Index

Prepared by Vernelia A. Crawford

Note: This index to The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science by Dr. Ludwig von Mises includes titles of chapters and selections, each listed under the appropriate subject classification. With the exception of these specific page references, which are hyphenated, the numbers in each instance refer to the first page of a discussion. A page number followed by a figure in parentheses indicates the number of a footnote reference.

Accounting, 84

Action, human

animal, 4, 46, 104

apriorism, 64

branches of science, 41-44, 77

category, 8-9, 35

causality, 20

chance, 61

climate of opinion, 90

constant relations, 40, 56, 62

defined, 34

determined, 25

environment, 48

experience, 15, 18, 69

explaining, 59

external events, 6, 36

forecasting, 59, 60, 64, 66-69

free will, 57

generated, 64

history, 43, 45

individualism, 80

judged, 96

knowledge, 34; see also Knowledge

man, 2, 4, 7, 34-36

means and ends, 7, 8, 83

mind, 11

monism, 115, 120

motives, 26, 74

natural sciences, 36, 39, 55, 58

planning, 66, 129

positivism, 126-28

praxeology, 2-3, 7, 9, 41

psychology, 47, 71, 135(9)

purpose, 7

quantification, 66

rational, 2, 12, 76, 90

regularity, 49

research fable, 73

sciences, 9, 41-44, 120-21

statistics, 26, 44

studying, results, 80

teleology, 6

uncertainty, 65

understanding, 27, 48, 66

valuation, 83

violent, 60, 97

see also Behaviorism; Praxeology

Activistic basis of knowledge, 34-51

Aggression, 87, 98

Agriculture, 113

Anarchists, 98, 99

Ancien régime, 107, 110, 130

Animals, 4, 46, 104

Animism, 36

Anthropomorphism, 36

Apriorism

categories, 14-17, 54, 64

casuality, 120

characteristic, 54

concept, 17-18

critics, 13

determinism, 61, 115

experience, 15, 18, 70

human mind, 14, 17, 19

knowledge, 4

praxeology, 4, 42, 44

reality, representation, 19-21

rejected, 12, 68

theories, unscientific, 70

Aristocracy, 130, 137(6)

Aristotle, 105, 132

Associationism, 71

Authoritarianism, 107

Autocrats, 90

Avenarius, Richard, 131

Behaviorism

classes, 24

directed, 82

features, 104

intentional, 15

irregular, 37

molecules and atoms, 24, 27

natural sciences, 39

purposeful, 26

rational, 76, 90

sciences, 39, 101-103

stimulus-response, 40

thymology, 47

Benda, J., 134(6)

Beneficiaries, 113

Bentham, Jeremy, 9

Bernstein, E., 131

Bolyai, J., 5

Buckle, H. Th., 136(3)

Buckley, W. F., 137(4)

Business, 77, 84, 89

Buying and selling, 75

Cannan, Edwin, 138(3)

Capitalism

economic system, 122

effects, 122, 127

experience, 132

Marxism, 32, 86

profit and loss, 84, 89, 111

property, 110

see also Market economy

Carnap, Rudolph, 134(7)

Cassel, Gustav, 136(1)

Catallactic competition, 88, 108; see also Economics

Causality, 6-8, 20, 27, 49

Certainty and uncertainty

concept, 62-72

confirmation and refutability, 69-70

decision-making, 69

future, 46, 64-66

knowledge, 63-64

praxeological theorems, 70-72

prediction, 66-67

quantification and understanding, 66

quantitative definiteness, 62-63

reasoning, 44

technology, 64, 65, 127

trend doctrine, 67-69

Changes, 15, 28; see also Action, human

Choosing

free will, 57

means and ends, 36, 50, 101, 102, 105

molecules and atoms, 24, 27

praxeology, 69

see also Valuation

Civilization

market economy, 92, 138(3)

modern, basis, 92

Western, 98, 125-33

Climate of opinion, 90-91

Cohen, Morris, 134(4)

