[HN Gopher] A Cold War mystery: Why did Jimmy Carter save the sp...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       A Cold War mystery: Why did Jimmy Carter save the space shuttle?
        
       Author : xrayarx
       Score  : 99 points
       Date   : 2023-02-01 16:22 UTC (6 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (arstechnica.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (arstechnica.com)
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | maliker wrote:
       | Other folks have pointed out there are military applications, and
       | I read a while back that these kind of "space planes" have a
       | unique advantage: with their wings they can dip into the
       | atmosphere and very quickly change their trajectory without using
       | a lot of fuel. From a military perspective, I'm guessing this
       | makes them harder to shoot down. The military is still flying
       | space planes [0] so this makes sense to me.
       | 
       | [0] https://www.livescience.com/spaceplane-lands-
       | after-908-days-...
        
       | gumby wrote:
       | I have to confess when I read this I thought, "Jeez, just go ask
       | the guy" and...the author did! So great to see actual journalism.
        
         | DonHopkins wrote:
         | Wow, what I would give to just hang out and chat with Jimmy
         | Carter!
         | 
         | I wonder if he asked him about the killer rabbit?
         | 
         | Maybe I could get an appointment to sit down with him if I
         | claimed I was the guy who helped eradicate the Guinea Worm?
         | 
         | https://www.cartercenter.org/about/experts/donald_hopkins.ht...
        
         | e12e wrote:
         | Thanks, for others wondering:
         | 
         | > Why did the president ultimately support funding the shuttle
         | in its time of need? "I was not enthusiastic about sending
         | humans on missions to Mars or outer space," Carter told Ars.
         | "But I thought the shuttle was a good way to continue the good
         | work of NASA. I didn't want to waste the money already
         | invested."
        
       | harveywi wrote:
       | To Jimmy Carter's credit, the space shuttle Columbia disaster
       | could have prevented if the thermal foam on the external shuttle
       | tanks had been replaced with a sweater.
        
       | neovialogistics wrote:
       | I found the Soviet Union's alleged theory explaining the American
       | space shuttle to their own leadership[1] to be quite interesting.
       | According to some documents submitted to the central committee by
       | the head of the fledgling Keldysh institute (famous for it's
       | faculty - Israel Gelfand and Alexey Lyapunov among others), the
       | shuttle could theoretically launch in a trajectory from
       | Vandenburg, CA south towards and over Antarctica and northwards
       | over the Indian Ocean towards Moscow, with several nuclear
       | weapons aboard, as a kind of hypersonic dive bomber.
       | 
       | This would, in a nuclear exchange, bring the mean time from
       | initial detection of an American attack to the first nuclear
       | strike on Moscow down from seven minutes (UGM-73 missiles on a
       | depressed trajectory launched from the North Sea near Denmark)[2]
       | to a little over three minutes.
       | 
       | Fears of this, according to the theory, led to several of the
       | design specifications for the Buran shuttle. I find the extensive
       | concerns about, and optimizing of strategy around, minimizing
       | warning time in a nuclear exchange to be fascinating.
       | 
       | [1]https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3855/1 [2]https://www.s
       | cienceandglobalsecurity.org/archive/sgs03gronlu... (PDF)
        
         | xattt wrote:
         | Nuclear capability explains the "single polar orbit with a
         | large crossrange" requirement. How was the shuttle capable of
         | such a large crossrange? Maneuverability in the atmosphere?
        
           | nickff wrote:
           | The large delta wings on the space shuttle are what allow the
           | large cross-range, by letting it "turn" on the way down. The
           | single polar orbit was to allow rapid, stealthy insertion of
           | a reconnaissance satellite into polar orbit. According to the
           | space shuttle engineers, there was never any contemplation of
           | arming the shuttle, though the DoD did set many requirements
           | (including payload bay size and cross-range).
        
             | KRAKRISMOTT wrote:
             | So an old school hypersonic glider
        
               | nickff wrote:
               | Basically, although the space shuttle has the worst glide
               | ratio of any aerospace vehicle I am aware of. To simulate
               | landing the shuttle, they used a businessjet with the
               | engines in reverse...
        
