Marsilius of Padua (c. 1275-1342), v, 272
Martianus Capella (fl. early 15th century), 49
Martin, St, bishop of Tours (d. 397), 43, 68
Martin V, pope (d. 1431), 309, 310, 312
Mary, heiress of Burgundy (d. 1482), 293
Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi), ( 1401-c. 1428), 274
Matilda, countess of Tuscany (d. 1115), 145
Matilda, empress ( 1102-67), 109, 110
Matilda, wife of Henry the Lion (d. 1181), 109, 110, 111
Matthew of Arras (fl. 1350-70), 317
Matthew of Edessa, historian (d. 1136), 168
Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary (c. 1443-1490), 283
Maurice, Byzantine emperor (d. 602), 9, 10
Maximilian I, emperor ( 1459-1519), 281, 293, 302, 320, 321
Medici, Cosimo de' ( 1389-1464), 261
Medici family, Florentine bankers, v, 258, 262, 293, 304
Mehun-sur-Yèvre castle, 279
Melfi, Synod of ( 1059), 197
Memling, Hans (c. 1440-94), 329
Mercia, Vikings in, 101, 106 -7
Merovingian kingdom, 66, 78, 87 -8, 90
Merseburg, see of, 127
Methodius, St, apostle to the Slavs ( 826-85), 75
Michael, archangel, 184
Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor ( 1234-82), 240, 241
Michelangelo ( 1475-1564), 329
Middle English, 322
Midi, the, 179
Mieszko I, duke of Poland (d. 992), 125, 126, 138
Mikulčice ( Czechoslovakia), excavations at, 75
Milan, 26, 58, 176, 178, 216, 218
archbishops of, 217
commune, 217
cultural life, 50, 274
heresy in, 186, 189
plague, 249
rivalry with Florence, 260 -1
trade, 27, 211
Visconti rulers, 257, 258
Military Orders, 209, 245, 309
see also knighthood; Knights
Minorca, 246
Mistra ( Greece), 252
Modena, 28
Moira, battle of ( 637), 82
Molinet, Jean (d. 1507), 322
monasticism:
cultural influence, 54, 136 -7
eastern, 42 -3, 44, 182 -3; in Outremer, 208 ; solitaries, vi, 42, 182
western, 43 -4, 128 -31, 183 -4, 200, 313 -14, 325 ; in northern Europe, 69 - 71, 89, 93, 126 ; Viking attacks on, 101 -5
see also individual orders
Monforte, castle of ( Piedmont), 186
Mongols:
invasions, 239, 244 -5
trade, 248
Monkwearmouth, monastery at, 73
Monophysitism, 11, 40
Mons, 316
Monte Amiata, monastery at, 44
Monte Cassino, Benedictine monastery, 43, 44, 54, 183
Monte Gargano ( Italy), shrine on, 184
Montereau, murder of John the Fearless at, 291
Montmirail, Peace of ( 1169), 160
Moravia, 137
Moreel family of Bruges, 304
Morosini family of Venice, 218
Morrone, Pietro, see Celestine V
Mosul, 174

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