CHAPTER 9: GERMANY’S LAST GAMBLE
1 W. Bruce Lincoln, Passage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution 1914-1918 (New York 1986), pp. 502-3.
2 Jean-Noel Grandhomme, Michel Roucaud and Thierry Sarmant (eds), La Roumanie dans la Grande Guerre et l’effondrement de l‘armée russe (Paris, 2000), pp. 415, 423.
3 Jean Nicot, Les Poilus ont la parole: lettres du front: 1917-1918 (Brussels, 1998), p. 333.
4 Jürgen Kocka, Facing Total War: German Society 1914-1918, trans. Barbara Weinberger (Leamington Spa, 1984), pp. 19, 85-6.
5 Caroline Ethel Cooper, Behind the Lines: One Woman’s War 1914-1918, ed. Decie Denholm (London, 1982), p. 182.
6 J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg (Oxford, 1969), p. 387.
7 Gerald Feldman, Army, Industry and Labor in Germany 1914-1918 (Princeton, NJ, 1966), p. 360.
8 R. H. Lutz (ed.), Documents of the German Revolution : Fall of the German Empire (2 vols, Stanford, CA, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 262-6.
9 Hans Peter Hanssen, Diary of a Dying Empire (Port Washington, NY, 1973), p. 225.
10 Holger Afflerbach, ’Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord in the First World War‘, War in History, vol. 5 (1998), p. 445.
11 Hanssen, Diary of a Dying Empire, p. 231.
12 Daniel Horn (ed.), The Private War of Seaman Stumpf (London, 1969), p. 345.
13 Martin Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff 1916-1918 (London, 1976), pp. 170-1.
14 Bernard P. Bellon, Mercedes in Peace and War: German Automobile Workers (New York, 1990), pp. 89-92,102-12.
15 Walter Görlitz (ed.), The Kaiser and His Court: the diaries of Admiral Georg von Müller (London, 1961), p. 190.
16 Bernd Ulrich and Benjamin Ziemann, Frontalltag im Ersten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt, 1994), pp. 184, 131.
17 Paul Christophe (ed.), Les Carnets du Cardinal Alfred Baudrillart (Paris, 1994), p. 94.
18 Christoph Jahr, Gewöhnliche Soldaten (Göttingen, 1998), p. 283.
19 Dominique Richert, Cahiers d’un survivant (Strasbourg, 1994), p. 156.
20 Octavian Tsluanu, With the Austrian Army in Galicia (London, 1918), p. 193.
21 Eduard März, Austrian Banking and Financial Policy (London, 1984), pp. 16, 113, 121-2, 164, 177-8.
22 Wilhelm Winkler, Die Einkommensverschiehungen in Österreich während des Weltkrieges (Vienna, 1930), pp. 47-8.
23 August von Cramon, Unser Österreich-Ungarischer Bundesgenosse im Weltkriege (Berlin, 1920), p. 89.
24 Arthur May, The Passing of the Hapsburg Monarcby (Philadelphia, PA, 1966), p. 642.
25 Ibid., p. 687.
26 Görlitz, The Kaiser and His Court, p. 252.
27 Felix Guse, Die Kaukasusfront im Weltkrieg (Leipzig, 1940), p. 93.
28 Carl Mhlmann, Das deutsch-türkische Waffenbndnis im Weltkrieg (Leipzig, 1940), p. 120.
29 Kress von Kressenstein, quoted in Jehuda Wallach, Anatomie einer Miltärhilfe (Dusseldorf, 1976), p. 220.
30 Richard Meinertzhagen, Army Diary 1899-1926 (Edinburgh, 1960), p. 219.
31 David French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition (Oxford, 1995), p. 133.
32 Ion Idriess, The Desert Column (Sydney, 1982), pp. 248, 261.
33 Briton C. Busch, Britain, India and the Arabs (Berkeley, CA, 1971), p. 52.
34 Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East (London, 1956), p. 103.
35 L. Schatkowski Schilcher, ‘The Famine of 1915-1918 in Greater Syria’, in John Spagnolo (ed.), Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective (Reading, 1992), p. 248.
36 Idriess, The Desert Column, pp. 271-2.
37 Ahmed Fmin, Turkey in the World War (New Haven, CT, 1930), pp. 144-51, 253.
38 Max Hoffmann, War Diaries and Other Papers (2 vols, London, 1929), vol. 1, p. 207.
39 Richard G. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence 1918 (Berkeley, CA, 1967), p. 195.
40 Ottokar Czernin, Im Weltkriege (Berlin, 1919), pp. 322-3.
41 Josef Redlich, Schicksalsjahre Ostezreichs 1908-1919. Das politische Tagebuch Josef Redlichs, ed. Fritz Fellner (2 vols, Graz, 1953), vol. 2, p. 256.
42 Richard Plaschka, Horst Haselsteiner and Arnold Suppan, Innere Front, vol 1 (Munich, 1974), p. 60.
43 Dorothea Groener-Geyer, General Groener (Frankfurt am Main, 1955), p. 81.
44 Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship, pp. 234-5.
45 Czernin, Im Weltkriege, pp. 344-5.
46 Evelyn, Princess Blücher, An English Wife in Berlin (London, 1920), p. 193.
47 Benjamin Ziemann, ‘Enttäuschte Erwartung und kollektive Erschopfung. Die deutsche Soldaten an der Westfront 1918 auf dem Weg zur Revolution’, in Jörg Duppler and Gerhard P. Gross (eds), Kriegsende 1918 (Munich, 1999), p. 170.
48 Giordan Fong, ‘The Movement of German Divisions to the Western Front, Winter 1917-1918’, War in History, vol. 7 (2000), pp. 225-35.
49 Gregory Martin, ’German Strategy and Military Assessments of the American Expeditionary Force‘, War in History, vol. 1 (1994), p. 179.
50 Holger Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 (London, 1997), p. 319.
51 P. E. Dewey, British Agriculture in the First World War (London, 1989), p. 244.
52 J. M. Winter, The Great War and the British People (Basingstoke, 1985), pp. 104-24.
53 Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning: propaganda in the First World War (London, 1977), p. 43.
54 Martin Kitchen, The Gezman Offerzsives of 1918 (Stroud, 2001), p. 16.
55 Rupprecht, Kronprinz von Bayern, Mein Kriegstagebuch (3 vols, Berlin, 1929), vol. 2, p. 322.
56 Ibid., p. 320.
57 Lutz, Fall of the German Empire, vol. 1, pp. 642-3.
58 Ulrich and Ziemann, Frontalltag im Ersten Weltkrieg, p. 197.
59 Lyn Macdonald, To the Last Man: Spring 1918 (London, 1998), pp. 92-3.
60 Tim Travers, How the War Was Won (London, 1992), p. 55.
61 Rupprecht, Mein Kriegstagebuch, vol. 2, p. 351.
62 Rudolph Binding, A Fatalist at War (London, 1929), p. 208.
63 Wilhelm Deist, ’The Military Collapse of the German Empire: The Reality behind the Stab-in-the-back Myth‘, War in History, vol. 3 (1996), pp. 199, 203.
64 Gerhard Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre: the problem of militarism in Germany (4 vols, London, 1971-3), vol. 4, p. 232.
65 Mühlmann, Das deutsch-türkische Waffenbündnis, p. 197.
66 Ibid., p. 211.
67 Cramon, Unser Osterreich-Ungarischer Bundesgenosse, p. 72.