               | Sharlin wrote:
               | A brick with small stubby wings bolted on.
        
               | rpmw wrote:
               | Yep! No go arounds once you re-entered.
               | 
               | Here's the training aircraft:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft
        
         | yodon wrote:
         | >the shuttle could theoretically launch in a trajectory from
         | Vandenburg, CA south towards and over Antarctica
         | 
         | Having spent time at the South Pole, the ice runway at the
         | South Pole Station was sized and built and in part funded by
         | NASA to handle the scenario in which a shuttle on a trajectory
         | that took it over the pole found itself in need of an emergency
         | divert runway.
        
           | tobinfricke wrote:
           | To what extent was the runway there "built" as a permanent
           | installation, vs being an ephemeral phenomenon that is
           | refreshed season by season?
        
             | yodon wrote:
             | It requires maintenance but it's not like the ice is going
             | to melt in the South Pole "summer."
        
               | TedDoesntTalk wrote:
               | Not yet
        
       | stolenmerch wrote:
       | Side trivia: 20 years ago today the Space Shuttle Columbia
       | disintegrated as it reentered the atmosphere over Texas, killing
       | all seven astronauts on board.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaste...
        
         | yamtaddle wrote:
         | Day or two after that happened, it occurred to me to scan back
         | through the Cowboy Bebop episode "Wild Horses" and see which
         | shuttle it'd featured, because I couldn't recall.
         | 
         | It was Columbia, of course, so that episode joined seemingly
         | every movie made between '73 and '01 and set in NY (that was
         | still pretty fresh, too, mind you) in being a bit of a
         | _distracting_ watch, in a way that was not originally intended.
        
         | graphe wrote:
         | I remember seeing this in school when I was a kid. That was
         | when space exploration because tainted in my generation. It was
         | cool but astronaut wasn't something anyone wanted to be anymore
         | so you die in the atmosphere.
         | 
         | Sorry it was the challenger!
        
           | bluGill wrote:
           | Are you thinking of Challenger which was more than 20 years
           | ago?
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | > It was cool but astronaut wasn't something anyone wanted to
           | be anymore so you die in the atmosphere.
           | 
           | That's a strong disagree from me and people I spoke with.
           | There were lots of "if they knocked on my door today asking
           | if I wanted to join, I'd do it in a heartbeat" comments. I
           | was one of them, as a 6th grader.
           | 
           | Nobody every thought being an astronaut was without risk, did
           | they? Every time a fighter pilot takes off, there's an
           | inherent risk with that, yet people are lined up to join. I'm
           | sorry you're such a "fair weather fan", but that just means
           | one less person to compete with for those that _actually_
           | want to do it
        
             | graphe wrote:
             | It wasn't just the students. I think if the attitude of the
             | teachers were different I might still have wanted to be
             | one. Safety was important and teachers were cautious.
             | 
             | Were you shown the hour(s) of exercises they had to do
             | daily to maintain their muscle? That was enough to make
             | most kids say no thanks if chosen lol.
        
       | simne wrote:
       | This case is very likely of model "too large to fail".
       | 
       | Last time it used, when appear high probability of recession, and
       | govt prints money and feed them to larges financial companies, to
       | keep them alive.
       | 
       | Opposite to print money, usually, to suffer huge losses of
       | popularity, because without these measures, could close large
       | chain of connected to subjects companies, will need to spend
       | money to pay for unemployment.
       | 
       | So I think, Carter's decisions where because it was easy solution
       | for him, and less fear than to close.
       | 
       | Examples of brave side politics are very rare, one of them
       | Thatcher, decided to close mining companies, which decades fed by
       | govt subsidies, which costed her very expensive.
        
       | throwaway81523 wrote:
       | Carter almost destroyed the space shuttle. See the book
       | "Enterprise" by Jerry Grey for history.
        
