Prepared by Vernelia A. Crawford
Note: This index to The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science by Dr. Ludwig von Mises includes titles of chapters and selections, each listed under the appropriate subject classification. With the exception of these specific page references, which are hyphenated, the numbers in each instance refer to the first page of a discussion. A page number followed by a figure in parentheses indicates the number of a footnote reference.
Accounting, 84
apriorism, 64
branches of science, 41-44, 77
causality, 20
chance, 61
climate of opinion, 90
constant relations, 40, 56, 62
defined, 34
determined, 25
environment, 48
explaining, 59
forecasting, 59, 60, 64, 66-69
free will, 57
generated, 64
individualism, 80
judged, 96
knowledge, 34; see also Knowledge
mind, 11
natural sciences, 36, 39, 55, 58
positivism, 126-28
purpose, 7
quantification, 66
regularity, 49
research fable, 73
studying, results, 80
teleology, 6
uncertainty, 65
valuation, 83
see also Behaviorism; Praxeology
Activistic basis of knowledge, 34-51
Agriculture, 113
Animism, 36
Anthropomorphism, 36
Apriorism
casuality, 120
characteristic, 54
concept, 17-18
critics, 13
knowledge, 4
reality, representation, 19-21
theories, unscientific, 70
Associationism, 71
Authoritarianism, 107
Autocrats, 90
Avenarius, Richard, 131
classes, 24
directed, 82
features, 104
intentional, 15
irregular, 37
natural sciences, 39
purposeful, 26
stimulus-response, 40
thymology, 47
Benda, J., 134(6)
Beneficiaries, 113
Bentham, Jeremy, 9
Bernstein, E., 131
Bolyai, J., 5
Buckle, H. Th., 136(3)
Buckley, W. F., 137(4)
Buying and selling, 75
Cannan, Edwin, 138(3)
economic system, 122
experience, 132
property, 110
see also Market economy
Carnap, Rudolph, 134(7)
Cassel, Gustav, 136(1)
Catallactic competition, 88, 108; see also Economics
concept, 62-72
confirmation and refutability, 69-70
decision-making, 69
knowledge, 63-64
praxeological theorems, 70-72
prediction, 66-67
quantification and understanding, 66
quantitative definiteness, 62-63
reasoning, 44
trend doctrine, 67-69
Changes, 15, 28; see also Action, human
free will, 57
means and ends, 36, 50, 101, 102, 105
praxeology, 69
see also Valuation
Civilization
modern, basis, 92
Climate of opinion, 90-91
Cohen, Morris, 134(4)
Collectivism, 79, 81, 106, 108
Collingwood, R. G., 47, 135(2, 9)
Communism, 137(3); see also Marx, Karl; Socialism
Competition, 88; see also Capitalism
Comte, Auguste, 39, 48, 64, 119, 123, 129, 139
Concatenation, 24, 27, 40, 56, 63
Confirmation and refutability, 69-70
Constant relations, 40, 56, 62
Constructs, 79
motives, 75
sovereignty, 112-14
see also Market economy
Contract society, 109
individualism, 79
principle, 88
production, 126
society, 61, 76, 78, 87, 91, 105
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 119
Correlations and functions, 63
Creation, 52
Darwin, Charles, 15
Decision-making, 69; see also Choosing
Deductive theories, 12, 21, 44, 64
Definiteness, quantitative, 62-63
Descartes, René, 29
Despotism, 92
Dilthey, W., 135(9)
Distribution, national income, 85
Du Bois-Raymond, P. D., 117
Econometrics, 63
approach, 108-109
behavioral sciences, 39, 101-103
business, 7
capitalism, 122
climate of opinion, 90-91
collectives, 108
confirmation and refutability, 69-70
consumer sovereignty, 112-14
epistemological neglect, 3
errors concerning scope and method, 73-103
government, perfect system, 94-101
hypostatization, pitfalls, 78-80
identified, 73
individualism, methodological, 80-83
legal terminology, 109-12
macroeconomics, 83-87
marginal utility, 76
measurement, 66
motives, 74-77
omnipotence of thought, 91-94
praxeology, 3-4, 101; see also Praxeology
quantification, 63
