16 C.M.L. Bouch and G. P. Jones, A Short Social and Economic History of the Lake Countries, 1500-1850 (1961, rpt. New York, 1968), 897.

17 Transatlantic insurance rates declined during the 18th century, but human cargo was more roughly handled. See James F. Shepherd and Gary Walton, Shipping, Maritime Trade and Economic Development of Colonial North America (Cambridge, 1972).

18 James MacMichael, “Diary …,” ed. William P. MacMichael, PMHB 16 (1892), 145-46.

19 A. C. Davies, “‘As Good a Country as Any Man Needs to Dwell In’: Letters from a Scotch Irish Immigrant in Pennsylvania, 1766, 1767, and 1784,” PH 50 (1983), 313-22.