         | Maursault wrote:
         | I'm not sure you can blame him, though. President Carter is
         | exceptionally intelligent, graduated in the top 7.2% of his
         | Naval Academy class of 820 after studying nuclear engineering
         | and completed graduate studies in nuclear physics and reactor
         | technology. Everyone just assumes _Space!_ We all insist on it,
         | but we all don 't have the full picture. The man is practical,
         | understood the costs, risks and value of, as of then,
         | unrealized benefits. The last thing NASA needed in the late
         | 1970's and early 1980's is an uncommonly intelligent President
         | of the United States. It was their bad luck, and yet they
         | lucked out. Give President Carter a break. The man is a saint.
         | Compare to President Clinton, who is also highly intelligent,
         | and yet not a saint. I'm not saying he's bad, just a bad, bad,
         | boy.
        
       | hindsightbias wrote:
       | Carter always gets painted as some sort of dove but he only
       | cancelled the B-1A.
       | 
       | Fully funded carriers, MX, Trident/SLBM, LA subs, Aegis
       | destroyers, GLCM, ALCM, SLCM, Harpoon, F-117, B-2 development and
       | $trillions more.
        
       | LarryMullins wrote:
       | For the Shuttle to be cancelled by politicians is one thing;
       | that's just democracy in action. For the Shuttle to fail under
       | its own weight is quite another; that's technical and
       | organizational failure. The latter reflects poorly on the
       | politicians who oversaw it and the country generally. It would
       | have been a bad look for Carter's legacy, whether or not he hated
       | NASA.
        
       | mrpippy wrote:
       | I think it's obvious at this point, but Eric Berger is doing/has
       | done an amazing job covering space for Ars Technica
        
       | joezydeco wrote:
       | The answer is buried right in the middle of the article:
       | 
       |  _Back in 1970, to win Department of Defense support at the
       | program's outset, NASA had redesigned the shuttle to launch
       | national security payloads. Now, that decision paid off._
       | 
       | If you visit the Museum of the Air Force in Dayton Ohio, the
       | guides will tell you straight out that the cargo bay (and thus
       | entire airframe) of Shuttle was enlarged to be able to hold a
       | Keyhole/CORONA imaging satellite and retrieve it if necessary.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORONA_(satellite)
        
         | simne wrote:
         | Definitely, no.
         | 
         | Shuttle was designed, to make use of capacity of Morton Thiokol
         | Inc. enterprise, which without SRB's was near 100% military
         | enterprise (created to build SRB's for ICBM's).
         | 
         | That time Moon program was on liquid fueled rocket, but with
         | nazi smell, so made political decision, to make 100% domestic
         | design, without any traces to German works.
        
         | pram wrote:
         | The Air Force also planned to have its own squadron of
         | shuttles.
        
           | Apocryphon wrote:
           | As depicted in _Moonraker_
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asgLef3oVAw
        
             | bradyd wrote:
             | Moonraker is one of the only movies to properly depict a
             | Shuttle launch, and it came out before the Shuttle ever
             | flew.
             | 
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nH3EsUTPihg
        
             | skhr0680 wrote:
             | I used to work with an English chap who made a habit of
             | reminding me that _Moonraker_ had US Space Marines a good
             | few years before _Aliens_ ... Semper Fi!
        
               | wkat4242 wrote:
               | And a good few decades before space force!
        
         | JKCalhoun wrote:
         | Yeah, that's unfortunate. We got a boxcar with wings.
        
         | VLM wrote:
         | I've never gotten a straight answer on who came first the KH-11
         | or HST. The mirrors are the same size and they both fit in the
         | bay.
         | 
         | A long time ago I considered writing a "sci fi techno thriller"
         | book plot along the lines of the HST was intentionally mis-
         | built to own the Russians trying to copy the KH-11. There's
         | easier ways to make money LOL.
         | 
         | In the 70s progress was fast and they were blasting new
         | observation sats every couple months and new generations every
         | couple years so it seemed sensible to have a "space truck" to
         | service the rapidly changing technology. Then things settled
         | down and at least declassified nothing is new in quite some
         | time WRT observation sats.
         | 
         | Kind of like rapid changes in the PC industry in the 80s then
         | things slowed down a lot to the point we don't "need" a Radio
         | Shack or CompUSA anymore.
         | 
         | People thought the rapid progress of the 70s in spy sats was
         | going to go on forever, so we need a "space truck" to keep up
         | with rapid changes, and like most things predicted to go on
         | forever, it didn't.
        