reality and play, 87-90
research fable, 73-74
theory and practice, 77-78
trend doctrine, 67-69
uncertainty of the future, 64-66
understanding, 66
Economists, classical, 74, 106
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 136(3)
Emerson, R. W., 134(1)
Empedocles, 42
Empiricism
apriorism, reaction, 12
experience, 27
explained, 21
knowledge of universe, 63
natural sciences, 115
pure, 117
Ends and means. See Means and ends
Engels, Friedrich, 129
Enlightenment, 106
Entrepreneurs
ownership, 111
savings, 86
see also Market economy
Environment
measurement, 62
praxeological reasoning, 44
shaped, 46
study, 36
understanding, 48
valuation, 37
see also Universe
Epistemology
action, schemes, 120-21
characteristic trait, 3
defined, 1
economics, 3
human mind, 17
monism, 115-24
natural science, case, 119-20
permanent substratum, 1-2
positivism, 118-19, 122-24, 129-33
praxeological theorems, 70, 111
property, 111
socialistic lesson, 32
thinking, 2
totalitarianism, 129-33
ultimate given, 54
see also Knowledge
Equalization, income, 87
Etymology, 137(3)
Experience
capitalistic, 132
empiricism, 27
interpretation, 43
natural science, 53, 102, 115, 119
research, 102
restricted, 69
monism, 116
mutual constant relations, 40
regularity, 21
see also Universe
Feuerbach, L. A., 116
Forecasting, 59, 60, 64, 66-69
France, 107
Free will, 57-59
Freud, Sigmund, 91
Galilei, Galileo, 119
Gambling, 69
Geisteswissenschaften, 9
Genius, 61
Gestalt psychology, 71
Glorious Revolution, 137(6)
authoritarian, 107
collectivistic, 79, 81, 106, 108
communist, 137(3)
contract society, 109
despotic, 92
French, 107
income, 85
inflation, 85
majority and minority rule, 92, 107
nationalized, 80
one-party system, 137(3)
popular rule, 137(6)
research, 74
socialistic. See Socialism
Greeks, 138(2)
Group relations, 81
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, 116, 119
Heisenberg principle, 62
Henle, Paul, editor, 136(10)
Heraclitus, 1
Historicism, 68
History
defined, 45
inevitability, 59
logical character, 45-46
Marxism, 32
philosophy, 7
political thought, 96
positivism, 118-19
quantification and understanding, 66
statistics, 55
theory, 16
thymology, 47
ultimate given, 45
Holistic system, 84
Homo sapiens, 2, 15, 17, 64, 98; see also Man; Action, human
Human action. See Action, human
body, problem, 116
causality, 20
comprehension, 35
concept, 11-33
epistemology, 17
induction, 21
infinite, 52
legal terminology, 108-109
materialism, absurdity, 30
natural science, 55
positivism, 126
probability empiricism, 23, 27
problems, 104-105
“social sciences,” 105-108
theories developed, 14, 64, 104
understanding, 48
Human problems, zoological approach, 104-105
see also Action, human
Humanities, 9
Hypostatization, pitfalls, 78-80
Ideoolgy, 81
Imaginary construction, 42
Individualism
achievements, 129
climate, 128
cooperation, 79
free will, 58
human action, 80
market economy, 108
methodological, 80-83
ultimate given, 45
Western, 107
Induction theory, 21-27
Inequality, income, 85
Inevitability, 59-61
Infinite, necessity and volition, 52-53
Inflation, 85
Innovation, 130
Institutionalism, 68
Irregularity, 37
Italian Risorgimento, 80
Keynes, John Neville, 136(1)
activistic basis, 34-51
apriorism, 4
causality and teleology, 7
certainty and uncertainty, 63-64
empiricism, 63
function, 35
genius, 61
logical character, 45
man and action, 34
mysticism, 2
praxeology, 64
regularity, 21
source, 27
theory, 16
thymological method, 46
valuation, 37-38
Kotarbiński, Tadeusz, 42, 135(6)
Lalande, 135(2)
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 116
Language, construction, 21
Law
civil, 110
cosmic, 104
Euclidian, 14
macroscopic physics, 23
man-made, 100
microscopic, 84
molar, 84
public, 109
