- BACCHUS, in Greek statues, a type of disgraceful effeminacy, i 243
-
Bacon. Lord, his view of witchcraft, i. 124. Influence of his philosophy on its decline, 128 On the cause of the paralysis of the human faculties in the middle ages, 283 Enlightenment of his age, 292
note
His inability to grasp the discoveries of the astronomers of his time, 292
note
Causes of his influence, 400, 401. Carpings of the Tractarian party at the inductive philosophy of Bacon, 403
note
- Bacon, Roger his persecution, i. 282. In tluence of Arabian learning over him, ii 284
-
Bagpipes, praised by Julian in one of his epigrams, i 263
note
-
Ballot, the, advocated by Harrington in the seventeenth century, ii. 145
note
- Baltimore, Lord, upholds religious liberty, ii. 59
- Bamberg, great number of witches burnt at i. 29
-
Baptism, fetish notions in the early Church respecting the water of, i 204 Unanimity of the Fathers concerning the nonsalvability of unbaptised infants, 360 Opinion as to a special place assigned to unbaptised infants, 361. The ‘baptism of blood,’ and the ‘baptism of perfect love,’ 360
note
. Opinions of Pelagius, St Augustine, Origen, and St Fulgentius 362 Superstitious rites devised as substitutes for regular baptism, 364
note
. Doctrine of the Church of Rome as enunciated by the Council of Trent, 366 Conflicting tendencies on the subject produced by the Reformation, 365 Effects of the Anabaptist movement, 365. Cases of baptism by sand and wine, 366
note
Doctrines of the Lutherans and Calvinists, 367 The doctrine of original sin rejected by Socinus, 372. By Zuinglius, 373 And by Chillingworth and Jeremy Taylor, 374
note
- Barbarians, conversion of the causes idolatry to become general, i. 230
-
Barberini, Cardinal, his musical parties, i. 308
note
-
Barclay, William, first denied the power of the Pope over the temporal possessions of princes, ii. 164
note
. On lawful resistance to tyranny, 181
-
Baroni, Leonora, her singing, ii. 308
note
. Milton's Latin poems addressed to her, 308
note
- Bartholomew, St, success of persecution shown in the case of the massacre of, ii. 14. Heaven thanked by a Pope for the massacre of, 45
- Bartholomeo, Fra, influence of Savonarola over him, i. 261
- Basil, St., devotion of the monks of, to painting, ii. 232
-
Baxter, Richard, his defence of the persecution of witches, i. 33, 126 His account of the deatin of Lowes, 126
note
His vain endeavours to revive the belief in witchcraft by accounts of witch trials in America, 138, His work answered by Hutchinson, 139 His view of religious liberty, ii. 79
-
Bayle, his view of witchcraft, i. 116 His attempt to overcome the popular superstitions respecting comets, 291. His works, and those which best show his genius, 291
note
His remarks on the tendency of theologians to condemn error more severely than immorality, 315
note
. His denunciation of torture, 833
note
The character of Bayle regarded as the sceptical scholar, ii. 64. His influence on religious liberty in France, 64. His ‘Contrains-les d'entrer,’ 64. Arguments by which his principles were developed, 67, 68 His advocacy of the doctrine of passive obedience, 212 The ‘Avis aux Refugiez’ ascribed to him, 212
note
- Bayonet, importance of the invention of the, to demoeracy, ii. 207
- Bear-baiting, not formerly regarded as inhuman, i. 307, 308
-
Bears, dancing, their connection with the devil, i. 96
note
-
Beaumarchais, his charity, ii 234
note
-
Beauty, Greek worship of every order of, i. 239. Beauty of some of the higher forms or animal life, displayed in Greek sculpture, 239
note
Departure of mediæval art from the beautiful, 241. A general efflorescence of the beautiful the result of the revival of learning in Europe, 247. Influence of voluptuous beauty upon art, 256
note
The feeling of reverence gradually encroached upon and absorbed by that of beauty, 268
- Beccaria, his opposition to torture in Italy, i. 384
-
Becket, St. Thomas à, hymn on the Virgia ascribed to, quoted, i. 224
note
-
Bedell, Bishop, respect with which he was treated by the rebel Catholics, ii. 16. His life, by Alexander Clogy, 16
note
-
Beelzebub, regarded as the god of flies, i. 96
note
- Begards, sect of the, i. 344
- Belgium, monkish origin of many of the towns of. ii 232 First mercantile establishments in. 281
- Belief, religious, fetishism probably the first stage of, i 204. Anthropomorpjism the next stage, 207
-
Bellarmine, Cardinal, one of his arguments in favour of presecution, ii 28
note
. His support of the Pope's right to depose sovereigns, 147. His work burnt in Paris, 147
- Bells, church, supposed invention of, by Paulinus, i 262
-
Benedict XIV., Pope, his definition of usury, ii 247
note
. His decree against it, 257
- Benedictines, their services in making labour honourable, ii 232
-
Beentham, Jeremy, his part in the movement for the mitigation of the severity of the penal code, i 351 On usury, ii. 251
note
. Gives the oeath-blow to the suury laws, 260
-
Berkeley, Bishop, helps by his writings the cause of toleration, ii 77 His proposal to admit Catholics into a Protestaut University, 124
note
His sentiments on pas sive obedience, 167
note
-
Bernard, St, his rejection of the doctrine of the Immaeulate Conception, i 225
note
-
Beronice, the name given by early Christian tradition to the woman healed of an issue of blood, i. 221
note
This woman one of the principal types among the Gnostics, 221
note
- Beza, on predestination, i. 287. Advocates the lawfulness of persecution, ii. 50. His qnswer to Castellio, 56
-
Bianchi, his work ‘On Ecclesiastical Power, ii. 141
note
-
Bibbiena, Catrdinal, his play of the Calandra,’ ii. 299 Portraits of, by Rapheael, 299
note
-
Biblical interpretation adn criticism
See
Scriptural Interpretation
-
Bilson, Bishop his Apology for the policy of Queen Elizabeth towards the Catholics, ii. 48
note
Maintaisn the sinfulness of toleration, 48
note
-
Binsfeldus, his opposition to the belief in lycanthropy, i. 98
note
- Blackwood, on lawful resistance to tyranny, ii. 180
-
Blanchot, Peter, his farce of ‘Patelln,’ ii. 297, 298
note
-
Bodin, John, his defence of the belief in witchcraft, i. 88. Testimonies to his merits as an historian, 107
note
. His ‘Demon omanie des Sorciers,’ 108. His indignation at Wier's’ sceptical. work 109, His revernce for the Old Testament, 151
note
. His notion of the influence of the stars over the development of societies, 283
note
. His study of the Roman law, ii. 194. His view of the regal power, 194
- Body, the human, contrast between the pagan and Christian estimate of, i. 240
- Bœotians, their dislike of commerce, ii. 224
- Boguet, president of the tribunal of St. Claude, his executions for lycantnropy, i. 117
- Bolingbroke, Lord, causes of the oblivion into which his works have passed, i. 190. Inimical to liberty, ii. 206
-
Bollandist, collection of Lives of the Saints, i. 158
note
-
Bonaventura, St., his Psalter, in use at Rome, i.
227 note
- Boniface, St., his attack on St. Virgilius, i. 290
- Boots with pointed toes supposed to have been inoffensive to God, i. 78
-
Bossuet, attacks Zmnglius’ notion of original sin, i 373
note
Asserts the doctrine of salvation only in the Church, 382.
- Position assigned by him to Socmians and Anabaptists, ii. 60
- Botticelli, the painter, influenced by Savon-arola, i. 261
-
Bourdeaux, De Lancre's suggestion as to the cause of witchcraft about, i. 30
note
-
Brancas, Madame de. her performance of the character of Geometry, ii 298
note
- Brephotrophia, or asylums for children, in the time of Justman, ii 233
- Breccia, Inquisition nots in, ii. 117
-
Bridles, witches’, or iron collars used for extorting confession, i. 146
note
- Broedersen. his work on usury, ii. 257
-
Browne, Sir Thomas, his belief in the existence of witchcratt, i. 124
note
, 129
- Bruges, luxury of, in the fourteenth century, ii. 275
- Brunelleschi, his influence on Italian arch-itecture, i. 265
- Bruno, his philosophical speculations, i 401. Burnt alive, 401
- Bruyère, La, his opinions and influence on the subject of witchcraft, i. 116
- Buchanan, George, his Protestant liberal ism, ii 171 His praise of the tyrannicides of antiquity, 171, 172 Influence of his tract ‘De Jure Regm apud Scotos,’ 172
- Buckle, on the disbelief in witchcraft in England, i. 138. On the Scotch Reformation, ii. 170
-
Bull-bating, not formerly regarded as inhuman, i. 307. Its silent extinction amongst the upper classes, 309 Defended by Canning and Windham, 307
note
. The unsuccessful warfare waged by the Popes against Spanish bull-fights, 308
note
. Opposition of the Jesuit Mariana, 308
note
. The great bull-fight of 1333 at Rome, 308
note
- Bullinger, his approval of the murder of Servetus, ii. 52
-
Burghere, privileges of, in the middle ages, ii. 239
note
- Burgos, milacle of the crucifix at, i. 157.
-
Burnet, Bishop, his liberalism, ii 180
note
-
Burt, Captain. on old women turning them-selves into cats, i. 148,
note
His account of the belief in witchcraft in Scotland in his time, 151
- Butler, on eternal pumshmects, i. 388
-
C'ABALA, the Hebrew, i. 67
note
Cabalis, views of the, respecting de mons, i. 49
note
Doctrines and belives of the, 66 The mystic union of Caba is tie philosophers and sylphs, 67
- Cagliostro, the prophecies of, attributed tc supernatural agency, i. 119
-
Cainits, their reverence for the opponect of the Jewish religion, i. 220
note
-
Calahorra, witches put to death at. i 87
note
-
Calvin, John, his notions on witchcraft, i. 83
note
His view of mfant baptism 367
note
His part in the Eucharistic controversy, 373. His view of the doctrine of salvation only for those in the Church, 881. Advocates the lawfulness of persecution, ii 50 Applauded for burning Servetus, 52. His answer to Castellio's denunciation of predestiarianism. 55 His book against the Anabaptists’ notion of the sleep of the soul between death and judgment, 79
note
His inclination to the republican theory of government 169 His views of money-lending, 256 His severity against the theatre 310
note
-
Canning George, his defenee of bull-baiting, i 307
note
-
Capel, Lord, his dying words on passive obedience, ii 181
note
-
Capital, the increase of, one of the circumstances that prepared the democracy of the eighteenth century, ii 201. Importance to the poor of converting wealth into capital, 343
note
- Capital punishment, opposition of Bishop Berkeley to, i 350. Beccaria advocated its abolition. 350
-
Cardan, his horoscope of Christ, l 284
note
- Carmagnola and the Italian condottien, ii. 206
-
Carmelites, their history, ii 349
note
-
Carthage, Council of, pronounces the damnation of the heathen, i. 377 Third and Fourth Councils of, condemn usury, ii. 247
note
-
Carving on gold and silver, how preserved in the middle ages, i 237
note
Carved ivory diptychs, 237
note
- Casaubon, Menc, his defence of the belief in the existence of withcraft, i. 186
- Cassmo, Monte, school of Greek mosaic artists established at, i. 237
-
Castanaga, a Spanish monk, questions the justice of executions for witchcraft, i. 87
note
-
Castillio, his life and writings, ii. 58 His repudiation of predestinarianism, 53. De nounces the murder of Servetus, 54. Answered by Calvin and Beza, 55. Epithets heaped upon him by Calvin, 55
note
His end, 56
-
Catacombs, tombs of the exorcists it the exorcists iL the i. 50
note
The art of the catacombs alto gether removed from idolatry, 211. Only one or two representations of martyr doms, 211. Systematic exclusion of all images of sorrow, suffering, and vengeance, 212. Great love of symbolism evinced by the art of the catacombs. 213
- Cathari, a sect of Gnostics, their efforts to subdue the propensities of the body, i 240
-
Catholicism, Roman, traces of the compromise between Christianity and Paganism in, i. 60. Identification of starthing natural phenomena by the priests with acts of rebellion against themselves, 68 The continuance of miraculous power still maintained by the Church of Rome, 155. But the sense of the mnaculous on the decline among the great body of educated Catholies, 159, 162 Rationalistic tendeneres in Roman Catholic countries, 184. Reflections on St Peter s at Rome as a memorial of the decay of Catholicism, 265 Torture employed by Catholies during the reign of Mary, 383
note
Doctrine of the Church of Rome respecting infant baptism as enunciated by the Council of Tient, 366 Early Catholicism pertectly in accordance with the intellectual wants of Europe ii 36. Period when it became the principle of retrogression, 38 And when coercion was matured, 38. Establishment of the Inquistion, massacre of the Albigenses, and injunction of the Fourth Council of the Lateran, 38 Atrocity of the persecution perpetrated by Catholicism, 40 A greater amount of unmerited suffering inflicted by the Church of Rome than by any other religion that has ever existed, 46 Persecution of Catholics under Elizabeth, 47 Catholic and Piotestant persecutions compared, 57 Growth, of religious liberty in France always opposed by the Chuich, 74. Attempts of Lamennais to associate Catholicity with the movement of modern civilisation, 74. Catholicism proscribed by the English Commonwealth, 78 Milton's reasons for exclud ing Catholics from toleration, 82 Peiiod of the undisputed ascendency of Catholicism in Europe, 107. Catholic emancipation, 123 Endowment of the college of Maynooth, 123 Proposal of Bishop Berkeley to admit Catholics into a Protestant university, 123
note
Review of the Ultramontane party, 146 The works of Bellarmine and Suarez burnt at Paris, 147. Teaching of French Catholicism as to the independence of the civil power, 166 In its earlier stage the Catholic Church the representative of progress, 208. Natural incapacity of Catholicism to guide the democratic movement in the eighteenth century, 211. Her im-plscable enmity to toleration, 212. Effect of the prohibition of usury in Catholic countries, 253
note
- Cato, his remark or celibacy, i. 99
-
Cats, old women turning themselves into, i. 148
note
- Causes, ultimate, failure of the mind of man in discovering, i. 297
- Cavalry: change in the relative position of cavalry and fafantry in war, ii. 205
-
Cecchmo, the harlequin, notice of, ii. 297
note
- Celibacy regarded as the highest form or virtue, i 98. The old writers respecting women, 99. Influence of the celibacy of the monks in strengthening Mariolatry, 224
- Cellini, Benvenuto, his combination of immoralitv and piety, i 891
-
Celso, Minos, his work attributed to Bellius, ii. 57
note
-
Celts, their ascription of intelligence to annuals, i. 96
note
- Censorship, abrogation of the, in England, ii 87 A hterary censorship directed against heretical writings after the abolition of punishment for heresy, 118 Diocletian, Julian, Constantine, and Arcadius, 118 Beginning of licenses 119 Convocation and the Star Chamber, 119
-
Cerebiation, unconscious, instances of, ii 95, 96
note
- Ceres, in Greek statues a type of summer and of maternal love, i 243
-
Chalmers, Dr., his suggestion respecting the earth, i 287
note
-
Chance, games of, why prohibited, i. 287 Old opinions on the subject of lots, 287
note
Gataker s work on the natural laws of lot, 287
note
- Charity of the early Chiistians, ii 233 Long period that elapsed before it was appreciated, 235
- Charlemagne, his stringent laws against sorcerers, i 65 His contemptuous disre-gard of the decrees of the Second Council of Nice, 230
-
Charles V., Emperor, number of Dutch heretics put to death during his reign, ii 41. Magmhecnt position of Spain under his government, 311 His employment of gold in his wars, 315 His dishones tampering with the coinage, 316
note
- Charles IX, of France, alleged cause of his early death, i. 110
- Charms, reverence of, fetishism, i 207
-
Charron, his famous tieatise on ‘Wisdom,’ i. 115, 333
note
His denunciation of torture in France, 338 His advocacy of the doctrine of passive obedience, ii. 212
- Chemistry, its separation from alchemy, i. 292
-
Child, Sir Josiah, his defence of the mercantile system, ii 327
note
-
Chillingworth, William, causes of his joining the Chuich of Rome, i. 180 Rejects original sin, 874
note
. Helps by his writings the cause of toleration, ii. 77, 78
- Chocolate, importation of, into Europe, ii. 321
-
Christ, as represented in Christian art before and after the twelfth century, i. 71. Early symbols of, 215. Probable Gnostic origin of the conventional cast of features ascribed to Christ, 222 No authentic portrait of Christ in the time of St Augustine 223
