Location:
Southern Africa, group of islands at the northern mouth of the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique
Geographic coordinates:
Map references:
Area:
total:2,235 sq km
land:2,235 sq km
water:0 sq km
country comparison to the world:180
Area - comparative:
slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
Coastline:
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:12nm
exclusive economic zone:200nm
Climate:
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Terrain:
volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills
Elevation:
0 mlowest point: Indian Ocean
2360 highest point: Karthala
Natural resources:
Land use:
agricultural land:84.4%(2011 est.)
arable land:46.7%(2011 est.)/permanent crops:29.6%(2011 est.)/permanent pasture:8.1%(2011 est.)
forest:1.4%(2011 est.)
other:14.2%(2011 est.)
Irrigated land:
Population distribution:
the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated
Natural hazards:
cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); volcanic activity on Grand Comore
volcanism: Karthala (2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud
Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil degradation and erosion results from forest loss and from crop cultivation on slopes without proper terracing; marine biodiversity affected as soil erosion leads to the silting of coral reefs
Environment - international agreements:
party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel
Population:
821,164(July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world:163
Nationality:
noun:Comoran(s)
adjective:Comoran
Ethnic groups:
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Languages:
Arabic(official), French(official), Shikomoro(official; a blend of Swahili and Arabic) (Comorian)
Religions:
Sunni Muslim 98%, other (including Shia Muslim, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Protestant) 2%
note: Islam is the state religion
Demographic profile:
Comoros’ population is a melange of Arabs, Persians, Indonesians, Africans, and Indians, and the much smaller number of Europeans that settled on the islands between the 8th and 19th centuries, when they served as a regional trade hub. The Arab and Persian influence is most evident in the islands’ overwhelmingly Muslim majority – about 98% of Comorans are Sunni Muslims. The country is densely populated, averaging nearly 350 people per square mile, although this varies widely among the islands, with Anjouan being the most densely populated.
Given the large share of land dedicated to agriculture and Comoros’ growing population, habitable land is becoming increasingly crowded. The combination of increasing population pressure on limited land and resources, widespread poverty, and poor job prospects motivates thousands of Comorans each year to attempt to illegally migrate using small fishing boats to the neighboring island of Mayotte, which is a French territory. The majority of legal Comoran migration to France came after Comoros’ independence from France in 1975, with the flow peaking in the mid-1980s.
At least 150,000 to 200,000 people of Comoran citizenship or descent live abroad, mainly in France, where they have gone seeking a better quality of life, job opportunities, higher education (Comoros has no universities), advanced health care, and to finance elaborate traditional wedding ceremonies (aada). Remittances from the diaspora are an economic mainstay, in 2013 representing approximately 25% of Comoros’ GDP and significantly more than the value of its exports of goods and services (only 15% of GDP). Grand Comore, Comoros’ most populous island, is both the primary source of emigrants and the main recipient of remittances. Most remittances are spent on private consumption, but this often goes toward luxury goods and the aada and does not contribute to economic development or poverty reduction. Although the majority of the diaspora is now French-born with more distant ties to Comoros, it is unclear whether they will sustain the current level of remittances.
Age structure:
0-14 years:38.54%(male 157,764 /female 158,676)
15-24 years:19.89%(male 79,133 /female 84,181)
25-54 years:33.25%(male 129,645 /female 143,408)
55-64 years:4.34%(male 15,957 /female 19,690)
65 years and over:3.98%(male 14,881 /female 17,829)(2018 est.)
population pyramid: This is the population pyramid for Comoros. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio:75.5(2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio:70.5(2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio:5.1(2015 est.)
potential support ratio:19.7(2015 est.)
Median age:
Population growth rate:
1.57%(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world:66
Birth rate:
25.3 births/1,000 population(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world:49
Death rate:
7.1 deaths/1,000 population(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world:125
Net migration rate:
-2.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:168
Population distribution:
the capital city of Maroni, located on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, of the three islands that comprise Comoros, it is Anjouan that is the most densely populated
Urbanization:
urban population:29% of total population(2018)
rate of urbanization:2.87% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
62,000 MORONI (capital)(2018)
Sex ratio:
at birth:1.02 male(s)/female(2017 est.)
0-14 years:0.99 male(s)/female(2017 est.)
15-24 years:0.94 male(s)/female(2017 est.)
25-54 years:0.9 male(s)/female(2017 est.)
