22 A path-breaking essay, David Donald, “Toward a Reconsideration of Abolitionists,” in Lincoln Reconsidered (New York, 1956), 19-37, has been confirmed in its description of regional origins of abolitionist leaders, but refuted in its argument for “downwardly mobile” social origins. See John L. Hammond, The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior (Norwood, N.J., 1979), 92-93.

23 John L. Hammond finds the following zero-order r values between New England origins and voting for the Liberty Party and Black Suffrage:

 

Ohio Liberty

New York

New York

Year

Party

Liberty Party

Black Suffrage

1840

.539

.349

 

1842

n.a.

.419

 

1844

.521

.521

 

1846

.374

 

.697

The author himself points out that this association is stronger than other social variables. See John L. Hammond, The Politics of Benevolence, 90-91.

24 Clement Eaton, The Freedom-of-Thought Struggle in the Old South (rev. and enl. ed., New York, 1964), 347