11 Larger exceptions appeared in Boston, where purse-proud merchants who were increasingly Arminian and even Anglican tended to adopt more gaudy fashions. Many recent revisionist arguments on Puritan costume have drawn their examples from this urban Arminian elite, who were not typical of the region.

12 This account follows the version in Alice Morse Earle, Two Centuries of Costume in America, 1620-1820 (2 vols., 1903, Rutland, Vt., 1971).

13 Knight, “Journal,” Peckham, Narratives, 35.