Collectivism, 79, 81, 106, 108

Collingwood, R. G., 47, 135(2, 9)

Communism, 137(3); see also Marx, Karl; Socialism

Competition, 88; see also Capitalism

Comte, Auguste, 39, 48, 64, 119, 123, 129, 139

Concatenation, 24, 27, 40, 56, 63

Confirmation and refutability, 69-70

Constant relations, 40, 56, 62

Constitution, 95, 100, 109

Constructs, 79

Consumers

labor, 97, 126

motives, 75

profits, 84, 85, 89, 111

sovereignty, 112-14

see also Market economy

Contract society, 109

Co-operation

individualism, 79

peaceful, 92, 97

principle, 88

production, 126

social, 88, 108

society, 61, 76, 78, 87, 91, 105

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 119

Correlations and functions, 63

Creation, 52

Darwin, Charles, 15

Decision-making, 69; see also Choosing

Deductive theories, 12, 21, 44, 64

Definiteness, quantitative, 62-63

Descartes, René, 29

Despotism, 92

Determinism, 28, 53, 61, 115

Dilthey, W., 135(9)

Distribution, national income, 85

Divine right, 107, 117

Dualism, 40, 115

Du Bois-Raymond, P. D., 117

Econometrics, 63

Economics

approach, 108-109

behavioral sciences, 39, 101-103

business, 7

capitalism, 122

climate of opinion, 90-91

collectives, 108

confirmation and refutability, 69-70

consumer sovereignty, 112-14

epistemological neglect, 3

errors concerning scope and method, 73-103

government, perfect system, 94-101

history, 66, 73

hypostatization, pitfalls, 78-80

identified, 73

individualism, methodological, 80-83

legal terminology, 109-12

macroeconomics, 83-87

marginal utility, 76

measurement, 66

motives, 74-77

omnipotence of thought, 91-94

praxeology, 3-4, 101; see also Praxeology

prediction, 59, 60, 66, 67-69

quantification, 63

reality and play, 87-90

research fable, 73-74

theory and practice, 77-78

thinking, 91, 104-14

trend doctrine, 67-69

uncertainty of the future, 64-66

understanding, 66

Economists, classical, 74, 106

Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 136(3)

Emerson, R. W., 134(1)

Empedocles, 42

Empiricism

apriorism, reaction, 12

experience, 27

explained, 21

knowledge of universe, 63

natural sciences, 115

probability, 23, 27-28

pure, 117

Ends and means. See Means and ends

Engels, Friedrich, 129

England, 110, 137(6)

Enlightenment, 106

Entrepreneurs

ownership, 111

savings, 86

see also Market economy

Environment

measurement, 62

praxeological reasoning, 44

shaped, 46

study, 36

understanding, 48

valuation, 37

see also Universe

Epistemology

action, schemes, 120-21

characteristic trait, 3

defined, 1

economics, 3

human mind, 17

individualism, 82, 108

monism, 115-24

natural science, case, 119-20

permanent substratum, 1-2

positivism, 118-19, 122-24, 129-33

praxeological theorems, 70, 111

property, 111

rationalism, 2, 12, 76, 90

socialistic lesson, 32

thinking, 2

totalitarianism, 129-33

ultimate given, 54

see also Knowledge

Equalization, income, 87

Eternity, 36, 52

Etymology, 137(3)

Euclidian geometry, 5, 12

Exchange, 89, 108

Experience

a priori, 15, 18, 70

capitalistic, 132

empiricism, 27

historical, 42, 45, 74

human action, 15, 18, 69

interpretation, 43

knowledge, 12, 20

natural science, 53, 102, 115, 119

positivist doctrine, 53, 71

regularity, 20, 22

research, 102

restricted, 69

totality, 45, 52

External world

human action, 6, 36

monism, 116

mutual constant relations, 40

reality, 6, 36, 42

regularity, 21

see also Universe

Feuerbach, L. A., 116

Finality, 15, 29, 36-37, 43

Forecasting, 59, 60, 64, 66-69

France, 107

Free will, 57-59

Freud, Sigmund, 91

Future, 46, 64-66

Galilei, Galileo, 119

Gambling, 69

Games, 89, 135(6), 137(7)

