5 Bouch and Jones, Economic and Social History of the Lake Counties, 2, 11, 16.

6 George Williams Diary, Ms. DX 124, CUMROC.

7 George M. Fraser, The Steel Bonnets, (New York 1972), 65.

8 The word reiving is from the ME reven, to take by force; for the Debateable Land, see T.H.B. Graham, “The Debateable Land,” CWAAS n.s. 12 (1912), 33-58.

9 It would, of course, be chronologically more correct to say that American rustling was reminiscent of the traditional northern English model. See R.A.E. Wells, “Sheep Rustling in Yorkshire,” NH 20 (1984), 127-84; J. G. Rule, “The Manifold Causes of Rural Crime: Sheep Stealing in England, circa 1740-1780,” in J. G. Rule, ed., Outside the Law (Exeter, 1983).

10 Robert Newton, “The Decay of the Borders: Tudor Northumberland in Transition,” in Christopher Chalkin and Michael Haveden, eds., Rural Change and Urban Growth, 1500-1800 (London, 1977), 2-31.

11 Joan Thirsk, ed., Agrarian History of England and Wales, (Cambridge, 1967), IV, 49.