[HN Gopher] Growing scientific interest in vagus nerve stimulation
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Growing scientific interest in vagus nerve stimulation
        
       Author : acallaghan
       Score  : 200 points
       Date   : 2023-08-23 10:37 UTC (12 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.theguardian.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.theguardian.com)
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | dghughes wrote:
       | Years ago I read that breathing on your vagus nerve on your wrist
       | can help calm you down. Each breath pulse would do something
       | cause stimulation to calm you more like a feedback loop. I didn't
       | know if it was bunk or not. I tried it but never felt any effect.
        
       | robg wrote:
       | The automatic feedback loop between heart and lungs is really
       | cool. The more you slow your breathing the more you slow your
       | heart. You are choosing to breathe slower via your vagus nerve.
       | The heart responds accordingly.
       | 
       | By contrast the adrenal cortex, a little brain on top of the
       | kidneys, automatically triggers fight or flight with threat
       | detection. By the time you realize it your heart rate is already
       | increasing. Breathing slowly, preferably through your nose,
       | counteracts that physiological stress.
       | 
       | See also the last 100 years of research on the autonomic nervous
       | system.
        
       | theshrike79 wrote:
       | I have acid reflux and possibly a mild hiatal hernia. When it
       | triggers in Just The Right Way, I also get severe panic attack
       | symptoms.
       | 
       | When I started investigating it (my coping mechanism during panic
       | attacks) I discovered that the vagus nerve travels next to the
       | esophagus through the diaphragm.
       | 
       | So my complete layman explanation was that the stomach pushes
       | through the diaphragm during a hiatal hernia -> it rubs against
       | the vagus nerve -> panic attack symptoms.
       | 
       | I might need to add the study of vagus nerve to "why haven't we
       | studied this about the human body more" -list along with gut
       | bacteria composition.
        
         | kyleyeats wrote:
         | I'm not a doctor or anything but you're describing gallstones
         | and gallbladder attacks here. Regular panic attacks will reveal
         | an emotional pattern. Gallbladder attacks usually happen after
         | you eat a big, high-fat meal and won't have an associated
         | emotional trigger.
         | 
         | It'll feel like a Tai Chi master is doing the Two Finger Death
         | Touch on the right side of your diaphragm, but aside from that
         | feels just like a panic attack.
        
         | jamal-kumar wrote:
         | Wait until you hear about the research trying to find out if
         | there's a connection between signalling molecules that bacteria
         | release that affect the vagus nerve directly stimulating the
         | brain to eat more junk food [1]
         | 
         | [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9102524/
        
         | CobaltFire wrote:
         | I've had recurring issues exactly like that for years. You have
         | just given me something to look for (hiatal hernia) as that
         | matches my symptoms.
         | 
         | Thanks!
        
           | theshrike79 wrote:
           | I'm pretty sure I had a semi-severe case of hiatal hernia,
           | but when the doctor shoved a camera down my throat to check,
           | he actually fixed it by accidentally pushing the hernia down
           | :D
           | 
           | Most of my worst symptoms went away after the checkup, but it
           | took a LONG while for my digestive tract to fully heal. I
           | couldn't burp at all for ... maybe two years, the pressure
           | just stayed in my stomach. Drinking small amounts of fizzy
           | drinks and rising on my toes + slamming my heels down got the
           | air out sometimes.
           | 
           | There are still things I can't eat because they instantly
           | irritate my reflux, buttery pastries being the worst ones.
        
             | CobaltFire wrote:
             | It's interesting you say that, because since I had a camera
             | shoved down my throat two years ago I haven't had symptoms
             | until last week (I was ~35km into a 40km bike ride and it
             | was a VERY sudden onset during a climb).
             | 
             | I'll talk to my GP this week when I see him.
        
         | albntomat0 wrote:
         | I'm in a very similar situation as you with EoE, acid reflux,
         | and a confirmed mild hiatal hernia. The anxiety seems to line
         | up as well.
         | 
         | Have you found any additional solutions, past the standard PPI
         | and diet for acid reflux?
         | 
         | Thanks!
        
           | theshrike79 wrote:
           | Diet mostly, I dropped most added sugars, wheat and drip
           | coffee (french press and cold press are fine for some reason)
           | along with broccoli (random, right?) and industrial breads
           | (something in the rising agents -\\_(tsu)_/- ) and I'm
           | currently mostly fine.
           | 
           | Large amounts of red meat is bad, because it just doesn't
           | digest properly, I might burp in the evening and still taste
           | my lunch sausage...
           | 
           | Metamizole is the only one that helps in the extreme cases
           | (panic attacks), but luckily I don't get those anymore. I
           | think I've had to take a single pill twice in the last 5
           | years. It's pretty much exactly 15 minutes from swallowing
           | the pill and then all symptoms go away because it forces my
           | diaphragm to relax and thus drop pressure to the vagus nerve.
        
           | blue_dragon wrote:
           | Hijacking your comment to share my story and ask for advice.
           | 
           | I have diagnosed EoE, I've had it for my whole life. I'm
           | currently on 80mg omeprazole daily and an elimination diet.
           | This helps a lot but is not a cure. I've also experienced
           | benign heart palpitations for my whole life (confirmed by a
           | cardiologist). For a long time, I've had a hunch that the two
           | were connected.
           | 
           | On days when I have EoE flare-ups, I feel some pain and
           | swelling in my esophagus, as though I have a bad chest cold.
           | Food and liquids tend to linger in my esophagus for longer.
           | Another unusual side effect is that, on days when my EoE
           | flares up, I tend to experience frequent heart palpitations,
           | most commonly right after consuming food or water.
           | 
           | Since the vagus nerve travels through the chest, adjacent to
           | both the heart and the esophagus, I think the mechanism of
           | action is this: the inflammation in my esophagus stimulates
           | the vagus nerve, making a palpitation more likely. This
           | inflammation also causes food and liquid to travel through
           | the esophagus more slowly, which stimulates the vagus nerve
           | further. The combined stimulus from inflammation and food or
           | liquid can irritate the vagus nerve enough to cause heart
           | palpitations.
           | 
           | Obviously I would like to cure both my EoE and palpitations,
           | as they're currently the two biggest detriments to my quality
           | of life. And inflammation due to an overactive immune system
           | is the cause of EoE. So the possibility of reducing immune
           | system inflammation just by stimulating the vagus nerve is
           | very appealing to me.
           | 
           | If anyone reading this has an experience, opinion, research,
           | suggestion, or anything they'd like to share, I'd love to
           | hear it. I'm going to experiment with baking soda and
           | famotidine to reduce inflammation, since I read in the above
           | threads that either of those could work. But if there's some
           | simple hack I can employ to reduce my symptoms
           | (meditation/breathing technique, physical exercise, a
           | stimulation device I can buy, some additional OTC medication
           | I can take, etc), I love to hear it.
        