           | adastra22 wrote:
           | The keyhole satellites. Because of security classification
           | the Hubble design had to be semi-cleanroom reengineered, but
           | the contractors were the same and in fact many of the same
           | engineers worked on both. The keyhole test equipment in
           | Sunnyvale was reused for Hubble.
        
             | AnotherGoodName wrote:
             | qq and probably no one would answer but did keyhole have
             | the same mirror defect?
             | 
             | Hubble was fixed by the costar addition. I wonder if
             | there's missions to fix keyhole we don't know about.
        
               | qbrass wrote:
               | The defect was a huge deal for a long range telescope
               | because the distortion makes up a larger part of the
               | image the further out you go.
               | 
               | At Earth to spy satellite distances, it's like 1/4" and
               | probably below the resolution of the camera used at the
               | time.
        
               | VLM wrote:
               | That was the entire point of my Sci Fi techothriller I
               | never finished writing where the plot was the HST was a
               | declassified KH-11 and to F the Soviets over we released
               | the declassified HST with an intentional fault so the
               | Soviet clone would be faulty. Its a win-win because the
               | service mission to fix the HST made the right people on
               | our side extra money, but the Soviets didn't have a
               | working-enough space-truck to fix their clones of the
               | HST/KH-11, and we were certainly not going to volunteer
               | to fix their KH-11 clone for them LOL.
               | 
               | It was never going to be a good book plot so I gave up on
               | it. Unrealistic that they'd steal "everything" including
               | the intentional mistake. The idea of a double agent plot
               | where "their guy" was actually "our guy" who made sure
               | they stole the entire lot including the intentional
               | grinding error was, um, cringy. In defense of my bad
               | novel plot, I was young at the time, and I've read worse
               | books.
        
               | Sharlin wrote:
               | I always thought that Hubble in fact _was_ a declassified
               | KH-11. And indeed the NRO declassified and donated a
               | couple more obsolete Keyholes to NASA in 2012 [1], one of
               | which is now being used as the chassis (and optics?) of
               | the NGRST [2].
               | 
               | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_National_Reconnais
               | sance_O...
               | 
               | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space
               | _Telesc...
        
               | e12e wrote:
               | Hehe, see also: "the Zenith Angle" by Bruce Sterling (he
               | did complete his book).
        
               | johntb86 wrote:
               | https://space.stackexchange.com/a/58290 lays out some
               | evidence that Kodak built similar mirrors for the KH-11
               | spy satellites, while Perkin-Elmer was selected for
               | Hubble (and had built smaller mirrors for other spy
               | satellites).
        
               | TedDoesntTalk wrote:
               | I can't speak specifically for keyhole, but I know that
               | Kodak definitely worked on spy satellites. My father
               | worked there and on them.
        
               | ArnoVW wrote:
               | From what I remember, the defect was a manufacturing
               | defect, not a design flaw.
               | 
               | Some chipped paint meant that a critical distance was
               | extended by the thickness of the paint layer.
        
               | laverya wrote:
               | Well, there's been a LOT of KH-11 satellites over the
               | years, so unlike with Hubble the NRO has had the
               | opportunity to just put up an updated satellite instead
               | of trying to fix an existing one.
               | 
               | Seriously, Wikipedia lists 5 _generations_.
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KH-11_KENNEN 5+3+4+3+3
               | total launches.
        
               | adastra22 wrote:
               | No, that was a manufacturing mistake not a design error.
               | A different contractor was used.
        
