G. Constable, Cluniac Studies ( London, 1980).

H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Cluniacs and the Gregorian Reform ( Oxford, 1970), rests upon definitions of the Cluniacs and of the Reform which not all will accept.

G. Duby, The Three Orders ( Chicago, 1980), links the development of this theory with disorder in tenth-century France.

C. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of The Crusade ( Princeton, 1977), a classic since its publication in 1935.

P. J. Geary, Furta Sacra ( Princeton, 1978), discusses the theft of relics.

N. Hunt, Cluny under St Hugh ( London, 1967), a reliable account, but somewhat insulated.

C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism ( London, 1984), a helpful general account.

H. Leyser, Hermits and the New Monasticism ( London, 1984), one of those rare books which can be called too short.

K. F. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church ( Princeton, 1969), effectively disentangles the issues in the Investiture Contest.

J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading ( London, 1986), complements Erdmann's account, with more stress on developments during the crusade itself.

I. S. Robinson, Authority and Resistance in the Investiture Contest ( Manchester and New York, 1978), discusses the pamphlet war.

R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages ( The Pelican History of the Church, vol. ii) (Harmondsworth, 1970), selective, but rich with insight.

G. Tellenbach, Church State and Christian Society ( Oxford, 1959), an important contribution to the history of the Investiture Contest.

B. Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind ( London, 1982).

THE TWELFTH-CENTURY RENAISSANCE

R. L. Benson and G. Constable (eds.), Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century ( Oxford, 1982), an excellent and comprehensive collection of recent work.

J. Bony, French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries ( Berkeley, 1983).

C. N. L. Brooke, The Twelfth Century Renaissance ( London, 1969), a helpful introductory account.

S. Ferruolo, The Origin of the University: The Schools of Paris and their critics 1100-1215 (Stanford, 1985).

D. E. Luscombe, The School of Peter Abelard ( Cambridge, 1969), examines Abelard's influence.

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