             | cachecrab wrote:
             | I haven't been diagnosed with EoE (and don't think I have
             | it) but I do think there is a connection between heart
             | palpitations and the digestive system. I have SIBO and will
             | sometimes get them from the trapped gas.
             | 
             | Some would consider this as Roemheld syndrome, which isn't
             | an official diagnosis but I see it as more of an
             | explanation that your digestive system can cause these
             | symptoms, rather than there being a problem with your
             | heart.
             | 
             | I don't have any thing else to offer you as I'm not as
             | familiar with EoE but you could look through the related
             | subreddit to see if others have suggestions. Wishing you
             | the best!
        
         | MPSimmons wrote:
         | Yeah, I've had this too. I've also noticed that digestion in my
         | large intestine triggers panic attack symptoms sometimes.
        
         | jinder wrote:
         | Famotidine an old school H2 antihistamine used for acid reflux
         | (pre PPIs), was found to have an additional mechanism of action
         | via activation of the vagus nerve to inhibit pro-inflammatory
         | cytokines in covid (via alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine
         | receptor (a7nAChR) signal transduction - https://molmed.biomedc
         | entral.com/articles/10.1186/s10020-022...).
         | 
         | It has also been used quite extensively to combat post-covid
         | neuropsychiatric symptoms.
         | 
         | I think the link here is that increased LPS/endotoxin
         | production by your microbiota can induce acid reflux, cause
         | neuroinflammation and psychiatric symptoms. Low acid production
         | itself can result in a more inflammatory microbiome further
         | exacerbating the problem. Long term fix would be working on the
         | migrating motor complex, improve motility/gastric emptying and
         | rebalance the microbiome by reducing gram-negative
         | bacteria/pathobionts and increasing butyrate production via
         | selective feeding. [I'm not a doctor, this is just the
         | direction I've been working on things myself]
        
           | InSteady wrote:
           | That's interesting about famotidine. This is also a treatment
           | for MCAS, which is probably under-diagnosed because it's kind
           | of obscure and the diagnostic criteria kind of suck
           | currently. It can reduce stomach acid, so my doctor and I
           | decided against using it as the first option in treatment,
           | but may reconsider even though the alternative seems to be
           | working. Thanks for the link and explanation.
           | 
           | Can you share any relevant resources or ideas you've gotten
           | on reducing the opportunists and increasing butyrate
           | production? I've coaxed and cajoled my MMC and other
           | digestive processes back into shape, or so it seems, but am
           | struggling on the microbiome angle. It's tricky because the
           | list of foods that trigger symptoms is insanely long, so it's
           | hard to get creative and experimental as far as that goes.
        
             | jinder wrote:
             | Some people really do have mast cell issues, but everyone
             | and their dog thinks they have MCAS these days and it's
             | questionable in my opinion. Often a diagnosis will be based
             | on whether any of the MCAS-drugs work (rather than testing
             | which is very problematic for MCAS). But as you see in the
             | linked paper famotidine was effective in mice genetically
             | engineered without mast cells, so at least in that instance
             | it's not a mast cell issue.
             | 
             | The tricky thing with increasing butyrate production is
             | that everyone's gut dysbiosis is different - and therefore,
             | a prebiotic that works for one person may make someone
             | else's condition worse. For example, I have big blooms in
             | my Prevotella Copri population which would consume Inulin
             | and make my butyrate production worse - but in people
             | without a Prevotella Copri overgrowth, Inulin would improve
             | their butyrate production.
             | 
             | I would look into 16S microbiome testing (I use Biomesight)
             | and use that as a guide, as well as slowly trialing
             | interventions and monitoring symptoms. None of this is
             | perfect and you kinda have to be on the bleeding edge of
             | science/alternative medicine to figure things out.
        
             | cachecrab wrote:
             | Look into PHGG for increasing butyrate production
             | 
             | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S17564646
             | 2...
        
           | theshrike79 wrote:
           | One thing that really helped me was just going to the gym.
           | Basically strengthening my core improved my posture so that
           | my esophagus isn't as crooked due to shitty posture.
        
         | davzie wrote:
         | I spent 6 years trying everything to solve reflux. I am a
         | relatively fit 35 year old. I tried antacids, PPIs, H2 blockers
         | and these just exacerbated the issue over time.
         | 
         | Eventually after much reading I read that without _enough_
         | stomach acid, food backs up and causes reflux. It also causes
         | the LES to not close properly. So I started taking Betain HCL
         | and Digestive Enzymes (Solgar ones) before I eat and I can 't
         | tell you what a difference it's made. It's so amazing. I get 0
         | symptoms and I also feel so much better generally.
         | 
         | I honestly encourage you to try this. The medication for this
         | stuff just has it the totally wrong way around. I can't believe
         | this stuff is given out as one of the most commonly prescribed
         | drugs in the UK at least.
        
           | jconley wrote:
           | I'll have to try this! I have reflux or heartburn daily if I
           | don't do things right. A few things help me.
           | 
           | 1) Don't have an empty stomach. My stomach goes crazy. 2)
           | Don't overeat. Large portions cause it nearly every time. 3)
           | Don't eat anything within 2 hours of bed time.
           | 
           | So, basically, if I eat small meals often I am usually fine.
           | And then there are trigger foods like too much coffee and
           | alcohol and red sauces, and garlic and other things that
           | cause indigestion.
        
