4 This generalization refers to New England as a bloc. Democratic presidential candidates carried Connecticut in 1876, 1884, 1888 and 1892; Rhode Island in 1928 and 1948; Ohio in 1948; and Pennsylvania in 1856.

5 Walter Dean Burnham, “American Voting Behavior and the 1964 Election,” Midwest Journal of Political Science 12 (1968), 1-40.