13 Yasukichi Yasuba, Birth Rates of the White Population in the United States, 1800-1860 (Baltimore, 1962), 61-62, 131-32; Colin Forster and G.S.L. Tucker, Economic Opportunity and White American Fertility Ratios, 1800-1860 (New Haven, 1972), 40-41; for the persistence of large and complex households in this region during the nineteenth century, see William M. Selby, Michael J. O’Brien and Lynn M. Snyder, “The Frontier Household,” in Michael J. O’Brien, ed., Grassland, Forest and Historical Settlement (Lincoln, Neb., 1984), 266-316. There is evidence of large families in Ulster, with as many as five males each on the average; see Raymond Gillespie, Colonial Ulster: The Settlement of East Ulster, 1600-1641 (Cork, 1985), 55.

14 Miles, The Spirit of the Mountains, 13-14.

15 Edward C. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (New York, 1958), 110.