             | davzie wrote:
             | I promise you, I had all this. If you try these supplements
             | I mentioned you will never think about it again. The
             | downside is you end up putting on some weight whilst you
             | get over the fun of being able to eat whatever you want
             | again :)
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | theshrike79 wrote:
           | I have a vague recollection that I was tested well over a
           | decade ago and the result was that I have really mild stomach
           | acid and/or not enough of it.
           | 
           | Basically if I eat stuff that digests slowly (fats and red
           | meat), it takes my stomach a LONG time to actually break it
           | down and move it forward. If I shove more stuff in there
           | before it's done -> bad time.
           | 
           | I lost over 10kg during the worst episodes in about 9 months,
           | I lived pretty much on rooibos tea (even green tea irritated
           | my reflux), white rice and mildly flavored chicken.
        
             | davzie wrote:
             | Sounds really awful. Sorry to hear that! I wonder if this
             | would have happened many years ago before modern
             | agriculture and all the awful stuff that is present in our
             | foods. I wonder if our environments are causing this lack
             | of stomach acid / enzymes in people. This can't surely have
             | been happening when we were hunter / gatherers!
        
               | theshrike79 wrote:
               | There are theories about how our modern wheat for example
               | is vastly different from what it was 50+ years ago,
               | something in the structure has changed so that there's
               | "more" wheat, but it's just fluff - all the good stuff
               | has been modified out to get the maximum weight of wheat
               | at the cost of quality.
        
               | gottorf wrote:
               | > This can't surely have been happening when we were
               | hunter / gatherers!
               | 
               | Or it did, and those people died and we no longer have
               | any record of them. That's entirely possible, I suppose.
        
               | davzie wrote:
               | That implies might be a genetic disposition which would
               | also imply anyone suffering today maybe shouldn't be here
               | if that mutation died out. I dunno, I'm a software
               | engineer not a geneticist but I just enjoy the thought
               | experiment
        
           | amatecha wrote:
           | I know this sounds like a hack, but did you ever try taking
           | some apple cider vinegar in water after eating? It's a
           | lifesaver for me, near-instant cure for lack of stomach acid.
           | Has to be the ACV "with mother", the cloudy stuff in it.
           | Maybe no longer relevant if you're already taking Betain HCL
           | (I thought that was a medication at first lol), but I
           | definitely have to mention it in case you may have a natural
           | medication-free alternative available that you may not have
           | tried. Don't take my word for it or anything though, def read
           | up on it if you're interested about it!
        
             | davzie wrote:
             | Yeah it's the same mechanism ! The ACC stimulates the
             | stomach to produce loads of acid and enzymes which it is
             | lacking. The supplements I use are basically the same
             | except the enzymes themselves are provided in the form of
             | the digestive enzyme tablets and the Betail HCL with Pepsin
             | is what stimulates the acid production!
             | 
             | Very glad it's working for you :)
        
           | zigzaggy wrote:
           | Not GP but I also have severe reflux - I've had it years.
           | It's been really bad lately.
           | 
           | In related information I've found that fortified yogurt helps
           | not only my reflux but also improves my mood. But it never
           | seemed to be enough to actually solve the reflux problem.
           | 
           | Just ordered the supplements. Truly hope this solves the
           | problem.
           | 
           | Whoa I just realized that I have a hiatal hernia too. I
           | didn't realize that's what that was. I hope this is a day of
           | solutions!
        
             | davzie wrote:
             | I'd love to hear if this does solve it for you ! Feel free
             | to reply on here or on my contact page :
             | https://davidt.co.uk
        
       | BSEdlMMldESB wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
         | wruza wrote:
         | What a strange agitation in your comment.
         | 
         | Melanin absorbtion spectrum is easy to search for and the data
         | shows that its interaction with EM spectrum below UV and
         | visible light (freq-wise) is basically zero.
         | 
         | Radio frequencies at "home" energies don't interact with us, so
         | you can take the tinfoil hat off ;). Things change when you
         | stand right in front of an industrial microwave antenna, but
         | only there and that has nothing to do with pigments.
        
           | BSEdlMMldESB wrote:
           | []
        
             | RankingMember wrote:
             | You're getting downvoted because what you're saying doesn't
             | make any logical sense, not because of any "taboos".
        
             | tempaway43355 wrote:
             | Your question makes no sense in the context of epilepsy. I
             | genuinely have no idea what you are talking about
        
       | jwestbury wrote:
       | Nerve stimulation implants are really exciting. I have sleep
       | apnea, and while I take to CPAP therapy pretty well, I hate
       | having to travel with the device and I hate its limitations. When
       | we travel, I have to ensure there's an outlet somewhere near my
       | bed; I can't camp without a massive battery pack for my CPAP; I
       | can't go backpacking; and even cuddling my wife at night is a
       | challenge because of the hose hanging off my head.
       | 
       | There's now a sleep apnea implant available, which also functions
       | based on nerve stimulation, and is apparently quite effective.
       | It's still a bit large, so not ideal for those of us who _can_
       | deal with a CPAP, but in another 10 years maybe I can stop using
       | my CPAP and just get a relatively straightforward surgical
       | procedure every 5-10 years. I 'd absolutely do it.
        
         | Bloating wrote:
         | Check eBay for medistrom batteries. I can get 1 night for
         | AirSense 10 (w/o humidity); 2 nights using resmed portable cpap
         | & no issues backpacking with the portable cpap so long as I can
         | get a periodic recharge.
        
         | tibbydudeza wrote:
         | Also using CPAP and cuddling is a big problem for me as well. I
         | have to sleep facing the opposite direction because the
         | venthole in the nasal mask I can tolerate (F&P Eson 2) blows on
         | her face.
        
           | jwestbury wrote:
           | I use a Resmed P30i, which I find really comfortable, but if
           | either of the tubes on the side of my head get compressed, it
           | gets noiser, or if the vent at the top of the head is too
           | close to a surface, which means I now sleep in pretty
           | specific positions to avoid disturbing my wife.
           | 
           | Still, better than keeping her up with my incessant snoring,
           | I guess.
        