Geisteswissenschaften, 9

Genius, 61

Geometry, 12, 17

Gestalt psychology, 71

Glorious Revolution, 137(6)

Government

anarchist, 98, 99

authoritarian, 107

British system, 110, 137(6)

collectivistic, 79, 81, 106, 108

communist, 137(3)

contract society, 109

despotic, 92

French, 107

income, 85

inflation, 85

liberal, 92, 138(4)

majority and minority rule, 92, 107

nationalized, 80

one-party system, 137(3)

perfect system, 94, 101

popular rule, 137(6)

representative, 92, 107, 122

research, 74

socialistic. See Socialism

totalitarian, 99, 128, 129-33

Greeks, 138(2)

Group relations, 81

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, 116, 119

Heisenberg principle, 62

Henle, Paul, editor, 136(10)

Heraclitus, 1

Historicism, 68

History

cosmic, 1, 39, 60

defined, 45

economics, 66, 73

experience, 42, 45, 74

human action, 43, 45

inevitability, 59

logical character, 45-46

Marxism, 32

philosophy, 7

political thought, 96

positivism, 118-19

quantification and understanding, 66

research, 55, 73, 101

science, 45, 102, 118, 129

statistics, 55

theory, 16

thymology, 47

ultimate given, 45

Holistic system, 84

Homo sapiens, 2, 15, 17, 64, 98; see also Man; Action, human

Human action. See Action, human

Human mind

apriorism, 14, 17, 19

body, problem, 116

causality, 20

comprehension, 35

concept, 11-33

epistemology, 17

induction, 21

infinite, 52

legal terminology, 108-109

logical structure, 11-14, 16

materialism, absurdity, 30

natural science, 55

positivism, 126

probability empiricism, 23, 27

problems, 104-105

“social sciences,” 105-108

theories developed, 14, 64, 104

understanding, 48

Human problems, zoological approach, 104-105

see also Action, human

Humanities, 9

Hume, David, 12, 92

Hypostatization, pitfalls, 78-80

Hypotheses, 14-17, 70

Ideas, 57, 91

Ideoolgy, 81

Imaginary construction, 42

Income, national, 85, 87

Individualism

achievements, 129

climate, 128

collectivism, 82, 108

cooperation, 79

free will, 58

human action, 80

market economy, 108

methodological, 80-83

ultimate given, 45

Western, 107

Induction theory, 21-27

Inequality, income, 85

Inevitability, 59-61

Infinite, necessity and volition, 52-53

Inflation, 85

Innovation, 130

Institutionalism, 68

Irregularity, 37

Italian Risorgimento, 80

Kant, Immanuel, 12, 42

Keynes, John Neville, 136(1)

Knowledge

activistic basis, 34-51

apriorism, 4

causality and teleology, 7

certainty and uncertainty, 63-64

empiricism, 63

function, 35

genius, 61

logical character, 45

man and action, 34

mysticism, 2

praxeology, 64

regularity, 21

source, 27

theory, 16

thymological method, 46

valuation, 37-38

Kotarbiński, Tadeusz, 42, 135(6)

Labor, division, 97, 126

Lalande, 135(2)

La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 116

Language, construction, 21

Law

civil, 110

cosmic, 104

Euclidian, 14

macroscopic physics, 23

man-made, 100

microscopic, 84

molar, 84

probability, 23, 27

public, 109

regularity, 56

statistics, 23, 26, 56

tax, 85

terminology, 109

Legal institutions, 110

Leibniz, Gottfried, W., 12

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 131, 138(7)

Liberalism, 92, 138(4)

