1 Anne Bradstreet, The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America (London, 1650, rpt. Gainesville, 1965), 4.
2 Simmons, Emmanuel Downing, 43.
3 On the English side, consult Claire Cross, “He-Goats before She-Flocks: A Note on the Part Played by Women in the Founding of Some Civil War Churches.” Studies in Church History 8 (1972), 195-202; Keith Thomas, “Women and the Civil War Sects,” PP 13 (1958), 42-62; E. M. Williams, “Women Preachers in the Civil War,” JMH 1 (1929), 561-69; R. L. Greaves, “The Ordination Controversy and the Spirit of Reform and Puritan England,” JEH 21 (1970), 225-41; Patricia Higgins, “Women in the Civil War” (thesis, Manchester Univ., 1965); Roger Thompson, Women in Stuart England and America; A Comparative Study (London, 1974).
Some American historians have been misled by the exceptional events of the Antinomian Controversy; cf. Lyle Koehler, A Search for Power: The Weaker Sex in Seventeenth Century New England (Urbana, 111., 1980); and the same author’s “The Case of the American Jezebels: Anne Hutchinson and Female Agitation during the Years of Antinomian Turmoil, 1636-1640,” WMQ3 31 (1974), 55-78.
More balanced interpretations appear in Laurel Ulrich, “Vertuous Women Found: New England Ministerial Literature, 1668-1735,” AQ 28 (1976), 20-40; Margaret Masson, “The Typology of the Female as a Model for the Regenerate …,” Signs 2 (1976), 304-15; and Lonna Malmsheimer, “Daughters of Zion: New England Roots of American Feminism,” NEQ 50 (1977), 484-504.