11“The earliest use so far discovered of the expression ‘the provinces’ to describe England outside London places it significantly in the context of the Industrial Revolution”; Donald Read, The English Provinces, 1760-1790: A Study in Influence (London, 1964), 2. The idea of “provinces” and “provincial” as a collective alternative to the metropolis was imported from France, and was rarely used as collective alternative to the metropolis before the mid-eighteenth century.

12 John Morrill, The Revolt of the Provinces: Conservatives and Radicals in the English Civil War, 1630-1650 (London, 1976, 1980). Both Morrill and Everitt use the idea of “provinces” and “provincialism” to mean local attachments of many kinds.

13 General works include John Patten, English Towns, 1500-1700 (Folkestone, Kent, 1978); Peter Clark and Paul Slack, Crisis and Order in English Towns, 1500-1700 (London, 1972); idem, English Towns in Transition, 1500-1700 (Oxford, 1976). Individual studies include Wallace T. MacCaffrey, Exeter, 1540-1640 (2d ed., Cambridge, 1976); Roger Howell, Newcastle-on-Tyne and the Puritan Revolution (Oxford, 1967); and many other works.