12 Fitzroy, “The Punishment of Crime in Provincial Pennsylvania,” 242-69; Harry and Grace Weiss, An Introduction to Crime and Punishment in Colonial New Jersey (Trenton, 1960); Albert Post, “Early Efforts to Abolish Capital Punishment in Pennsylvania,” PMHB 68 (1944) xxx; Harry Elmer Barnes, The Evolution of Penology in Pennsylvania: A Study in American Social History (Indianapolis, 1927); Harry Elmer Barnes, A History of the Penal, Reformatory and Correctional Institutions of the State of New Jersey (Trenton, 1918); Kathryn Preyer, “Penal Measures in the American Colonies: An Overview,” AJLH 26 (1982), 326-53.

13 Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, I, 309.

14 Samuel Breck, Recollections (Philadelphia, 1877) 36-37.