2 Frost, The Quaker Family, 64.

3 Judy Mann DiStefano, “The Concept of the Family in Colonial America: The Pembertons of Philadelphia” (thesis, Ohio State Univ., 1970), 136-68.

4 Mean household size in West Jersey (1772) was 6.4; in Massachusetts (1764) it was 7.2. The mean number of children was 3.1 in West Jersey, and 3.4 in Massachusetts; but the number of servants and slaves was larger in the Delaware Valley than in New England. Robert V. Wells, The Population of the British Colonies in America before 1776 (Princeton, 1975).
   Six family reconstitution studies also show that completed family size (except among Philadelphia elites) tended to be a little smaller in the Delaware Valley than in New England, but much larger than in the Chesapeake during the 17th and early 18th century. Calvinist groups in the middle colonies had fertility levels similar to New England Puritans: