8Winthrop Papers, I, 306.

9 Deuteronomy 21:16; this was also their interpretation of Genesis 48:22 where Israel said unto Joseph, the first born of the true wife, “I have given thee one portion of above thy brethren.”

10 William Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties (London, 1622), 575-79; as quoted in Joan Thirsk, “The European Debate on Customs of Inheritance, 1500-1700,” in Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk and E. P. Thompson, eds., Family and Inheritance (Cambridge, 1976), 189.

11 Large numbers of these customals survive in county record offices. No scholar, to my knowledge, has studied them systematically.

12 F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Home, Work and Land; From Essex Wills and Sessions and Manorial Records (Chelmsford, 1976), 107.