Flanders (d. 1111), 204
Robert II 'Curthose', duke of Normandy (d. 1134), 204
Robert I, king of France (d. 923), 152 -3
Robert II, king of France (d. 1031), 154
Robert of Anjou, king of Naples ( 1275-1343), 256
Robert of Ketton, Arabic scholar (fl.1140), 195
Robert 'the Strong' (d. 866), 106
Roger I, Great Count of Sicily (d. 1101), 197
Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154), 146, 147, 199, 200
Rolle, Richard (c. 1300-49), 314
Rollo, Viking leader, 103, 150
Romagna, see papal states
Roman Empire, 69
legacy of, 34, 60, 68, 88, 134 -5, 165 -7, 176
see also Holy Roman Empire
romance poetry, 326
Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine emperor (d. 1071), 169
Rome, viii, 25, 26, 32, 99, 176, 183, 260, 274 -5
architecture, 53, 54 -7; St Mary Aventine, 183
art, 54
Justinian in, 8
Pantheon, 25
population decline, 26
sack of ( 410), 2
shrines, 56, 184
see also papacy
Romuald, St (d. 1027), 183
Romulus 'Augustulus', Roman emperor (d. 476), 4
Roncaglia Decrees ( 1158), 179
Roncevaux, battle of ( 778), 94
Roric, Viking leader, 102
Rothari, Lombard king (d. 652), 13, 34
Roucy, house of, 154
Rouen, 150, 300, 316
Rudolf IV, archduke of Austria (fl.1365), 317
Rudolf III, king of Burgundy (d. 1032), 143
Rudolf I of Habsburg, emperor ( 1218-91), 280
Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia (d. 1080), 133, 144 anti-king of Germany, 145
Rurik, Viking leader, 107
Rus, raids on Byzantium, 17
Russia, 76
trade, 124
Vikings in, 107
Safad, 245
St Catherine's monastery, Mount Sinai, 44
Saint-Denis:
abbey church, 87, 89, 121, 136
annual fair, 85
see also Suger
saints:
Golden Legend, 318
see also relics
Saladin (Salah al-Din) ( 1137-93), 175, 209, 244
Salamanca, 193
Salerno, 21, 211 medical school at, 201
Salian Franks, 88
Salisbury cathedral, 326
Salona ( Yugoslavia), 25
salt trade, 27
Samarkand, capture by Mongols, 244
Samo, king of the Wends (fl.630), 86
San Gimignano, defensive tower at, 231
Santander, 255
Santiago, Order of, 194
Saragossa: siege of ( 1118), 194
Sardis, decline of, 24
Saxons, 59, 62, 63 -4, 87 conversion of, 74 -5
Saxony, duchy of, 74, 91, 94, 121, 122, 124, 145 -9
Scandinavia, 76, 107, 108, 162 -3 see also Vikings

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