           | DonHopkins wrote:
           | >so we need a "space truck" to keep up with rapid changes
           | 
           | Check out Space Truckers, with square pigs, because they pack
           | so tightly!
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReKKdeDpb8A
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zcBjI9N0rI
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8Ifaeff0mA
        
         | Gibbon1 wrote:
         | My dad worked for NASA during that time. The above is 100% what
         | he said. NASA needed the air forces support which meant being
         | able to launch large spy satellites. Which also meant the thing
         | was really expensive making it a white elephant. It drained a
         | the money that could have been spent to implement more modern
         | launch systems. People used to get pissed off when I'd say the
         | best thing for NASA to do was to stop flying the shuttle.
         | Retrospectively that was the right thing to do.
        
         | marktangotango wrote:
         | That's interesting, also a possible insight into what the X-37b
         | mission is. Retrieving payloads, but what payloads?
        
           | khuey wrote:
           | The X-37B is much smaller than the shuttle (it was originally
           | intended to fit in the shuttle's payload bay). It physically
           | can't retrieve satellites of any significant size.
        
             | ridgeguy wrote:
             | This may be changing with rapid extension of satellite size
             | towards the small end of the spectrum. Small size is now
             | significant.
             | 
             | For example, a radar imaging constellation might consist of
             | multiple transmit/receive satellites, each of which could
             | be quite small (say, 1 - 5 cu. ft.). The X37B could
             | accommodate that - especially after it snipped the solar
             | panels off.
        
             | kranke155 wrote:
             | I'm really curious, do we have any idea whatsoever what the
             | X-37 is being used for?
        
               | euroderf wrote:
               | It carries a negotiating table. Our telepresence on one
               | side, the aliens['] on the other.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | That highly depends on who 'we' is.
               | 
               | Anybody really in the know is definitely not going to
               | spill the beans. The payload is very small, the stated
               | reasons it flew its missions are 'testbed' for various
               | technologies. Which may well be all there is to it.
        
               | ceejayoz wrote:
               | One common theory is it's being used to do close-up
               | inspections of other countries' satellites. Bonus points
               | if you can attach a magnetic limpet mine to them for
               | future usage.
        
               | yetanotherloser wrote:
               | Wouldn't the mass change cause some kind of detectable
               | change in the satellite's trajectory over time?
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | It would not need to be very big mine though would it? A
               | grenade would probably be just fine to eliminate the
               | satellite from being useful. Something that small means
               | it could carry a lot of ammo
        
               | ceejayoz wrote:
               | I don't think anything particularly detectable; they're
               | so outweighed by the planet they're orbiting that the
               | barycenter doesn't move measurably.
               | 
               | (To be clear, I'd imagine they're only doing the
               | inspection thing right now, but I do suspect they're at
               | least tinkering with on-orbit capture, refueling,
               | disabling etc. with an arm.)
        
               | dmurray wrote:
               | What if your satellite did some more manoeuvres for
               | station keeping, wouldn't you notice the mass difference
               | then?
        
               | cjbgkagh wrote:
               | A big advantage of space planes is the ability to change
               | orbit very quickly, could be used for reconnoissance or
               | as a weapons delivery vehicle.
        
               | the_third_wave wrote:
               | Only if they're in low enough orbits to make use of
               | atmospheric drag. Such orbits decay quickly if the
               | vehicle does not have boost capacity. Given the extremely
               | long missions this thing flies - several missions over
               | 700 days - it seems unlikely for it to make use of
               | atmospheric drag. It might do so when in a highly
               | elliptical orbit but even then it needs to perform a burn
               | at apogee to keep it from re-entering before long.
        
               | cjbgkagh wrote:
               | There is value from the optionality of having a
               | capability even if it isn't regularly used.
        
               | fragmede wrote:
               | The links to the specific missions on the wikipedia page
               | have some expert conjecture, based on observations by
               | amateur skywatchers, so we have a good idea that it's
               | being used to launch military surveillance and
               | communications satellites, as well as being used to test
               | new hardware. Which is all rather broad and generic, but
               | if it _were_ aliens, it 's not like they'd tell us
               | anyway.
               | 
               | Even if it were actually confirmed that OTV-1 launched a
               | military surveillance satellite, we still wouldn't know
               | how good it is at that other than some hard limits due to
               | physics (mirror size and atmospheric interference).
        
