(C) PLOS One [1]. This unaltered content originally appeared in journals.plosone.org.
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.
url:https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/licenses-and-copyright

------------



Sex-specific associations of adiposity with cardiometabolic traits in the UK: A multi–life stage cohort study with repeat metabolomics

['Linda M. O Keeffe', 'School Of Public Health', 'University College Cork', 'Cork', 'Mrc Integrative Epidemiology Unit At The University Of Bristol', 'Bristol', 'United Kingdom', 'Population Health Sciences', 'Bristol Medical School', 'University Of Bristol']

Date: 2022-01 

G0 parents included in analyses had a smaller proportion of UK ethnic minorities, were more educated, had higher social class, lower levels of smoking during pregnancy, and were less adipose than parents excluded from analyses ( S3 Table ).

G1 offspring included in the analysis had a smaller proportion of UK ethnic minorities and had parents with higher educational attainment, higher household social class, and mothers with lower levels of smoking during pregnancy compared with offspring excluded from analyses ( S2 Table ). G1 offspring included had older mothers during pregnancy compared with offspring excluded from analyses. G1 included and excluded participants were similar in birth weight, gestational age, and adiposity at each age.

A low proportion of G0 fathers and mothers (each <5.0%) were of UK ethnic minority. G0 fathers had higher educational levels and social class and higher levels of smoking during their partners’ pregnancy compared with G0 mothers. G0 fathers had higher BMI and waist circumference but lower fat mass compared with G0 mothers.

A minority of male G1 participants and female G1 participants (each <5.0%) were of UK ethnic minority ( Table 1 ). Male G1 participants had parents with slightly higher education, lower levels of smoking among their mothers during pregnancy, higher household social class, and higher birth weight but similar gestational age and maternal age compared with female G1 participants. Male G1 participants had similar BMI and waist circumference but lower fat mass at each age compared with female participants.

Associations of adiposity measures with lipoprotein concentrations in females and males

Tables 2–5 and Figs 2 and 3 show adjusted sex-specific associations of BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference with key cardiometabolic traits at each age, with corresponding P values for sex differences in associations also shown in Tables 2–5. Adjusted sex-specific associations and sex differences in associations at each age for all 148 traits are shown in S4–S6 Tables. Results with outcome traits in original units are shown in S7–S9 Tables. Unadjusted results are shown in S10–S12 Tables.

PPT PowerPoint slide

PNG larger image

TIFF original image Download: Fig 2. Sex-specific association of BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference (per SD increase) with standardised lipoprotein concentrations from childhood to midlife. Results shown are standardised differences with whiskers representing 95% CIs. These represent the standardised difference in cardiometabolic trait per SD increase in BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference in each sex separately for associations of adiposity at 9 y and traits at 15 y (A), adiposity at 15 y and traits at 18 y (B), adiposity at 18 y and traits at 25 y (C), and adiposity at 50 y and traits at 50 y (D). G1 analyses are adjusted for age at clinic completion, ethnicity, child’s mother and father education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, household social class, and height and height2. Analyses of outcomes at 18 y and 25 y are also additionally adjusted for G1 offspring smoking. G0 analyses are adjusted for age at clinic completion, ethnicity, education, smoking during G1 cohort pregnancy, own social class, and height and height2. SD unit of BMI = 2.7 kg/m2, 2.9 kg/m2, 3.8 kg/m2, and 4.8 kg/m2 at 9 y, 15 y, 18 y, and 50 y, respectively. SD unit of fat mass = 5 kg, 7.8 kg, 9.8 kg, and 10.2 kg at 9 y, 15 y, 18 y, and 50 y, respectively. SD unit of waist circumference = 7.4 cm, 7.8 cm, and 13 cm at 9 y, 15 y, and 50 y, respectively. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; G0, parent generation 0; G1, offspring generation 1; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003636.g002

In confounder adjusted analyses (G1 adjusted for age at clinic completion, ethnicity, child’s parents education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, household social class, height, height2 and offspring smoking; G0 adjusted for age at clinic completion, ethnicity, education, smoking during G1 cohort pregnancy, own social class, height, and height2), adiposity measures (BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference) were positively associated with all concentrations of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles in both sexes; associations at 15 y, 18 y, and 25 y were generally stronger in males but more similar between the sexes at 50 y (Fig 2 and Tables 2–5; note that S4–S6 Tables show full results of sex-specific associations and sex differences in associations). For instance, a 1 SD higher BMI at 18 y was associated with 0.36 SD (95% CI = 0.20, 0.52) higher concentrations of extremely large VLDL particles at 25 y in males compared with 0.15 SD (95% CI = 0.09, 0.21) in females, P value for sex difference = 0.02 (Table 4). By contrast, at age 50 y, a 1 SD higher BMI was associated with 0.33 SD (95% CI = 0.25, 0.42) and 0.30 SD (95% CI = 0.26, 0.33) higher concentrations of extremely large VLDL particles in males and females, respectively, P value for sex difference = 0.42 (Table 5).

