| Mountgrace (N. Yorks), Carthusian monastery, 313 |
| Muhammad (c. 570-632), 11 |
| Muhammad of Toledo, Muslim scholar (fl.1140), 195 |
| Murad I, sultan, 251 |
| Murcia, 246 music, 195 |
| Myriocephalon, battle of ( 1176), 172 |
| Namur, county of, 293 |
| Nancy, 293 |
| Naples, viii, 256, 258, 260, 262, 275 |
| Naranco ( Spain), Santa MarĂa, 55 |
| Narbonne, archbishopric of, 184, 189, 307 |
| Narses, Byzantine general (c. 478-572), 7 |
| Naturns, St Proculus, 54 |
| naval power: | Arab, 30, 33 | | Byzantine, 30 -1 | | Italian, 209 -10 | | see also Vikings |
|
| Navarre, 192 occupation of Athens, 242 |
| Nechtansmere ( Scotland), battle at ( 685), 80 |
| Neoplatonism, 49 |
| Neri Acciaiuoli, Florentine duke of Athens (d. 1394), 242 |
| Netherlands, United Provinces of, 293 | art, 316 -17, 321 | | see also Holland |
|
| Neustria, 86, 87, 88 |
| Newfoundland, Vikings in, 107 |
| Nicaea ( Asia Minor), Byzantines in, 239, 240 captured by Ottomans, 251 |
| Nicephorus I, Byzantine emperor (d. 811), 17 |
| Nicephorus II Phocas, Byzantine emperor (d. 969), 167, 168 |
| Nicholas, St, bishop of Myra ( 4th century), relics of, 184 |
| Nicholas II, pope (d. 1061), 177, 197 |
| Nicholas V, pope ( 1397-1455), 274 |
| Nicholas I Mystikos, patriarch of Constantinople (d. 925), 165 |
| Nicomedia, battle of ( 1329), 251 |
| Nicopolis: |
| Nil, St (c. 910-1005), 183 |
| Nithard, Frankish historian (d. 845), 97 |
| 'nobility', concepts of, 113 -14 see also aristocracy |
| Nogaret, Guillaume de, French jurist (d. 1313), 288 |
| Noirmoutier, monastery of, 101 |
| Nonantola, monastery at, 44, 54 |
| Noricum ( Austria), 4 |
| Normandy, viii, 283, 295, 300, 301 Lower, 302 |
| Normans: | conquest of England, 115, 118, 119, 150, 162 -3 | | in Italy and Sicily, ix, 119, 169, 196 - 201, 220 | | Normandy, duchy of, 150 |
|
| Northumbria, kingdom of, 73, 82, 95 |
| Norway, 76, 107, 108, 163 settlers in Iceland, 107 |
| Norwich cathedral, 327 |
| Novgorod Chronicle, 221 |
| Nur al-Din, Mahmud (d. 1174), 209 |
| Odilo, St, abbot of Cluny (c. 962-1049), 129 |
| Odo, abbot of Cluny (d. 943), 128, 183 |
| Odo, bishop of Bayeux (d. 1097), 305 |
| Odo, count of Blois and Champagne (d.d), 154 |
| Odo, count of Paris, Frankish king (d. 922), 102, 106 |
| Odo, king of France (d. 898), 152, 153 |
| Odoacer, barbarian king of Italy (d. 493), 4, 5 |
| Offa, king of Mercia (d. 796), 101 |
| Oldcastle, Sir John (d. 1417), 310 |