1 These judgments (which run contrary to some secondary authorities) rest upon a reading of Books of Sufferings for Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, principally in the Nottinghamshire Record Office. Many Quakers continued to suffer severely for refusal to pay “steeple taxes.”

2 Gummere, “Friends in Burlington”; historians of this movement do not agree on the importance of persecution as a stimulus for migration. Rufus Jones and William Braithwaite believed it to be a major factor. Frederick Tolles showed, on the other hand, that some Quakers condemned emigration to escape persecution as “shunning the cross.” Joseph Illick and Richard Vann took a mediating position, arguing that persecution created a sense of a collective purpose which led to emigration; cf. Tolles, Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia, 1682-1783 (Chapel Hill, 1948), 34-37; Illick, Colonial Pennsylvania, 11; Vann, “Quakerism: Made in America?” 163.

3 Jane Hoskins, “The Life of That Faithful Servant of Christ Jane Hoskins …,” Friends Library, I, 461.