W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman ( London, 1961), one of the author's many illuminating studies of the Prophet.

-----and P. Cachia, A History of Islamic Spain ( Edinburgh, 1965), clear and to the point.

ART

J. Beckwith, Early Christian and Byzantine Art ( 2nd edn., Harmondsworth, 1979), a good general guide.

O. Grabar, The Formation of Islamic Art ( New Haven, Conn., 1973), extremely stimulating.

J. Hubert, J. Porcher, and W. F. Volbach, Europe in the Dark Ages ( London, 1969), full of lavish illustrations.

E. Kitzinger, Byzantine Art in the Making ( Cambridge, Mass., 1977), the stimulating views of a master.

C. Mango, Byzantine Architecture ( New York, 1976), a thorough and original survey.

LITERATURE AND LEARNING

Byzantine Books and Bookmen. A Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium ( Washington, DC, 1975), contains important contributions on literary life in early Byzantium.

M. L. W. Laistner, Thought and Letters in Western Europe A.D. 500 to 900 ( 2nd edn., London, 1957); a wide-ranging but dull survey.

P. Riché, Education and Culture in the Barbarian West, Sixth through Eighth Centuries ( Columbia, SC, 1976), a thorough and imaginative study.

EAST--WEST RELATIONS AND ECONOMIC LIFE

M. F. Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine, Monetary Economy ( Cambridge, 1985), a vast study, often penetrating but frequently eccentric.

R. Hodges and D. Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe ( London, 1983), a brave attempt to re-examine the economic history of early medieval Europe in the light of archaeology.

A. R. Lewis, Naval Power and Trade in the Mediterranean, A.D. 500-1100 ( Princeton, NJ, 1951) a wealth of factual information but has to be read with caution.

G. Luzzatto, An Economic History of Italy from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century ( London, 1961), a useful short account.

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