papacy, see Avignon
see also Gaul
Francis of Assisi ( 1181/2-1226), x, 229, 306, 307
Franciscans, 189, 306 -7, 325
Franks, 15, 31, 36, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 76
kingdom, 70, 74, 90 -1, 179, 221, 242 ; see also Charlemagne; Merovingian kingdom; and under kingship and law, 77
Vikings and, 101 -2, 105 -6
Fraxinetum (Riviera), 22
Saracen raiders from, 196
Fredegar, Frankish chronicler (d. 643), 86, 87
Frederick, archbishop of Bremen (d. 1123), 122
Frederick, duke of Swabia (d. 1147), 146
Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor (c. 1123-90), 146 -7; also 109, 110, 111, 112, 127, 131, 162, 164, 201, 218, 223, 224
Frederick II, king of Sicily and Germany, emperor ( 1194-1 250 ), 149, 222 -6, 233, 245
Frederick III, king of Germany, emperor ( 1415-93), 280, 283, 293
Frederick of Staufen, duke of Swabia (d. 1105), 145
Friars, 269 ; see also Dominicans; Franciscans
Frisians, 63, 74
Froissart, Jean (c. 1337-1400), 322
Fugger family of Augsburg, 304
Fulcher of Chartres (d.c. 1127), 221
Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou (d. 1039), 154
Gaeta, 211
Byzantines in, 21 trade, 27
Gaimar V, prince of Salerno (d. 1052), 197
Gaiseric, Vandal king (c. 390-477), 3
Galicia, 190
Gallipoli, capture of ( 1354), 242, 251
Gama, Vasco da, 267, 327
Gascony, 87, 88, 298
Gaston IV, count of Bearn (d. 1130), 194
2 tinais, the, 157
Gaul:
barbarians in, 2 -3, 5, 49
Christianity in, 71, 73
Frankish, 65 -6, 76, 87
Islam in, 15
Roman, 59, 61 -2, 64 -5
see also France
Gelasius II, pope (d. 1119), 194
Geneva, 4, 65
Genoa, 27, 217, 248, 328
Columbus and, 267
trade, 213, 215, 235, 241, 255 ; rivals, 172, 212, 241, 245
Geoffrey 'the Handsome', count of Anjou (d. 1151), 152
Gerard of Aurillac, St, life of, 128
Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114-87), 195
Gerard of Monforte (fl.c. 1030), 186
Gerbert of Aurillac ( Pope Sylvester II) (d. 1003), 177
Germany:
agriculture, 121 -2
art, 52 -3, 137, 318 -19
chivalry, 320
Christianity in, 68, 73 -5, 132 -3, 310 -11
fortifications, 118
kingdom of, 112, 137 -50, 280
see also under kingship
population, 122, 304
slave trade, 123
warfare, 118, 299, 301 -2
see also Holy Roman Empire
Geza II, king of Hungary (d. 1162), 146
Ghent, 299, 303
Ghibellines, 230
Ghiberti, Lorenzo ( 1378-1455), 274
Gibbon, Edward, vi
Giles, St (d.c. 700), 303

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