MUSLIM WORLD

P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades ( London, 1986).

H. Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates ( London, 1986); two recent introductions to Islamic history.

ITALY AND THE EMPIRE

D. J. Herlihy, Cities and Society in Medieval Italy ( London, 1980); The Social History of Italy and Western Europe ( London, 1978). The dearth of material on Italian social and economic history in English is partly compensated for by these two volumes of lively studies.

J. K. Hyde, Society and Politics in Medieval Italy ( London, 1973), concentrates on the evolution of urban society.

P. Munz, Frederick Barbarossa ( London, 1969), a controversial work, but containing a useful account of imperial struggles with the communes.

S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 9001300 ( Oxford, 1984), thought-provoking chapter on the communes.

C. J. Wickham, Early Medieval Italy ( London, 1981), excellent on law and society.

PAPACY

H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Age of Abbot Desiderius ( Oxford, 1983), one of the best accounts of the post-Gregorian papacy, disguised as a biography of the most able eleventh-century abbot of Monte Cassino.

P. Partner, The Lands of St Peter ( London, 1972).

W. Ullmann, A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages ( London, 1974), a work of fundamental importance on the evolution of papal ideology.

MONASTICISM

B. Bolton, The Medieval Reformation ( London, 1983).

C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism ( London, 1984), both outline the major developments in the spiritual life.

H. Leyser, Hermits and the New Monasticism ( London, 1984).

H. E. J. Cowdrey, Popes, Monks and Crusaders ( London, 1984), collected studies, covering Cluniac history, heresy (especially in Milan), and crusading.

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