| trade (cont.) long-distance, 210 -16, 248, 266 -7 |
| Trastamara, house of (Castile), 254 |
| Trebizond, Byzantines in, 239 |
| Trier: capital of Gaul, 62 |
| Tripoli, 204, 205, 245 |
| Tuchinat rising ( 1380s), 303 |
| Tudor, house of, 282 |
| Tunis, 244 |
| Turks, 173 -4 |
| Tuscany, ix, 232, 234, 237, 248, 249, 250, 257, 269 -70 |
| Uí Neill, Irish dynasty, 82, 83 |
| Ulaid ( Ireland), 82 |
| 'Umar, caliph (c. 581-644), 46 |
| Unam Sanctam, papal bull ( 1302), 285 |
| universities, v, vii, 123, 269, 275, 319, 322, 325 |
| Urban II, pope ( 1042-99), 128, 133, 145 |
| Urban IV, pope (d. 1264), 228 |
| Urban V, pope (d. 1370), 309 |
| urban life, 22 -9, 123 -4, 250 -1, 304, 327, 328 | Byzantine, 23 -4 | | court life, 278 -80 | | fortifications, 73, 161, 193, 234 | | industry, 236 | | Italian, 25 -8, 31 -2, 39, 58, 216 -19, 225, 229 -37, 256 -60, 269, 327, 328 ; communes, 216 -19 | | trading quarters, 215 |
|
| Usodimare family, Genoese merchants, 215 |
| Utrecht, 316 |
| Valdès (Waldo), Peter (d.c. 1205), 187 |
| Valencia, 246, 247 |
| Valens, Flavius, Roman emperor (d. 378), 2 |
| Valentinian III (c. 419-455), 65 |
| Valla, Lorenzo ( 1407-57), 271, 272, 329 |
| Valle in Cividale, Santa Maria, 54 |
| Vallombrosa, monastery at, 183 |
| Valois, house of, ix, 277, 278, 283, 286 -7, 288 - 302, 304 |
| Vandals, 6 | in Africa, 3, 6 | | in Gaul, 3, 62 | | piracy, 30 | | in Spain, 64 |
|
| Varna, battle of ( 1444), 252 |
| Vendôme, monastery of Holy Trinity, 126 |
| Venice, 27, 258 -9, 261 | art, 274 | | Byzantines and, 17, 21, 30, 170, 220, 221, 237 | | government, 218, 258, 260, 261 | | rivalry with Genoa, 172, 241, 245 | | St Mark's 55 | | trade, 27, 33, 210 -11, 211 -13, 236, 241, 256, 328 |
|
| Vercelli ( Italy), 211 |
| Verdun: | slave market, 213 | | treaty of (843), 92, 98 |
|
| Vermandois, 160 |
| vernacular literature, 321 -2, 322 -3, 327 -8 |
| Verona, 26, 211, 218 cultural life, 50 |
| Victor III, pope, see Desiderius, abbot |
| Vienna, 321 university, 319 |
| Vikings, ix, 99 - 108 | Dublin, 103, 105 | | raids, 75, 101 -5, 116, 118, 119, 163 | | ships, 99 | | trade, 99, 105, 107, 123 ; slave trade, 123 |
|
| villas, 4 |
| Visconti Filippo Maria, ruler of Milan |