       | Jamesdorsey wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
       | thenerdhead wrote:
       | You don't need to buy a $750 USD device to do this either. You
       | can get away with a very cheap TENS device that has ear clips
       | such as:
       | 
       | https://www.tenspros.com/intensity-micro-combo-tens-microcur...
       | 
       | And then look at a study like
       | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7199464/table/T...
       | to determine what settings to use for your condition.
        
         | QuantumGood wrote:
         | Easier to read version of the study summaries:
         | 
         | https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ibnJr6MqhHfpkXXzsKOD...
        
           | BizarroLand wrote:
           | Part of me is interested, part of me is horrified by the idea
           | of DIY electroshock therapy.
        
             | thenerdhead wrote:
             | What exactly is DIY here? TENS devices are FDA approved and
             | these are well known settings / protocols for different
             | conditions.
        
       | samjohnation111 wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
       | crtxcr wrote:
       | >Further research revealed that the brain communicates with the
       | spleen - an organ that plays a critical role in the immune system
       | - by sending electrical signals down the vagus nerve. These
       | trigger the release of a chemical called acetylcholine that tells
       | immune cells to switch off inflammation. Electrically stimulating
       | the vagus nerve with an implanted device achieved the same feat.
       | 
       | One might also achieve comparable effects by drinking baking
       | soda.
       | 
       | >"We think the cholinergic (acetylcholine) signals that we know
       | mediate this anti-inflammatory response aren't coming directly
       | from the vagal nerve innervating the spleen, but from the
       | mesothelial cells that form these connections to the spleen,"
       | O'Connor says.
       | 
       | >While there is no known direct connection between the vagal
       | nerve and the spleen -- and O'Connor and his team looked again
       | for one -- the treatment also attenuates inflammation and disease
       | severity in rheumatoid arthritis, researchers at the Feinstein
       | Institute for Medical Research reported in 2016 in the journal
       | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
       | 
       | O'Connor hopes drinking baking soda can one day produce similar
       | results for people with autoimmune disease.
       | 
       | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180425093745.h...
        
         | miek wrote:
         | Wow the baking soda thing is really interesting! You should add
         | as a submission on HN. Thanks for sharing :)
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | caycep wrote:
       | Vagus nerve shenanigans always remind me of that whole NSA hack
       | of side loading their custom hackey OS into things like embedded
       | USB controllers or other little things on laptops that we never
       | think about. Yea, it's not as flashy as interfacing w/ the
       | CPU/system RAM directly but it could be useful....
        
       | bjourne wrote:
       | My dad has had deep brain stimulation ( _not_ the same as vagnus
       | nerve stimulation, but in the same area) for over ten years. It
       | helps a lot with his dystonia but he has developed severe
       | paranoia which gets progressively worse. Of course you can 't say
       | that one caused the other, but I think it is reasonable to be
       | cautious about devices that put electricity in your brain.
       | Benefits are often instant side-effects may slowly accumulate
       | over the years.
        
       | jasonladuke0311 wrote:
       | Vagus nerve trauma is how liver shot KO's happen in striking
       | arts. I always wondered how this worked.
       | https://middleeasy.com/guides/dissecting-the-liver-shot/
        
       | jmount wrote:
       | I thought all the Hacker News "smarter than everyone else, self
       | prescribers" were still endorsing Adderall, mild hallucinogens,
       | and poop-swapping. But, by all means, shine on you crazy
       | diamonds.
        
         | InSteady wrote:
         | Is your comment intended to mock people who are interested in
         | the vagus nerve, people who are interested in self-advocacy in
         | the case of health problems, or just everyone on hacker news in
         | general? Gotta specify, I'm not sure who I'm supposed to be
         | looking down on here.
        
       | fruit2020 wrote:
       | Does anyone here suffer from vasovagal syncope and has researched
       | the topic more in depth? My last blackout was around one minute
       | during a flight, house doctor says I shouldn't be concerned.
        
       | dentalperson wrote:
       | There is also 10+ years research for tinnitus using Vagus Nerve
       | Stimulation to stop it [1]. Results seem mixed. Many other
       | drugs/neuro-stimuli for T have gotten mixed results and passed
       | clinical trials such as Leniere only to flop in actual usage.
       | It's interesting that the community anecdotal evidence such as
       | r/tinnitus and TinnitusTalk are so useful for these cases because
       | they are more likely to report negative results at the post-
       | approval stage.
       | 
       | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7951891/
        
         | gizajob wrote:
         | I've got tinnitus and can't really foresee any kind of
         | solution. Not sure what the vagus nerve would do given the ears
         | go straight in to the brain. Hopefully one day though, I've
         | learned to live with it for the time being.
         | 
         | eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee...
        
       | blueyes wrote:
       | For me, the amazing thing about the Vagus nerve is that you can
       | stimulate it with your breathing. And since the Vagus nerve
       | affects the autonomic nervous system (involuntary, not
       | consciously controlled) while breathing choices are conscious,
       | this is one of the few ways that humans can directly impact
       | important aspects of their psychology and physiology, like how
       | calm they feel. Mindfulness + breath choices + vagus nerve =>
       | altered state. And that's why traditions including yoga and
       | buddhism empathize breathing. Couple great books that touch on
       | this are:
       | 
       | Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
       | https://www.amazon.com/Breath-New-Science-Lost-Art/dp/073521...
       | 
       | and
       | 
       | Altered Traits: Science Reveals How Meditation Changes Your Brain
       | https://www.amazon.com/Altered-Traits-Science-Reveals-Medita...
        
         | buildsjets wrote:
         | A modern classic would be Holotropic Breathwork, developed by
         | Stanislav Grof after the LSD based therapies he had been
         | developing in the 1970s were made illegal. Yes, it sounds like
         | hippie silliness. But it does have notable effects.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Grof
         | 
         | https://www.amazon.com/Holotropic-Breathwork-Self-Exploratio...
        
