Plantagenet kings of England, see Angevins
Plato ( 428-348 BC), 271, 329
Poggio Bracciolini ( 1380-1459), 271, 275
Poitiers, battles of: ( 732), 15 ; ( 1356), 289
Poitou, 152, 295, 299
Poland, kingdom of, 125 -6, 131, 138, 141, 142, 161, 162, 277, 282
Piast monarchs, 162, 282
Pole family of Hull, 304
Polo, Marco ( 1254-1324), 236
Pomerania, 126, 162
population, 122, 255, 302 -3, 304, 327
portrait painting, 317 -18
Portugal, 246, 250 exploration and trade, 266 -8
Prague, 278, 279, 311
cathedral, 317
university, 319
Přemysl dynasty ( Bohemia), 162, 283
'Prester John', 244, 267
primogeniture, 119
Procopius, Byzantine historian (c. 499-565), 6, 46
Provence, 15, 90, 194, 301 Arab raids, 15, 22
Pseudo-Dionysius, 49
Ptolemy (c. 100-c.170), 46, 200, 268
Pucella, Jean (d. 1334), 315
Pyrenees, 192, 193, 294
Quentoric, 85
Quercy, 302
Quintilian ( Marcus Flavius Quintilianus) (c.35-95), 271
Radbod, Frisian king (d. 719), 74
Rædwald, king of East Anglia (d.c. 626), vi, 82, 83 -4, 85
Rainulf, count of Aversa (d. 1045), 197
Ralph, Lord Cromwell (d. 1455), 279
Raoul of Burgundy, king of France, (d. 936), 153
Ravenna, 20, 21, 26, 32
artistic life, 53
imperial court at, 3, 176
Ostrogoths in, 7
Raymond of Agiles (fl.1100), 203, 205
Raymond IV of St Gilles, count of Toulouse (d. 1105), 181, 188 -9, 202, 203, 204, 205
Raymond-Berengar I, count of Barcelona (d. 1076), 180
Raymond-Berengar IV, count of Barcelona (d. 1162), 180
Recceswinth, Visigoth king (fl.c.654): votive crown, 55
relics, sacred, 10, 112, 127, 138, 184
Remigio de' Girolami (d. 1319), 272
Renaissance, viii, ix, 268 -75
Renaissance, Carolingian, 89, 97
Renaissance, Islamic, 175
Renaissance, twelfth century, 134 -7
René of Anjou ( 1409-80), 322
René II, duke of Lorraine (d. 1482), 293
representative government, 218, 254, 277, 328
Repton (Derbys.), Viking raid on, 104
Rheims:
archbishopric of, 131, 153
cathedral, 300
rhetoric, 269 -70, 271 -2, 327
Rhine, the/ Rhineland, x, 61, 64, 65, 85, 123
archbishopric, 146
Franks, 88
Rhodes, 30
Rhône valley, 179, 184
Richard I, king of England ( 1157-99), 159 -60
Richard II, king of England ( 1367-1400), 317
Richard of Aversa, prince of Capua (d. 1078), 197
Richard de Bury, bishop of Durham (d. 1345), 315
Robert II, count of Artois (d. 1302), 279
Robert II of Jerusalem, count of

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