abdicates, ending conciliar period; Anglo-French
truce broken by English raid on border fortress of
Fougères
1449-50 French recover Normandy from the English
1451 First French recovery of Gascony
1451-3 War between duke of Burgundy and the city of Ghent
1453 Constantinople falls to the Ottomans and becomes
their capital; second (and final) French recovery of
Gascony: only Calais remains in English hands
1454-5 Pacification of Italy with the Peace of Lodi and the
Italic League
1458 George Podiebrady, a moderate Hussite noble,
succeeds to the throne of Bohemia
1460 Turks complete their occupation of the Peloponnese
1461 Death of Charles VII of France; accession of Louis XI
1462 Cape Verde islands discovered and colonized by
Portuguese
1465 War of the Public Weal in France in which many great
nobles, including the future Charles the Bold, duke
of Burgundy, rise against Louis XI
1467 Death of Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy and
accession of Charles the Bold
1468 Destruction of the town of Liege by Charles the Bold
after its rebellion; marriage between Charles and
Edward IV of England's sister, Margaret of York;
Anglo-Burgundian alliance against France formally
renewed
1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
Castile paves the way for the union of their two
crowns
1470 Turks capture Venetian garrison of Negropont in the
Aegean Sea
1470-1 Edward IV of England, exiled to Burgundian
dominions after temporary restoration of Henry VI,
recovers the throne with Burgundian aid;
unsuccessful Burgundian invasion of France
1475 English invasion of northern France in alliance with
Burgundy bought off by Louis Xl
1475-7 Campaigns of Charles the Bold of Burgundy in Alsace-
Lorraine
1477 Defeat and death of Charles the Bold at Nancy ends

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