note
. The first notice in writing of the resemblance of Christ to his mother, 224
note
. The image at Panceas, 229. Mosaic portrait preserved in the church of St Praxede, at Rome, 237
note
. The tradition of his deformity, 245. The forged letter of Lentulus to the Roman Senate on his appearance, 245
note
. Cardan's horoscope of him, 284
note
-
Christianity: the early Christians in the Roman empire, i 44 Paganism, how regarded by them, 45 Influence of the Alexandrian or Neo-Platonic school over them, 46
note
. Exorcists among them, 49, 156
note
Terror which the doctrine of demons must have spread among them, 50. The title ‘enemies of the human race’ transferred from the Christians to the magicians. 54 Magical character attributed to Christian rites, 55 The muscle of St. Hilarion, 55, 56 Policy of the early Christians towards the magicians, 59. Compromise between Christianity and Paganism, 60 Change in the twelfth century in the popular teaching, 73 Influence of rationalism on Christianity 199 Examples of fetish notions in the early Church, 204 Singularly touching and sublime character of the early Church, 212 Its symbolism as evinced in early Christian art, 213. Triumph of Christianity by absorbing and transforming old systems rather than annihilating them, 223 Distinctive type and tone of Christianity banished from art, and replaced by types of paganism, 259 Originality of the moral type of Christianity, 311 Real character and test of the Christian religion 829. Boundless philanthropy of modern Christianity, 348 The sense of sin appealed to most strongly by Christianity, 356 First congelation of the moral sentiments of Christianity into an elaborate theology, 356 Belief of the early Church that all external to Christianity were doomed to damnation, 360 Triumph of Christianity in the Roman empire on the condition of transforming itself under the influence of the spirit of sect. ii 106 Passive obedience of the early Christians, 137, 140 Synthesis of the moral principles of Christianity and Paganism, 220 Christianity the most effective opponent of the evil of slavery, 229 The ferocity of manners corrected by the creation of Christian charity, 232 Long period that elapsed before the preeminent services of Christian charity were appreciated, 235 Great development of self-sacrifice by Christianity, 237. Position of public amusements in the early history of Christianity. 289
- Chrysostom, St., on women, i 99
- Church and State theory, the, in England and France, ii 121
- Church, Dr. Thomas, his answer to Middleton's attack on the veracity of the Fathers, i 172
- Cicero, his idea of the soul, i. 340
- Cimabue, joy of the Florentines at one of his pictures of the Virgin, i 268
- Cimento, Accademia del, establishment of the, in Tuscany, i. 292
- Circumcelliones, their turbulence, and persecution by Constantine, ii 23
- Civilisation, effect of, in destroying the belief in the miraculous, i. 162. Its power on contemporary as compared with historical miracles, 162
-
Classical writings, action of the revival of the, on liberty, ii 193 In altering the type of heroism, 195 Attempts to i. them into the image of the mediæval conceptions, 198 This tendency ridiculed by Ulrich von Hutten and Rabelais, 195
note
. Effect of the revival of classical learning in Europe, 285
-
Clebergius, his objection to all forms of persecution, ii. 56
note
Passages from his writings quoted, 57
note
-
Clemens Alexandrinus, on ladies using looking-glasses, i 236
note
Admits the possibility of the salvation of pagans, 377
note
- Clement, the Dominican friar, his murder of Henri III of France, ii 151. Applauded for his act, 161
-
Clement V, Pope, removes all prohibitions against bull-fighting in Spain, i 308
note
- Clement, St., miracle related of, i 95
- Clergy, opinion that they should not, under any circumstances, cause the death of men, ii 33 Toleration denounced by all sections of the clergy, 59 Religious liberty favoured by the marriage of the Protestant clergy, 62 Attitude of the clergy of England respecting religious liberty during the Revolution, 86, 87 Contest between the regal and ecclesiastical power, 08 Blow struck at the power of the clergy by the suppression of the monasteries, 125 Disappearance of the clergy from public offices, 226 Cruelty of the Spanish clergy to the Jews, 268
-
Clogy, Alexander, his life of Bedell. ii 16
note
-
Cluten Joachim, ‘De Hæreticis persequendis,’ ii 55
note
- Coffee, introduction of into Europe, ii. 322
-
Coinage results of tampering with the, ii. 316
note
- Colbert, his suppression of executions for witchcraft, i. 117. And of accusations for sorcery, 118 His services to manufactures, ii 326, 327
- Collier, Jeremy, his work on the stage, ii 310
- Cologne, university of, its condemnation of a rationalistic spirit in some priests of the diocese, i. 104. Attempt of the Inquisition at, to destroy the whole literature of the Jews except the Bible, ii. 119
-
Colonies, substitution of industrial for military, ii 351
note
-
Comets, effect of, on the superstitions of the dark ages, i 64 Work of Fromundus and Fiem on, i 280
note
Superstitions respecting them, 290 Raxo's statement of the prophetic character of comets, 290
note
Attempts to explain them in a rationalistic manner, 290 And of Paracelsus and Bayle to upset the superstitions respecting them, 291 Comets removed into the domain of law by Halley, 291 The tail of a comet considered by Whiston to be the locality of hell, 346
note
- Commerce and trade, how regarded by the ancients, ii 224. Its interests give rise to consulships, ii. 262 Its influence in leading men to tolerance, 262. Commercial activity of the Jews 272 Rapid increase of commerce in Europe, 281
- Commonwealth, great numbers of execution witchcraft in England during the, Como. number of sorcerers put to death at, in one year, i. 31
-
Conception, the Immaculate, first appearance of the doctrine of, i. 225. St Augustine on, quoted, 224
note
Adopted by the Mahoinetans, 225
note
. Rejected by St. Bernard as novel, 225
note
-
Concina on the history of usury, ii 256
note
, 257
note
-
Confessions of witches, how extorted in Scotland, i. 146
note
- Constance, great numbers of witches burnt at, i. 31
- Constance, Council of, its denunciation of the right to slay tyrants, ii. 159
-
Constantine, the Emperor, his severe law against secret magic, i 52. His destruction of pagan statues, 258
note
. His persecutions of Jews and heretics, ii. 22, 23. His policy towards the pagans, 24. Destroys the books of the Arians, 118. Legalises interest at 12 per cent., 246
note
-
Constantius, the Emperor, embraces the Arian heresy, i 52 His penalties for every kind of magic, 52. St Hilary's denunciations of him, ii 137
note
- Consubstantiation, almost silent evanescence of the doctrine of, i. 268
-
Consulship of the Sea,’ the institution so called, ii 261
note
-
Consulships, foundation of, ii 261, 281. The first recorded English consul, 281
note
-
Convent scandals of Gauffridi, Grandier, and La Cadiere, i 28
note
-
Convocation advocates the execution of Mary Queen of Scots for idolatry, ii. 50
note
. Undertakes to censure heretical books, 119
-
Copernican system, rise and condemnation of, i. 281 Rejected to the last by Lord Bacon, 292
note
-
Cordova, the theatre of, destroyed, ii 308
note
- Corporations and guilds their importance in the middle ages, ii. 240 Milan longer exempt from them than any other town in Europe, 282
-
Cosmas Indicopleustes, i. 275. His ‘Topographia Christians,’ 276. On earthquakes, 288
note
- Councils, influence of, in stimulating persecution ii. 34
-
Coxe, Bishop, advocates the application of torture to the Catholic priests, i. 333
note
-
Craig, John, his application of the doctrine of probabilities to the Christian religion, i. 397 Review of his argument by Laplace, 398
note
- Creation, spiritual meaning contained in the record of the, i. 273
- Credit, movement in favour of manufactures stimulated by the invention of, ii. 332
- Credulity proclaimed a virtue by the classes who were most addicted to falsehood, i. 296
-
Cross, examples of fetish notions in the early Church respecting the, i. 205. Introduction of the cross in the forms of Christian churches, 250
note
-
Crosse, Dr., his attacks on Glanvil, i 132
note
- Crucifix, miracle of the, at Burgos, 57. And in Christ's Church, Dublin, 164
- Crucifixion, passion for representations of the, i. 241. Abolition of, as a servile punishment, ii 229
- Crusades, their influence in strengthening Mariolatry, i 225. Influence of the Crusades on the theological government of political affairs, ii. 107. Compared with the religious wars of the Reformation, 109 Influence of the Crusades on industry, 240
- Cudworth, Ralph, his defence of the belief in the existence of witchcraft, i. 186
- Cybele, the mother of the gods, day on which her feast was celebrated, i. 224
- Cyprian commands the devil to assail a religious maiden, i 62. His view of the condemnation of all external to the Church, 376. The Levitical laws regarded by him as the foundation for the punishment of heretics, ii. 28
-
Cyprus stated by Nider to have been peopled by the children of incubi, i 49
note
-
DÆDALUS, his sculpture, i. 242 Dallæus, his indignation at the Carnival dramas at Rome, ii 308
note
-
Dances of the ancients, some of them reconstructed by Naude, i. 115
note
The dancing mania of Flanders and Germany, origin of the, 77. Exorcism of the dancers, 77
note
- Daniel in the lion's den, early Christian symbol of, i. 216
- Dante, influence of his poem over the conceptions of theology, i 248 His theory of international arrangements, ii. 218
-
Death, doctrine of the penal nature of, refuted by geology, i. 285. Jubinal's comparison of the heathen and mediæval representations of death, 378
note
. Calmness with which it was contemplated by the heathen, 378 The death of Socrates, 378. Luther's saying on the subject, 378
note
-
Death, the black, i. 76. Causes to which it was attributed by the superstitious, 77. Annual festival at Treves in commemoration of it, 77
note
-
Death, Dance of, origin of the pictures of the, i. 78
note
- Decemvirs, their law against magicians, i. 42
-
De Maistre, on the science of the ancients, quoted, i 288
note
. His remarks on Locke's philosophy, 403
note
. And on Bacon's, 403
note
- Democracy: Protestantism, why favourable to. ii. 167 Circumstances that prepared the democracy of the eighteenth century, 201–207. Analysis of the democratic deal, 218. Doctrine of the rights of nationalities, 218. Theories of international arrangements, 218. Democracy an aspect of the Christian spirit, 220
-
Demoniacs of the Bible regarded as lunatic by Webster and Hobbes, i. 137, and
note
-
Demons, the, of the Alexandrian or Neo-Platonic school, i. 46. The doctrine of demons in its relation to heathen worship, 46
note
. Origin of the word demon as signifying devil, 47 Tertullian on demons, 47. All the pagan gods and goddesses regarded by the early Christians as demons 18. Male and female devils, 49
note.
Exorcists among the early Christians, 4[Editor: illegible number]. The philosophical system of Psellus 68
- De Montfort, his commencement of the massacre of the Albigenses, 11. 38
- Dionysin the Areopagite, his writings the Bible o Mysticism, 1 344. In part translated by Scotus Erigena, 344
-
Descartet influence of his writings in destroyin the material notions associated with spirits 1 116 His Theory of Vorticos. 209 His influence on the decline of the mediæval notions of hell, 339, 345, 346, His doctrine of animals, 346
note.
His account of the opinion of his contemporaries on the doctrine of a material fire, 846
note
Causes of his influence, 400 Animosity of the reformed clergy of Holland against him, 11 50 The character of Descartes regarded as the sceptical philosopher, 63. His influence on religious liberty, 63, 64
- Despotism, predisposition of the Anglican Church towards, 11. 180
-
‘Deuce,’ origin of the word, i. 49
note
-
Devil his supposed especial power over apples, 1. 30 note. Appearances of him in various forms, in the dark ages, 61. Basreliets for baffling his devices, 63. Basreliefs on cathedrals of men devoting themselves to the devil, 78
note.
Scepticism at the present day on all subjects connected with the devil 87. St Thomas Aquinas on Satan's power, 88 Tempests and diseases said to be produced by him, 90, 92 His power of assuming the form of any animal, 95. The ‘phenomena of love’ under the especial influence of the devil, 99. Kirk's account of evil spirits among the Highlanders, 148
note.
Position assigned to him in the religious plays, ii 295
-
Diabolus, Sprenger's derivation of the word, 1. 87
note
- Diana, in Greek statues, a type of chastity, i. 243
- Digby, Sir Kenelm, his remark on the belief in witchcraft in his time, i. 142
- Diocletian, destroys the books of the Christians, ii 118
-
Diplomacy, international, first great impulse given to, ii. 262. First use of the cipher m, 282
note
- Diptychs, carved ivory, i 236
- Diseases said to have been produced by the power of the devil, i. 92
- Dissenters, English, causes of their power in the seventeenth century, ii. 18 Want of success of persecution shown in their case, 18, Dissenters at the time of the Toleration Act, 18 Assimilated to the Scotch, 178
- Godwell, Dr. William, his answer to Dr. Middleton's attack on the veracity of the Fathers, i. 172
-
Dog, a, ‘moved by the spirit of Pytho,’ i. 96
note
-
Domat, his notion of the impropriety of money-lending, ii. 251
note
-
Dominick, St., legend of his mother's dream, ii. 124 The chief reviver of persecution, 114
note
-
Donatists, their fierce persecutions, ii. 22
note.
Persecuted by Constantine, 23
- Douay, number of sorcerers put to death at, in one year, 1. 29. Executions for witchcraft at, 117
- Douglas on miracles, 1 173
- Dress, richness of, after the Crasades, ii, 274
- Drinks, hot, importation of, into Europe, ii. 321 Their moral and social effects. 322
- Dryads, notions of the early Christians respecting them, 1. 47
- Dublin, the miraculous crucifix in Christ Church at, i. 164
-
Durham Cathedral, Smollett's remarks on, i. 264
note
-
Dusn, the, of the pagans, regarded by the early Christians as devils, 1. 48. The origin of our ‘deucc,’ 48
note
-
EARTH, the centre of the, regarded by St. Thomas as hell. 1. 347
note.
Earthquakes, remarks of Cosmas Indicopleustes on, quoted, i 288
note
-
East India Company begins the mercantile system in England, 11. 326
note
- Echelles, Trois, the sorcerer, pardoned by Charles IX, 1 110
- Eclipses, effects of, on the superstitions of the dark ages, 1 64 Said to have caused the death of a French king, 64
- ‘Edinburgh Review,’ its influence in England, ii. 125
-
Edwards, Jonathan, his views respecting infant baptism, 1 368 On ‘Original Sin,’ 368
note
On predestination, 387
note
- Egyptians, influence of the national religion on the art of the ancients, 1 209
-
Eliberts, Council of, condemns usury, ii. 247
note
-
Elizabeth. Queen, her laws respecting witchcraft, 1 121 Success of persecution as shown in the laws of, ii 14 Persecutions during her reign. 46 Bishop Bilson 8 apology for her policy towards the Catholics, 44
note
Answer she received from a Scotch deputation, 172
- Encyclopædists, their denunciation of torture, 1 333
-
England, first law in, against witchcraft, 1 119. Scepticism in England at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries, 138 The unexampled severity of the penal code in England in the middle ages, 349 Number of annual executions in England in the middle of the eighteenth century, 350. Severity of the penal code during the reign of George III., 350. Sketch of the history of toleration in England, 11 75–124. Disappearance of the clergy from offices of power in England, 123, 126 Political in fluence of the Italian republics on public opinion in England, 145
note
Debt England owes to her non-episcopal churches, 173. The two schools of despotism in England. 180. Parallel between the history of political and religious liberty in England, 183 The greatest English freethinkers mimical to liberty, 184. Difference between the growth of English and French liberty analogous to English and French tolerance, 185 Sae of English slaves to the Irish in the middle ages, 238
note
Introduction of usury into England, 254. First formally permitted by law, 256. First mercantile companies established in, 281. The first English consul recorded, 281
note.
