8 The leading study of Quaker discipline is Jack D. Marietta, The Reformation of American Quakerism, 1748-1783 (Philadelphia, 1984), 6-7.

9 Still the standard history of Quakers is the “Rowntree series,” including William C. Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism (London, 1912); idem, The Second Period of Quakerism (London, 1919); Rufus Jones, The Later Periods of Quakerism (London, 1921); idem, ed., The Quakers in the American Colonies. Specially helpful on the first period of Quakerism are Hugh Barbour, The Quakers in Puritan England (New Haven, 1964); W. A. Cole, “The Quakers and the English Revolution,” in Trevor Aston, ed., Crisis in Europe (New York, 1967), 358-76; Barry Reay, The Quakers and the English Revolution (London, 1985). For the second period see Richard T. Vann, The Social Development of English Quakerism (Cambridge, Mass., 1969); Jones, ed., Quakers in the American Colonies; and Tolles, Meeting House and Counting House. On the third period, a short but excellent overview appears in Tolles, Meeting House and Counting House, 230-43. Also valuable are Marietta, The Reformation of American Quakerism; Sydney V. James, A People Among Peoples; Quaker Benevolence in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass., 1963); and Kobrin, The Saving Remnant. (Philadelphia, 1968).