Lilienfeld, Paul de, 4

Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich, 5

Locke, John, 12

Logic

history, 45-46

human mind, 11-14, 16

positivism, 5, 23, 70

praxeology, 44-45

regularity, 23

Luce, R. Duncan, 136(5)

Mach, Ernst, 131

Macroeconomics, 83-87

Maine, Henry Sumner, 109

Majority rule, 91, 107

Man

action, 2, 4, 7, 34-36

free will, 57

imperfect, 98

motives, 26, 74

sense data, 16

unequal, 59

world view, 115

zoological, view, 104

see also Action, human

Marginal utility, 76

Market economy

analysis, 83, 86

basis, 92

characteristics, 112

individualism, 108

national income, 85

prices, 75, 84

principle, 109, 122, 128, 138(3)

production, 126

socialization, 108

speculation, 50, 66, 67

valuation, 75, 112

Marx, Karl, 30, 31, 32, 80, 86, 99, 119, 129, 130, 131, 136(6)

Materialism

absurdity of philosophy, 30-33

concept, 28-30

determinism, 28

dialectical, 30

finality, 29

Marxian, 30

metaphysical doctrine, 54, 116

monism, 116

morality, 30

productive forces, 31

Mathematics, 12, 17, 55, 70

Means and ends

acting man, 7, 8, 83

aims, 83

choosing, 36, 50, 101, 102, 105

trends, 68

Measurement

environment, 62

natural sciences, 62

prediction, 67

statistical, 23, 26, 55, 85

understanding, 66

Mercantilism, 89

Metaphysical doctrine

historical events, 7

materialism, 54, 116

positivism, 54, 116, 120

unified science, 39

Meteorolgy, 46

Methodology, 80-83

Meyerson, Émile, 138(1)

Microeconomics, 83

Mill, John Stuart, 9

Mind. See Human mind

Minority rule, 92

Mitchell, Wesley C, 136(1)

Mohammed, 29

Molar law, 4

Molecules and atoms, 24, 27

Money

prices, 84

purchasing power, 85

see also Capitalism

Monism

epistemological roots, 115-24

materialism, 116

natural sciences, 119-20

nonexperimental character, 115-18

positivism, 118-19, 122-24

science of human action, 115, 120-21

Morality, 9, 30, 105; see also Theology

Morgenstern, Oskar, 136(5)

Mortality rates, 56

Motives, 26, 74-77

Mysticism, 2

Nationalization, 80, 85; see also Government

Natural science

casuality, 6, 49

confirmation and refutability, 69

determinism, 53

doctrine, 120

empiricism, 115

experimental methods, 53, 102, 115, 119

finality, 36, 43

history, 45

human action, 36, 39, 55, 58

intellectual tools lacking, 121

limited, 117, 118

measurement, 62

metaphysical doctrine, 116

mind, 55

monism, 119-20

objective, 64

policies recommended, 95

progress, 65, 126

psychology, 47

regularity, 27, 39

research fable, 73

statistics, 56

technology, 65

theology, 36, 118

valuation, 37

Natural selection, Darwinism, 15

Naturalism, 104

Necessity

free will, 57-59

inevitability, 59-61

infinite, 52-53

statistics, 55-57

ultimate given, 53-55

volition, 52-61

Negation, defined, 52

Neoauthoritarianism, 107

Neoempiricism, 27

Neologism, decision-making, 69

Neopositivism, 131

Neumann, John, 136(5)

Neurath, Otto, 121, 131, 135(3-4)

Newton, Isaac, 129

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 2

Numerical expression, 55

Omniscience, 35, 91

One-party system, 137(30)

Ownership, 110

Panempiricists, 14

Panphysicalism, 22

Parkinson, N. C., 137(11-14)

Party, derivation of term, 137(3)

Peace, attaining, 137(9)