Introduction of the opera into England, 301 The drama in England, 310. Revolution of prices in England in the sixteenth century, 316
note.
Beginning of the mercantile system in England, 326
note
Preeminence of England in political economy, 334
- Ephesus. Council of, defined the manner in which the Virgin should be represented by artists, 1. 225
-
Ephialtes. the demon of nightmare, according to the Greeks, 1 49
note
- Ephrem, St, weds orthodox verses to Gnostic music, 1. 230
- Epicureans, their denial of the existence of evil spirits, 1 42.
-
Epilepsy, an epidemic attack of, attributed to the afflicted having been baptised by unchaste priests, 1. 364
note
- Episcopalhanism, its tendency compared with that of Presbyterianism, 11 168
- Erasmus, his firm belief in witchcraft, i 84. His opposition to the doctrine of predestination, i. 383. His toleration, ii 59
-
Essex, an old man mobbed to death as a wizard in, in 1863, 1 139
note
-
Eucharis, the actress, ii 288
note
- Eucharistic controversy, part taken in the, by the early Reformers, i. 372
- Euhemerus, his theory of the origin of the gods of paganism, 1 305. Translated into Latin by Ennius, 305
- Eunomius, his writings suppressed by the Emperor Arcadius, 11. 118
- Eunuchs in opera houses, ii. 308
- Eutyches. the works of, prohibited by Theodosms, 11. 118
- Evidential school, origin and decline of the, in England, 1 189. Its position in France, 190 And in Germany, 191. Strong tendency among the evidential school to meet the Rationalists half-way, 192
-
Exchange, the invention of letters of, ascribed to the Jews, ii. 272
note
- Excommunication, its great power in the middle ages, ii 108
-
Exorcists, early Christian, i. 49. Their tombs in the catacombs, 49
note.
Order of exorcists in the Church of Rome, 49
note
-
Exorcism forbidden to clergymen by Convocation, unless licensed by their bishops, 1. 141. Exorcists among the Christians, Pagans, and Jews, 156
note
- FABIOLA, her foundation of the first hospitals, ii. 235
-
Faines regarded as devils, i 48
note
- Famine, effect of, on the superstitions of the dark ages, i. 64. Alleged cause of one in France, 64.
-
Farces, the earliest, ii. 297 Blanchet's farce of ‘Patelin,’ 297
note.
Spanish farces in the fifteenth century, 298
note
- Farel, his approval of the murder of Servetus, ii. 52
- Farmer, Hugh, his attempts to explain the diabolical possessions of Scripture by the ordinary phenomena of epilepsy, i. 178
-
Fathers of the Church, miracles related by them as undoubted and ordinary occurrences, 1 156 The cessation of miracles supposed by early Protestants to have taken place when the Fathers passed away, 164. Neglect into which their works had fallen in the beginning of the eighteenth century, 167. Dr. Middleton's attack on their veracity, 168. Their denial of the existence of the Antipodes 275, 276 Their conception of hell. 316. Justified pious frauds, 394
note
Their opinions on toleration, 11 21. On passive obedience, 136 Their services in making labour honourable, 281 Their condemnation of money-lending. 245. Their denunciation of the theatre, 238, 289
- Fauns, the, of the pagans, regarded by the early Christians as devils, 1. 43
- Feltre, Bernardin de, founded money-lending societies in Italy, 11 249
- Fetishism probably the first stage of religious belief, 1 204. Examples of ietish notions in the early Church, 205. The fetishism of the ancient Greeks, 242
-
Flan, Dr., his horrible tortures and death for witchcraft, i 128
note
- Fiard, Abbe, charges the philosophers with being the representatives of the old sorcerers, 1 118
-
Fieni assists Fromundus in a work on comets, 1 280
note
-
Fights, sham, of Italy, ii. 292
note
- Filmer, his advocacy of passive resistance, 11. 181. Answered by Sidney, 181
-
Fire regarded by the ancients as the portal of the unseen world, 1 320
note
- Fish, the, a symbol of Christ, i. 215, 216
- Flagellants, origin of the order of the, i. 74. Their discipline, 74. Their reappearance at the period of the black death, 77
-
Flies, Beelzebub god of, i. 95
note
-
Florence, the dyers of, in the middle ages, 1 255
note
Luxury of, after the Crusades, ii. 274. Trade in money, 254
-
Fœmina, Sprenger's derivation of the word, i. 87
note
-
Fœtus, pagan practice of destroying it in the womb, 1. 364
note
-
Fools, Feast of, 11. 295. Origin of the, 296
note
-
Fortunatus, St., ‘On the Cross,’ quoted, i. 205
note
-
Foscarini, the Carmelite, his defence of the Copernican system, i. 281
note.
His condemnation. 281
note
-
Foundlings, multitudes of, sustained by the early Christians, ii. 233. Sketch of the history of foundling hospitals in Europe, 284
note
-
Fox, Charles James, on the relation of scepticism and toleration, ii. 20
note
-
France, persecution of witches in the south of, i 29. Gradual cessation of persecution for witchcraft and sorcery in, 118. Occasional apparitions of the Virgin among ignorant and superstitious peasants in, 159 Allegiance of France to Christianity thrown off in the last century, 186. Result of her return to the Church, 186. Protestant persecutions in, ii. 49. Sketch of the history of toleration in France, 63, 103 France at the head of modern liberalism, 121 Circumstances that made patriotism in France antagonistic to liberty, 165 Attitude of the Protestants in 1615, 165. Declarations by the Sorbonne of the absolute independence of the civil power, 166. Difference between the growth of English and French liberty analogous to English and French tolerance, 185 Wide influence of the French Revolution, 213. Usury in France in the eighth and ninth centuries, 254
note,
255 Impulse given to French commerce from the relations of France with the Turks, 273. Luxury after the Crusades, 274. Contrast between the French and Italian dramas in their relation to the Church. 299 Introduction of the opera into France, 301
-
Fauds, pious, 1. 393. Justified by the Fathers, 398 Dr Newman on, 394
note
- Frederick, King of Prussia, his abolition of torture in his dominions. i 334
- Frederick II., Emperor, declares himself the protector of the Inquisition, ii. 113
- Freethinkers in Roman Catholic countries, character of the modern school of, 1. 184
-
Fromundus, his works and views, i. 280
note
- Fulgentius, St., condemns all external to the Church, 1. 377 His statement of the doctrine of infant baptism, quoted, 362
- GALILEO, condemnation of, by the literal school of Scriptural interpreters, i. 275, 281
-
Gallican Church, its contemptuous disregard of the decrees of the Second Council of Nice, i. 231. Gerbert the reputed author of Gallican opinions, 282
note.
The Gallican Church the representative of despotic interests, ii. 163
- Gardening, influence of Rousseau on the science of, ii 215. Le Notre's style, 216
-
Garmet, on sorcery, quoted, 1. 33
note
-
Gataker, on lots, i. 287
note
- Gauls, money-lending among the, ii 244
-
Generation, spontaneous, theory of, i. 344. Melanchthon's remarks upon the question of the causes of the difference of sex, quoted, 345
note.
The laws of generation as explained by Mr Morell, ii 97
note
- Genesis, objections of the Mamchæans to the literal interpretation of, i 272. Answered by St. Augustine, 273
- Geneva, great numbers of witches executed in, i. 31
- Genii, pagan representations of the, adopted by Christian art as guardian angels, 1. 215
-
Genius, a good, represented by the old Egyptians as a serpent with a hawk's head, i. 221
note
-
Genovesi advocates the abolition of the usury laws, ii. 260
note
- Gentilis, his death, ii. 49
- Geology refutes the doctrine of the penal nature of death, i 285
- Germany, vast numbers of witches put to death in, 1 27. Character of the biblical criticism of 305 Persecution of the Catholics in Germany, ii. 46 Probabls cause of the ascendency of German thinkers in Europe, 133
- Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris, his defence of the belief in witchcraft, 1 88 His remarks on persons who denied the existence of demons, quoted, 104. Denounces tyrannicide, ii 159
- Gibbon, Edward, causes of his going over to the Church of Rome, 1. 172, 180
-
Gilbert, William, his discoveries respecting the magnet treated with contempt by Lord Bacon, 1. 292
note
- Giotto, religious feeling pervading his work, 1. 246
-
Gladiatorial shows, the last, ii. 234. Origin of, 293
note
- Gladstone, W. E, his ‘Church and State, quoted, ii 127
-
Glanvil, Joseph, his defence of the persecution of witches, 1 53 His defence of the belief in witchcraft. 129. General outline of his opinions, 130. Of his essay on ‘Anti-fanatical Religion and Free Philosophy,’ 132. His ‘Sadducismus Triumphatus,’ 180. Its great success, 135 His tolerance, 11 84
note
-
Glass painting, common long before the time of Cimabue, 1. 237
note
Origin of the tracery of some of the windows of the French cathedrals, 255
note
- Gloucester, Duchess of, her punishment for withcraft, i. 120
-
Gnosticism: origin of the central doctrine of the Æons, 1. 49
note
Influence of Gnosticism over Christian art, 217. Its view of the God of the Jews, 220
note
Of the ‘Unknown Father,’ 220 The two principal Æons, Christ and the Sophia, 221. The worship of the Virgin strengthened by Gnosticism, 221. Reverence of many of the Gnostics for the serpent, 221
note
The woman who was healed of the issue of blood one of the principal types of the Gnostics, 221
note.
Absorbing and attracting influence of Gnosticism, 222. Probable Gnostic origin of the conventional cast of features ascribed to Christ, 222
- God the Father, representations of, in Christian art, comparatively modern, i. 216, 218. How represented II. different countries, 219. Difference between the conception of the Divimty in a scientific and unscientific age, 288
- Gods of the pagans, notions of the early Christians respecting the, 1. 47
- Gold, economical error of regarding it alone as wealth, 11. 313
-
Goldsmith's work of Rouen, Italy, and Limoges, 1 237
note.
St. Eloi, their patron, i. 237
note
- Gospels, the apocryphal, their influence over Christian art, 1. 222
-
Gothic architecture, origin of, i. 262 Fitness of, for churches, 268. Disfavour into which it fell in the eighteenth century, 264
note.
The fluctuations in the estimate of this architfcture represent the fluctuations of religious sentiments, 263 Causes of the ancient preference of Gothic to Roman architecture, 264
note.
Singular criticisms of Gethic to Roman architecture, 264
note
Singular criticisms of Gothic architecture, 264
note.
Its revival in the present century, 264
note
-
Gottschalk, the monk, holds the doctrine of double predestination, i. 385
note
His punishment, 485
note
- Government, its power of influencing the reason of the people, ii. 14. Hooker's doctrine of the true origin and functions of, 177. Locke's treatise on government, 182
- Gozzoli, Benozzo, his works, 1 247
-
Grattan, the Emperor, his slave law, ii. 230
note
-
Grattan, on the Act of Union, ii. 182
note
- Gravitation, problem of, i 297
-
Greeks, their notion of nightmare, i. 49
note.
Their belief in evil spirits and sorcery, 42 Influence of the national religion on the art of the ancient, 209 Greek worship of beauty, 238 Greek idolatry faded into art, 242. Creative power in art becomes extinct among the Greeks, 244. Influence of the resurrection of the spirit of ancient Greece on mediævalism, 251. Immense sums expended by ancient Greece upon works of art, 257 Works of excavation carried on by the French in Greece, 259
note
Acquaintance with the Greek tongue in Ireland in the ninth century, i. 320. The Greek fear of the dead and predisposition to see ghosts, 341
note.
In industrial pursuits, how regarded in Greece, ii 224, Money-lending among the Greeks, 244. The lawfulness of usury maintained by the Greeks after the twelfth century, 250 Music among the Greeks, 316
note
- Gregorius Thaumaturgus one of the latest eminent for the gift of muacles, i. 165
- Gregory of Nyssa, his disbelief in eternal punishments, i 316
- Gregory the Great, his emancipation of his slaves, ii 230
-
Gregory XIII., Pope, removes the prohibition of Paul V. against bull-fighting, i. 308
note
- Gregory XVI., Pope, his condemnation of religious liberty, ii. 74
- Grevin, his play ‘The Death of Cæsar,’ ii. 159
-
Grillandus, ‘On the Poverty of Witches,’ i. 23
note.
‘On their Medical Knowledge,’ 98
note
-
Grindal, Bishop, advocates the application of torture to the Catholic priests, i. 383
note
-
Gronovius, influence of the Roman law on his political teaching, ii. 194 His works, 195
note
-
Grotius, his view of rebellion, ii. 137
note.
His theory of international arrangements, 218
- Guido of Arezzo, his invention of musical notation, ii. 300
- Guilds and corporations, their importance in the middle ages, ii. 240
- Gunpowder, importance of the discovery of, to democracy, ii. 206
- HALE, Sir Matthew, his belief in the existence of witchcraft, i 128
-
Hall, Robert, his advocacy of liberty, ii ’78
note
- Haunold, on usury, ii. 257
- Hanseatic League, commerce of the, ii. 288 Its suppression of piracy, 282
-
Harrington, James, on liberty of conscience ii 80 His ‘System of Politics,’ quoted, 80
note.
His ‘Oceans,’ 145
note.
Answers to his arguments, 145
note.
His advocacy of the ballot, 145
note.
On the necessity of usury, 259
note
- Harsenet, Dr, archbishop of York, at merates witchcraft amongst ‘Popish in postures,’ i 142
-
Harvey, his discovery of the circulation of the blood not owing to Bacon's method, i. 292
note.
First result of his discovery 299
- Hawkswood, Sir John, and the Italian condottieri, ii 206
-
Healing, cause of the adoption of the ser pent as the emblem of, i 220
note
-
Helena, worship of, i 220
note
-
Hell, catalogue of the leaders, and description of the organisation of. i 107. Patristic conception of, 315. Views of Origen and Gregory of Nyssa. 316. Faint notions of the Jews and heathens on the subject, 318. Elaboration of the conception of punishment by literal fire in the middle ages, 319. Extreme terrorism of the fourteenth century, 321 Dean Milman on the passion for detailed pictures of hell, 322
note.
Destruction of natural religion by the conception of hell, 323 Effect of the doctrine of eternal punishment on man's character, 326
et seq
Causes of the decline of the mediæval notions of hell, 338 The belief in hell one of the corner-stones of the psychology of the Fathers, 341 Opinions of the contemporaries of Descartes. 346
note.
The locality of hell, 346. Elimination of the doctrine of future torture from religious realisations, 352
-
Helmont Van, his receipt for producing mice, i. 345
note
- Henry III of France, his murder, ii. 151. The murder eulogised by the League and by the Pope, 161
- Henry IV of France, establishes the principle of toleration by the edict of Nantes, ii 69. His theory of international arrangements. 218
- Henry VIII. of England, formally permits money-lending, ii. 256
-
Hercules represented in some of the old churches, i. 214
note
In Greek statues the type of the dignity of labour, 243
- Hereditary guilt the conception of, i. 857. Theories to account for it, 358, Expression of this general conception in dogmatic teaching, 358 Weakened by the progress of democratic habits. 358. Its dogmatic expression the doctrine that all men are by nature doomed to damnation, 360. Infant baptism, 360
-
Heresiarchs, the age of, passed, i. 187. M. de Montlembert's remarks on Lamennais as an heresiarch, 187
note
-
Heretics, use of slow fire in burning them in some districts, i. 331
note.
Torture of heretics in the sixteenth century, 332. Bishop Simancas on heretics possessing no moral rights 394
note.
The first law in which the penalty of death is annexed to the simple profession of a heresy, ii. 28
note.
The Levitical law regarded by Cytrinan as the foundation of dealings with heretics, 28. St Augustine's view of heresy, 31, 32
note
. Denunciation by St. Martin and St. Ambrose of the execution of some heretics, 33 Few heretics perseented for several centuries before the Albigenses, 36, 37 Heresies renewed by the decomposition of mediæval society, 38 Encountered by persecution 38 Eymericus the Inquisitor, 41
note
Bull of Pope Innocent IV. enjoining examination by torture, 42
note.
Sentence pronounced upon the relapsed heretic, 43
note
Ferocity displayed towards the children of herstics, 44
note.
