1 Much of this movement was a chain migration. In Derbyshire for example two brothers called Adam and John Rodes emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1684. They were followed by their father John Rodes, and by their brothers Joseph and Jacob. This pattern of chain migration sometimes continued over many decades. The first Bunting emigrated from Derbyshire to Chesterfield, New Jersey, before 1680; other Buntings of the same family were still coming over in the 1720s. Family units were thus stronger than the statistics cited above would suggest. But large numbers of servants came to Pennsylvania—larger than in Massachusetts, though smaller than in Virginia. The comparative generalizations would therefore survive a correction for chain migration. See Forde, “Derbyshire Quakers,” 40.

2 A learned controversy continues on the social origins of English Quakers. Alan Cole, in “The Social Origins of the Early Friends,” FHSJ 48 (1956-58), 103-14, argues that Quakers tended to be “petty bourgeois” traders and artisans. Richard T. Vann, in The Social Development of English Quakerism, finds that Quakers in Norfolk and Buckingham were of the “upper bourgeoisie,” with an overrepresentation of yeomen and traders, and an underrepresentation of laborers and artisans. David Heber Pratt concludes that occupational patterns shifted from yeomen and artisans in the 17th century to middle-class traders in the 18th. Helen Forde reports that the Quakers of Derbyshire were of “middling status,” being mostly husbandmen, yeomen and artisans, with very few gentlemen or laborers (“Derbyshire Quakers,” 81-99). Barry Reay believes that “Quakerism was essentially an affair of the middling sort. It was more plebeian than Vann’s pioneering work suggested. It was also, above all, rural.” See Reay, Quakers and the English Revolution, 25; see also Alan Anderson, “The Social Origins of Early Quakers, QH 68 (1979), 133-40; J. J. Hurwich, “The Social Origins of the Early Quakers,” PP 48 (1970), 156-61; Barry Reay, “The Social Origins of Early Quakerism,” JIH 11 (1970), 55-72; David Heber Pratt, “English Quakers and the First Industrial Revolution: A Study of the Quaker Community in Four Industrial Counties: Lancaster, York, Warwick and Gloucester, 1750-1830” (thesis, Univ. of Neb., 1975).