55-64 years:0.8 male(s)/female(2017 est.)
65 years and over:0.88 male(s)/female(2017 est.)
total population:0.94 male(s)/female(2017 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth:
24.6 years(2012 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29
Maternal mortality rate:
335 deaths/100,000 live births(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world:38
Infant mortality rate:
total:58.3 deaths/1,000 live births(2018 est.)
male:68.4 deaths/1,000 live births(2018 est.)
female:47.9 deaths/1,000 live births(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world:17
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:64.9 years(2018 est.)
male:62.6 years(2018 est.)
female:67.4 years(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world:185
Total fertility rate:
3.21 children born/woman(2018 est.)
country comparison to the world:46
Contraceptive prevalence rate:
Health expenditures:
6.7% of GDP(2014)
country comparison to the world:88
Hospital bed density:
2.2 beds/1,000 population(2010)
Drinking water source:
improved:urban:92.6% of population
rural:89.1% of population
total:90.1% of population
unimproved:urban:7.4% of population
rural:10.9% of population
total:9.9% of population(2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
improved:urban:48.3% of population(2015 est.)
rural:30.9% of population(2015 est.)
total:35.8% of population(2015 est.)
unimproved:urban:51.7% of population(2015 est.)
rural:69.1% of population(2015 est.)
total:64.2% of population(2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
7.8%(2016)
country comparison to the world:157
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
16.9%(2012)
country comparison to the world:35
Education expenditures:
4.3% of GDP(2015)
country comparison to the world:102
Literacy:
definition:age 15 and over can read and write(2015 est.)
total population:77.8%(2015 est.)
male:81.8%(2015 est.)
female:73.7%(2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total:11 years(2014)
male:11 years(2014)
female:11 years(2014)
Country name:
conventional long form:Union of the Comoros
conventional short form:Comoros
local long form:Udzima wa Komori (Comorian)
local short form:Komori (Comorian)
etymology:name derives from the Arabic designation \"Juzur al Qamar\" meaning \"Islands of the Moon\"
Union des Comores (French)Jumhuriyat al Qamar al Muttahidah (Arabic)Comores (French)Juzur al Qamar (Arabic)
Government type:
federal presidential republic
Capital:
name:Moroni
geographic coordinates:11 42 S, 43 14 E
time difference:UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
3 islands and 4 municipalities*; Anjouan (Ndzuwani), Domoni*, Fomboni*, Grande Comore (N'gazidja), Moheli (Mwali), Moroni*, Moutsamoudou*
Independence:
6 July 1975 (from France)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 July (1975)
Constitution:
history:previous 1996; latest ratified 23 December 2001(2018)
amendments:proposed by the president of the union or supported by at least one-third of the Assembly of the Union membership; passage requires approval by at least two-thirds majority of the total Assembly membership and approval by at least two-thirds of the membership of the Island Councils, or approval in a referendum; amended 2009, 2014, 2018(2018)
Legal system:
mixed legal system of Islamic religious law, the French civil code of 1975, and customary law
International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship:
citizenship by birth:no
citizenship by descent only:at least one parent must be a citizen of the Comoros
dual citizenship recognized:no
residency requirement for naturalization:10 years
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Judicial branch:
highest courts:Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 7 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 8 members)
judge selection and term of office:Supreme Court judges - 2 selected by the president of the Union, 2 by the Assembly of the Union, and 1 each by the 3 island councils; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court members appointed - 1 by the president, 1 each by the 3 vice presidents, 1 by the Assembly, and 1 each by the island executives; all members serve 6-year renewable terms
subordinate courts:Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de premiere instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts
Executive branch:
chief of state:President AZALI Assoumani(since 26 May 2016); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; Abdallah Said SAROUMA (since 26 May 2016), is vice president of Transportation, Posts, Telecommunication, etc.; Djaffer Ahmed SAID (since 26 May 2016), is vice president of Economy, Planning, Industry Crafts,etc.; Moustadroine ABDOU (since 26 May 2016), is vice president of Agriculture, Fishing, and the Environment
head of government:President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016); Vice Presidents: Abdallah Said SAROUMA, (since 26 May 2016), Djaffer Ahmed SAID (since 26 May 2016), and Moustadroine ABDOU (since 26 May 2016)
cabinet:Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments:president directly elected by simple majority popular vote in 2 rounds for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 February 2016 and second round held 10 April 2016 (next originally scheduled for 2021 but rescheduled for 2019)
