22 Jones, The Present State of Virginia, 103, 235-41.

23 Labaree found that, of 91 councilors from 1680 to 1775, more than 60% had 23 surnames. David Jordan concludes from this and other evidence that Bacon’s Rebellion had less impact on the composition of Virginia’s elite than did the 1689 revolt on that of Maryland. See “Political Stability and the Emergence of a Native Elite in Maryland,” in Thad W. Tate and David L. Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1975), 245; James L. Anderson, “The Governors’ Councils of Colonial America: A Study of Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1660-1776” (thesis, Univ. of Va., 1967); Labaree, Conservatism in Early American History, 7; Grace L. Chickering, “Founders of an Oligarchy: The Virginia Council, 1692-1722,” in Bruce C. Daniels, ed., Power and Status: Officeholding in Colonial America (Middletown, Conn., 1986), 255-77.