4 William Hull, William Penn and the Dutch Quaker Migration to Pennsylvania (Swarthmore, 1935).

5 Stephanie Grauman Wolf, Urban Village: Population, Community and Social Structure in Germantown, Pennsylvania, 1683-1800 (Princeton, 1976), 12, 129.

6 Marianne Wokeck, “Promoters and Passengers: The German Immigrant Trade, 1683-1775,” in Dunn and Dunn, eds., The World of William Penn, 259-78.

7 The ethnic composition of Pennsylvania’s population changed as follows in the 18th century:

Year

English-Welsh

Scots-Irish

German

Other

Total

1726

60%

12%

23%

5%

100%

1755

28%

28%

42%

2%

100%

1790a

35%

23%

33%

9%

100%

1790b

29%

30%

38%

3%

100%

Source: 1726 and 1755 from Alan Tully, William Penn’s Legacy; Politics and Social Structure in Provincial Pennsylvania, 1726-1755 (Baltimore, 1977), 53; 1790a from ACLS, “Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks,” AHAR for 1931 I (1932), 107-441; 1790b from Thomas L. Purvis, “The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790,” WMQ3 41 (1984), 98-101.