1239-41 | Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall |
1241 | Mongol invasion reaches Hungary and the Adriatic Sea |
1244 | Jerusalem falls to Muslims |
1245 | Frederick II deposed by Council of Lyons |
1248 | Seville yields to Ferdinand III of Gastile |
1248-50 | Louis IX of France leads crusade and is captured in Egypt |
1250 | Abbasid dynasty in Egypt overthrown and replaced by Mamluk |
1252 | First coining of the Florentine florin reintroduces gold coinage to Europe |
1254 | Death of Conrad IV, last Hohenstaufen king of Germany |
1258 | Mongols take Baghdad, the spiritual centre of the Muslim world |
1259 | Treaty of Paris between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England establishes a feudal relationship in which Henry becomes Louis's vassal; western Christian forces defeated by Byzantines of Nicaea at Pelagonia |
1260 | Mongols take Damascus but are decisively defeated by the Mamluks at Ain Jalut |
1260 | Guelphs in Tuscany defeated by Ghibellines at battle of Montaperti |
1261 | Byzantines regain Constantinople from Latins |
1266 | Charles of Anjou crowned king of Sicily by Pope Clement IV; defeats Manfred at Benevento |
1268 | Conradin, last surviving son of Frederick II, defeated at Tagliacozzo |
1268 | Christian-held Jaffa, Beirut, and Antioch fall to Mamluks |
1270 | Louis IX of France dies on crusade against Tunis |
1273 | Election of Rudolf of Habsburg as king of the Romans: end of the interregnum in the empire |
1277 | Genoese begin annual convoys to Bruges and other Channel ports |
1282 | 'Sicilian Vespers': Charles of Anjou expelled from Sicily, Peter III of Aragon becomes king of the island |
1284 | Defeat of Pisans by Genoese in naval battle of Meloria |
1285-1314 | Philip IV (the Fair) king of France |
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