regularity, 56
tax, 85
terminology, 109
Legal institutions, 110
Leibniz, Gottfried, W., 12
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 131, 138(7)
Lilienfeld, Paul de, 4
Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich, 5
Locke, John, 12
Logic
history, 45-46
praxeology, 44-45
regularity, 23
Luce, R. Duncan, 136(5)
Mach, Ernst, 131
Macroeconomics, 83-87
Maine, Henry Sumner, 109
free will, 57
imperfect, 98
sense data, 16
unequal, 59
world view, 115
zoological, view, 104
see also Action, human
Marginal utility, 76
basis, 92
characteristics, 112
individualism, 108
national income, 85
principle, 109, 122, 128, 138(3)
production, 126
socialization, 108
Marx, Karl, 30, 31, 32, 80, 86, 99, 119, 129, 130, 131, 136(6)
Materialism
absurdity of philosophy, 30-33
concept, 28-30
determinism, 28
dialectical, 30
finality, 29
Marxian, 30
metaphysical doctrine, 54, 116
monism, 116
morality, 30
productive forces, 31
aims, 83
choosing, 36, 50, 101, 102, 105
trends, 68
Measurement
environment, 62
natural sciences, 62
prediction, 67
understanding, 66
Mercantilism, 89
Metaphysical doctrine
historical events, 7
unified science, 39
Meteorolgy, 46
Methodology, 80-83
Meyerson, Émile, 138(1)
Microeconomics, 83
Mill, John Stuart, 9
Mind. See Human mind
Minority rule, 92
Mitchell, Wesley C, 136(1)
Mohammed, 29
Molar law, 4
Money
prices, 84
purchasing power, 85
see also Capitalism
Monism
epistemological roots, 115-24
materialism, 116
natural sciences, 119-20
nonexperimental character, 115-18
science of human action, 115, 120-21
Morality, 9, 30, 105; see also Theology
Morgenstern, Oskar, 136(5)
Mortality rates, 56
Mysticism, 2
Nationalization, 80, 85; see also Government
confirmation and refutability, 69
determinism, 53
doctrine, 120
empiricism, 115
experimental methods, 53, 102, 115, 119
history, 45
intellectual tools lacking, 121
measurement, 62
metaphysical doctrine, 116
mind, 55
monism, 119-20
objective, 64
policies recommended, 95
psychology, 47
research fable, 73
statistics, 56
technology, 65
valuation, 37
Natural selection, Darwinism, 15
Naturalism, 104
Necessity
free will, 57-59
inevitability, 59-61
infinite, 52-53
statistics, 55-57
ultimate given, 53-55
volition, 52-61
Negation, defined, 52
Neoauthoritarianism, 107
Neoempiricism, 27
Neologism, decision-making, 69
Neopositivism, 131
Neumann, John, 136(5)
Neurath, Otto, 121, 131, 135(3-4)
Newton, Isaac, 129
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 2
Numerical expression, 55
One-party system, 137(30)
Ownership, 110
Panempiricists, 14
Panphysicalism, 22
Parkinson, N. C., 137(11-14)
Party, derivation of term, 137(3)
Peace, attaining, 137(9)
Phenomena
external, 62
observable, 54
valuation, 37, 48, 65, 75, 83, 112
Physicalism, 39
Physicians, 6
Pythagoras, 17
Planning, 66, 129; see also Government
Play and reality, 87-90
Pneumatology, 9
Poincaré, Henri, 138(1)
Political science, 17, 95, 99, 109
Polylogism, Marxian, 131
Popular rule, 137(6)
Positivism
aim, 38
consequences, 132-33
cult of science, 128-29
doctrine, 119
fallacies, 122-24
finalism rejected, 36
historical setting, 118-19
human condition, 126-28
justified, 116
measurement, 63
metaphysical doctrine, 54, 116, 120
panphysicalism, 22
pitfalls, 119
theology, 120
totalitarianism, 129-33
understanding, 49
universe, misinterpretation, 125-26
Western civilization, crisis, 125-33
Practice and theory, 77-78
Pragmatism, 13
aprioristic doctrine, 4, 42, 44
behavioral sciences, 101
causality and teleology, 6
certainty and uncertainty, 70-72
choosing, 69
constant relations, 40, 56, 62
deductive reasoning, 12, 21, 44, 64
environment, 44
examination of theorems, 70-72
finality, 43
knowledge, certain, 64
logical character, 44-45
observations, 1-9