               | timschmidt wrote:
               | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQN4hId5psg
               | 
               | "Everything We Know About The US Air Force's Secret Space
               | Plane - The X-37B" by Scott Manley
        
               | Lammy wrote:
               | Obviously total speculation, but it's the right size to
               | be a flying speed-of-light weapon platform. USAF have
               | been interested in such tech for a long time. Some fun
               | links:
               | 
               | - Directed Energy Directorate home page during the years
               | 1999-2006: https://web.archive.org/web/20060831035044/htt
               | p://www.de.afr...
               | 
               | - Directed Energy Directorate home page during the years
               | 2009-2016: https://web.archive.org/web/20160428181404/htt
               | p://www.kirtla...
               | 
               | - LASER Effects Test Facility fact sheet from 2002
               | showing a 50-kilowatt CO2 LASER setting a test target on
               | fire: https://web.archive.org/web/20070315131556/http://w
               | ww.de.afr...
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | It seems small for any sort of directed energy weapon
               | with a useful power output. There wouldn't be enough
               | capacity for a big generator and heat radiators.
        
             | joezydeco wrote:
             | What if the X37B _was_ the imaging satellite?
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | Why would they build it to retrieve itself? That's very
               | meta
        
           | the_third_wave wrote:
           | If that is its mission the answer is "small payloads" since
           | the carrying capacity of the thing would be quite limited
           | with its 2.1 x 1.2 m [1] payload bay. That leaves little room
           | for the grappling arm or other mechanism needed to pluck a
           | satellite out of its orbit.
           | 
           | I suspect it does not retrieve payloads but takes them up and
           | down again. Which payloads? Good question. Experimental
           | sensors meant for inclusion in next-generation reconnaissance
           | satellites maybe?
           | 
           | [1] https://web.archive.org/web/20150321121050/http://www.boe
           | ing...
        
         | adolph wrote:
         | Also the form and glidepath potential of the shuttle was
         | designed for military capabilities to capture an adversary's
         | satellite that were never used, according to "The Most
         | Important Space Shuttle Mission Never Happened" by Scott Manley
         | [0]. His source is this pdf [1].
         | 
         | 0. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_q2i0eu35aY
         | 
         | 1. http://www.jamesoberg.com/sts-3A_B-DRM.PDF
        
           | wkat4242 wrote:
           | Kinda good too because that would be pretty close to an act
           | of war and set a dangerous precedent for the weaponisation of
           | space.
           | 
           | You prepare for the war you don't want to fight...
        
             | dylan604 wrote:
             | How would capturing a satellite from orbit be any different
             | than a soldier walking up to an enemy's position and
             | driving off with a tank or flying a jet out from under
             | their nose? Some shit would definitely be on the fan at
             | that point.
        
               | wkat4242 wrote:
               | That's what I mean exactly.
               | 
               | I'm glad we were never in the situation where this would
               | have been thinkable. Because it would mean direct war
               | between superpowers.
        
         | sidewndr46 wrote:
         | It's sort of interesting for them to point this out. This is
         | also why the Titan IV program came into being. The Space
         | Shuttle simply not being available meant that it was needed to
         | develop an equivalent unmanned lift vehicle. I think the same
         | museum even has some stuff from a Titan IV on display
        
           | joezydeco wrote:
           | They actually have a CORONA satellite on display and will
           | tell you all about how it worked. So you know we're three or
           | four generations beyond that technology now.
           | 
           | https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-
           | Exhibits/Fact...
        
             | sidewndr46 wrote:
             | I remember as a kid we had textbooks that explained that
             | the CORONA satellites were state of that art and used for
             | surveillance. This was in the early 00s. Even then I looked
             | at those little things and came to the conclusion that this
             | was not in fact the entire extent of the US surveillance
             | capabilities.
        