45
note.
Right of the civil magistrates to punish heresy maintained by Luther, Beza, &c. 50. But opposed by Zuinglius and Socinus, 51. Repeal of the writ ‘De Hæretico comburendo,’ 85. Work of Jansenius on the sinfulness of alhances with heretics, 110 Sketch of the constitution and progress of the Inquisition, 111
-
Hermaphrodites introduced by Polycles into art, i. 256
note
-
Hernandez, the Spanish sculptor, his piety, i. 247
note
- Heroism, effect of the classical writings in altering the type of, ii. 196
-
Highlanders, Robert Kirk's account of evil spirits among the, i. 148
note
-
Hilarion, St, his miracle performed for the benebt of Italians, i. 55. Other miracles related of him, 56
note
-
Hilary, St, of Portiers, his advocacy of absolute and complete toleration, ii. 21 His denunciation of the Emperor Constantius, ii 137
note
-
Hinckmar, archbishop of Rheims, his opposition to the worship of images, i 231. On infant baptism, 361. His opposition to Gotteschalk's doctrine of double predestination, 385
note
- History, influences of the morphological theory of the universe upon, i. 295
-
‘Histriomastix,’ the of Prynne, ii. 310
note
- Hobbes, his influence one of the causes of the decline of the belief in witchcraft, i. 128. His unflinching support of persecution, ii. 85 Inimical to liberty, 184
- Hobson, Elizabeth, her account of an apparition that had appeared to her, i 140
-
Holidays, Catholic, ii
323 note
-
Holland, Protestant persecutions of the Catholics in, ii 50.
See
Netherlands
- Hooker, Richard, love of truth manifested in his works, ii. 77. His doctrine of the origin and functions of government, 179. And of passive obedience, 179
- Hôpital upholds religious liberty, ii. 59
- Hopkins, Matthew, the witchfinder, i 125
- Horsley, Bishop, his advocacy of passive obedience to the laws, ii. 184
- Hospitals of the early Christians, ii. 233. The hospitals erected by Fabiola, 235 The network of hospitals founded after the Crusades, 236
-
Hotman, his ‘Franco-Gallia,’ n. 188 Account of the author, 188 and
note
- Howard, John, i. 349
- Hroswitha, her religious plays, ii 294
-
Hudibras on executions for witchcraft, i. 124
note
-
Huet, bishop of Avranches, his view of the utter vanity of philosophy, i 370
note
- Humanity, virtue of, i 307 Inhumanity of some of the sports of our ancestors, 307, 308
-
Hume, David, his ‘Essay on Miracles,’ 1. 172. His method of reasoning anticipated by Locke, 172
note.
Influence of his essay at the present day, 189 Inimical to liberty, ii 184 On usury, 260
- Huss John, his liberal opinions, ii 168
-
Hutchinson, on the number of executions for witchcraft in England, i 120
note
-
Hutchinson, on the causes of the ancient preference of Gothic to Roman architecture, i 264
note
-
Hutten, Ulrich von, his liberal views, ii. 169 His ridicule of the attempt to mould the classics into the image of mediævalism, 198
note
. His irony on the Christian horror of the Jews, 265
note
-
Hydraulicon, water organ, i 262
note
-
Hyperæsthesia of the memory, cases of, ii. 97
note
-
‘IXOY’ Σ, the initial letters of the name of Christ as Saviour, i. 215
note
-
Iconoclasts, rise and progress of the, i 230 Quarter whence the Iconoclasts issued forth. 245 Effect of the Iconoclast persecution on Itatian art. 244
note
- Idolatry, reasons why uncivilised man falls into, i 208 A sign sometimes of progress, sometimes of retrogression, 208. St Agobard's work denouncing the idolatry of image-worship, 232 Intimate connection of idolatry with the modes of thought of the middle ages, 234. Mahometanism the sole example of a great religion restraining semi-barbarians from idolatry, 234. Causes why Greek idolatry faded into art. 242
- Ignatius, St, his introduction of the practice of antiphons, ii. 300
- Illibeins. decree of the Council of, against paintings in churches, i. 230
- Infantry, change in the relative importance of cavalry and infantry in war, ii. 205
-
Innocent III, Pope, his institution of the Inquisition, i 74 Establishes the Inquisition, ii 38. His bull confiscating the goods of heretics, 44
note
-
Innocent IV, Pope, his bull enjoining the examination of heretics by torture, ii, 42
note
- Innocent VIII., Pope, his bull against sorcery, i. 32 Commissions the Inquisitor Sprenger, 32
- Innocent XI, Pope, his condemnation of usury, ii 248
-
Inquisition, institution of the, i 74. The first law in which the title ‘Inquisitors of the Faith’ appears, ii. 23
note
Form of supplication employed by Inquisitors, 34 and
note
. Trautsmaindorff's work in favour of toleration, 34
note
Magnitude and atrocity of the persecutions of the Inquisition, 40 Paramo's remark on the Inquisition, 42
note
Pardon always promised by the Inquisitors to those who would confess or retract their opinions within a certain period, 45
note
. Frequent hostility of the Inquisition to the civil power, and its separation of religious questions from politics, 111 Sketch of the constitution and progress of the inquisition, 111
-
Interest, principles that regulate, ii 242 Unknown to the ancients, 244.
See also
Usury.
-
Illumination.
See
Manuscripts
-
Image-worship
See
Idolatry
- Impromptus, old plays termed, ii. 297
-
Incarnation, desire in the middle ages to give a palpable form to the mystery of the, i, 224
note
Instances of a conception by the ear, 224
note
-
Incubi, or male devils, i. 48
note
Their peculiar attachment to women with beautiful hair, 49
note.
Their sons in the isle of Cyprus 49
note
- Independents, their tolerant spirit, ii. 78 ‘Index Expurgatorius,’ originated by Paul IV., ii. 119
-
India, influence of the national religion on the art of ancient, i. 209. 210
note
-
Industry the industrial history of Rationalism, ii 222
et seq.
Slavery the basis of the industrial system of antiquity, 223. Industry, how regarded in ancient Greece and Rome, 224. Servies of the Fathers and of the Benedictine in making labour honourable, 231 Modern industrial history begun by the emancipation of the towns, 239. Effects of the Crusades on industry, 240 Importance of corporations in the middle ages 240 Points of contact of industrial and theological enterprises 241 Usury the first ground of collision, 241 Effect of industry on theological judgments, 273 Injury done to industry by persecution, 273 Cause of the decline of the ideal of poverty. 274. Luxury and sumptuary laws of thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, 281. Rapid increase of commerce in Europe, 281 An intellectual ascendency given to industry by the Medici, 282 Harmony of the industrial movement with the other tendencies of the age, 283. The creation of the theatre the last service of the industrial civilisation of Italy, 310. The sceptre of industry almost in the grasp of Spain, 311. Incompatibility of monasticism with industry, 316 Cessation of the commercial antagonism of Protestantism and Catholicism, 323 Conflict between the manufacturing and agricultural interests, 324. School of Sully opposed to manufactures, 326 The school of Colbert favourable to them, 326, 327. Beginning of the mercantile system in England, 326
note
. Invention of credit, 332. And of machinery, 332. Political economy an expression of an Industrial civilisation, 334. Industry the destroyer of asceticism among the moderns, 350 Intellectual influences favourable to industrialism, 351. Utilitarianism the philosophical expression of industrialism, 352
- International arrangements, theories of Hildebrand, &c., ii. 218
- Investitures, the famous history of the, ii 108
-
Irish, veneration of the ancient, for wolves i. 95
note
. Their belief in lycanthropy, 91
note
-
Ireland, learning in in the ninth century, i 320. Number of converts from Catholicism to Protestantism produced by the penal system in seventy-one years, ii. 15. The outbreak of 1640, 16. Want of success of persecution shown in the case of Irish Catholics, 16. Persecution of the Catholics in. in the seventeenth century, 47 Liberalism of the Irish Parliament, 121–124. Controversy in Ireland on toleration in 1725, 123
note
Patriotism replaced by sectarianism, 124. Sale of English slaves to the Irish in the middle ages, 238
note
-
Isaac, the ‘wood of sacrifice’ borne by, a type of the cross, i 205
note
- Isabella, Queen of Spain, her decree of banishment against the Jews, ii 269
-
Isadore St, on infant baptism, i 363
note
- Isis, the Lgyptian conception of, transierred to the worship of the Virgin, i 223
- Italicus the Christian, and the miracle of St Hilarius, i 55
-
Italy, great number of sorceters put to death in, in one year, i 30. Goldsmith's work of. 238
note
Moral condition of Italian society, and its influence on art, in the middle ages, 253 Chief causes of the perfection attaned by the Italian pionters of the sixteenth century, 254 Gothic architecture never in favour in Italy, 265
note
Abolition of torture in, 334. Antecedents of Rationalism in Italy, 370 Politicul influence of the Italian republics on public opinion in England ii 145
note
. Intense hostility excited in Italy by the Inquisition, 116 The Italian condottieri, 206 Foundation of the ‘Monti di Picta’ in Italy, 249 Usury made popular by the use of the Italian republics, 254 Toleration accorded by the Italian republics to the Jews, 272 The old sham fights of Italy, 292
note
Fondness of the Italians for the theatre, 308
-
JAMES I. of England, his zeal against witchcraft, i 123 His law subjecting witches to death upon the first conviction, 124 Presides over the tortures inflicted on Di Fian, 124
note
His infatuatius the subject of witchcraft, 149
- James H. his proclamation of religious liberty, ii 86
- Jansenius, his book on the sinfulness of alliances, with heretics, ii. 110
- Januarius St, miracle of, at Naples, i 159
- Japan sucess of persecution shown in the case of the Christians in, ii 14
- Jesuits, tyranmicide defended by the, ii 161. Then services to liberalism, 162 Casuistry of the Jesuits applied to the subject o usury 257 Their proclamation of the ‘social contract,’ ii. 148. Suarez, ‘De Fide.’ 147, 148, Mariana ‘De Rege,’ 150
-
Jewel, Bishop,
on the increase of witchcraft in England, i. 121. His ‘Apology,’ 170
-
Jewish, the black death ascribed to them. i 17. Their religion regarded by some of the Gnostics as the work of the principle of evil, 221
note
Constantine's persecution of the, ii. 22. Influence of their laws on persecution, 22 Partiality of the Spaniards for the burning of Jews, 116. The whole literature of the Jews, except the Bible, proposed to be destroyed, 119 Jewish emancipation in England, 125 The Jews early noted as slave-dealers, 230. Jewish slaves in the middle ages, 239
note
. Usury almost monopolised by the Jews, 254 The Jews the first class benefited by the tolerance caused by commerce, 263 Persecutions of the Jews, 263. Superstitions concerning them, 265
note
Controversy in the middle ages as to whether they should be permitted to practise usury, 266
note
Their services to literature, 267, 272 Expelled from Spain, 267 Massacre in Seville and other places in Spain, 267, 268. Barbanity of the Portuguese towards them, 270. Their commercial activity, 272. Toleiated in the Italian republics, 272. Said to have invented letters of exchange, 272
note
- Joan of Arc, her execution for witchcraft, i. 120
-
John, Friar, his success in promoting the Inquisition in Italy, ii 117
note
-
John. St, legend of the portrait of, found in the house of a Christian, i. 235
note
- Jonah rescued from the fish's mouth, symbol of, i. 216
- Jovian, the Emperor, his tolerance of pagan magic, i 57
-
Juanes, the Spanish painter, i. 247
note
- Judaism, patriotism the moral principle of, ii 104, 106
-
Julian, his attempt to consolidate Neo-Platonism, i. 46
note.
His love of magic, 56, 57. His testimony to the charity of the Christians, ii. 235 His antipathy to public amusements, 290
- Julius II., Pope, his bull against sorcery, i. 32. His munificence to artists, 259
-
Jupiter, Greek busts of, i. 239
note
Their character, 244
-
Jurieu advocates the lawfulness of persecution, ii. 50. His political teaching, 187
note
, 188
- Jurisprudence, phases of. ii. 194
-
Justin Martyr, his assertion of the continuance of miracles in his time, i. 168. Admits the possibility of the salvation of pagans, 377
note
-
Justinian, the Emperor, his law respecting usury, ii. 253
note
- KANT, his principles of biblical criticism, i. 805
- Kellerus, the Jesuit, his defence of tyrannicide, ii. 160
-
Kings, the power of the Pope for deposing, ii. 142, 147. Doctrine of the mediate character of the divine right of kings, 147. The doctrine of the ‘social contract,’ 148 Mariana's ‘De Rege,’ 150. Tyrannicide. 151
et seq.
William Barclay's denia. of the Pope's power of deposition, 164
note
Doctrine of passive obedience to, 175, 177. Hooker's doctrine of the regal power, 178
-
Kirk, the Scotch, Buckle's description of the, i 144
note
-
Kirk, Robert, minister of Aberfoil, his account of evil spirits among the Highlanders, i 148
note
- Knowledge, the increase of, one of the great causes of liberty, ii. 202
- Knox, John his denunciation of the Queen hearing mass, ii. 49. Advocates the lawfulness of persecution, 50, 51 His political liberalism, 163
- LABOUR, services of the Fathers and the Benedictines in making it honourable ii 231
- La Boetie, his treatise on ‘Voluntary Servitude,’ ii 199 His revolutionary declamations, quoted, 199, 200. His work adopted by the French Protestants in 1578, and recently by Lamennais, 200
-
Lactantius, his strong assertion of the inequity of persecution, ii 21 His peculiar notions, 22
note
. His opinion that ecclesiastics should never cause the death of men, 33. His view of money-lending, 251
- Lady-day, feast of Cybele formerly celebrated on, i. 224
- Lamb, the symbol of Christ, condemned by a council ‘In Trullo,’ i. 247
-
La Mére Sotte, origin of, ii 296
note
-
Lamennais, M de Montalembert's remarks on. as an herestarch, i 187
note
His attempt to associate Catholicity with the movement of modern civilisation ii. 74
- Landry, St., the apostle of charity in France, ii 235
-
La Peyrere, his work on rationalistic biblical interpretation, i 300 Analysis of his argument, 301
note
His denial of the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch, 302
-
Laplace, on the argument for design in the motions of the planets, i 297
note
His review of Craig's theory of probabilities, 398
note
-
Las Casas advocated slavery, ii. 317. Defended by Gregoire, Bishop of Blois, &c, 317
note
- Lateran, Third Council of its endeavours to arrest the progress of usury, ii. 254
- Lateran, Fourth Council of, its denunciation of heretics, ii 39
-
Latimer, Bishop, his sermon describing the revolution of prices in England, ii. 316
note
- Law in nature, gradual substitution of th conception of for that of supernatural in tervention, i 286
-
Lawes. the composer, interred in Westmin ster Abbey, ii 310
note
- League, exultation of the, at the murder of Henry III, ii. 161
-
Leannam Sith, or familiar spirits, common among the Highlanoers, i. 148
note
- Learning, æsthetic effect of the revival of i 247
-
Le Coreur, on usury, ii. 257
note
- Le Couvreur, the actress, ii 305. Voltaire's ode to her memory, 305
- Leibnitz's notions of eternal punishment, i. 338
- Leith, nine women burnt for witchcraft at in 1664, i. 148
- Lemia, the soroeress, put to death, i, 42
-
Lentulus, proconsul of Judæa, forged letter of, on the personal appearance of Christ, i. 245
note
- Leo I, Pope, burns the books of the Manichæans, ii. 119
-
Leo X., his munificence to artists, i. 259 Grounds upon which he condemned usury, ii. 251
note
- Levitical laws, influence of, on Christian persecution, ii. 22. Regarded by Cyprian as the foundation of dealings with heretics, 28
- Lessing, his principles of biblical criticism, i 305
- Libanius, his pleadings against the destruction of the temples in the country districts, ii. 27. His praise of pantomimic dances, 291
-
Liberty, religious, cursed by St. Augustine, ii. 32
note
- Liberty, political, the teaching of the Fathers respecting rebellion favourable to liberty, ii. 139 As also the conflicts between the Pope and kings, 140
- Life, insoluble problem of, i 298
-
Lilith, the first wife of Adam, the queen of the succubi. i 49
note
- Lily, superstitious notion concerning, i 225
-
Limbo, origin of pictures of the descent into, i 222
note
Unbaptised children in, 360, 367
-
Limoges, goldsmiths’ work of, i 237
note
-
Linnæus, preposterous charge brought against his system, ii 50
note
-
Llorente, his ‘History of the Inquisition,’ ii. 40
note
-
Locke, John, on the patristic miracles, i. 164, 166 On the belief in propositions contrary to reason, 172
note
Causes of his influence, 400. Carpings of the Tractarian party at his psychology, 403
note
His defence of religious liberty, ii. 87 His answer to Filmer's doctrino of passive obedience, 181, 182. On interest, ii 259
-
Lombards, their trade in money, ii. 254, Their political economy, 282
note
-
Looking-glasses, ladies using, said by Clemens Alexandrinus to break the second commandment, i. 235
note
-
Lot.