election results:AZALI Assoumani (CRC) elected president in the second round; percent of vote in first round - Mohamed Ali SOILIHI (UPDC)17.6%, Mouigni BARAKA (RDC) 15.1%, AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 15.%, Fahmi Said IBRAHIM (PEC) 14.5%; percent of vote in second round - AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 41.%, Mohamed Ali SOILIHI (UPDC) 39.9%; Mouigni BARAKA (RDC)19.1%
note: a referendum held on 30 July 2018 overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment that extends the term limits of the president and ends the rotation of the Union presidents among the three main islands
Legislative branch:
description:unicameral Assembly of the Union (33 seats; 24 members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed and 9 members indirectly elected by the 3 island assemblies; members serve 5-year terms)(2017)
elections:last held on 25 January 2015 with a runoff on 22 February 2015 (next to be held in 2020)(2017)
election results:percent of vote by party - UPDC 29.1%, PJ 20.5%, RDC 21.3%, other 29.1%; seats by party - UPDC 8, PJ 7, RDC 2, CRC 2, RADHI 1, PEC 1, independent 3; composition - men 32, women 1, percent of women 3%; note - 9 additional seats filled by the 3 island assemblies
Political parties and leaders:
Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC [AZALI Assoumani]
Democratic Rally of the Comoros or RDC [Mouigni BARAKA]
Juwa Party or PJ [Ahmed Abdallah SAMBI]
Party for the Comorian Agreement (Partie Pour l'Entente Commorienne) or PEC [Fahmi Said IBRAHIM]
Rally for an Alternative of Harmonious and Integrated Development or RADHI [Abdou SOEFO]
Rally with a Development Initiative for Enlightened Youth or RIDJA [Said LARIFOU]
Union for the Development of the Comoros or UPDC [Mohamed HALIFA]
International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AMF, AOSIS, AU, CAEU (candidates), COMESA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Soilihi Mohamed SOILIHI (since 18 November 2014)
chancery:Mission to the US, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 418, New York, NY 10017
telephone:[1] (212) 750-1637
FAX:[1] (212) 750-1657
Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Comoros; the US Ambassador to Madagascar is accredited to Comoros
Flag description:
four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, N'gazidja, Ndzuwani, and Mahore (Mayotte - department of France, but claimed by Comoros)
note: the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam
National symbol(s):
four stars and crescent; national colors: green, white
National anthem:
name:\"Udzima wa ya Masiwa\" (The Union of the Great Islands)
lyrics/music:Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE/Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE and Kamildine ABDALLAH
Economy - overview:
One of the world's poorest and smallest economies, the Comoros is made up of three islands that are hampered by inadequate transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, accounts for about 50% of GDP, employs a majority of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. Export income is heavily reliant on the three main crops of vanilla, cloves, and ylang ylang (perfume essence); and the Comoros' export earnings are easily disrupted by disasters such as fires and extreme weather. Despite agriculture’s importance to the economy, the country imports roughly 70% of its food; rice, the main staple, and other dried vegetables account for more than 25% of imports. Remittances from about 300,000 Comorans contribute about 25% of the country’s GDP. France, Comoros’s colonial power, remains a key trading partner and bilateral donor.
Comoros faces an education system in need of upgrades, limited opportunities for private commercial and industrial enterprises, poor health services, limited exports, and a high population growth rate. Recurring political instability, sometimes initiated from outside the country, and an ongoing electricity crisis have inhibited growth. The government, elected in mid-2016, has moved to improve revenue mobilization, reduce expenditures, and improve electricity access, although the public sector wage bill remains one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa. In mid-2017, Comoros joined the Southern African Development Community with 15 other regional member states.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.319 billion(2017 est.)
$1.284 billion(2016 est.)
$1.257 billion(2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world:201
GDP (official exchange rate):
$652 million(2017 est.)(2017 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
2.7%(2017 est.)
2.2%(2016 est.)
1%(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world:125
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$1,600(2017 est.)
$1,600(2016 est.)
$1,600(2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world:216
Gross national saving:
17.3% of GDP(2017 est.)
13.6% of GDP(2016 est.)
18% of GDP(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world:117
GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption:92.6%(2017 est.)
government consumption:20.4%(2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital:20%(2017 est.)
investment in inventories:-3.1%(2017 est.)
exports of goods and services:17.2%(2017 est.)
imports of goods and services:-47.1%(2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture:47.7%(2017 est.)
industry:11.8%(2017 est.)
services:40.5%(2017 est.)