         | adriand wrote:
         | This might go beyond how you feel and into direct biological
         | impacts. I don't listen to the Huberman Lab podcast much these
         | days but I did listen to the episode with David Linden, which I
         | found quite interesting. [1] At one point, they are discussing
         | the mind/body axis and the latest scientific developments in
         | exploring how mental states can affect the body. There is a
         | fascinating although very untested - but, testable - hypothesis
         | that meditation may be able to slow the growth of cancerous
         | tumours. The mechanism here is via nerve endings that reach the
         | tumour and their effect on immune responses at the site.
         | 
         | Linden was emphatic about how science requires a mechanism of
         | action, and that when people refer to this potential effect
         | against cancer as due to "alignment of chakras" or whatever, it
         | is "bullshit" to use his word.
         | 
         | I get where he's coming from, but on the flip side, the
         | benefits of meditative practice were arrived at long before
         | science took any note of them. In fact for many years, the
         | scientific perspective on it was that it was entirely bullshit.
         | Meanwhile the people who were (admittedly incorrectly) talking
         | about chakras were delivering real benefits to their followers.
         | As such it seems to me that more respect is warranted, and
         | perhaps even more caution. What do you think?
         | 
         | 1 https://hubermanlab.com/dr-david-linden-life-death-and-
         | the-n...
        
           | digging wrote:
           | Haven't listened, but I think I understand where Linden was
           | coming from, even if it's unnecessarily harsh. The idea that
           | "you can breathe this way and get this effect" can be true
           | and can come from folk wisdom, but they ascribe wrong
           | reasoning to it which makes it mysticism. The reasoning is
           | what's "bullshit". It's like saying "I tie my shoes tight
           | every morning to honor the shoe gods or else they'll untie my
           | laces." Well actually, you're right to tie your laces tight,
           | but only because that's how laces work on a physical level.
           | 
           | The chakras thing, or any other mystical model, is only a
           | low-resolution model. It's useful to point you to a correct
           | belief, but we have to be careful not to get too invested in
           | wrong reasoning. Or else you end up with a system of beliefs
           | which may be mostly wrong - ie, "If my X chakra does this for
           | me, I am sure my Y chakra does that for me," - when what you
           | may be looking for is a completely different phenomenon.
        
           | xgb84j wrote:
           | I think these eastern concepts (e.g. meditation concepts such
           | as chakras, "organs" in traditional chinese medicine) are not
           | meant as objective truths, but rather as useful mental
           | models. Different mental models used in the same culture
           | often contradict one another, which only makes sense if you
           | don't see them as ultimate truth.
        
           | pegasus wrote:
           | Well put.
        
           | TriNetra wrote:
           | Chakras are real so as Kundalini [0]. However, these aren't
           | physical in nature, rather, they are on subtle body of
           | consciousness. Now, that's not possible to prove
           | scientifically yet, but with your dedicated regular practice,
           | you can experience them yourself as this guy on HN did [1]
           | which inspired me to start my own exploration (back in 2014)
           | and have intense experiences which remains with me.
           | 
           | 0: https://www.amazon.in/Kundalini-untold-story-Om-
           | Swami/dp/818... 1:
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6910041
        
             | georgeburdell wrote:
             | [flagged]
        
               | gourabmi wrote:
               | Just because it isn't published in a journal with latin1
               | characters doesn't mean it isn't true
        
               | jvanderbot wrote:
               | > Now, that's not possible to prove scientifically yet
               | 
               | It may be that there is something to the idea that there
               | are ways of stimulating certain parts of the body that
               | can produce something like vagus nerve effects, but
               | asserting it's true by the name given in an ancient
               | mythology is a great way to derail any conversation.
        
               | Enginerrrd wrote:
               | There's definitely something to chakras. They were always
               | my go to example of a thing to make fun of for being
               | utterly absurd, without substance and based on something
               | deeply unscientific.
               | 
               | Then, after several months of intense meditation I
               | started getting strong somatosensory perception in areas
               | of my body traditionally associated with chakras, and
               | Kundalini awakenings and the like. Terms I only picked up
               | on after researching what might be happening.
               | 
               | In short, it strongly appears that if you take a group of
               | people and have them perform certain practices for an
               | extended period of time, you will create a relatively
               | consistent cluster of symptoms.
               | 
               | Eastern mythology/religions have their own language to
               | describe these phenomenona, and the alleged mechanisms
               | are obviously ridiculous, but there is nevertheless
               | something oddly consistent about reported experiences.
               | 
               | Thus, I think it's pretty sound to conclude that there is
               | something "real" going on, creating a relatively
               | consistent pattern of somatosensory experiences. The
               | mechanism is almost certainly explainable by neuroscience
               | but has received little serious exploration due to its
               | purported mechanism and religious background.
        
           | lovvtide wrote:
           | > Linden was emphatic about how science requires a mechanism
           | of action
           | 
           | I don't think this is correct. Science is based on
           | empiricism. Of course we'd like to understand the mechanism
           | of action, but it's not strictly required for scientific
           | description of some aspect of reality. For example, Kepler's
           | laws were derived from the observed paths of the planets --
           | it was only later that these same laws could be explained
           | with recourse to the theory of gravity.
        
             | redavni wrote:
             | Yeah, he likely meant "Nature" requires a mechanism of
             | action.
        
               | lovvtide wrote:
               | Even if that is what he meant, I still don't think it's
               | correct.
               | 
               | To speak of a "mechanism of action" is necessarily to
               | speak about a model of Nature that you, an observer, have
               | created.
               | 
               | Natural phenomena exist empirically and logically prior
               | to any such model, thus is is metaphysically redundant to
               | say that Nature as such requires a mechanism of action.
        
         | BizarroLand wrote:
         | Just by box breathing you can willfully lower your blood
         | pressure and heart rate a good percentage (low double digits)
         | with only a little practice.
        
         | rgrieselhuber wrote:
         | I first learned about it when studying martial arts, years
         | later science is just starting to realize how important it is.
        
       | bgribble wrote:
       | I have this dream scenario where they discover that the gentle
       | swirling of a cotton swab in the ear canal stimulates the vagus
       | nerve and has these tremendous health benefits, allowing the
       | sanctimonious anti-cotton-swab-in-the-ear brigade to sit down and
       | shut up for a minute.
        
         | obelos wrote:
         | Make those anti-eargasm prudes take a back seat for a while!
        