Phenomena

external, 62

observable, 54

psychological, 47, 71, 135(9)

research, 7, 55, 60, 73, 101

valuation, 37, 48, 65, 75, 83, 112

Physicalism, 39

Physicians, 6

Physics, 23, 38

Pythagoras, 17

Planning, 66, 129; see also Government

Plato, 95, 99, 132

Play and reality, 87-90

Pneumatology, 9

Poincaré, Henri, 138(1)

Political science, 17, 95, 99, 109

Politics, 87, 91, 94, 96

Polylogism, Marxian, 131

Popper, Karl, 69, 70, 120

Popular rule, 137(6)

Positivism

aim, 38

consequences, 132-33

cult of science, 128-29

doctrine, 119

experimental methods, 53, 71

fallacies, 122-24

finalism rejected, 36

historical setting, 118-19

human condition, 126-28

justified, 116

logical, 5, 23, 70

Marxian, 119, 131

measurement, 63

metaphysical doctrine, 54, 116, 120

monism, 118-19, 122-24

panphysicalism, 22

pitfalls, 119

science, 63, 128-29

theology, 120

totalitarianism, 129-33

understanding, 49

universe, misinterpretation, 125-26

Western civilization, crisis, 125-33

Practice and theory, 77-78

Pragmatism, 13

Praxeology

action, human, 2-3, 7, 9, 41

aprioristic doctrine, 4, 42, 44

behavioral sciences, 101

causality and teleology, 6

certainty and uncertainty, 70-72

choosing, 69

constant relations, 40, 56, 62

deductive reasoning, 12, 21, 44, 64

economics, 3-4, 101

environment, 44

epistemology, 70, 111

examination of theorems, 70-72

finality, 43

human action, 2-3, 7, 9, 41

knowledge, certain, 64

logical character, 44-45

observations, 1-9

predictions, 59, 64

reality of external world, 6

reasoning, 44

sciences of human action, 9

social conditions, 111

thinking, starting point, 4-6

unscientific theories, 70

see also Sciences

Precapitalistic age, 111, 112

Prediction, 59, 60, 64, 66-69

Prices, market, 75, 84

Probability theory, 23, 27-28

Production

co-operation, 126

factors, 111

goods, 110

labor, division, 97, 126

materialism, 31

nationalized, 80

see also Consumers

Profits and loss, 84, 85, 89, 111; see also Capitalism

Progress, 53, 65, 126

Property, 110

Propositions, synthetic, 5

Psychology, 47, 71, 135(9)

Public opinion, 74, 137(10)

Purchasing power of money, 85

Pythagoras, 17

Quantification and understanding in acting and in history, 61, 62-63

Racine, Jean B., 29

Raiffa, H., 136(5)

Railroads, 25

Rationalism, 2, 12, 76, 90

Reality

a priori representation, 19-21

classical view, 75

cognition, 41

evaluation, 66

external world, 6, 36, 42

interpretation, 30, 64

observation, 18

play, 87-90

purposeful striving, 36

Reasoning

acting man, 2

attributes, 11

certainty, 44

deductive, 12, 21, 44, 64

human. See Human mind

Refutability and confirmation, 69-70

Regressus in infinitum, 115

Regularity

anticipation of events, 49

concatenation, 24, 27

experience, 20, 22

external world, 21

human action, 49

knowledge, 21

law, 56

logical positivism, 23

natural sciences, 27, 39

physics, 23

statistics, 55

Reichenbach, Hans, 14, 28, 134(3, 8, 11-12)

Relevance principle, 102

Religion. See Theology

Research

causality, 7

experimental, 102

fable, 73-74

government, 74

historical, 55, 73, 101

scientific, 53

Revolutions, 60, 97, 137(6)

Ricardo, David, 78

Risorgimento, 80

Rougier, Louis, 134(1-2), 137(2)

Russian communism, 137(3); see also Marx, Karl

Russell, Bertrand, 25, 26

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, 129

Savings, 86

Schriftgiesser, Karl, 137(18)

