12 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self Reliance,” in Essays: First Series, in The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York, 1940), 154.
1 William Penn, Some Fruits of Solitude (London, 1693); quoted in Tolles, Meeting House and Counting House, 110.
2 Deborah Norris to Isaac Norris, 3 Nov. 1733, quoted in Tully, William Penn’s Legacy, 81.
3 This was a closed corporation called “the mayor and commonalty of Philadelphia,” which controlled the city from the 1701 to 1776; see Judith Diamondstone, “The Philadelphia Corporation, 1701-1776” (thesis, Univ. of Pa., 1969), 258-68; and “Philadelphia’s Municipal Corporation, 1701-1776,” PMHB 90 (1966), 183-201; see also Daniel R. Gilbert, “Patterns of Organization and Membership in Philadelphia Club Life” (thesis, Univ. of Pa., 1952).