6 Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia, 296.

7Ibid., 295.

8 Thoraas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, ed. Mary Dewar (Cambridge, 1982), 63.

9 The earliest American directories in the 18th century used the words “independent” and “gentleman” as synonyms.

10 Berkeley, Discourse and View of Virginia, 6-7.

11 Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, 147.