               | joezydeco wrote:
               | What blew my mind was how large it was. You're thinking
               | it's a camera...how large can that be? It's the size of a
               | school bus.
        
               | sidewndr46 wrote:
               | I think you are thinking of KH-9 satellites. CORONA is
               | just a tiny little thing.
        
           | JonSchneider wrote:
           | Believe it or not, they have an entire Titan IV on display:
           | https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-
           | Exhibits/Fact...
           | 
           | It's pretty impressive in person.
           | 
           | (Scroll through the gallery that isn't obviously a gallery
           | near the top to see it)
        
           | euroderf wrote:
           | As a teenager I tried to spec out a flying Titan III model
           | using standard tube sizes from Estes. Never carried to
           | fruition tho.
        
         | daveslash wrote:
         | The _potential_ Military applications of the Space Shuttle were
         | why the Soviets copied it so closely. They didn 't know _why_
         | or _what_ clandestine military purpose the shuttle had, but
         | they knew that when they found out, they 'd want the same
         | capabilities. So they just copied it, not knowing _why_.
         | 
         | " _Faced with the poorly understood threat of a military space
         | shuttle, the Soviets decided that copying the American
         | spacecraft exactly was the best bet. The logic was simple: if
         | the Americans were planning something that needed a vehicle
         | that big, the Soviets ought to build one as well and be ready
         | to match their adversary even if they didn't know exactly what
         | they were matching._ " [0] [1]
         | 
         | [0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6428205
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://web.archive.org/web/20131001110918/http://arstechnic...
        
           | sgt101 wrote:
           | Buran was radically different - no internal rockets, just
           | jets. Unmanned optionally.
           | 
           | The most interesting thing is that the launcher (Energina)
           | was actually also used to launch a space battlestation.
           | 
           | No - I am not kidding.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyus_(spacecraft)
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | euroderf wrote:
           | A specific case of the general idea of superpower
           | convergence.
        
             | 082349872349872 wrote:
             | "...the deciding factor was when we learned that your
             | country was working along similar lines, and we were afraid
             | of a doomsday gap." -- AdS (fict)
        
               | daveslash wrote:
               | " _This is preposterous! I never approved of anything
               | like that!_ " ~ PM (fict)
               | 
               | " _Our source was The New York Times._ " ~ AdS (fict)
        
         | KerrAvon wrote:
         | Carter's actual answer, though: he didn't want to throw away
         | the money that had already been spent. Left unsaid is that the
         | money in question represented a lot of jobs, and congresspeople
         | in certain areas of the country would have thrown a fit, and
         | the last thing Carter needed was to further irritate Congress.
        
       | DonHopkins wrote:
       | This classic SNL skit from 1979 explains what a great nuclear
       | engineer Jimmy Carter really is, and Rodney Dangerfield explains
       | just how big Jimmy Carter really is.
       | 
       | https://archive.org/details/saturday-night-live-s-04-e-16-ri...
       | 
       | ("The Pepsi Syndrome" skit starts at 8:15)
       | 
       | Dr. Edna Casey: Well Mrs. Carter, it's difficult to comprehend
       | just how big he is but to give you some idea, we've asked
       | comedian Rodney Dangerfield to come along today to help explain
       | it to you. Rodney?
       | 
       | [Rodney Dangerfield enters]
       | 
       | Rodney Dangerfield: How do you do, how are you?
       | 
       | Ross Denton: Rodney, can you please tell us, how big is the
       | president?
       | 
       | Rodney Dangerfield: Oh, he's a big guy, I'll tell you that, he's
       | a big guy. I tell you he's so big, I saw him sitting in the
       | George Washington bridge dangling his feet in the water! He's a
       | big guy!
       | 
       | Rosalynn Carter: Oh my God! Jimmy! Oh God!
       | 
       | Rodney Dangerfield: Oh, he's big, I'll tell you that, boy. He's
       | so big that when two girls make love to him at the same time,
       | they never meet each other! He's a big guy, I'll tell you!
       | 
       | Rosalynn Carter: Oh no! Oh Jimmy! My Jimmy!
       | 
       | Rodney Dangerfield: I don't want to upset you lady, he's big, you
       | know what I mean? Why he could have an affair with the Lincoln
       | Tunnel! I mean, he's really high! He's big, I'll tell you! He's a
       | big guy!
       | 
       | Rosalynn Carter: No! No! No!
       | 
       | Ross Denton: Rodney, thank you very much. You can go.
       | 
       | Rodney Dangerfield: It's my pleasure. He's way up there, lady!
       | you know what I mean?
       | 
       | [goes off, leaving Rosalynn Carter very upset]
        