         | oidar wrote:
         | Arnold's nerve cough reflex: evidence for chronic cough as a
         | sensory vagal neuropathy
         | 
         | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222929/
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | fidotron wrote:
       | What made me start paying attention to the vagus nerve noise was
       | this:
       | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200806092437.h...
       | 
       | This claims to improve language learning through selective non
       | invasive stimulation.
       | 
       | The great confusion with these things is given how the body has a
       | tendency to recalibrate dynamically to new stable levels of
       | stimulation the trick would be finding what sort of on/off
       | routine is needed to create the desired effect.
        
       | voisin wrote:
       | > Further research revealed that the brain communicates with the
       | spleen - an organ that plays a critical role in the immune system
       | - by sending electrical signals down the vagus nerve. These
       | trigger the release of a chemical called acetylcholine that tells
       | immune cells to switch off inflammation.
       | 
       | Isn't inflammation an important process for healing? Too much is
       | obviously bad, but if we go turning it off, won't that lead to
       | longer term issues?
       | 
       | Shouldn't we be looking to solve what's causing the inflammation
       | in the first place?
        
         | theobromananda wrote:
         | Not an answer to your question but a comment toward the quote:
         | 
         | In Traditional Chinese Medicine terms, the spleen has always
         | been described as the cause of chronic inflammatory disease.
         | "Spleen deficiency" the core feature of ulcerative colitis and
         | arthritis f.e.
        
         | jeroenhd wrote:
         | > Shouldn't we be looking to solve what's causing the
         | inflammation in the first place?
         | 
         | I agree with that theory, but so far we haven't been able to
         | figure out what really causes many auto immune diseases or how
         | to heal them. The current treatment methods involve nasty drugs
         | that turn off parts of your immune system entirely, but also
         | have various other side effects.
         | 
         | If we can adjust the inflammation threshold, we can fix the
         | symptoms while we're looking to solve the underlying problem.
         | Fixing chronic inflammation will probably take a few decades at
         | least, until then I see no reason why we wouldn't treat the
         | symptoms better, especially if it can be done with cheap and
         | relatively non-invasive devices.
        
         | mindsuck wrote:
         | I'm not a doctor so I won't pretend I understand how these
         | treatments work but:
         | 
         | > Tracey immediately recognised the therapeutic implications,
         | having spent years trying to develop better treatments for
         | inflammatory conditions such as sepsis, arthritis and Crohn's
         | disease. Existing drugs dampen inflammation, but carry a risk
         | of serious side effects. Here was a technique with the
         | potential to switch off inflammation without the need for
         | drugs.
         | 
         | I don't think anyone wants to switch off inflammation for
         | everyone, all the time or as treatment for everything, but
         | there's treatments where it's desired.
        
           | sidewndr46 wrote:
           | sepsis isn't an "inflammatory condition". It's a death
           | sentence if it isn't dealt with promptly. Lumping that in
           | with arthritis renders this meaningless.
        
             | InSteady wrote:
             | Sepsis occurs when inflammations goes from being localized
             | to being spread throughout your entire body. The bacterial
             | infection is obviously the root of the problem, but it's
             | the inflammation that actually kills. Being able to turn
             | off that severe systemic inflammation might buy doctors
             | precious hours or even days to successfully treat the
             | infection before the patient's critical organ system shut
             | down for good.
             | 
             | As laypeople, should probably take a beat before saying
             | statements made by experts and medical researchers are
             | "meaningless."
             | 
             | From google:
             | 
             | >Sepsis is a highly inflammatory disorder with the presence
             | of organ dysfunction in severe cases and mostly caused by
             | bacterial infection (Bone et al., 1989).
        
         | hombre_fatal wrote:
         | All sorts of medications inhibit inflammation because the body
         | often goes apeshit and the "cure" becomes worse than the
         | disease.
         | 
         | Having more control over it with simpler interventions would be
         | a good thing.
        
       | harvie wrote:
       | So you are basicaly telling me than scientists found out that i
       | can get some more alertness by slaping myself in the face?
        
       | yamrzou wrote:
       | The vagus nerve can also be stimulated by diaphragmatic breathing
       | exercises and longer exhalations, see [1] and [2].
       | 
       | [1] https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-athletes-
       | way/2...
       | 
       | [2] https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-athletes-
       | way/2....
        
         | jossclimb wrote:
         | I feel down this rabbit hole after reading Breath by James
         | Nestor. Got serious about practising 5.5 second inhales /
         | exhales and started forcing myself to adjust to nose breathing
         | (even during exercise)
         | 
         | It did a total number on my anxiety levels and pulled me out of
         | the constant cortisol fuelled fight or flight mode I found
         | myself as I slowly crashed and burned into the ground
         | 
         | I wish someone had taught me as a child, it would have made a
         | marked difference on my life, I am sure of it.
        
           | baby wrote:
           | Post the technique here so lazy people like me can read about
           | it!
        
             | broguinn wrote:
             | I read the same book, and while it did help me in several
             | respects (nasal breathing, mandibular and maxillar
             | expansion via an orthodontic device, mouth taping), I only
             | used its box breathing techniques under acute stress. It
             | wasn't until I read a chapter in Peter Attia's Outlive
             | about breathing techniques that I started changing my
             | breathing in a way that, for me, feels like it's actively
             | stimulating the vagus nerve. Here's how it works.
             | 
             | You want to breathe to expand your entire diaphragm,
             | breathing into your upper and lower chest. One way to do
             | this is to breathe through your nose slowly enough that you
             | can't hear the sound of your own breathing.
             | 
             | To get a hang of it, lay on your back on a flat surface,
             | place a hand on your stomach and a hand on your chest, and
             | breathe in slowly. You should feel your stomach and chest
             | rise evenly, neither too much in the stomach, nor too much
             | in the chest.
             | 
             | Once you understand this feeling, you can practice it
             | throughout your day. You feel your whole diaphragm expand,
             | feeling the tension through your chest, stomach, and even
             | expanding into your lower back. Anyways, that's how it's
             | described in the book. I can say that since starting this
             | breathing technique, I've felt a lot calmer. Best of luck,
             | check the book out if you'd like a far more detailed and
             | accurate explanation than mine.
        
