vision trick and all. We are not alone.
        
         | FPGAhacker wrote:
         | I just tell people that I get distracted by facial expressions
         | and I look down or away to really focus on what they are
         | saying.
        
         | xboxnolifes wrote:
         | Same. If I want to give what someone is saying my _full
         | attention_ , that means I don't even want my eyes to take some
         | of my focus.
         | 
         | I'll usually close my eyes and nod along to what they're
         | saying.
        
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