J. and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality ( London, 1981), collection of documents in translation.

E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095-1274 ( Oxford, 1985).

TRADE AND COMMERCE

R. S. Lopez. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages: 9501350 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1971).

----- and I. W. Raymond Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World (3rd imp, New York, 1968), a gold-mine of translated documents with useful short introductions, covering all aspects of trade and commercial organization.

N. J. G. Pounds, Economic History of Medieval Europe (3rd imp, London, 1980), a superior textbook incorporating the fruits of very wide research.

ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

C. N. L. Brooke, The Twelfth Century Renaissance ( London, 1969).

R. Cormack, Writing in Gold: Byzantine Society and its Icons ( London, 1985), a major reassessment.

O. Demus, Romanesque Wall Painting ( London, 1970), superb illustrations.

K. M. Setton (gen. ed.), History of the Crusades, vol. iv contains a survey of the arts in the Holy Land.

SOURCES

Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (Harmondsworth, 1969), Byzantium through the eyes of an eleventh-century princess.

Geoffrey de Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople in Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. M. R. B. Shaw (Harmondsworth, 1963), a Frankish account of the Fourth Crusade.

Liutprand of Cremona, Works, trans. F. A. Wright ( London, 1930), Pride and Prejudice at the tenth-century Byzantine court.

The Poem of the Cid, ed. and trans. I. Michael et al. ( Manchester, 1975), a classic epic poem.

5. The Mediterranean in the Age of the Renaissance
THE PAPACY, ITS ENEMIES AND ITS ALLIES

M. Reeves, Joachim of Fiore and the Prophetic Future ( London, 1976), a general introduction to this important thinker.

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