             | eep_social wrote:
             | > 5.5 second inhales / exhales
             | 
             | > nose breathing
             | 
             | They did! Breathe in and out through your nose, spending
             | 5.5 seconds each on inhale and exhale. This leads to taking
             | the "optimal" 5.5 breaths per minute. Try to do this all
             | the time but don't experiment with new techniques when
             | you're driving a car or operating heavy machinery.
             | 
             | The book talks about all kinds of other stuff too but
             | that's the tl;dr.
        
             | QuantumGood wrote:
             | Highlighted in the book:
             | 
             | Nasal Breathing: Inhaling and exhaling through the nose to
             | filter and humidify the air, increase oxygen uptake, and
             | engage in diaphragmatic breathing.
             | 
             | Tummo Breathing: A Tibetan practice combining visualization
             | and breath control, involving deep inhalations and
             | exhalations to generate body heat.
             | 
             | Holotropic Breathwork: Rapid and deep breaths, usually
             | accompanied by music, to achieve altered states of
             | consciousness.
             | 
             | Buteyko Method: Focuses on shallow and reduced breathing to
             | increase CO2 levels, promoting relaxation and better oxygen
             | uptake.
             | 
             | Box Breathing: Inhaling, holding the breath, exhaling, and
             | holding the breath again, all for an equal count, to calm
             | the mind and increase focus.
             | 
             | Pranayama: Various yogic breathing techniques to control
             | breath and energy, aiming to balance the body and mind.
             | 
             | Pursed Lip Breathing: Inhaling through the nose and
             | exhaling slowly through pursed lips to improve lung
             | function and control.
             | 
             | Sudarshan Kriya: A rhythmic breathing technique used in
             | conjunction with meditation to reduce stress.
             | 
             | I teach a simplified breathing method for actors called
             | "Flash Breathing" that teaches a series of breaths starting
             | at the speed of gasping, ending at the speed of slow, deep
             | breathing, and concentrating on the "space" between
             | exhaling and inhaling. Very effective.
        
             | talldrinkofwhat wrote:
             | I think they're talking about box
             | breathing:https://www.healthline.com/health/box-breathing
             | 
             | 4s:Full breath in
             | 
             | 4s:Hold
             | 
             | 4s:Full breath out
             | 
             | 4s:Hold*
             | 
             | *this one seems the least natural to me as you're just
             | sitting there, at the bottom of an invisible pool, wasting
             | away.
        
               | baby wrote:
               | Interestingly Huberman talks about double breath in, then
               | long breath out.
               | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBdhqBGqiMc
        
       | buescher wrote:
       | Off and on, I've been seeing woo about the vagus nerve for a
       | while. This article was refreshingly balanced. Now I know:
       | "Tracey's discovery also caught the attention of mind-body
       | practitioners, including the Dutch motivational speaker and
       | "Iceman" Wim Hof". Aha. Indeed.
       | 
       | Where is the rest of this stuff coming from? Is there a deeper
       | dive?
        
         | hnbad wrote:
         | Any mention of Wim Hof deserves a mention of the fact that the
         | "Wim Hof Method" has a perfect verification mechanism: Wim Hof
         | has a twin brother who does not practice the method and
         | performs similarly well on most of the tests supposed to
         | demonstrate the method's efficacy:
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24773331
         | 
         | In other words: there's likely a genetic factor at play much
         | like no amount of training will give you the genetic advantage
         | Phelps has in terms of wing span and lung capacity:
         | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/olympic-g...
        
           | esperent wrote:
           | > similarly well on most of the tests
           | 
           | From your link they checked exactly one thing: shivering
           | response to cold following breathing exercises. Both twins
           | did exactly as well on this one test. That's not "most
           | tests". It's one test. And personally, being able to
           | withstand cold is the least interesting claimed benefit of
           | breathing techniques.
        
             | swader999 wrote:
             | Yes! And it's so easy to just try it and see for yourself.
             | Laughable that anyone wouldn't just take ten minutes to see
             | if it does anything.
        
       | giantg2 wrote:
       | There are a whole bunch of vagus nerve manipulations in current
       | medicine. Many are quite common to self treat for things like
       | converting episodes of SVT. Although the effectiveness is mixed.
       | If they could find a non-drug treatment for Afib, I bet that
       | would be big money based on the potential population and the
       | current drug cocktail side effects.
        
       | jbandela1 wrote:
       | > One thing that makes the vagus nerves so attractive is surgical
       | accessibility in the neck. "It is quite easy to implant some
       | device that will try to stimulate them," says Dr Benjamin
       | Metcalfe at the University of Bath, who is studying how the body
       | responds to electrical vagus nerve stimulation.
       | 
       | Did these (with supervision) during residency. As far as
       | neurosurgeries go, fairly simple. You just have to be careful
       | when you expose the vagus nerve as it lies between the carotid
       | artery and the jugular vein.
       | 
       | This is in contrast to Deep Brain Stimulation which involves
       | making a hole in the skull, exposing the brain, and inserting
       | electrodes deep within the brain.
        
         | Balgair wrote:
         | I did some work on DBS devices.
         | 
         | Yeah, that's an intense surgery.
         | 
         | The MD doing the implantation was a rockin' bitch-ass
         | motherfucking stone cold killer. Sorry for all the curse words,
         | but that's the best way to describe her. I've never been near
         | someone so dead calm no matter what. Just ice in the veins. She
         | was ~6'5" and wore 6" stilettos all the time. That surgeon had
         | _presence_. I 'd never want to meet her in a back alley late at
         | night.
         | 
         | We were developing a new technique to help out with
         | implantation. One of the hard parts of DBS is knowing where to
         | leave the stimulating end of the electrodes. You want to hit a
         | specific region, but as everyone's brain is different, there's
         | no way to stereotype the process. We had a little optical
         | sensor that we were trying to use to guide the electrodes and
         | see differences in the neuronal density. The place you leave
         | the electrodes is in an area of relatively high density (S.
         | Nigra). Bunch of Fourier analysis, machine learning, and
         | machine vision went into it.
        