       | ck2 wrote:
       | Ah a space shuttle article, wonder if they will use one of my
       | favorite photographs from that era...
       | 
       | Yup!
       | 
       | https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Star_...
       | 
       | But gosh they screwed up by naming the one that would never go
       | into space "Enterprise"
        
         | jedberg wrote:
         | Enterprise was supposed to go to space, but it ended up being
         | cheaper to build Challenger from spare parts because the design
         | specs had changed. It then ended up being cheaper to build
         | Endeavor from spare parts than retrofit Enterprise after the
         | Challenger tragedy.
        
           | DonHopkins wrote:
           | I vaguely remember that some crazy conspiracy theorist
           | confronted Captain Kirk once, and tried to force him to put
           | his hand on the Bible and swear to God that Star Trek wasn't
           | fake, and not just shot on a sound stage Hollywood, and then
           | Captain Kirk punched him in the face!
        
             | codezero wrote:
             | This exact thing definitely happened to Buzz Aldrin when he
             | was confronted about the moon landing being fake, and it's
             | caught on film :)
             | 
             | https://boingboing.net/2022/09/10/i-cant-believe-
             | its-20-year...
        
             | consumer451 wrote:
             | Is this an attempt at feeding noise into ML data thereby
             | giving humans some more time to rule the earth?
             | 
             | If so, I support it wholeheartedly.
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | one of my favorite shuttle images was the one with the iPod on
         | the dash while in orbit.
         | 
         | https://news.softpedia.com/news/iPod-in-Space-81065.shtml
        
       | vondur wrote:
       | I assumed the space shuttle was going to be used to retrieve
       | things from space. Maybe even someone else's satellites. My
       | father used to work in the heat treating industry, and they did a
       | bunch of work on the space shuttle and many other
       | aerospace/military projects.
        
         | VLM wrote:
         | We certainly hauled a bunch of sats home over the decades, see
         | STS-51-A for a typical declassified example of some relatively
         | boring comsats.
         | 
         | The classified missions published landing weights for some
         | reason; they were low; the assumption is they never hauled
         | anything home or they faked the landing weights because it
         | wouldn't matter if they told the truth or not to the public
         | (AFAIK no payload related change in realistically observable
         | flight path was ever seen by independent observers)
         | 
         | Westar 6 was later relaunched as AsiaSat 1. It trips non-space
         | people out because "everyone knows" SpaceX and the old shuttle
         | are the only things ever launched into space, landed, and re-
         | launched back into space, but they were doing this back in the
         | 80s with comsats and who knows what the military was up to.
        
           | wkat4242 wrote:
           | The 60s spy sats also took photos on film that were ejected
           | in re-entry capsules and captured in mid-air using an
           | airplane. Really crazy stuff they came up with and I'm
           | surprised it actually worked. Engineering chops they sure had
           | and balls too because capturing a falling object from space
           | is pretty dangerous.
           | 
           | Of course then there were the soviets launching entire
           | nuclear reactors into orbit for a few months' worth of radar
           | duty. Ok the US did one too but it was just one. All those
           | Russian cores are still in orbit except the two that crashed.
           | 
           | Crazy times.
        
           | zerocrates wrote:
           | Stuff that goes inside the shuttle (as I assume a satellite
           | in this case does) I don't know that I'd "count" in that
           | sense. Like, obviously the humans riding inside various craft
           | were routinely launched, landed and relaunched under that
           | same kind of definition.
        
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