| Aquileia, 25 |
| Aquinas, St Thomas ( 1225-74), v, 268, 325 |
| Aquitaine, 89, 90, 159, 301 |
| Arab world, viii, ix, 12, 13, 24 | threat of, 29, 35, 90 | | see also Islam |
|
| Aragon, kingdom of, 192, 253 -4, 277 | cortes, 254 | | heretics in, 189 | | Mediterranean empire of, 246 -7, 253 -4 | | trade, 247 | | union with Castile, 253, 254, 263 -4 | | see also under Italy; Sicily |
|
| Arator (fl. c. 544), 49 |
| architecture: | classical, 274 | | French, 136 -7 | | Gothic, 326 | | see also castles; cathedrals; houses; monastery and abbey churches; palaces; villas |
|
| Arianism, 9, 40, 68 |
| Aribert II, archbishop of Milan (d. 1045), 176 |
| aristocracy, 264, 278 -80 |
| Aristotle ( 384-322 BC), 136, 271, 326 |
| Arles, 3, 64 |
| Armagnac, counts of, 277, 289, 294, 299, 316 |
| Armenia, 168 |
| armies, 36, 115, 304 | Byzantine, 168, 239 | | German, 115, 311 | | Hussite, 311 -12 | | mercenaries, 257, 299, 312 | | Muslim, 174 -5 | | in Outremer, 208 -9 | | Roman, 62, 64 -5 | | see also war |
|
| arms and armour, 185 |
| Arnulf, bishop of Metz (d. 629), 86, 90 |
| Aŕpád dynasty ( Hungary), 281 |
| Arsuf, 245 |
| Arthur, 'King', 61, 320, 326 |
| Artois, 160, 321 |
| arts, visual, 51 -5, 136 -7, 315 -19, 329 | frescos, 54, 274 | | mosaics, 53, 54 | | painting, 274, 275, 317 -19 | | sculpture, 274 | | see also architecture; iconography; patronage, and under nationalities |
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| Assisi, basilica of St Francis, 326 |
| Asti, 211 |
| Asturias, kingdom of, 190 -2 |
| Atecotti, 59 |
| Athanasius, St, of Athos (c. 920-1103), 182 |
| Athelstan, king of Wessex (d. 939), 103 |
| Athens, 242 | decline of, 24 | | Platonic Academy, 49 |
|
| Athos, Mount, monasticism on, 182 |
| Attila, king of the Huns (c. 406-53), 65, 67 |
| Audoen, bishop of Rouen (d. 684), 87, 89 |
| Augustine, St of Hippo ( 354-430), 48 -9 | City of God, 2, 34 | | Confessions, 46 |
|
| Augustine, St of Kent, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 604?), 43, 72 -3 |
| Austrasia/Austrasians, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 |
| Austria, 145, 146, 147, 277, 280 -1 |
| Authier, Pierre (d. 1310), 307 |
| Avars, 9, 17, 24, 31, 67, 89 |
| Averroes of Cordoba ( 1126-98), 197 |
| Avignon, papacy at, 229, 311 |
| Avila, 193 |