Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas
814 Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as emperor
814-21 Monastic reform movement of St Benedict of Aniane
815-43 Second wave of iconoclasm in Byzantium
c. 823 Capture of Crete by Muslim pirates from Spain
824 Establishment of independent kingdom of Pamplona
827 Arab invasion of Sicily
838 Major Arab invasion of Anatolia leading to sack of city of Amorium
840 Vikings found settlement at Dublin
843 Carolingian Empire split up by treaty of Verdun; end of iconoclasm in Byzantine Empire
846 Sack of the Vatican by Arab pirates
849 Splitting up of Lombard principality of Benevento
c. 850 Dissemination of forged 'Isidorian Decretals' (canon law decrees), greatly increasing authority of the papacy
860 First attack on Constantinople by Kiev Vikings (Rus)
863 Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Slavs
863-79 Period of schism between eastern and western Churches
864 Conversion to orthodoxy of Bulgar Khan Boris
865 The Viking 'Great Army' moves from France to England
867 Beginning of Macedonian dynasty in Byzantium
c. 870 Viking discovery of Iceland
875 Political fragmentation of kingdom of Italy following death of Louis II
876 Beginning of Byzantine reconquest of southern Italy
878 Failure of Viking assault on Wessex; Arab capture of Syracuse, Byzantine capital of Sicily
c. 886-c. 1025 Macedonian Renaissance in Byzantium
888 Odo, count of Paris becomes king of West Francia
888-90 Emergence of independent kings in Burgundy and Provence
894 Invasion of Byzantine territory by Tsar Symeon of Bulgaria
899 Hungarian raids in Italy
c. 900 Resurgence of Byzantine power in Balkans and Anatolia
906 Magyars destroy the kingdom of Moravia and begin almost annual raids into western Europe

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