           | lr4444lr wrote:
           | ML for how to direct implantation, or the signals it
           | produced?
        
       | tempaway43355 wrote:
       | One of my children has severe epilepsy and has a Vagus Nerve
       | Stimulation device implanted - Sentiva 1000
       | 
       | https://www.livanova.com/epilepsy-vnstherapy/en-gb/hcp/produ...
       | 
       | It has really helped although obviously it took surgery and then
       | also nine months of slowly tweaking the settings.
       | 
       | Before the VNS they could (for example) not go on a trampoline
       | for more than a few minutes without having a seizure, but now
       | they're fine all day. They did still have seizures at night after
       | the VNS but we tackled those with a different treatment.
       | 
       | The Sentiva 1000 sends regular soft pulses (for one minute every
       | 3.5 minutes) and can also react to heart rate rising suddenly
       | (which might mean a seizure) by automatically increasing its
       | pulses. During a seizure if we want to manually activate the
       | device we swipe over its location with a strong magnet and that
       | activates it to send stronger pulses for a minute or so.
       | 
       | Batteries last about eight years. A few times a year we go to
       | check the battery, the nurses have an ipad and a wand-type thing
       | that they hold over the implants location, it uses some sort of
       | low power NFC to read data and diagnostics from the implant. When
       | we do need to change the battery that will be an operation. But
       | less complicated than the initial operation (and even that was
       | in-and-out in one day)
       | 
       | All pretty amazing.
        
         | spread_love wrote:
         | Thanks for sharing. I'm considering VNS but frankly I'm
         | terrified of complications and recovery time.
        
           | tempaway43355 wrote:
           | Operation was in-and-out of hospital in one day. Then had a
           | big cellophane-like bandage on neck and shoulder area that
           | had to be kept clean and air-tight for 2 weeks. It was a good
           | bandage though, just had to patch it up occasionally with new
           | layers of cellophane-stuff. Main possible complication would
           | be infection (worse case is that device then has to be
           | removed) or some people have side effect where it feels like
           | their throat is ticked and they cough when device activates.
           | We didn't have any problems.
           | 
           | Then once its all healed they turn the device using nfc wand
           | thing and then slowly increase the power bit by bit over
           | several months. There are various timing and frequency
           | settings that can be experimented with.
        
         | karaterobot wrote:
         | Here's a silly question: does your child feel the nerve
         | stimulation when it happens?
        
           | tempaway43355 wrote:
           | Thats a good question not a silly one. They don't have the
           | communication skills to tell me but they dont seem to be
           | aware of it. Apparently some people experience it as a
           | tingling sensation in throat or neck.
        
         | adversaryIdiot wrote:
         | i wonder why the battery cant be charged wirelessly
        
           | tempaway43355 wrote:
           | Interesting idea. Current battery in the device (I looked it
           | up) is:
           | 
           | Chemistry: Lithium carbon monofluoride
           | 
           | Voltage: 3.3 V, open circuit
           | 
           | Rated capacity: 1 Amp-hour
           | 
           | Self-discharge rate: <1% per year
           | 
           | Its a tiny non-rechargeable battery presumably carefully
           | picked for safety and very slow usage over several years.
           | 
           | I suppose the main barrier to wireless charging of implant
           | batteries would be heat - wireless charging generates heat.
           | And when something goes wrong with wireless charging it can
           | generate a lot of heat. So I guess its risky? But then
           | surgery to change a battery is also a significant risk.
           | 
           | Also I guess someone would have to go through the long
           | process with the FDA of getting it all approved, whereas (at
           | a guess) people designing implants try and use already-proven
           | components and techniques where they can to make approval
           | more likely.
        
             | sudodude wrote:
             | Could also just be a battery lifetime issue? 8 years is a
             | long time. If they made it rechargeable, they might still
             | need to replace it every 8 years anyway just for safety.
        
         | tibbydudeza wrote:
         | This is so awesome - thanks for sharing this - my daughter also
         | has epilepsy, but it is fortunately controlled by medication.
         | 
         | It seems that stimulating the vagus nerve resets something to
         | default in the brainstem when a cascade event is about to occur
         | - probably shuts down the errant signals from propagating to
         | the entire brain ???.
         | 
         | Do you know which lobe in her brain it happens ??? (my daughter
         | has left temporal lobe)
        
           | tempaway43355 wrote:
           | My child has Dravet syndrome so its quite major seizure
           | activity and many different seizure types (tc, absence,
           | focal, myoclonic). I think slightly more left lobe than right
           | but its been a while since we had a full EEG. VNS is known to
           | help with Dravet in enough cases that they were prepared to
           | try the VNS.
           | 
           | The VNS can help stop seizures but also there's a sortof
           | long-term effect from just having it firing every few minutes
           | all the time, seems to re-train the brain in some way. I'm
           | not sure if they really know how it works, just that it seems
           | to help.
           | 
           | Another non-medication treatment that was very good for us
           | was the ketogenic diet. Like, hardcore proper ketogenic diet,
           | 4:1 ratio, prescribed and monitored by an NHS dietician.
           | Every meal measured out by the gram. Its hard work but it did
           | work very well. Its been properly researched -
           | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16146451/
           | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25524846/ - for Dravet
           | syndrome at least, keto is as effective as the best AEDs with
           | fewer side effects.
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | victorbjorklund wrote:
         | Wow, I had no idea that the science around the vagus nerve had
         | progressed so far that we actually have implants that can be
         | used in humans. Amazing. I'm so happy it helps your child.
        
           | civilitty wrote:
           | I was really skeptical that any of these nerve stimulation
           | devices would work over a decade ago when the hype first
           | started growing around them (among biotech investors, not the
           | public). It just sounded way too good to be true but since
           | then there have been a number of devices treating migraines
           | and seizures that were previously intractable.
           | 
           | Really happy to be proven wrong!
        
             | qiine wrote:
             | > Can you provide more info about nerve stimulation devices
             | treating migraines ?
        
               | voxic11 wrote:
               | https://www.gammacore.com/about/how-gammacore-works/
        
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