| Orchan, emir of Bithinia (d. 1362), 251 |
| Ordoño II, king of León (d. 924), 190 |
| Ordulf Billung, duke of Saxony (d. 1072), 144 -5 |
| Orkney, Vikings in, 104 |
| Orléans: |
| Orsini family, 308 |
| Orsoleo family of Venice, 218 |
| Orvieto, 218, 219 |
| Osman I, Turkish leader (d. 1326), 251 see also Turks |
| Ostrogoths, 22, 26 in Balkans, 7 in Italy, 6, 7, 9, 80 |
| Oswald, St, king of Northumbria (c. 604-642), 72 |
| Otranto, Magyar attack on ( 899), 21 |
| Otto, bishop of Bamberg (d. 1139), 126 |
| Otto II, emperor ( 955-83), 127, 142, 196 |
| Otto III, emperor ( 980-1002), 112, 125, 142, 177 |
| Otto I, king of Germany, emperor ( 912-73), 125, 127, 131, 138 -42, 154, 176, 211 |
| Otto IV, king of Germany (c. 1174-1218), 224 |
| Otto of Brunswick, king of Germany, emperor (d. 1218), 149, 223 -4 |
| Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria (d. 1083), 144 |
| Ottoman Turks, see under Turks |
| Outremer, see Palestine |
| Oxford, university, v, 325 |
| Padua, university, 325 |
| Paele, George Van der, canon of Bruges (d. 1443), 317 |
| pagani, 39 |
| palaces, |
| Palermo, 24, 197, 200, 201 |
| Palestine: | Outremer, viii, 204 -10, 213, 243 -5; see also crusades; Jerusalem | | Persians in, 10 | | Syrian Christians in, 208 |
|
| Palladius, Irish bishop (fl.431), 69 |
| Pamiers, diocese of, 307 |
| Pannonia, Avar invasion of, 9 |
| papacy, | artistic patronage, 55 | | authority and status of, 42, 45, 128, 132 -4, 176 -7, 184 -5, 186, 224 -6, 274 -5, 285 -7, 304 -6, 308 -10, 324 -5 | | at Avignon, 229, 311 | | Election Decree ( 1059), 177 | | and French crown, 285 -8 | | Great Schism, 309 -10, 327 | | Normans and, 197 -9 | | Vatican, 21 | | see also Investiture controversy |
|
| papal bulls: | Ad abolendam ( 1184), 189 | | Divina dispositione ( 1148), 194 | | Unam Sanctam ( 1302), 285 |
|
| papal states, 20, 95, 224, 226, 228, 256, 260, 262 |
| paper-making, 236 |
| Paris, 278, 279, 299 | architecture: Notre Dame, 136, 326 ; Sainte-Chapelle, 315 | | church reform, 310 | | cultural centre, 315 | | fortification of, 161 | | treaty of ( 1259), 295 | | university, v, 123, 135, 268, 316, 325 | | Viking threats to, 102 |
|
| Parler family of Cologne, 317 |
| Paschal II, pope (d. 1118), 133, 145, 145 -6 |
| Patarenes of Milan, 186 |
| Patrick, St ( 373-463), 69 |
| patronage: | artistic, 43, 46, 54 -5, 262, 315 -19 | | ecclesiastical, 44, 183 ; see also Investiture controversy |
|
| Paul II, pope (d. 1471), 274 |