Adiposity measures were positively associated with all concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles at 18 y and 25 y in males only (Fig 2 and Tables 2–5 and S4–S6). For instance, a 1 SD higher BMI at 15 y was associated with 0.13 SD (95% CI = 0.05, 0.20) higher concentrations of small LDL at 18 y among males compared with a difference of −0.01 SD (95% CI = −0.11, 0.08) among females, P value for sex difference = 0.02 (Table 3). At 50 y, adiposity measures were associated with concentrations of LDL in females only (e.g., a 1 SD higher BMI at 50 y was associated with 0.0001 SD (95% CI = −0.08, 0.08) higher concentrations of small LDL among males compared with 0.17 SD (95% CI = 0.14, 0.20) among females, P value for sex difference = <0.001 [Table 5]). By contrast, adiposity measures were inversely associated with concentrations of very large and large high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles at all ages in both sexes; associations were stronger in males at 15 y, but more similar between males and females from 18 y onwards (e.g., a 1 SD higher BMI at 50 y was associated with −0.38 SD (95% CI = −0.44, −0.33) lower concentrations of large HDL at 50 y among males, with similar differences among females, P value for sex difference = 0.92 [Table 5]).

Adiposity measures were inversely associated with concentrations of medium HDL particles at 25 y in females only and at 50 y in males only (e.g., a 1 SD higher BMI at 18 y was associated with −0.15 SD (95% CI = −0.22, −0.09) lower concentrations of medium HDL at 25 y among females, while a 1 SD higher BMI at 50 y was associated with −0.21 SD (95% CI = −0.28, −0.13) lower concentrations of medium HDL at 50 y among males [Fig 2 and Tables 2–5 and S4–S6]). Adiposity measures were positively associated with concentrations of small HDL particles at younger ages among males and in both sexes at 50 y; positive associations with small HDL were stronger in females at 50 y (e.g., a 1 SD higher BMI at 50 y was associated with 0.08 SD (95% CI = 0.01,0.14) higher concentrations of small HDL among males at 50 y compared with 0.19 SD (95% CI = 0.16,0.22) among females, P value for sex difference = 0.001 [Table 5]).

Adiposity measures were inversely associated with apolipoprotein A-1 and positively associated with apolipoprotein B at each age in both sexes; at younger ages, associations with apolipoprotein A-1 concentrations were stronger in females (e.g., a 1 SD higher BMI at 18 y was associated with −0.06 SD (95% CI = −0.12,0.01) lower concentrations of apolipoprotein A-1 among males at 25 y compared with −0.19 SD (95% CI = −0.26, −0.13) in females, P value for difference = 0.004 [Fig 2 and Tables 2–5 and S4–S6]). Associations with apolipoprotein B concentrations were stronger in males at younger ages (e.g., a 1 SD higher BMI at 15 y was associated with 0.25 SD (95% CI = 0.16, 0.34) higher apolipoprotein B concentrations among males at 18 y compared with 0.09 SD (95% CI = −0.01, 0.18) among females, P value for sex difference = 0.01 [Table 3]). At 50 y, associations were similar between the sexes for apolipoprotein A-1 (e.g., a 1 SD higher BMI at 50 y was associated with −0.24 SD (95% CI = −0.29, −0.19) lower concentrations of apolipoprotein A-1 among males, with similar differences among females, P value for sex difference = 0.16 [Table 5]). By contrast, associations were stronger in females for apolipoprotein B at 50 y (e.g., a 1 SD higher BMI at 50 y was associated with 0.19 SD (95% CI = 0.12, 0.25) higher concentrations of apolipoprotein B at 50 y among males compared with 0.29 SD (95% CI = 0.26, 0.33) in females, P value for sex difference = 0.01 [Table 5]).

[END]

[1] Url: https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003636

(C) Plos One. "Accelerating the publication of peer-reviewed science."
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0)
URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


via Magical.Fish Gopher News Feeds:
gopher://magical.fish/1/feeds/news/plosone/