| Kurds, 174 |
| Ladislas II, king of Poland. ( 1350-1434), 282 |
| Lancaster, house of, 282, 294 |
| land tenure, 45, 70, 79, 89, 115 -16, 180, 188, 216 -17, 327 |
| Langland, William (fl.c. 1370), 328 |
| Langobardia: | Byzantines in, 17 | | stratēgos of, 167 |
|
| Languedoc: |
| Laon, 123 |
| Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of ( 1212), 194, 246 |
| Lateran Council, Fourth ( 1215), 305 -6 |
| Latin language and literature, viii, 31, 68, 88, 96, 97, 271 -2, 326, 327, 328 |
| law, 36 -7, 269 | barbarian, 76 -7 | | Byzantine, 36, 58 | | Frankish, 88 | | Irish, 83 | | Italian, 134 -5, 179, 273 ; see also Bologna | | Justinian, 6, 34, 36, 178 | | Lombard, 34, 36, 39 | | Roman, 5, 26, 58, 134, 178 -81 | | Spanish, 181 |
|
| Lechfeld, battle of ( 955), 141 |
| Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jacques (c. 1450-1536), 310 |
| Leo VI, Byzantine emperor ( 886-912), 48 |
| Leo the Philosopher (c. 795-870), 52 |
| Leo III, pope (d. 816), 95 |
| Leo IX, pope (d. 1054), 197 |
| León, Spanish kingdom, 190 | reunited with Castile, 246 | | Romanesque churches, 55 |
|
| Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452-1519), 329 |
| Leopold, margrave of Austria, duke of Bavaria (d. 1141), 146 |
| Leudoin, bishop of Modena (fl.c. 880), 28 |
| Lewis 'the Bavarian', emperor (d. 1347), 225 |
| Liège, grave of Henry IV of Germany, 145 |
| Lille, 316 |
| Limburg, 317 |
| Limerick, Viking settlement, 105 |
| Lindisfarne, monastery of, 72, 73, 101 |
| Lipany, battle of ( 1434), 302 |
| literacy, 39, 50, 51, 76, 319 -20, 322 -3 |
| Liudolf, duke of Swabia (d. 953), 141 |
| Liudolfing family, 138, 142 |
| Liutprand, bishop of Cremona (d.c. 972), 33, 38, 54, 195 -6 |
| local government: | Byzantine, 37 -8 | | Italian, 39 | | see also urban life |
|
| Lodi ( Lombardy), 178 |
| Loire chateaux, 279 |
| Lollardy, 310 |
| Lombards, 9 - 10, 13, 18, 20, 25, 26, 31, 36, 38, 43, 46, 67, 95, 147, 175, 178, 196, 217 | and Christianity, 37, 44, 93 | | court life, 37 | | cultural life, 54 | | kinship ties, 47 | | law, 34, 36, 79 | | Lombard League ( 1167), 218 -19, 224, 225 | | trade, 33, 210 -11, 213, 256 |
|
| London: | Charterhouse, 313 | | Savoy palace, 279 |
|
| Lorraine, 293 |
| Lothar I, emperor (d. 855), 98, 99, 102 |