Aquileia, 25
Aquinas, St Thomas ( 1225-74), v, 268, 325
Aquitaine, 89, 90, 159, 301
Angevins in, 152, 295 -8
Arab raids, 15, 22
Franks in, 20, 87, 91
Visigoths in, 3
Arab world, viii, ix, 12, 13, 24
threat of, 29, 35, 90
see also Islam
Aragon, kingdom of, 192, 253 -4, 277
cortes, 254
heretics in, 189
Mediterranean empire of, 246 -7, 253 -4
trade, 247
union with Castile, 253, 254, 263 -4
see also under Italy; Sicily
Arator (fl. c. 544), 49
architecture:
classical, 274
French, 136 -7
Gothic, 326
see also castles; cathedrals; houses; monastery and abbey churches; palaces; villas
Arianism, 9, 40, 68
Aribert II, archbishop of Milan (d. 1045), 176
aristocracy, 264, 278 -80
culture, 232, 262, 315, 328
Aristotle ( 384-322 BC), 136, 271, 326
Arles, 3, 64
Armagnac, counts of, 277, 289, 294, 299, 316
Armenia, 168
armies, 36, 115, 304
Byzantine, 168, 239
German, 115, 311
Hussite, 311 -12
mercenaries, 257, 299, 312
condottieri, 257, 261
Muslim, 174 -5
in Outremer, 208 -9
Roman, 62, 64 -5
see also war
arms and armour, 185
Arnulf, bishop of Metz (d. 629), 86, 90
Aŕpád dynasty ( Hungary), 281
Arsuf, 245
Arthur, 'King', 61, 320, 326
Artois, 160, 321
arts, visual, 51 -5, 136 -7, 315 -19, 329
frescos, 54, 274
mosaics, 53, 54
painting, 274, 275, 317 -19
sculpture, 274
see also architecture; iconography; patronage, and under nationalities
Assisi, basilica of St Francis, 326
Asti, 211
Asturias, kingdom of, 190 -2
Atecotti, 59
Athanasius, St, of Athos (c. 920-1103), 182
Athelstan, king of Wessex (d. 939), 103
Athens, 242
decline of, 24
Platonic Academy, 49
Athos, Mount, monasticism on, 182
Attila, king of the Huns (c. 406-53), 65, 67
Audoen, bishop of Rouen (d. 684), 87, 89
Augustine, St of Hippo ( 354-430), 48 -9
City of God, 2, 34
Confessions, 46
Augustine, St of Kent, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 604?), 43, 72 -3
Austrasia/Austrasians, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90
Austria, 145, 146, 147, 277, 280 -1
Authier, Pierre (d. 1310), 307
Avars, 9, 17, 24, 31, 67, 89
Averroes of Cordoba ( 1126-98), 197
Avignon, papacy at, 229, 311
Avila, 193

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