1239-41 Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of
Cornwall
1241 Mongol invasion reaches Hungary and the Adriatic Sea
1244 Jerusalem falls to Muslims
1245 Frederick II deposed by Council of Lyons
1248 Seville yields to Ferdinand III of Gastile
1248-50 Louis IX of France leads crusade and is captured in
Egypt
1250 Abbasid dynasty in Egypt overthrown and replaced by
Mamluk
1252 First coining of the Florentine florin reintroduces gold
coinage to Europe
1254 Death of Conrad IV, last Hohenstaufen king of
Germany
1258 Mongols take Baghdad, the spiritual centre of the
Muslim world
1259 Treaty of Paris between Louis IX of France and Henry
III of England establishes a feudal relationship in
which Henry becomes Louis's vassal; western
Christian forces defeated by Byzantines of Nicaea at
Pelagonia
1260 Mongols take Damascus but are decisively defeated by
the Mamluks at Ain Jalut
1260 Guelphs in Tuscany defeated by Ghibellines at battle of
Montaperti
1261 Byzantines regain Constantinople from Latins
1266 Charles of Anjou crowned king of Sicily by Pope
Clement IV; defeats Manfred at Benevento
1268 Conradin, last surviving son of Frederick II, defeated at
Tagliacozzo
1268 Christian-held Jaffa, Beirut, and Antioch fall to
Mamluks
1270 Louis IX of France dies on crusade against Tunis
1273 Election of Rudolf of Habsburg as king of the Romans:
end of the interregnum in the empire
1277 Genoese begin annual convoys to Bruges and other
Channel ports
1282 'Sicilian Vespers': Charles of Anjou expelled from
Sicily, Peter III of Aragon becomes king of the island
1284 Defeat of Pisans by Genoese in naval battle of Meloria
1285-1314 Philip IV (the Fair) king of France

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