8 Richard R. Beeman, The Evolution of the Southern Backcountry: A Case Study of Lunenburg Country, Virginia, 1746-1832 (Philadelphia, 1984), 18.

9 J. H. Combs, “Old, Early and Elizabethan English in the Southern Mountains,” DN 4 (1913-17), 283-97; Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language (New York, 1964).

10 W. Dickson, Glossary of Words and Phrases Pertaining to the Dialect of Cumberland (London, n.d.); see also an anonymous compilation, Westmorland and Cumberland Dialects, Dialogues, Poems, Songs & Ballads by Various Writers in the Westmorland and Cumberland Dialect Now Collected with a Copious Glossary (London, 1839); and see W. Dickinson and E. W. Prevost, A Glossary of the Words and Phrases Pertaining to the Dialect of Cumberland (London, 1879); and Ann Wheeler, Westmorland Dialect … (London, 1840), 130. Also valuable are writings in dialect by the 18th century “Cumberland Bard,” Robert Anderson. Early descriptive sources are more helpful for an historian’s purposes than 20th-century speech studies, which, though more refined in their analytic tools, are less useful as a guide to past patterns.
   Patterns of grammar were also very much the same. Hughes notes, for example, that the borderers “used the indefinite article freely, e.g., ‘he had a one.’” See Hughes, North Country Life in the Eighteenth Century: The North East, 37. An example of the Northumbrian double negative appears in Fraser, Steel Bonnets, 72.

11Westmorland and Cumberland Dialect, vi.