Habsburg Emperors Frederick III ( 1440-93) and Maximilian I ( 1493-1519).
Yet among dynasties not subject to election by the seven princes of the empire, whose powers were fixed in the Golden Bull of 1356, a similar pattern of rise and fall can be detected. The old Austrian ruling house of Babenberg died out in 1246 and the last of the Árpád kings of Hungary died without heirs in 1301. In the kingdom of Bohemia, the last of the Přemysl line (d. 1306) left a daughter Elisabeth, whose marriage to John of Luxemburg (the blind ruler who was to die fighting for the French at Crécy in 1346) ensured the Luxemburg succession there. In France, the death without a direct male heir of Charles IV ( 1328) left the ancient Capetian dynasty which had held the French crown since 987 without a successor. The
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