20 There were occasional exceptions. In 1791, for example, a traveling Quaker stopped the whipping of a slave boy in South Carolina; he noted in his journal that the master was “full of horrid execrations and threatenings upon all the northern people; but I did not spare him, which occasioned a bystander to express an oath that I should be ‘popped over.’” William Savery, “Journal,” Friends’ Library, I, 331.

21 James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire (New York, 1982), 23-25; idem, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York, 1988), 40.