See
Chance
- Lowes, a Suffolk clergyman, put to death for witchcraft, i. 126
- Loyola, Ignatius, sets a day apart for the meditation of eternal damnation, i. 326
- Lucretius adopted the theory of spontaneous acelaration, i 344
-
Luke, St, probable author of the portraits of, i 312
note
-
Lullaby,’ supposed origin of the word, i. 49
note
- Lulli, the musical composer, ii 307
-
Luther, Martin, his superstitions credulity, i. 38. His sense of sin, 82. His belief in witchcraft, 83. His part in the Eucharistic controversy, 373. On salvation in the Church alone, 381. His declaration of predestinarianism, 385, 386
note
Asserts the right of the civil magistrate to punish heresy, ii. 50. His inclination to the despotic theory of government, 169
-
Lutheranism, almost silent evanescence of the distinctive mark of, 370. Coales cence of Lutherans and Calvinists ir Prussia and other parts of Germany, 270
note
- Luxembourg, Marshal of, his trial for sor cery, i. 118
-
Luxury, habits of, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, ii. 274. Sumptuary laws, 274 and
note
Influence of the black death, 275 Economical effects of luxury 276 Substitution of luxury for monasticism as a check upon population, 277 Influence of luxury on intellectual development, 278 And upon the character of public amusements, 285
- Lycanthropy, belief in, i 96, 97 Condemned by a canon of the Council of Ancyra, 96. Executions in France for lyeanthropy in the first half of the seventeenth century, 117
-
MACAULAY. Lord, his reason why the Puritans objected to bull-baiting, i 308
note
On the servility of the Anglican Church, quoted, ii. 174
note
- Machinery, movements in favour of manufactures stimulated by the invention of. ii 332 Drawbacks to its advantages, 333
-
Magdalen hospitals unknown to the early Church, ii. 234
note
-
Magic, laws of the Romans against, i. 43. Character of, among the more civilised pagans, 43, 51 Its extraordinary importance in the patristic teaching, 51. The Emperor Constantine's severe law against secret magic, 52. The title ‘enemies of the human race’ transferred from the Christians to the magicians, 53. Laws of Constantius 52 Scepticism the only true corrective for the evil, 54. The laws against magic suspended under Julian and Jovian, but afterwards renewed, 56. Causes of the worst outbreaks of these persecutions, 58. Pomponazzi's attempt to explain the phenomena of magic by the influence of the stars, 283
note
Transition of the old pagan worship from the sphere of religion into that of magic. ii. 43. Existence of prohibited pagan magical rites long after the suppression of paganism, 44
-
Magnet, the discoveries of Gilbert respecting the, treated with contempt by Lord Bacon, i 292
note
,
-
Mahometans, their raid against books on logic and philosophy, i. 73
note
Conception some centuries before the appearancs of the doctrine in Christianity, 225
note
-
Mahometanism the sole example of a great religion restraining semi-barbarians from idolatry, i 234. The deadly enemy of art, 236. The æsthetic genius exhibited in Mahometan architecture, 236. Mahometan slaves, ii. 238
note
- Malebranche, his account of the decadence In the belief in witchcraft in his time, i. 116
-
Maleficiendo, Spronger's derivation of the word, i. 87
note
-
‘Malleus Maleficarum,’ the works of in quisitors so called, i 89
note
- Malthus, his theory and its consequences, ii 277
-
Man. the ancient notion of man's position in the universe displaced by astronomy, i 283, 284 Effects of man's sin on the vegetable world, 283
note
-
Manichæism, outburst of. in the twelfth century, i. 71. Cardinal tenet of, 240. The Mosaic cosmogony assailed by the Manichæans, 272. St Augustine's treatise in answer, 273. Their doctrine respecting the Antipodes, 275 Their strange notion of the purification of the souls of the dead, 819
note
Their books burnt by Pope Leo I, ii 118
- Manners, the ferocity of, corrected by Christian charity, ii 232
- Mantua, Inquisition riots in, ii. 117
-
Manuscripts, beauty of the illuminations of, from the fifth to the tenth centuries, i 237
note
Decline of the art from this period till the revival of painting, 237
note
-
Mar. earl of bled to death for having consulted witches how to shorten the lite of James II, i 148
note
- Maicellus, his death, ii. 35
-
Mariana, the Jesuit, his opposition to bullfighting in Spain, i 305
note.
Account of his work De Rege,’ ii 150
-
Mariolatry.
See
Virgin
-
Martin, St, of Tours, his denunciation of the execution of some heretics, ii 33. His destruction of pagan temples, 33
note
- Martyrdoms, only one or two representations of, in the catacombs, i 212
-
Mary, Queen of Scots, her execution for idolatry advocated by Convocation, ii 50
note
- Maryland, religious liberty established in, by Lord Baltimore, ii. 59
- Masques, English, ii 301
- Massachusetts, executions for witchcraft in, i. 33
- Massalians, a sect of heretics, regard spitting as a religious exercise, i 48
-
Massius, Bishop Gilbert, his portrait, i 227
note
- Materialism of the middle ages, i. 343 Two schools of, 343 Causes of the tendency towards, at the present day, 300, ii. 356
-
Mathematicus, a name given to astrologers, i. 65
note
- Mather. Cotton, creates a panic respecting witchcraft in America, i. 137,138
- Matilda, Countess, influence of her tomb on the works of Nicolas of Pisa, i. 258
- Matter the essential evil of the cardinal tene of Gnosticism and Manichæsm, i. 240 Why matter attracts matter, an insolute problem, 298. Relation of mind to matter, 298
- Mayence, great numbers of Jews put to death in, i 77
-
Mayence, a beggar put to death for sorcery at, in 1807, i 30
note
- Maynooth, college of, endowment of the, ii 123
- Mazarin, Cardinal, his letter to the bishop of Evreux on the execution of witches, i. 117
-
Mazarine library, Naude the first librarian of the, i. 115
note
- Medici, their archælogical collections, i. 253
- Medici, the, give an interiectual ascendency to industry, ii. 282
- Mediævalism, the sense of sin the chief moral agent of, ii. 196
-
Melanchthon, Philip, notions on withcraft, i 33
note
. His remarks on the question of the cause of the difference of sex, i. 345. His predestinarian views, 386
note
. His approval of the murder of Servetus, ii. 52 His definition of usury, 247
note
-
Melito, St, bishop of Sardis, his ‘Clavis,’ i 273
note
-
Memory, cases of hyperæsthesia of the, ii. 97
note
- Mesmer, the cures of, attributed to supernatural agency, i. 119
-
Mice, Van Helmont's receipt for producing, i 345
note
St Augustine on the existence of 345
note
-
Michael Angelo, his admiration for the torso Belvedere i 259 His Moses and David, 259
note
The secularisation of art represented to the highest degree by Michael Angelo, 261
- Middleton, Dr. Convers, his ‘Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers,’ &c., 166,169 Discussion of his principles by Church Dodwell, &c., 172
-
Milan Cathedral, ridicule with which it was regarded in the last century, i 264
note
Inquisition riots in Milan, ii, 116
-
Milton, John, his advocacy of the rights of conscience, ii 80
note,
81. His ‘Areopagitica,’ 81
note
. His intolerance of Catholics, 82 and
note
. On regal power 181
- Minerva, in Greek statues, a type of female modesty and self-control, i. 243
-
Miniature painting common long before the time of Cimabue, i 237
note
- Minos, character of the Greek representations of, i 244
-
Minutius Felix, his remarks on eternal punishments, quoted, i. 317
note
His opinion of the dæmon of Socrates, 377
note
-
Miracles of the Church, i. 155 Views of Roman Catholics and Protestants respecting miracles, 155, 156. Miracles related by the Fathers and mediæval writers as undoubted and ordinary occurrences, 156
et seq
Rapid growth of scepticism on the subject since the Reformation, 159. General tone adopted by Roman Catholics respecting miracles, 160 Causes of the decline of the sense of the miraculous, 161 Disbelief in the miraculous in direct proportion to the progress of civilisation and diffusion of knowledge, 162. Effect of civilisation on contemporary as compared with historical miracles, 162. Persecution regarded by some English divines as a substitute for miracles, 164. Middleton's attack upon the veracity of the patristic miracles, 169. Epitome of the common arguments in favour of the cessation of miracles, 175. St. Augustine's belief in the miracles wrought by the relics of St. Stephen, 178
note
Aversion to the miraculous a distinctive mark of Rationalism, 183 Origin and decline of the evidential school in England, 189 Tendency among the evidential school to meet the Rationalists half way 192. Summary of the stages of Rationalism in its relation to the miraculous, 193
- Moliere, denounced by the Church, i. 806
- Molina, his defence of tyrannicide, ii 160
-
Molinæus, Carolus, his remarks on moneylending, quoted, ii 256
note
-
Monasticism, its influence in stimulating persecution, ii. 34, 35. Enthusiasm of the first monks, 35. Substitution of luxury for monasticism as a check upon population, 277. Causes of the decadence of the monastic spirit, 279. Amusements in the monastiries, 293, 294. Effect of monasticism on the downfall of Spain, 316. Its incompatibility with industry, 317. Supremacy of asceticism till the fourteenth century, 348. The Therapeutes, 348
note
. Decline of asceticism, 349, 351
-
Money-lending,
See
Interest, Usury
- Monks, their influence in making labour honourable, ii. 232
-
Montaigne, his scepticism about witchcraft, i. 100
note
. The first great sceptical writer in France, 111. An opponent of torture, 333 and
note
. His remarks on Castellio. ii. 56. His notice of the subordination of opinions to interests in France, 193 His political conservatism, 226
-
Montesquieu, his denunciation of torture, i 333. His remarks on the scholastic writings on usury, ii 253
note
- ‘Monti di Pieta,’ foundation of the, in Italy, ii. 249
- Moors, influence on Christendom, ii 284
-
Moralities,
See
Plays, religious; Theatre
-
Morals, moral development accompanies the intellectual movement of societies, i. 306. Rewards and punishments more and more necessary as we descend the intellectual scale, 307. Illustrations of the nature of moral development, 307. Moral genius, 310. Relations of theology to morals, 310. Their complete separation in antiquity, 311. Originality of the moral type of Christianity, 311 Evanescence of duties unconnected with our moral nature, 314 Immorality not so severely condemned by theologians as error, 315
note
. Injurious effect of the doctrine of exclusive salvation on, 389
- More, Henry, his support of the views of Glanvil on witchcraft, i. 136
-
More, Sir Thomas, his fondness for cockthrowing, i. 307,
note
. Extols toleration in his ‘Utopia,’ ii. 59
- Morellet, his translation of Beccaria, i. 334
-
Morocco, recent invasion of, by the Spaniards, religious fanaticism shown in the, ii. 110
note
- Morton, Dr., saves the life of an alleged witch, i. 141
-
Morzines, the alleged supernatural causes of a recent epidemic at, i. 32
note
-
Mosaic work, Greek school of, established at Monte Cassino, i. 237. The earliest specimen of Christian mosaic, 237
note
. Specimens in the church of St. Vitale at Ravenna, 237
note
. The art lost for three centuries preceding the establishment of the Monte Cassino school, 237
note
-
Moses, his rod a type of the Cross, according to Bede, i. 205
note
- Moses striking the rock, early Christian symbol of, i. 216
- Mothe, Huerne de la, his punishment for defending actors, ii. 307
-
Mothers, societies for the succour of indigent, ii. 234
note
-
Mun, Thomas, his defence of the mercantil system, ii. 327
note
- Music, causes of the partial secularisation ol, ii. 300. Its successive stages, 300
-
Musical instruments: origin of the organ, and its introduction into the Western Empire, i. 262. The hydraulicon, 262
note
-
Muzarelli on persecution, i 165
note
-
Mysteries.
