B. Smalley, Historians in the Middle Ages ( London, 1974).

R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other Studies ( Oxford, 1970).

G. Zarnecki, Art of the Medieval World ( New York, 1975), a very well-illustrated introduction.

The Letters of Abelard and Heloise (Harmondsworth, 1974), includes Abelard's autobiography; despite scepticism the letters are now thought to be genuine.

GERMANY AND ITS NEIGHBOURS

G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany ( 2nd edn. Oxford, 1947), provides a helpful general account, but needs revision at many points.

B. Arnold, German Knighthood 1050-1300 ( Oxford, 1985), looks at relations between knights and lords and considers the wider implications.

J. Fleckenstein, Early Medieval Germany ( Amsterdam and Oxford, 1978), covers the earlier part of this period.

H. Fuhrmann, Germany in the High Middle Ages c.1050-1250 ( Cambridge, 1986), an excellent account by one of Germany's leading historians.

K. J. Leyser, Medieval Germany and its Neighbours 900-1250 ( London, 1983), a collection of essays rather than a unified treatment but still a most valuable contribution. His Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society: Ottonian Saxony ( London, 1979), is of seminal importance, but is not for the beginner.

P. Munz, Frederick Barbarossa ( London, 1969), the fullest account in English, but its judgements are very questionable.

K. Jordan, Henry the Lion, trans P. S. Falla ( Oxford, 1986).

THE KINGDOM OF FRANCE

J. Dunbabin, France in the Making 843-1180 ( Oxford, 1985), looks at France as a whole and has many fresh points to make.

R. Fawtier, The Capetian Kings of France ( London, 1960), now seems a rather dewy-eyed view of the monarchy.

E. M. Hallam, Capetian France 987-1328 ( London, 1980), a good general account.

A. W. Lewis, Royal Succession in Capetian France ( Cambridge Mass. and London, 1981), looks closely and profitably at Capetian family policy.

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