1291 Fall of Acre to Muslims: end of western Christian rule
of Outremer
1293 'Ordinances of Justice' passed in Florence, excluding
magnate families from participation in government
1294 Outbreak of war between England and France over
Gascony; beginnings of Philip the Fair's conflict with
Pope Boniface VIII
1297 'Serrata' of Venice's Great Council, limiting
membership to established families with hereditary
rights
1302 Boniface VIII defines papal power at its most extreme
in the bull Unam Sanctam; French defeat at the
hands of the Flemings at Courtrai; treaty of
Caltabellotta brings truce between Sicily and Naples
1306 Death of Wenceslas III, last Přemysl king of Bohemia
1307-12 Philip the Fair's attack on the Templars leads to their
destruction by Clement V
1309-77 Papacy at Avignon
1310-13 Expedition of Emperor Henry VII of Italy, last major
military intervention of emperors in the peninsula
1311 Catalan Company establishes control over Athens
1312 Council of Vienne
1315-17 European harvest failures and famine
1321 Death in Ravenna of the Florentine poet Dante
Alighieri
1321-8 Civil war in Byzantium
1323-8 Risings against the king of France and count of
Flanders by the Flemings, ending with their defeat at Cassel ( 1328)
1324 Marsilius of Padua completes Defensor pacis, radical
treatise on government fiercely critical of the papacy
1324-6 Anglo-French war of St Sardos breaks out over a
boundary dispute in Gascony
1326 Ottomans capture Byzantine town of Bursa
1327-9 Emperor Louis on campaign in Italy
1328 Death of Charles IV, last Capetian king of France;
accession of Philip VI, first Valois king
1331 Nicaea falls to Ottomans
1333 Byzantines pay tribute to Ottomans
1337 Outbreak of the Hundred Years War between England and France

-362-