10 These estimates are a weighted average of Bailyn’s data for six counties: Cumberland, Westmorland, Northumberland, Durham, Lancashire and Yorkshire. His data for the Scottish borders includes the seven counties of Berwick, Roxburgh, Peebles, Selkirk, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright and Wigtown. For other parts of Scotland, Bailyn reports a more mixed pattern; overall, 48% came in family groups. From the south of England, the proportion traveling in families was very low—approximately 7% in the period from 1773 to 1776, ranging from 2 to 14% by region. See Bailyn, Voyagers to the West, 140.

11 Of these 405 immigrants, 379 (93.5%) were from northern Ireland; 20 (4.9%) were from Great Britain or Ireland; and 6(1.5%) were from Germany. The rest were not identified. Of the 379 from northern Ireland, 93% had taken ship to Philadelphia, and traveled overland to the backcountry. The rest arrived in Virginia ports. The majority reported that they had traveled at their own expense. Robert David Mitchell, “The Upper Shenandoah Valley of Virginia during the Eighteenth Century: A Study of Historical Geography” (thesis, Univ. of Va., 1969), 68.

12 Bailyn, Voyagers from the West, 129-34.

13 The distribution of ages among Scottish emigrants in the period from 1773 to 1776 appears as follows in an analysis of migration records of Bernard Bailyn:

Age Cohort

Emigrants from Scotland 1773-1776

Population of Scotland 1755

1-14

24.7%

33.1%

15-24

35.8%

18.0%

25-59

38.7%

41.1%

60 +

0.8%

7.8%

Source: Bailyn, Voyagers to the West, 128. Data are not available for emigrants from northern Ireland and northern England.