CHAPTER 4: JIHAD

1 Quoted in Geoffrey Lewis, ‘The Ottoman Proclamation of Jihad in 1914’, in Arabic and Islamic Garland: Historical, Educational and Literary Papers Presented to Abdul-Latif Tibawi (London, 1977), p. 164.

2 Ulrich Gehrke, Persien in der deutschen Orientpolitik (2 vols, Stuttgart, 1960), vol. 1, p. 1.

3 Carl Mühlmann, Deutschland und die Türkei 1913-1914 (Berlin, 1929), p. 39.

4 Carl Mühlmann. Oberste Heeresleitung und Balkan im Weltkrieg 1914-1918 (Berlin, 1942), pp. 22-3.

5 Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgentbau’s Story (New York, 1919), p. 32.

6 Yigal Sheffy, British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign 1914-1918 (London, 1998), p. 61.

7 Georges Kopp, trans. R. Jouan, À bord du ’Goeben’ 1914-1918 (Paris, 1931), p. 46.

8 Gotthard Jäschke, ‘Der Turanismus der Jungturken. Zur osmanischen Aussenpolitik im Weltkriege’, Die Welt des Islams, vol. 22 (1941), p. 5.

9 Felix Guse, Die Kaukasusfront im Weltkrieg (Leipzig, 1940), p. 7.

10 Gérard Chaliand and Yves Ternon, Le Genocide des Arméniens (Brussels, 1984), p. 47.

11 Ibid., p. 54.

12 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill 1874-1965, (8 vols, plus companion vols, London, 1971-88), vol. 3: Companion part I, p. 361.

13 John Gooch, The Plans of War: The General Staff and British Military Strategy, c. 1900-1916 (London, 1974), p. 259.

14 Robert Rhodes James, Gallipoli (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 4.

15 Wilhelm Groener, Lebenserinnerungen (Göttingen, 1957)), p. 224.

16 Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, p. 210.

17 Kevin Fewster (ed.), Gallipoli Correspondent (Sydney, 1983), p. 70.

18 Jock Philips, Nicholas Boyack and E. P. Malone (eds), The Great Adventure: New Zealand Soldiers Describe the First World War (Wellington, 1988), p. 37.

19 Tim Travers, Gallipoli 1915 (Stroud, 2001), p. 199.

20 Jean Giraudoux, Carnet des Dardanelles (Paris, 1969), p. 97.

21 Travers, Gallipoli, p. 229.

22 Fewster, Gallipoli Correspondent, p. 153.

23 David Omissi (ed.), Indian Voires of the Great War: Soldiers’ Letters, 1914-1918 (Basingstoke, 1999), p. 160.

24 Carl Mühlmann, Das deutsch-türkiscbe Waffenbirndnis im Weltkriege (Leipzig, 1940), p. 71.

25 Colmar von der Goltz, Denkwürdigkeiten (Berlin, 1932), pp. 421-2.

26 John Buchan, Greenmantle (London, 1917 edn.), p. 16.