19 R. G. Collingwood, “The Hill Fort on Carrock Fell,” CWAAS ns 10 (1910), 342-53.
20 Much of the archaeology of this region, including excavations at Carrock Fell, was done by W. G. Collingwood and his philosopher-son R. G. Collingwood. Two surveys of high quality are Nick Higham, The Northern Counties to AD 1000 (London, 1986), and Roy Millward and Adrian Robinson, The Lake District (rev. ed., London, 1974).
21 The “Celtic” interpretation appears in Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, “The Antebellum Southern Herdsman: A Reinterpretation,” JSH 41 (1975), 147-66, and many other essays; a contrary interpretation appears in Landsman, Scotland and Its First American Colony, 282-83, passim.
22 William A. Schaper, Sectionalism in South Carolina, (1901, rpt. New York, 1968), 66.