Schumpeter, Joseph, 136(1)

Science

aprioristic, 68

behavioral, 39, 101-103

branches, 41-44, 77

defined, 135(2)

Greek, 138(2)

historical, 45, 102, 118, 129

human action. See Action, human

mental, 136(9)

metaphysics, 7, 39, 54, 116, 118, 120

moral, 9, 30, 105

natural. See Natural sciences

physics, 23, 38

political, 17, 95, 99, 109

positivism, 63, 128-29

progress, 53

research, 53

social, 79

theology, 37

ultimate given, 23

unified, 38-41, 121, 124, 129, 131

Seligman, E. R. A., 37(5)

Semantics, 21, 38, 80, 108

Sense data, 16, 20, 71

Slang, 135(2)

Social engineers, 40, 94, 121

Social sciences, 79, 105-108

Socialism

anticapitalistic device, 130

attraction, 123

characteristics, 99

decisions, 69

Lenin’s views, 131

lesson, 31, 32

market economy, 108

promoted, 94

Society

aggressive, 99

agricultural, 113

class, 130

collectivistic, 79, 81, 106, 108

contract, 109

co-operation, 61, 76, 78, 87, 91, 105

industrial, 113

misinterpretation, 78

semantics, 80, 108

Sociology, 30, 101, 131

Sodium, 40

Somatology, 9

Speculation, 50, 66, 67

Standard of living, 127, 128

Static equilibruim, 42

Statistics

defined, 55

historical research, 55

human, 26, 55

laws, 23, 26, 56

national income, 85

necessary and volition, 55-57

regularity, 55

Succession of events, 63

Superstitions, 119

Survival, 34

Syndicalism, 130

Taine, Hippolyte, 135(9)

Tautology, 17

Tax laws, 85

Technology, 62, 65, 127

Teleology, 6-8

Tennyson, Alfred, 137(1)

Theology

Christian, 105

methods, 117

morality, 9, 30, 105

natural science, 36, 118

philosophy, 106, 117

positivism, 120

teachings, 2

Thinking

achievement, 20

consumer sovereignty, 112-14

economics, implication and neglect, 104-14

enemy, 78

epistemological, 2

generated, 64, 96

legal terminology, 109-12

omnipotent, economics, 91-94

praxeological, starting point, 4-6

“social sciences,” 105-108

zoological approach, 104-105

Thymology, 46-51

Totalitarianism, 99, 128, 129-33

Totality, 45, 52

Trade, advantages, 89, 108

Trend doctrine, 67-69

Truth, 33, 35; see also Knowledge

Ultimate given

determinism, 53

epistemology, 54

individuality, 45

necessity and volition, 53-55

science, 23, 117

truth, 35

Uncertainty. See Certainty and uncertainty

Understanding

environment, 48

historians, 27

measurement, 66

positivism, 49

quantification in acting and in history, 66

valuation, 48, 50

Unified science, 38-41, 121, 124, 129, 131

Universe

analysis, 32, 53

conscious conduct, 11

divine intervention, 117

empirical knowledge, 63

external world, 6, 21, 36, 40, 42, 116

free will, 57

positivism, 125-26

totality, 45, 52

Utilitarianism, 105

Utopianism, 97, 99

Valuation

action, 83

classical economics, 74, 106

consumer, 75, 84, 89, 111

environment, 37

knowledge, 37-38

market economy, 75, 112

natural sciences, 37

prediction, 59, 60, 64, 66, 67

understanding, 48, 50

Vienna Circle, 13

Violence, 60, 97, 137(6)

Vogt, Karl, 135(13)

Volition

free will, 57-59

inevitability, 59-61

infinite, 52-53

necessity, 52-61

statistics, 55-57

ultimate given, 53-55

Western civilization and positivism, 98, 125-33

Wicksteed, Philip, 78

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 55, 136(1)

World view, 115; see also External world

Zhukov, 107

Zoology, 104-105