See
Plays, religious; Theatre
- Mysticism of the fourteenth century, impulse given by it to psychology, i. 344. Its popularity in Germany, 344. The Bible of mysticism, 344
- NANTES, Edict of, publication of the, ii. 69. Revocation of the, 69
- Naples, resistance of the king and people of, to the Inquisition, ii. 113,116
- Nationalities, doctrine of the rights of, ii. 218
-
Naude, his ‘Apologle.’ i 115
note
. His exposure of the Rosicrucians, 115
note
. Becomes first librarian of the Mazarine library, 115
note
. Reconstructs some of the dances of the ancients, 115
note
- Navigation laws, origin of the, ii. 281
- Neo-Platonists, their doctrines, i. 304
-
Nero, his attempt to relieve actors from the stigma attached to them, ii 288
note
-
Nestorian controversy, discussions on the mystery of the Incarnation during the, i. 224, 364
note
. Saying of Nestorius to the Emperor, ii 22
note
The works of Nestorious prohibited by Theodosius, 119
-
Netherlands, all the inhabitants of the, condemned to death as heretics, ii. 41
note
. Love of free discussion early generated in, 119
-
Newton, Sir Isaac, his remarks on miracles, quoted, i. 166. His method and mental character opposed to those of Lord Bacon, 292
note
-
Newman, Dr., on pious frauds, quoted, i. 394
note
-
Nice, Council of, on usury, ii. 247
note
-
Nice, Second Council of, censures the heresy of the Iconoclasts, i 230. Its decrees contemptuously stigmatised by Charlemagne and the Gallican Church, 231. Discussions connected with this council, 281
note
-
Nicephorus, notices the resemblance of Christ to his mother, i. 224
note
-
Nicodemus, apocryphal gospel of, its influence over Christian art, i. 222
note
- Nicolas of Pisa, revives the study of ancient sculpture, i. 246, 258
-
Niebuhr, his remark on the Song of Solomon, ii. 53
note
-
Nightmare associated with the belief in demons, i 49
note
. Notion of the Greek respecting nightmare, 50
note
-
Noah, Vesta his wife according to the Cabalists, i. 67
note
. Symbol of receiving the dove into his breast, 216
-
Noodt, influence of the Roman law on his political teaching, ii 194 and
note
-
North, Dudley, his work on commerce, ii 345
note
-
Novatians, allowed to celebrate their worship, ii. 27
note
Suppressed, 27
note
- Nymphs, notions of the early Christians respecting them, i.48
-
OBEDIENCE, passive, to established authority, ii. 136. Teaching of the Anglican Church on, 175, 176 Hooker's views, 179 Filmer's, 181. Views on the subject in the sixteenth century, 181
note
. ‘Bishop Overall's Convocation Book,’ 183
note
-
Ochino, the Socinian, his dialogues translated by Castellio, ii 53
note
- OConnell. Daniel, his efforts for religious liberty, ii 125
-
Oldfield, Mrs, the actress, ii 310
note
- Opera, creation of the, ii. 301 In Italy, 301. In France and England, 301. The pestilence ascribed to it, 308
-
Ophites, their worship of the serpent, i. 220
note
- Opinions, true causes of, ii 20
-
Optatus, his grounds for advocating the massacre of the Donatists, ii. 23
note
-
Orange, the Roman theatre of, ii. 303
note
- Oratorio, origin of the, ii. 301
-
Orcagna, his picture of Averroes, at Pisa, i 71
note
. His ‘Triumph of Death,’ 343
note
-
Organs, said to have been first used in the Greek Church, i. 262 The hydraulicon, 262
note
The bagpipe, 262
note
- Origen, his school of allegorical Scriptural interpretation, i 272. His disbelief in eternal punishments, 316. His notion of the soul, 342. Associates the doctrine of infant baptism with that of preexistence, 362. His views of the condemnation of all external to the Church, 376
- Orleans, duke of, justification of the murder of, by Jean Petit, ii. 158
- Orpheus, regarded as a symbol of the attractive power of Christianity, i. 214
-
Oxford, University of, its opposition to almost every step made by English intellect in connection with theology, i. 173. Instances of this opposition in the cases of the Test Act and Catholic Emancipation, and in the great reactionary movement begun in 1833,173,174. Opposition of the University of Oxford of religious liberty, ii 86. Doctrine of passive obedience laid down by the, 175
note
. Its decree on this subject burnt by the House of Lords, 177
-
PAGANISM, how regarded by the early Christians, i. 45. The immediate objects of the devotions of the pagan world according to the Neo-Platonic school, 46. Laws of Constantine and Constantius, 52. Compromise between Christianity and paganism, 59. Continuance of the pagan rites in the form of magic, 60 Exorcists among the pagans, 156
note
. Effect of pagan traditions upon early Christian art, 211. Sentiments of the Fathers on the damnation of the heathen, 377. Policy of Constantine towards the pagans, ii. 23 Position of the pagans and of the government towards them at this period, 25. Review of their condition before the time of Theodosius, 26 Destruction of their temples in the country districts, 26 Prohibitions of Theodosius the Great, 27 Destruction of temples by St. Martin of Tours. 33
note
. Ruin of paganism, 35 The pagan parallels to the Christian martyrs, 102 Type of character formed by pagan patriotism, 102. Synthesis of the moral principles of Christianity and paganism, 220 The theatre the last refuge of paganism, 289
-
Painting, a faithful mirror of the popular mind, before the invention of printing, i. 74
note
Its influence in strengthening the worship of the Virgin, 224. Peculiar characteristics, and chief causes of artistic perfection of later Italian works, 253. Sensuality favourable to painting, 253. Influence of Venetian sensuality, 254. Discovery of oil colours, 255
note
Their introduction into Italy, 256 Complete secularisation of the art after the death of Savonarola, 261 Devotion of the monks of St Basil to painting, ii, 282
- Palestrina, his Church music, ii 301
-
Palmer, Mr., his collection of evidence on the views of the Fathers as to original sin, i. 377
note
-
Pan, Greek statues of, i. 229
note
- Paneas in Phónicia, the miraculous image of Christ at, i 229
- Pantomimic dances, Libanius’ praise of, ii 291. Origin of pantomime in Italy, 297
-
Paracelsus, his belief in the existence of sylphs, &c. i. 67
note
His attempt to overcome the popular superstitious respecting comets 291
-
Paramo, an Inquisitor, his remark on the Inquisition, ii 42
note
- Paris, great numbers of witches put to death in, i 30
- Paris, Abbé, miracles at the tomb of, i. 180
- Parma, Inquisition riots in, ii. 116
-
Pascal, Blaise, on the necessity of infant baptism, i 366
note
. On the utter vanity of philosophy, 370
note
. His doctrine of probabilities applied to religious systems, 398
- Patriotism, one of the chief moral principles of society, ii. 102 Type of character it formed, 103. Greatest vice of ancient patriotism, 104. Patriotism the moral principle of Judaism, 104, 106. In the Roman Empire, 106. Correspondence of patriotism to the spirit of sect in religion, 106 Incompatibility of sectarianism with patriotism, 186
- Paul II., Pope, his persecution of artists at Rome, i. 259
- Paul IV, Pope, originates the ‘Index Expurgatorius,’ ii. 119
- Paul the Hermit, miracles related of, i. 156
- Paulinus, bishop of Nola, said to have invented church bells, i. 262
- Pavia, fresco in the monastery of, i. 325
-
Peacock, the symbol of immortality among pagans and the early Christians, i. 213 Why so regarded, 213, 214
note
- Pelagius, his view of infant baptism, [Editor: illegible number]
-
Penal Code, relations between the prevailing sense of the enormity of sin and the severity of the, i. 886. Tendency of all penal systems under the influence of the clergy, 886
note
. Constant tendency in the advance of civilisation to mitigate the severity of pena, codes, 886 Part taken by theologians in mitigating the penal code, 349 Influence of Beccaria, 350
- Penance, public, question of the right of the Pope to condemn criminals to, ii. 143
- Pentateuch, the Mosaic authorship of the, denied by La Peyrere, i. 802
- Perez, Antonio, famous prosecution of, ii. 113
-
Pariander, tyrant of Corinth, story of Herodotus of, i. 820
note
- Perrou, Cardinal, his assertion of Ultramontane principles, ii. 165
-
Persecution, religious, revival of, at the beginning of the thirteenth century, i. 74. Regarded by some English divines as a substitute for miracles, 156. The emotional antecedent of persecution, 881. Persecution the result of the principles professed by the persecutors, 850. The history of persecution, ii 11
et seq.
Injury done to industry by persecution, 273
-
Persians, influence of the national religion on the art of the ancient, i. 209, 210
note
- Perugino, his scepticism, i 261
- Pestilences, effects of, on the superstitions of the dark ages, i. 63 Said to have been produced by the power of the devil, 92
-
Peter of Apono, denied the existence of demons and miracles, i. 103
note
. Accused of magic, 103
note
- Peter, St, with the wand of power, early Christian symbol of, i. 216
- Petit, Jean, justifies the murder of the Duke of Orleans, ii. 159. His justification denounced by Gerson and the Council of Constance, 159
- Petrarch gives an impulse to archælogical collections, i 258
- Phidias, his colossal statue of Jupiter Olympus, i 258
- Philanthropy, boundless, of modern Christianity, i 349
- Philip II. of Spain, Dutch heretics put to death during his reign, ii. 41
- Philip Neri, St., originates the oratorio, ii. 301
- Philosophers charged by the Abbé Fiard with being the representatives of the old sorcerers, i. 119
-
Philosophy, moral, its progress one of the causes of the decline of the mediæval notions of hell, i. 338. The sense of virtue appealed to most strongly by the philosophies of Greece and Rome, 856 Revival of the sense of truth due to the secular philosophers of the seventeenth century, 399. The superiority of the inductive method asserted by Leonardo da Vinci, 400 Ramus and Bruno, 401 The decline of theological belief a necessary antecedent of the success of the inductive method, 402,403. De Maistre's remarks on Locke ad Bacon's philosophy, 403
note
Aversion of the Tractarian party to both, 403
note
-
Phryne, the mistress of Praxiteles, i. 256
note
- Pichler, his views on usury, ii. 257
- Pictures, stages of the veneration for, i. 228. Decree of the Council of III beris against pictures in churches, 229. Admitted by the Greeks into their churches, 230 The introduction of pictures into their churches forbidden by the Christians of Alexandria, 288
- Pinel, the philosophy of madness mainly due to, i 36
- Piracy, suppression of, by the Hansearie League, ii. 282
-
Pius V, Pope, his prohibition of bull-fighting, i 308
note
-
Plague, the, attributed to the theatres, ii. 808
note
- Plato, influence of his philosophy in favouring a belief in evil spirits, i. 48. His notion of hell, 319 His denunciation of trade, ii. 224
-
Platonists, their idea of the soul, i. 340, 841
note
-
Plays, religious, rise of the, ii 293 Account of them, 293. Their immorality, 295. The great ‘passion play’ of Oberammergau 299
note
- Plotinus, a Neo - Platonic philosopher ashamed of possessing a body, i 240
-
Plunket, the Act of Union, ii. 182
note
- Pluto, Greek representations of, i 244
-
Political economy, influence of, on democracy, ii. 207 Free-trade notions in France before the ‘Wealth of Nations,’ 208 Enlightened views of the Venetians, 282, of the Lombards, 282
note
The first proffessorship founded at Naples, 283
note
Schools of Sully and Colbert, 326 327 That of Quesnay, 327. Berkeley's exposition of the true nature of money, 328
note
Error of the French economists, 828 Adam Smith on manufactures and agriculture, 328 Raynal's views 329. Ricardo, 331. Invention of credit, 332. Political economy an expression of an industrial civilisation, 335. Its pacific influence, 335. 340 Scheme of progress revealed by political economy, 348, 350
-
Politics, secularisation of, ii 69
et seq
- Polo, Marco, his notice of tea in the thirteenth century, ii. 322
- Polycarp, St., miracle of, i. 168
-
Polycles, the sculptor, introduces the hermaphrodite into art, i 256
note
- Pomponatius, his speculations, i 370
- Pope, decline of the temporal power of the, ii. 130 Causes of its decline, 130. Origin of his power in Rome, 140 The Pope's power of deposing sovereigns, 142, 146 Moral authority necessarily with the Pope, 142,143. His right to condemn criminals to public penance, 143. His power over the temporal possessions of princes denied by William Barclay, 164. Attitude of the Protestants of France in 1615 on this question, 165
- Population, doctrine of Malthus on, ii. 277. Substitution of luxury for monasticism as a check upon, ii. 277
-
Positivism, first principles of, ii. 356
note
Character of the leading positivists, 356
note
-
Possada, Father, his opposition to the theatre, ii. 308
note
-
Potters, Abyssinian superstition respecting i. 67
note
- Poverty, cause of the decline of the ideal of, ii. 274
-
Poynet, Bishop of Winchester, his advocacy of sedition and tyrannicide, ii. 174
note
-
Praxiteles, Titian compared with, i 256 Said to have definitively given the character of sensuality to Venus, 256
note
-
Predestinarianism, influence of the doctrine of exclusive salvation on, i. 333. Calvin's theory of, substantially held by St Augustine, 383. Luther's declaration and Erasmus's opposition, 385 The doctrine of double predestmation held in the ninth century, 385
note
Views of Melanchthon, 386
note
. Calvin and Beza, 387
note
The doctrine assailed. ii. 54
-
Presbyterianism, persecuted in Scotland, il. 48 Intolerance of the Presbyterians in England in the seventeenth century, 79 Efforts of the Scotch to suppress liberty of conscience, 80
note
. Its tendency compared with that of Episcopalianisr, 168
- Prickers of witches, profession of, in Scotland, i. 146
- Printing, servitude and superstition abolished by ii. 203. 204
- Proast, Archdeacon, his opposition to religious liberty, ii 87
- Protestants, their distrust and aversion for contemporary miracles, i. 155, 156, 163 Their views respecting historical miracles, 163
- Protestantism causes of the extraordinary strides made by Rationalism in most Protestant countries, i. 181 The dogmatic forms of Protestantism of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries superseded by Protestant Rationalism, 184 Dogmatic character of early Protestantism, i 369 The representatives of Rationalism in the first period of Protestantism’ bocinus and Zuinglius, 369. Success of persecution in extirpating Protestantism from Spain and France, 11. 14. Protestant persecutions compared with that of Catholicism, 57 et seq. In Protestant countries, tolerance the result and measure of the advance of Rationalism. 75. Attitude of the Protestants in France in 1615 respecting the Papal power, 165. Democracy favoured by Protestantism, 167. Place of Protestantism in the development of English liberty, 183. Two distinct currents in the political teaching of the French Protestants, 186. Circumstances that diminish the influence of the French Protestants. 187
-
Prounice, the of the Gnostics, i. 221. Confounded with Beronice, 221
note
- Prussia, abolition of torture in. i. 334
-
Prynne's ‘Histriomastix,’ ii. 354
note
- Psellus, Michael, ‘On the Operation of Demons,’ i. 68
- Pseudomonarchia Dæmonum,’ notice of the, i. 107
- Psychology, development of, one of the causes of the decline of the mediaeval notions of hell, i. 339, Impulse given to psychology by Averroes, 343 And by the Mystics of the fourteenth century, 344
- Punishments, the, employed by the Romans against the magicians, i. 54
-
Purgatory,
doctrine of
, i 320
-
Puritans, their belief in witchcraft during the Commonwealth, i 125, 126 Their prosecutions for witchcraft in America, 137. 138 Scotch witchcraft the result of Scotch Puritanism, 149. Reason, according to Macaulay, why they objected to bull-baiting, 308
note
Their intolerance to Maryland, ii. 59. Debt England owes to the Puritans. 173
- Pythagoras, his elaboration of a doctrine of hell, i 319
- Pythagoieans, theory of the, respeting the rise of religions, i. 304
- QUAKERISM, religious toleration of, ii 84
- Quesnay. the school of ii 327
-
RABELAIS, his ridicule of the attempt to mould the classical writings into the image of mediaevalism, ii 198
note
- Racine, his fear of the censure of the Church, ii 301
- Ramus, his philosophical speculations, i. 401 His end, 401
- Raphael, his portrait of Savonarola, i. 261
-
Rationalism first evidence of a Rationalistic spirit in Europe, i. 103 Development of Continental Protestantism into Rationalism, 1S1 Aversion to the miraculous a distinctive mark of Rationalism, 183. Rationlists tendencies in Roman Catholic countries, 184. Tendency of the Evidential school to meet the Rationalists half way, 192 Summary of the stages of Rationalism in its relation to the miraculous, 193 Its influence on Christanity, 199 Æsthetic scientific, and moral developments of Rationalism 202 Results from the totality of the influences of civilisation 271 And from the encroachment of physical science on the old conceptions of the government of the universe, 271 socinus and Zumglius the representatives of Rationalism in the first period of Protestantism, 369 Antecedents of Italian Rationalism, 370 In Protestant countries, tolerance the result and measure of Rationalism, 370 Review of the influence of Rationalism on the method of inquiry, ii. 90–99 Relations of the Rationalistic movement to the political and economical history of Europe, 100. Secularisation of politics, 101
et seq.
The industrial history of Rationalism, 222
et seq
-
Ravenna, fine specimens of Greek mosaics at, i 237
note
Church of St Vitale at, built by Greek architects, 244
note
- Raynal, his political economy, ii. 329
-
Reason, Lessing's rejection of all doctrine which does not accord with, i 305. Kant's ‘Religion within the Limits of Reason,’ 305
note
- Rebellion, sinfulness of, according to the Fathers, ii. 136
- ‘Rebellion, Homily on Wilful,’ quoted, ii. 175
- Recitative, in music, invention of, ii. 301
- Reformation, its influence in emancipating the mind from all superstitious terrors, i. 79. And in stimulating witchcraft, 79 True causes of the Reformation, 267. Conflicting tendencies produced by the, on the subject of infant baptism, 366 Variety of interests and of political opinions produced by the Reformation, ii 146, 147 Shakes the old superstition respecting usury, 255, 256
- Regency, the, in France, ii. 70
-
Relics, virtues attributed to, in the middle ages, i 158. St. Augustine's belief in the miracles wrought by the relics of St Stephen, 178
note
Origin of the Roman Catholic custom of placing relics of martyrs beneath the altars of churches, 211
note
. The consecration of churches without relies forbidden 211
note
Stages of the veneration of relies, 228
- Religion, terror everywhere the beginning of. i 41. The theories of the rise of, 303. The theory of Euhemerus, 303 304 The mythical method, 304. Locke's adoption of the theory of Euhemerus, 304 note Destruction of natural religion by the conception of hell, 323 The sense of virtue and the sense of sin the foundation of all religious systems, 356
- Religious disabilities, abolition of the system of ii. 120, 121
- Remy, a judge of Nancy, his execution of witches, 1 80
-
Renan, M, on the lives of saints, quoted, i 156
note
- Resurrection, the pagan masks of the Sun and Moon, the emblems of the. i 215
- Reuchin saves the literature of the Jews from destruction, ii 119
- Rienzi, gives an impulse to archæological collections, i 258
-
‘Rituel Auscitain,’ the, on possession, 1, 30
note
-
Rizzi, Francesco, his picture of a Spanish
auto da fe,
11 116
note
-
Rochette. Raoul, his ‘Cours d'Archcologie,’ i. 235
note
- Roman law, effects of the renewed study of the, in the middle ages, 11. 194
- Romans, belief of the ancient, in evil spirits and sorceiy, 1. 42 Laws of the later Roman against magic, 43
-
Rome influence of Indian dresses upon the art of, in the time of Augustus, 1 255
note
Effect of the barbarian invasion of, upon art, 258. Small collection of antiquities at Rome, in the beginning of the fifteenth century, 259. The grea bull-fight in the Coliseum in 1333, 308
note
Inquisition riots in, ii. 117. Few instances of the burning of heretics in, 117
note.