reality of external world, 6
reasoning, 44
sciences of human action, 9
social conditions, 111
thinking, starting point, 4-6
unscientific theories, 70
see also Sciences
Production
co-operation, 126
factors, 111
goods, 110
materialism, 31
nationalized, 80
see also Consumers
Profits and loss, 84, 85, 89, 111; see also Capitalism
Property, 110
Propositions, synthetic, 5
Purchasing power of money, 85
Pythagoras, 17
Quantification and understanding in acting and in history, 61, 62-63
Racine, Jean B., 29
Raiffa, H., 136(5)
Railroads, 25
Reality
a priori representation, 19-21
classical view, 75
cognition, 41
evaluation, 66
observation, 18
play, 87-90
purposeful striving, 36
Reasoning
acting man, 2
attributes, 11
certainty, 44
human. See Human mind
Refutability and confirmation, 69-70
Regressus in infinitum, 115
Regularity
anticipation of events, 49
external world, 21
human action, 49
knowledge, 21
law, 56
logical positivism, 23
physics, 23
statistics, 55
Reichenbach, Hans, 14, 28, 134(3, 8, 11-12)
Relevance principle, 102
Religion. See Theology
Research
causality, 7
experimental, 102
fable, 73-74
government, 74
scientific, 53
Ricardo, David, 78
Risorgimento, 80
Rougier, Louis, 134(1-2), 137(2)
Russian communism, 137(3); see also Marx, Karl
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, 129
Savings, 86
Schriftgiesser, Karl, 137(18)
Schumpeter, Joseph, 136(1)
aprioristic, 68
defined, 135(2)
Greek, 138(2)
human action. See Action, human
mental, 136(9)
metaphysics, 7, 39, 54, 116, 118, 120
natural. See Natural sciences
progress, 53
research, 53
social, 79
theology, 37
ultimate given, 23
unified, 38-41, 121, 124, 129, 131
Seligman, E. R. A., 37(5)
Slang, 135(2)
anticapitalistic device, 130
attraction, 123
characteristics, 99
decisions, 69
Lenin’s views, 131
market economy, 108
promoted, 94
Society
aggressive, 99
agricultural, 113
class, 130
collectivistic, 79, 81, 106, 108
contract, 109
co-operation, 61, 76, 78, 87, 91, 105
industrial, 113
misinterpretation, 78
Sodium, 40
Somatology, 9
Static equilibruim, 42
Statistics
defined, 55
historical research, 55
national income, 85
necessary and volition, 55-57
regularity, 55
Succession of events, 63
Superstitions, 119
Survival, 34
Syndicalism, 130
Taine, Hippolyte, 135(9)
Tautology, 17
Tax laws, 85
Teleology, 6-8
Tennyson, Alfred, 137(1)
Christian, 105
methods, 117
positivism, 120
teachings, 2
Thinking
achievement, 20
consumer sovereignty, 112-14
economics, implication and neglect, 104-14
enemy, 78
epistemological, 2
legal terminology, 109-12
omnipotent, economics, 91-94
praxeological, starting point, 4-6
“social sciences,” 105-108
zoological approach, 104-105
Thymology, 46-51
Totalitarianism, 99, 128, 129-33
Trend doctrine, 67-69
Truth, 33, 35; see also Knowledge
Ultimate given
determinism, 53
epistemology, 54
individuality, 45
necessity and volition, 53-55
truth, 35
Uncertainty. See Certainty and uncertainty
Understanding
environment, 48
historians, 27
measurement, 66
positivism, 49
quantification in acting and in history, 66
Unified science, 38-41, 121, 124, 129, 131
conscious conduct, 11
divine intervention, 117
empirical knowledge, 63
external world, 6, 21, 36, 40, 42, 116
free will, 57
positivism, 125-26
Utilitarianism, 105
action, 83
environment, 37
knowledge, 37-38
natural sciences, 37
prediction, 59, 60, 64, 66, 67
Vienna Circle, 13
Vogt, Karl, 135(13)
Volition
free will, 57-59
inevitability, 59-61
infinite, 52-53
necessity, 52-61
statistics, 55-57
ultimate given, 53-55
Western civilization and positivism, 98, 125-33
Wicksteed, Philip, 78
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 55, 136(1)
World view, 115; see also External world
Zhukov, 107
Zoology, 104-105