Agriculture - products:
vanilla, cloves, ylang-ylang (perfume essence), coconuts, bananas, cassava (manioc)
Industries:
fishing, tourism, perfume distillation
Industrial production growth rate:
1%(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:154
Labor force:
278,500(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:166
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture:80%
industry:20%(1996 est.)
industry and services:20%(1996 est.)
Unemployment rate:
6.5%(2014 est.)
country comparison to the world:96
Population below poverty line:
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:55.2%(2004)
highest 10%:55.2%(2004)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
55.9(2004 est.)
country comparison to the world:8
Budget:
revenues:165.2 million(2017 est.)
expenditures:207.3 million(2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues:
25.3% (of GDP)(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:117
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-6.5% (of GDP)(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:188
Public debt:
32.4% of GDP(2017 est.)
27.7% of GDP(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:160
Fiscal year:
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1%(2017 est.)
1.8%(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:50
Central bank discount rate:
1.93%(31 December 2010)
2.21%(31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world:120
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
10.5%(31 December 2017 est.)
10.5%(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:81
Stock of narrow money:
$200.8 million(31 December 2017 est.)
$180.5 million(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:183
Stock of broad money:
$200.8 million(31 December 2017 est.)
$180.5 million(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:186
Stock of domestic credit:
$208.5 million(31 December 2017 est.)
$183.9 million(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:184
Current account balance:
-$27 million(2017 est.)
-$45 million(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:74
Exports:
$18.9 million(2017 est.)
$17.9 million(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:212
Exports - partners:
France 36.5%, India 12.2%, Germany 8.2%, Pakistan 6.3%, Switzerland 5.8%, South Korea 4.7%, Russia 4.3%(2017)
Exports - commodities:
vanilla, ylang-ylang (perfume essence), cloves
Imports:
$207.8 million(2017 est.)
$189.9 million(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:208
Imports - commodities:
rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, cement and construction materials, transport equipment
Imports - partners:
UAE 32.8%, France 17.3%, China 13.2%, Madagascar 6.1%, Pakistan 4.5%, India 4.3%(2017)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$208 million(31 December 2017 est.)
$159.5 million(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:173
Debt - external:
$199.8 million(31 December 2017 est.)
$132 million(31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:189
Exchange rates:
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar -
458.2(2017 est.)
444.76(2016 est.)
444.76(2015 est.)
443.6(2014 est.)
370.81(2013 est.)
Electricity access:
population without electricity:200,000(2013)
electrification - total population:69%(2013)
electrification - urban areas:89%(2013)
electrification - rural areas:62%(2013)
Electricity - production:
42 million kWh(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:207
Electricity - consumption:
39.06 million kWh(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:207
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:122
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:136
Electricity - installed generating capacity:
27,000 kW(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:203
Electricity - from fossil fuels:
96% of total installed capacity(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:38
Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:68
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
4% of total installed capacity(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:131
Electricity - from other renewable sources:
0% of total installed capacity(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:181
Crude oil - production:
0 bbl/day(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:121
Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world:107
Crude oil - imports:
0 bbl/day(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world:111
Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl(1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world:118
Refined petroleum products - production:
0 bbl/day(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world:131
Refined petroleum products - consumption:
1,300 bbl/day(2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:202
Refined petroleum products - exports:
0 bbl/day(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world:144
Refined petroleum products - imports:
1,241 bbl/day(2015 est.)
country comparison to the world:198
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:117
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:133
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:84
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:107
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m(1 January 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world:123
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
193,600 Mt(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:201
Telephones - fixed lines:
total subscriptions:17,212(2017 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:2(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:183
Telephones - mobile cellular:
total subscriptions:446,868(2017 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:55(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:173
Telephone system:
general assessment:sparse system of microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communication stations; telephone service limited to the islands' few towns(2017)
domestic:fixed-line connections only about 2 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage over 55 per 100 persons; two companies, Comoros Telecom and Telma, provide domestic and international mobile service and wireless data(2017)
international:country code - 269; landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system connecting East Africa with Europe and North America; HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Reunion(2018)
Broadcast media:
Internet country code:
Internet users:
total:63,084(July 2016 est.)
percent of population:7.9%(July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world:185
Broadband - fixed subscriptions:
total:1,644(2017 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants:less than 1(2017 est.)
country comparison to the world:185