Kurds, 174
Ladislas II, king of Poland. ( 1350-1434), 282
Lancaster, house of, 282, 294
land tenure, 45, 70, 79, 89, 115 -16, 180, 188, 216 -17, 327
church lands, 89, 90, 91, 143, 216 -17
Constitutio de feudis ( 1037), 217
Langland, William (fl.c. 1370), 328
Langobardia:
Byzantines in, 17
stratēgos of, 167
Languedoc:
heretical sects in, 187, 188, 189, 283, 307
Raymondin counts of Toulouse, 283
Laon, 123
cathedral at, 138
Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of ( 1212), 194, 246
Lateran Council, Fourth ( 1215), 305 -6
Latin language and literature, viii, 31, 68, 88, 96, 97, 271 -2, 326, 327, 328
law, 36 -7, 269
barbarian, 76 -7
Byzantine, 36, 58
Frankish, 88
Irish, 83
Italian, 134 -5, 179, 273 ; see also Bologna
Justinian, 6, 34, 36, 178
Lombard, 34, 36, 39
Roman, 5, 26, 58, 134, 178 -81
Spanish, 181
Lechfeld, battle of ( 955), 141
Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques (c. 1450-1536), 310
Leo VI, Byzantine emperor ( 886-912), 48
Leo the Philosopher (c. 795-870), 52
Leo III, pope (d. 816), 95
Leo IX, pope (d. 1054), 197
León, Spanish kingdom, 190
reunited with Castile, 246
Romanesque churches, 55
Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452-1519), 329
Leopold, margrave of Austria, duke of Bavaria (d. 1141), 146
Leudoin, bishop of Modena (fl.c. 880), 28
Lewis 'the Bavarian', emperor (d. 1347), 225
Liège, grave of Henry IV of Germany, 145
Lille, 316
Limburg, 317
Limerick, Viking settlement, 105
Lindisfarne, monastery of, 72, 73, 101
Lipany, battle of ( 1434), 302
literacy, 39, 50, 51, 76, 319 -20, 322 -3
Liudolf, duke of Swabia (d. 953), 141
Liudolfing family, 138, 142
Liutprand, bishop of Cremona (d.c. 972), 33, 38, 54, 195 -6
local government:
Byzantine, 37 -8
Italian, 39
see also urban life
Lodi ( Lombardy), 178
Peace of ( 1454), 261
Loire chateaux, 279
Lollardy, 310
Lombards, 9 - 10, 13, 18, 20, 25, 26, 31, 36, 38, 43, 46, 67, 95, 147, 175, 178, 196, 217
and Christianity, 37, 44, 93
court life, 37
cultural life, 54
kinship ties, 47
law, 34, 36, 79
Lombard League ( 1167), 218 -19, 224, 225
trade, 33, 210 -11, 213, 256
London:
Charterhouse, 313
Savoy palace, 279
Lorraine, 293
Lothar I, emperor (d. 855), 98, 99, 102

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