Worms; Gregory excommunicates Henry and urges
his subjects to rebel
1077 Under threat of deposition Henry makes peace with
Gregory but the rebels elect Rudolf of Rheinfelden as
king in his place; civil war ensues
1080 Henry again withdraws his obedience from Gregory;
he is again excommunicated
1081 Imperial confirmation of the customs of Pisa
1082 Alexius I Comnenus grants trading concessions to
Venice
1085 Christians capture Toledo and reach River Tagus;
Gregory VII dies at Salerno, having been driven from
Rome by Henry IV
1088 Work starts on the third and largest church at Cluny
1088-99 Pope Urban II
1092 Alexius I Comnenus reforms Byzantine coinage
1093 Revolt of Henry VI's son Conrad
1095 Pope Urban II proclaims the First Crusade at Clermont
1097 First Crusade reaches Constantinople
1098 Siege of Antioch; Magnus of Norway seizes the
Orkneys, Shetlands, and Isle of Man; Robert of
Molesme founds Cîteaux
1099 Fall of Jerusalem to crusaders; Baldwin of Lorraine
elected ruler
1106 Succession to Germany of Henry V after the forced
abdication and death of his father; Henry I of
England defeats his brother Robert at Tinchebrai
and so gains the duchy of Normandy
1107 Henry I agrees not to invest bishops, save with the
lands of their sees, but insists upon their homage and
his continuing influence in elections
1111 Henry V is crowned emperor and forcibly extracts a
concession of his right to invest bishops from Pope
Paschal II; trading rights in Constantinople given to
Pisans
1112 The inhabitants of Laon proclaim a commune and
murder their bishop
1113 Peter Abelard opens his school in Paris
1118 Council of Toulouse plans Christian attack on
Saragossa
1121 Abelard condemned at the council of Soissons

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