19 A case in point was the “robber clan” of Graham, forcibly “transported beyond the seas.” See J. Nicolson and R. Burn, The History and Antiquities of Westmorland and Cumberland (2 vols., 1977), I, cxviii-cxxi; and Spence, “The Pacification of the Cumberland Border,” 59-160.

20 Edward Hughes, North Country Life in the Eighteenth Century: The North East, 1700-1750 (London, 1952), 1, 3, 5, 11, xx; see also J. D. Marshall, “The Rise and Transformation of the Cumbrian Market Town, 1660-1900,” NH 19 (1983), 128-209; and idem, “Kendal in the Late Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” CWAAS 75 (1975), 188-257.

21 J. V. Beckett, “Absentee Land Ownership in the Later 17th and Early 18th Centuries: The Case of Cumbria,” NH 19 (1983), 87-107.