CHAPTER 8: REVOLUTION
1 Brock Millman, Pessimism and British War Policy 1916-1918 (London, 2001), p. 30.
2 David Woodward (ed.), The Military Correspondence of Field-Marshal Sir William Robertson (London, 1989), p. 320.
3 Lord Riddell’s War Diary 1914-1918 (London, 1933), p. 220.
4 Bentley Brinkerhoff Gilbert, David Lloyd George: A Political Life: The Organizer of Victory 1912-16 (London, 1992), p. 369.
5 Ibid., pp. 375-6.
6 Daniel Halévy, L’Europe brisée (Paris, 1998), pp. 233-8.
7 Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, La Grande Guerre des français (Paris, 1994), p. 157.
8 Gaëtan Gallieni (ed.), Les Carnets de Gallieni (Paris, 1932), p. 205.
9 Jere Clemens King, Generals and Politicians (Berkeley, CA, 1951), p. 108.
10 Richard Lambert, The Parliamentary History of Conscription in Great Britain (London, 1917), p. iv.
11 William Robert Scott, Economic Problems of Peace after War (Cambridge, 1917), pp. 12-13.
12 Gilbert, David Lloyd George, pp. 419, 424.
13 Raymond Pearson, The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism 1914-1917 (London, 1977), p. 51.
14 Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II (London, 1993), p. 211.
15 Joseph Furmann (ed.), The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra (Westport, CT, 1999), p. 181.
16 George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, London, 1923), vol. 2, pp. 4, 31.
17 Robert McKean, St Petersburg between the Revolutions (New Haven, CT, 1990), pp. 327, 336-45.
18 W. Bruce Lincoln, Passage through Armageddon: The Russians in War- and Revolution 1914-1918 (New York, 1986), pp. 315, 318.
19 Furmann, The Complete Wartime Correspondence, p. 692.
20 Buchanan, My Mission to Russia, vol. 2, p. 48.
21 Keith Neilson, Strategy and Supply: The Anglo-Russian Alliance 1914-17 (London, 1984), pp. 251-2.
22 Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassadors Memoirs, trans. F. A. Holt (3 vols, London, 1925), vol. 3, p. 228.
23 Guy Pedroncini, ‘Les Rapports du gouvernement et du haut commandement en France en 1917’, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, vol. 15 (1968), p. 128.
24 Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War (Cambridge, 1986), p. 453.
25 Reginald H. Roy (ed.), The Journal of Private Fraser (Victoria, BC, 1985), pp. 261, 263.
26 R. G. Nobécourt, Les Fantassins du Chemin des Dames (Paris, 1965), p. 220.
27 Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People, trans. Arnold Pomerans (Leamington Spa, 1985), pp. 226-35.
28 Lionel Lemarchand, Lettres censurées des tranchées 1917 (Paris, 2001), p. 144.
29 Guy Pedroncini, Les Mutineries de 1917 (Paris, 1967), pp. 194, 211-2.
30 A. Temple Patterson, The Jellicoe Papers (2 vols, London 1966-8), vol. 2, p. 161; italics in the original.
31 Woodward, Correspondence of Robertson, p. 179.
32 General Palat [Pierre Lehautcourt], La Grande Guerre sur le front occidental, (14 vols, Paris, 1917-29), vol. 12, pp. 400-1.
33 David Woodward, Lloyd George and the Generals (Newark, NJ, 1983), pp. 163-4.
34 John Terraine, The Road to Passchendaele (London, 1977), p. 119.
35 Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, Passchendaele : The Untold Story (New Haven, CT, 1996), p. 160.
36 Ibid., p. 196.
37 John R. Schindler, Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War (Westport, CT, 2001), p. 242.
38 John Gooch, ‘Morale and Discipline in the Italian Army’, in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon (London, 1996), p. 441.
39 Erwin Rommel, Attacks, trans. J. R. Driscoll (Vienna, VA, 1979), p. 214.
40 Luigi Tomassini, ‘The Home Front in Italy’, in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon (London, 1996), p. 586. For what follows, see also Giovanna Procacci, ‘Popular Protest and Labour Conflict in Italy, 1915-18’, Social History, vol. 14 (1989), pp. 31-58.
41 Georges Clemenceau, Discours de guerre (Paris, 1968), pp. 166-7; see also p. 131.
42 Jean Nicot, Les Poilus ont la parole: lettres du front: 1917-1918 (Brussels, 1998), p. 261.
43 Irina Davidian, ’The Russian Soldier’s Morale from the Evidence of Tsarist Military Censorship‘, in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon (London, 1996), p. 432.
44 Allan K. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soldiers’ Revolt (March-April 1917) (Princeton, NJ, 1980), p. 245.
45 Elie Halévy, The World Crisis of 1914-1918 (Oxford, 1930), p. 5.