Hopeless decrepitude and impotence of the present government of Rome, 129. Industrial pursuits, how regarded in Rome, 224. Atrocious excesses to which the empure arrived, 226. Money-lending in ancient Rome, 244. Cause of the decline of the theatre in Rome, 291. The opera publicly sanctioned in Rome, 309
-
Roscius, the actor, ii. 285
note
-
Rosicrucians, Naude's work on, i. 115
note
-
Rouen, address of the parliament of, to the king on sorcery, - 118. Its ancient manufacture on church ornaments, 237
note
- Rousseau, J. J., his justification of intolerance, ii 72 His power over French so ciety, 213–216. His doctrine of the ‘socia contract,’ 216
-
Royal Society, its indirect influence on the decline of the belief in witchcraft, i. 128
note
Foundation of the, 292
- Russia, abolition of torture in, i. 384
- SA, Emmannel, his defence of tyrannicide ii. 159, 160
- Sabbath, the witches’, i. 94
-
Saint Hubert, Madame, the first actress to take the ancient sculptures as her modal, 11 215
note
-
Saints, multitude of miracles attributed to, 1 158 The Bollandist collection at Antwerp, 159
note.
Worship of, 227. Stages of the veneration of the relics of saints, 228
-
Salamanders, intercourse of philosophers with, 1 49
note
- Salmasius, works of, in defence of interest, ii 256
-
Salvation, the doctrine of exclusive.
See
Sin, Original
-
Sancrott, Archbishop, effect of his publication of ‘Bishop Overall's Convocation Book,’ 11 153
note
- Saragossa, miracle of the Virgin of the Pillar at, 1 157
-
Satan.
See
Devil
- Savages, their universal belief in witchcraft, i. 41. Causes of this, 41
- Savonarola leads a reaction in favour of spiritualism in art, i. 260. His portrait painted by Raphael, 261
-
Savoy, execution of witches in, i. 81. Especially subject to the influence of witches, 31
note
-
‘Scaligeriana’ on the slow burning of here tics, quoted, i. 331
note
- ‘Scepticism, the only true corrective for the belief in evil of magic, i 54 Increase of in the middle ages, 250
-
Science: Encroachments of physical science on the old conceptions of the government of the universe, i. 271. Science subordinated in the early church to systems of scriptural interpretation, 271, 272. Obstacles cust in the way of science by theology 281. Subsequent regeneration of physical science, 283. Influence of astronomy, 283. And of geology, 255. Gradual substitution of the conception of law for that of supernatural intervention, 286 Irreligious character attributed to scientific explanations, 258 De Maistre on the science of the ancients, quoted, 288
note
Cosmas on earthquakes, 288
note.
Difference between the conception of the Divinity in a scientific and an unscientific age, 288. Causes of the growth of astronomy, 288. Influence of the writings of Bacon, 292. Rise of scientific academies, 292. The morphological theory of the universe, 294. Its effects upon history, 295. Influences of physical science, over speculative opinions, 296. Illegitimate effects of science, 299. Effects of science upon belief, 800 And on Biblical interpretation, 300
- Sciences, Academy of, at Paris, establishment of the. i. 292
-
Scotland extreme atrocity of the perseentions for witchcraft in, i. 142–150. Persecution of Presbyterians in, ii. 48. And of Catholics, 48, 49 L'fforts of the Scotch to suppress liberty of conscience, 79
note
Establishment of the Scottish Kirk 87. Political liberalism of Scotland, 169 Knox, 170. Buchanan, 171 Answer of the Scotch deputation to Queen Elizabeth, 172. English Dissenters assimilated to the Scotch. 173. Existence of serfdom in Scotland as late as 1775, 239 Sumptuary laws in the fourteenth century, 275
note
- Scott, Reginald, his ‘Discovery of Witchcraft.’ i 122
-
Scotus Erigena, John, his disbelief in the doctrine of helf-fire i 320 Translates the writings of Denys the Arcopagite, 344. Opposes Gotteschalk's doctrine of double predestination, 385
note
-
Scriptural interpretation: Swedenborg's ‘Doctrine of Correspondences,’ i 272 Allegorical school of Origen, 272 The ‘Clavis’ of St Mehto, 272
not
. Objections of the Manichæans to the literal interpretation of Genesis 272 Answered by St. Augustine, 273 The literal school, 274 The ‘Topographia Christiana’ 276 Influence of science upon Biblical inter pretation. 300. The earliest example of rationalistic biblical inter pretation, 300 Disintegrating and destructive criticism, 305. Lessing and Kant's principles, 305
-
Sculpture, the most ancient kinds of, i 242. Alleged decadence of Greek sculpture from Phidias to Praxiteles, 253
note
Parallel of Titian and Praxiteles. 254
note.
History of Greek statues after the rise of Christianity, 257, 238. Nicholas of Pisa and his works, 258 First development of sculpture in Rome, ii. 102
note
- Sectarianism in Ireland ii 186. Its incompatibility with patriotism, 186.
- Seguier, the Chancellor, his enthusiastic patronage of tea in the seventeenth century, ii. 322.
- Selden on witchcraft, i 125
- Self-sacrifice, great development of, by Christianity, ii. 237 Decline of the spirit of, 354
- Seneca on the duties of masters towards their slaves, ii 228
- Sensuality, influence of, upon art i 255
-
Serfdom which followed slavery, ii. 238, 239. Manumission enforced as a duty upon lavmen, 239
note.
Serfdom in Scotland in 1775, 239
-
Serpent, the, worshipped by the Ophites, i 220
note
Adopted as the emblem of healing, 220
note.
The old Egyptian symbol of a serpent with a hawk's head, 220
note
-
Serra on political economy, ii 283
note
- Servetus, his death, ii 49. Calvin applauded for the crime 52 Denounced by Castellio, 54. But justified by Beza, 56
-
Sessa on the Jews, ii 265
note
-
Sforza, Francis, Duke of Milan, the first to establish a resident ambassador, ii. 282
note
- Shaftesbury, Lord, neglect into which his writings have fallen, i. 190. His denunciation of Christianity as incompatible with freedom, ii. 138
- Shakspcare, his notices of witchcraft, i. 124
-
Sherlock, Dr, his disregard of the doctrine of passive obedience, ii. 183
note
-
Silvanus, St bishop of Nazareth, calumniated by the devil, i. 100
note
-
Simancas, Bishop, on torture. i 334
note.
On faith with heretics, 394
note
On the influence of the Levitical laws on Christian persecution, ii, 22
note
- Simon Magus, his introduction of the woman Helena as the incarnation of the Divine Thought, i. 220
-
Sin the sense of appealed most strongly to, by Christianity, i 356 The conception of hereditary guilt. 357 Original, the doctrine of, rejected by Socinus, 372. And by Zuinglius 373 Views of Chilling-worth and Jeremy Taylor, 374
note
The scope of the doctrine of the condemnation of all men extends to adults, 376 Views of the Fathers on the subject, 377. Effects of this doctrine, 380
et seq
The sense of sin the chiet moral agent of the middle ages, ii 197
-
Sinclair, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, his belief in witchcraft, i. 148
note
- Sixtus V. applauds the assassin Clement for his murder of Henri III. ii. 161
-
Slavery, the unchristian character of, strongly asserted by Wvelift, ii 168 Slavery the basis of the industrial system of antiquity, 223 Effects of this institution on national character 223. Comparison between ancient and modern slavery, 225. Its abolition undertaken by Christianity, 227 First movement in favour of the slaves due to Seneca and his followers, 228 the invasion of the Barbarians in Italy favourable to the slaves, 228 But Christianity the most efficient opponent of the evil 228. Review of the measures for abolishing slavery, 229 Jewish slave-dealers, 230. The Emperor Gratian's barbarous slave law 230
note
Slavery gradnally fades into seridom, 230. Anglo-Saxon measures for alleviating the condition of slaves 231 Sale of English slaves to the lrish, 238
note
Slaves in Italy in the thirteenth century 239
note.
Christian, Jewish, and Mohammedan slaves, 239
note
Eflect of slavery upon the Spanish character, 317 Negro slaves introduced into the West Indies and America, 317, 318 John Hawkins and the slave trade, 318 The slave trade first unequivocally condemned by the Spanish Dominican Soto, ii 318
note
-
Sleep, connection of latent consciousness with, ii 97
note
- Smith, Adam on usury, ii 259. On manufactures and agriculture, 328–330
-
Smollett, Tobias, his remarks on York Minister and Durham Cathedral, i 264
note
- ‘Social contract,’ the doctrine of the, as elaborated by the Jesuits, ii 148
- Socimanism' position assigned to Socinians by Bossueg, ii 60
- Socinus, Faustus, unfavourable to political liberty, ii 212 His carcer compared with that of Zuinglius, i. 372 Rejects original sin, 372 Distinctively the apostle of toleration, ii 51
- Socrates, his idea of the soul, i. 340
-
Solomon, Song of,’ regarded by Castellio as simply a love song, ii. 53. Niebuhr's remark on it, 53
note
- Somers, Lord, his defence of religious liberty, ii. 87
-
Somnambulism: the belief that somuambulists had been baptised by drunken priests, i. 364
note
- Soothsayers, laws of the later Romans against, i 43
-
Sophia, the, of the Gnostics, i 221
note
-
Sorbonne, its declarations of the independence of the civil power, ii 166. Its decision upon usury, ii. 248
note
-
Sorcery
See
Witchcraft
-
Sortes
and
sortilegi
, origin of the words, i. 287
note
-
Soto, the Spanish Dominican, the first who unequivocally condemned the slave trade, ii 318
note
-
Soubervies, the, put a woman to death for witchcraft, i 30
note
-
Soul, the development of a purely spiritual conception of the, one of the causes of the decline of the mediæval notions of hell, i. 339. Idea of the Platonists of a soul, 339 Opinions of the Fathers as to the forin of the soul, 341
note
-
Spain, numbers of sorcerers put to death in, i. 30 Abolition of torture in, 338 Introduction and progress of the Inquisition in, ii. 113
et seq.
The Spanish Moors, 266 The plays of Calderon and the drama in Spain, 307. The sceptre of industry almost in the grasp of Spain, 311 Magnificent position of that country under Charles V, 311 Speedy eclipse of her prosperity, 312 Causes of the downfall of Spain, 314
-
Sphinx, the, believed by some of the early Christians to be connected with their faith, i 214
note
- Spina on the opposition offered to the executions in Italy for witchcraft, i. 105
-
Spitting, a religious exercise, i. 48
note
-
Spratt, Thomas, bishop of Rochester, endeavours to bring theology into harmony with the Baconian philosophy, i 131 On the miraculous, 161
note
- Sprenger, the inquisitor, ascribes William Tell's shot to the assistance of the devil, i 31. Commissioned by Pope Innocent VIII, 32 Sprenger's book on sorcery, 32 His etymological blunders, 87
-
Stag, the, a symbol of Christ, i 224 Pagan and middle-age legends respecting the, 224
note
-
Stahl, his psychology, i. 346
note
- Star Chamber, its suppression of heretical books. ii. 119
- Starovertsis, in Russia, their views of the sinfulness of usury, ii. 260
- Statues, wooden, of Spain, i 238
-
Strauss, his remarks on miracles quoted, i. 183
note
-
Suarez, the Jesuit, his work ‘De Fide’ burnt in Paris, i. 147. Origin of the work, 148
note
Condemnation of his book by a synod of Tonneins, 186, 187
-
Succubi, or female devils, according to the early Christians, i. 48
note.
Lilith, the first wife of Adam, the queen of, 49
note.
Succubi, called Leannair Sith, common among Highlanders, 148
note
- Suffering, tendency of the constant contemplation of, to blunt the affections, i 324
- Sully, his opposition to manufactures, ii. 326
- Sumptuary laws of the thirteenth and four teenth centuries, ii. 274
- Supernatural, influences of the, upon savages, i. 41, 42
- Superstition, pagan, existence of, from the sixth to the twelfth century, i. 61
-
Supremacy, the oath of, compulsory under pain of death, ii 47
note
- Sweden, sorcerers put to death in, in 1670, i 31 Combination of devotion and immorality in, 391. Protestant persecutions in, ii 49 Intolerance of, at the present time, 89
- Swedenborg, Emannel, his ‘Doctrine of Correspondences,’ i 272
-
Swinden contends that the locality of hell is in the sun, i. 347
note
-
Swiss, their morality and irreligion, i. 392
note
- Switzerland, great numbers of witches put to death in, i 31 Protestant persecutions in, ii 49
-
Sylphs, intercourse of philosophers with, i. 49
note
Belief of the Cabalists in the existence of, 66
- Sylvans the, of the pagans, regarded by the early Christians as devils, i. 49
-
Sylvester II. regarded as a magician i 282. Account of him and of his works, 282
note
-
Symbolism, great love of, evinced by the art of the Catacombs, i. 213. The peacock the symbol of immortality, 213 And Orpheus of the attractive power of Christianity, 214 Mercury, Hercules and the Sphinx, 214
note
The masks of the sun and moon, 214. The genu of the seasons and guardian angels 214 The fish an emblem of Christ, 215 The stag employed for the same purpose, 215 Repetition of symbolical subjects from the Bible, 216. St. Melito's catalogue of birds, beasts, plants, &c., which are to be regarded as Christian symbols, 273
note
- Syria, massacres in, ii. 45
- TALISMANS for baffling the devices of the devil, i. 63
- Talma, his improvements in stage representations, ii 215
- Tanner, his views on usury, ii. 257
-
‘Tartuffe,’ Moliere s, origin of some of the incidents and speeches of, ii. 800
note
-
Tau, why reverenced by the early Christians, i 205
note
-
Taylor, Isaac, on patristic writings, i. 170
note
-
Taylor, Jeremy, rejects the doctrine of original sin, i 374
note.
His remarks on the separation of Christ from the intolerance of Judaism, ii. 21
note
. His advocacy of religious liberty, 82 His ‘Liberty of Prophesying,’ 82. Arguments on which he based his claims for toleration, 83. Coleridge's remarks on him, 84
note.
On passive obedience, 176
- Tea, importation of, into Europe, ii 321
- Telemachus, the monk, ii. 234
-
Tell, William, his successful shot ascribed by Sprenger to the devil, i. 31
note
- Tempests, power of producing, attributed to the devil and to witches, i 91
-
Templars, the, accused of sorcery, i 31
note
-
Terror everywhere the beginning of religion, i. 40. Causes which produced in the twelfth century a spirit of rebellion which was encountered by terrorism, i. 73 History of religions terrorism. 315
et seq. See
Hell
-
Tartullian on the demons supposed to exist in his time, i 47 His treatise ‘De Corona,’ 50. Against pictures, 235
note.
Effect of the doctrine of eternal punishment on his character, 327, 329
note.
His denial of the existence in man of any incorporeal element, 342 His denunciation of the pagan practice of destroying the fœtus in the womb, 364
note
His advocacy of absolute and complete toleration, ii. 21. His opinion that ecclesiastics should never cause the death of men. 33. His denunciation of the theatre, 289
-
Thales regards water as the origin of all things, i 206
note
- Theatre, revolutions in the, in France, ii 215 Its influence upon national tastes, 286. Contrast between the theatres of the Greeks and Romans, 287. Stigma attached to actors in ancient times, 288 Denunciation of the theatre by the fathers, 289 The theatre the last refuge of paganism, 289 Rise of the religious plays 293 Faint signs of secular plays: impromptus, pantomimes, &c., 297 Creation of plays of a higher order, 298. Italian dramas. 299. French, 299 Influence of music, 299 And of Gothic architecture, 300 Shape of the stage in ancient and modern times, 303 Causes of a revulsion in the sentiments with which the theatre was regarded, 304. Fierce opposition of the Church in France, 306. The theatre in Spain and Italy, 307, 308 Important effects of the contest between the church and the theatre, 309, 310
-
Theodosius, the Emperor, his prohibition of every portion of the pagan worship, i 59. Commands monks to betake themselves to desert places, 249
note.
