T. C. Van Cleve, The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen ( Oxford, 1972), a full and detailed biography.

D. P. Waley, The Papal State in the Thirteenth Century ( London, 1961).

S. Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers ( Cambridge, 1958), contains much information on Mediterranean politics in the thirteenth century.

N. Housley, The Italian Crusades ( Oxford, 1982), an important work on the papal-Angevin alliance and the use of crusading in this context.

T. S. R. Boase, Boniface VIII ( London, 1933), a readable biography of this crucial figure.

R. B. Brooke, The Coming of the Friars ( London, 1975), a good short introduction.

L. K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe ( London, 1979), emphasizes the social context of the growth of the mendicant orders.

THE ITALIAN CITY STATES: IDEALS AND REALITY

D. P. Waley, The Italian City-Republics ( 2nd edn., London, 1978), a basic thematic introduction.

J. K. Hyde, Society and Politics in Medieval Italy ( London, 1973), a chronologically based overview.

J. Larner, Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch, 1216-1380 ( London, 1980), a valuable and rounded study full of new approaches.

J. K. Hyde, Padua in the Age of Dante ( Manchester, 1966), an informative all-round case-study.

J. Hook, Siena. A City and its History ( London, 1979), a useful general introduction.

F. C. Lane, Venice. A Maritime Republic ( Baltimore, 1973), a solid introduction to the history of Venice through the ages.

A. Sapori, The Italian Merchant in the Middle Ages (trans. New York, 1970), general introduction.

I. Origo, The Merchant of Prato ( London, 1957), an outstandingly vivid portrait of the world of a fourteenth-century merchant.

ROME, BYZANTIUM, AND THE MUSLIM WORLD

J. Godfrey, 1204. The Unholy Crusade ( Oxford, 1980), a well-written account of the whole crusade.

D. M. Nichol, The End of the Byzantine Empire ( London, 1979), a clear introduction.

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