15 Arthur Zilversmit, The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North (Chicago, 1967), 74-75.

16Ibid., 3.

17 Soderlund, Quakers and Slavery, 179.

18 For southern Quakers and slavery see Hiram H. Hilty, Toward Freedom for All: North Carolina Quakers and Slavery (Richmond, Ind., 1984).