Annexes the penalty of death to the protession of a heresy, ii. 23
note.
Prohibits all forms of heretical and pagan worship. 27 And the works of Nestorius and Eutyches, 118
-
Theology, influence of Dante over the conceptions of. i. 248. Distinction between theology and science unfelt in the time of Cosmas, 279. Dawn of the distinction between them, 279
note.
Influence of theology on, and obstacles cast in the way of, science, 281. Relations of theology to morals, 310. Their complete separation in antiquity, 311. The decline of theological belief a necessary antecedent of the success of the philosophers of the seventeenth century, 404. Theological interests gradually cease to be a main object of political combinations, ii. 102 The declining influence of theology shown by the religious wars of the Reformation, 109. Action of political life on the theological habits of thought, 130. The stream of self-sacrifice passing from theology to politics, 217 Points of contact of industrial and theological enterprises. 241 Influence of industry upon theological judgments, 273. Theological agencies not pacific, 336
-
Therapeutes, the, mentioned by Philo, ii. 346
note
-
Theta, why regarded as the unlucky letter, i. 205
note
-
Timanthes, his sacrifice of Iphigenis, i. 238
note
-
Tindal, his works in defence of liberty, ii. 184
note
- Titian, compared with Praxiteles, i. 256
-
Toland, his ‘Anglica Libera,’ ii. 185
note.
His other works 185
note
-
Toledo supposed to be the head-quarters of sorcerers in Spain, i. 30
note
-
Toleration, assertion of, by Zuinghus and Socinus, ii. 51 Toleration favoured by the mingling of religions produced by the Reformation, 62. And by the marriage of the clergy, 62. And by the greater flexibility of Protestantism, 62 Sketch of the history of toleration in France, 63–74 The absolute unlawfulness of toleration maintained by Bishop Bilson, 47
note
The duty of absolute toleration preached for the first time in Christendom, 54 Toleration extolled and upheld by Erasmus, Sir T More. Hôpital, and Lord Baltimore, 59 Sketch of the history of toleration in England 75–86 Intolerance in Sweden at the present day, 89 The basis of modern tolerance advocated in favour of the Inquisition, 115 Laterary censorship exercised against heretical writings. 118 Removal of religious disabilities in England and Ireland 121–125 Influence of commerce in leading men to tolerance, 262. Effect of religious intolerance on the downfall of Spain, 319
- Toleration Act, passing of the, ii. 86, 87
- Toletus. Franciscus, his justification of ty rannicide, ii 159
-
Tonneins, synod of its condemnation of the work of Suarez, ii. 186, 187
note
- Torquemada, his attempts to extirpate witchcraft in Spain, i. 30 Procures an edict expelling the Jews from Spain, ii. 267
-
Torture, illegality of, in England, i 122 A horrible case of, presided over by James I, 123
note.
Tortures to compel contession of witches in Scotland, 147 In Greece and Rome, 332. Extent to which it was carried by mediæval Christendom, 332
note
Marsilius’ invention of a torture depriving the prisoner of all sleep 332
note
Illegality of torture in England, 333. Extent to which it was employed by Catholics under Mary, 333
note.
And by Protestants, 333
note.
Abolished in France, Spain, Italy, Russia, Prussia, and Tuscany, 334. St. Augustine's statement of the case against torture, 335
note.
Causes which produced the feeling against torture, 335 Torture of heretics enjoined by Pope Innocent IV., ii 42
note.
Torture applied to the investigation of charges of usury, 250
- Toulouse, number of sorcerers put to death at, in one time, i. 29. Four hundred witches burnt in the square of, ii. 46
-
Towns, modern industrial history begun by the emancipation of the, ii. 240. Privileges of burghers in the middle ages, 239
note
Importance of corporations and guilds in the middle ages, 240. The conflict between the towns and the country, ii. 324. Changes effected in their relative importance, 325
- Tractarian movement, i 173, 180, 181
- Trent. Council of, on infant baptism, i. 366
- Treves, vast number of witches burnt at, i. 29
- Trinity, first Person of the, Roman Catholic representations of, all comparatively modern, i. 216
-
‘Truce of God,’ the, proclaimed, ii. 108 Confirmed by Pope Alexander III as a general law of the Church, 108
note
-
Truth, injurious effect of the doctrine of exclusive salvation on the sense of, i 393 ‘Pious frauds,’ 393 and
note
394. Total destruction of the sense of truth in the middle ages resulting from the influence of theology, 394. Credulity proclaimed a virtue by the classes most addicted to falsehood, 395. Revival of the sense of truth due to the secular philosophers of the seventeenth century, 399
-
Turgot on money-lending, quoted, ii 248
note
His remarks on the scholastic writings on usury, ii. 253
note
, 260
- Tuscany, abolition of torture in i. 334
- Tyrannicide in immature civilisations, ii 150 156. Case of Henry III., 150, 151 Chief arguments on either side, 151–153. Its importance in the history of liberal opinions, 158 Justified by Jean Petit, 158. But denounced by Gerson and the Council of Constance, 159. Grevin's play of ‘The Death of Cæsar,’ 159 Advocated by Toletus, Sa, Molina, Ayala, and Kellerus, 159, 160 The murder of Henry III. justified by the League and by Pope Sixtus V., 161. Political assassination approved by Protestants, 161
- ULTRAMONTANE party in the Church of Rome, review of the. ii. 146
- Universe, the morphological theory of the, i. 294. Influence of this theory on history, 295
-
Usher, Archbishop, heads a protest against Catholic relief, ii, 48 His sentiments on passive obedience, 176
note
-
Usury, a ground of collision between industry and the Church, ii. 242. Principles which regulate the price of money, 242 and
note.
Ignorance of the ancients of the principles regulating interest, 244. Money-lending among the Greeks and Gauls, 244. Interest condomned by the early and mediæval Church, 245 Usury in England in the middle ages, 246
note.
Twelve per cent. legalised by Constantine, 246
note
Decrees of the Councils of Nice and Illiberis on the subject, 247
note
. Definitions of usury employed by the writers on Canon Law, 247
note.
Change the word usury has undergone during the last three centuries, 247 Decision of the Sorbonne, 248
note
The ‘Monti di Pieta’ of Italy, 249. Arguments upon which the doctrines of the theologians against usury were based, 250 Passages of Scripture cited against usury, 252 Effect of the prohibition of usury in Catholic countries on the habits of the people, 253
note
. Usurers almost always Jews, 254. French law of the eighth century, 253
note
Law of Justinian, 258
note.
Christian money-londers at the close of the eleventh century, 254. Usury made popular by the rise of the Italian Republics, 254 Decree of the Third Council of Lateran, 254. And of the Council of Vienne, 255
note
The old superstition respecting usury shaken by the Reformation, 255, 256 Views of Calvin, 256. Money-lending formally permitted by Henry VIII in England, 256 Books of Saumaise in defence of interest, 256 Change in the meaning of the word usury in the sixteenth century, 257 Casuistry of the Jesuits, 257 Gradual disappearance of the laws upon usury based upon theological grounds, 259 Discussion of the economical question by Locke, Smith, Hume, Turgot, and Bentham, 259
et seq
Importance of this controversy in producing an antagonism between industry and theology, 260, 261 Controversy in the middle ages as to the propriety of permitting Jews to practise usury, 266
note
Utilitarianism, the philosophical expression of industrialism, ii. 352. Evils resulting from this philosophy, 353
- VALENS, the Emperor, his persecution of pagan magic in the East, i. 57
- Valentinian, the Emperor, renews the persecution against pagan magic, i. 57
- Valery, witches burnt at, i 31
-
Vanini, his view of the influence of the stars over the fortunes of Christianity, i. 284
note
-
Vavassor, ‘De Formá Christi,’ i 245
note
-
Venice, licentiousness of, i 255. Influence of its sensuality upon art, 255. The dyers of, in the middle ages, 255
note.
Period of the introduction of the inquisition ints Venice, ii. 113. Commerce of the Vene tians, 282
- Ventiiloquism, attributed to supernaturs agency, i 119
-
Venus, the Greek statues of, a type of sensual beauty, i 248 The character of sensuality said to have been given by Praxi teles to, 257
note
-
Verona, execution of heretics in, ii. 117
note
-
Vesta, supposed by the Cabalists to have been the wife of Noah, i. 67
note
- Vice, influence of, on historic development, ii, 70
- Vienne, Council of, its endeavours to arrest the progress of usury, ii, 254
-
Vincent Ferrier, St., preaches against the Jews, ii. 267. Account of him, 268
note
- Vincentius, his opinions on infant baptism, i. 361
- ‘Vindiciæ contra Tyrannos,’ the, ii. 188, 189
- Virgilius, St., asserts his belief in the existence of the Antipodes, i. 280
-
Virgin, causes of the growing worship of the, i. 220. Strengthened by Gnosticism, 222, 223. Conceptions culled from the different beliefs of paganism more or less connected with the ideal of this worship, 223. Mariolatry strengthened by dogmatic definitions, 224. Instances in the middle ages of a desire to give a palpable form to the mystery of the incarnation, 224
note
The worship of the Virgin strengthened by painting, by celibacy, and by the crusades, 225. No authentic portrait of her in the time of St. Augustine, 224
note.
Generally represented in the early church with the Infant Child, 224
note.
The first notice of the resemblance of Christ to her, 224
note.
Appearance of the doctrine of the immaculate conception, 225. Salutary influence exercised by the mediæval conception of the Virgin, 226. The Virgin regarded as an omnipresent deity, 226. The Psalms adapted by St Bonaventura to her worship, 227
-
Virtue, pursuit of, for its own sake, i. 307 The substitution of the sense of right for the fear of punishment as the main motive of virtue, 315
et seq.
The sense of, appealed most strongly to by the philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome, 356
-
Vives, Luis, his protest against torture in Spain, i 384
note.
His opinions denounced by Bishop Simancas, 334
note
. Of spontaneous generation, 344
note
-
Voltaire, on the decadence in the belief in witchcraft, 117 and
note.
Effect of his ridicule, 118. His denunciation of torture, 333
note.
Impulse given by him to the amelioration of the penal code, 350. His influence on the spirit of toleration in France, ii. 71, 72. His approval of the partition of Poland, 213
note.
His ode to the memory of Le Couvreur the actress, 305. His removal of the stigma that rested upon actors, 309. His efforts in favour of peace, 337
-
WAGSTAFFE, an Oxford scholar, his opposition to the belief in the existence of witchcraft, i 137. Notice of him from Wood, 137
note
- Waking’ witches, i. 145
- War, changes in the art of, favourable to liberty, ii. 205. Change in the relative position of the cavalry and infantry, 205. The English archers, 205. Rise of the Flemish infantry, 206. The Italian condottieri, 206. The invention of gunpowder and of the bayonet, 206, 207. Three heads under which the causes of the wars during the last 1,000 years may be classed, 219. Close of religious wars, 110
-
Warburton, Bishop, helps to usher in a new phase in the history of miracles, i. 173. His notion of the origin of Gothic architecture, 264
note.
His argument in favour of the divine origin of Judaism, 318
note
-
Water, baptismal, fetish notions in the early Church respecting the, i. 205. Notion of the sanctity of, i 206
note
Why witches were plunged into, 206
note.
Regarded by Thales as the origin of all things, 206
note
Ovid on the expiatory power of, 206
note
- Wealth, position assigned by industrialism to, ii, 346
- Webster on witchcraft, i. 136. His systematic application of a rationalistic interpretation to the magical miracles in the Bible, 136
- Wenham, Jane, her trial for witchcraft, i. 139
- Wesley, John, on witches, i. 34. His summary of the history of the movement against the belief in witchcraft, 140
- Westphalia, peace of, regarded as the close of religious wars, ii 110
-
Whiston. contends that hell is placed in the tail of a comet, i 144
note
-
White, Thomas, answered Glanvil's ‘Vanity of Dogmatism,’ &c, i. 130
note
- Wier, John, ‘De Præstigus Dæmonum, i. 105. Bodin's remarks on it, 109
-
William of Ockham, favourable to liberty 144
note
-
Windham, Mr., his defence of bull-baiting, i 307
note
-
Witchcraft: causes of the belief in witchcraft or magic, i. 37. Considerations serving to explain the history of witchcraft and its significance as an index of the course of civilisation, 40 Leading phases through which the belief has passed, 40 Belief of savages in witchcraft, 40. Marriage with devils an ordinary accusation in charges for witchcraft, 48. Existence of the intellectual basis of witchcraft in the dark ages, 63, 65. Numbers of women put to death in the sixth century, 65. Progress of the panic created by the belief in witchcraft, 70. The last law in Europe on the subject, 70
note.
Causes which produced a bias towards witchcraft, 70 The climax of the trials for witchcraft in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 78. Influence of the Reformation in stimulating witchcraft, 79. Luther and Erasmus firm believers in the crime, 84
note
The coexistence of witchcraft with a conflict of opinions among the educated, 84. Formation of the theology of witchcraft, 86. Numbers and ability of the early works on the subject, 88. Leading causes upon which the belief in witchcraft depended, 90
et seq.
Accounts of the influence of witchcraft upon the passions, 98. Views of Wier on witches and witchcraft, 105. And of Bodin, 107. Montaine's opinions on witchcraft, 111, 114. Rapid and silent decadence in the belief in witchcraft, 116. Opinions and influence of La Bruyere, Bayle, Descartes, Malebranche, and Voltaire, 116. Colbert's suppression of executions for witchcraft, 118. The belief in witchcraft much less prominent in England than on the
Continent
, 119, 120. The first English law on the subject, 119. Repealed in the reign of Mary, but renewed on the accession of Elizabeth, 121. Number of executions in England for witchcraft, 120
note
Methods employed by the witch-finders to compel confession, 122. Reginald Scott's protest against the persecution, 122. King James the First's zeal against witchcraft, 128 Sir Thomas Browne's belief in its existence, 124. Shakspeare and Bacon on witchcraft, 124. Selden's peculiar views, 125. Matthew Hopkins and the executions in Suffolk, 125, 126. History of the decline of the belief in England, 127. Causes of the decline, 128. Attempts to revive the belief by accounts of witch trials in America, 137. The last judicial executions in England, 139. Repeal of the laws against witchcraft, 140. John Wesley's protest against the disbelief in witchcraft, 140. Moderation of the English Church on the matter as compared with Puritanism, 140. Extreme atrocity of the witch persecution in Scotland, and its causes, 143. Decline of the belief in witchcraft in Scotland, 151. The last execution of a witch in that country, 151. Review of the rise, progress, and decline of the belief, 152, 153
-
Witch-finders in England during the Commonwealth, i. 28
note
-
Witches.
See
Witchcraft
-
Wolves, veneration of the ancient Irish for, i, 95
note
- Women, diatribes of ancient authors on, i 98, 99. Superstitious notion of. respecting eating the lily, 225. Influence of the mediæval conception of the Virgin in elevating women to their rightful position, 226
- Wurtzburg, great number of witches put to death at, i, 29
- Wycliffe, his liberal opinions, ii. 168 His opposition to slavery, 168
-
Windmills, invention of, ii. 332. The earliest notice of, 332
note
- XENODOCHION, the, of the early Christians, ii. 233
- YORK Minster, Smollett's remarks on, i. 264
- ZACHARY, Pope, heads the attack on the views of St Virgilius, i. 280
-
Zerta. synod of, pronounces in favour of the doctrine of the damnation of the heathen, i. 377
note
-
Zoroaster, otherwise Japhet, supposed by the Cabalists to have been a son of Noah and Vesta, i. 67
note
-
Zosimus, his remarks on Constantine's severity against the Aruspices, i 52
note
-
Zuinglius, his career compared with that of Socinus, i. 372. Part taken by him in the Eucharistic controversy, 372. Rejects original sin. 373. His view attacked by Bossuet, 373
note.
His repudiation of exclusive salvation, 382. His aversion to persecution, ii 51. His liberal political principles, 169