8. MOUNTED ARCHERS played an important part in the Seljuk successes of the eleventh century. This thirteenth-century sgraffito ('incised') ceramic dish shows the expert horsemanship characteristic of the Turks, who could control their mounts even whilst drawing their bows.
9. CASTLES provided a vital form of defence in the Holy Land where relatively few strong points could control vast tracts of land. Krak des Chevaliers, first captured in 1099, was later refortified by the Hospitallers. It did not fall to Muslim forces until 1268.