12 Schoepf, Travels, II, 72-73.

13 An elegant essay on this subject is Carville Earle, “Environment, Disease and Mortality in Early Virginia,” in Tate and Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century, 96-125. Earle believes that the problem was most severe in the freshwater-saltwater transition zones, particularly on the left banks of rivers, because of the complex hydraulics of the estuary. A point of exceptionally high danger was unluckily the site of Jamestown, where health problems were compounded by salt-poisoning.

14 Beverley, History and Present State of Virginia, 302.