1 The Lords of Trade might be thought of as a transitional institution, which began to assert effective control over the American colonies; see Winfred T. Root, “Lords of Trade and Plantations, 1675-1696,” American Historical Review 23 (1917), 20. A strong case has recently been made for the mid-1670s as the pivot point, rather than the 1680s or 1690s. See Stephen S. Webb, 1676: The End of American Independence (New York, 1984).

2 The revolution began in Boston on 19 April 1689, after news that William had landed in England, but before the outcome was known. See David S. Lovejoy, The Glorious Revolution in America (New York, 1972).