R. Hodges, Dark Age Economics ( London, 1982) contains much useful information about recent archaeological discoveries.

3. Northern Europe in the High Middle Ages
GENERAL

C. N. L. Brooke, Europe in the Central Middle Ages 962-1154 ( London, 1964), a good textbook introduction.

A. Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages ( Oxford, 1978), wide-ranging with many new ideas.

R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages ( London, 1953), illuminates the period with matchless sympathy and insight.

THE LINEAMENTS OF POWER

W. Anderson, Castles of Europe ( London, 1970), superbly illustrated.

M. Bloch, Feudal Society ( London, 1961), a classic, broadly conceived and rich with example.

P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages ( Oxford, 1984).

G. Duby, The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest ( London, 1984), turns a dry eye on noble marriages.

M. Keen, Chivalry ( London, 1984), valuable on the knightly ethos.

S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 9001300 ( Oxford, 1984), concentrates on bonds of association rather than those of dependence.

T. A. Reuter (ed.), The Medieval Nobility ( Amsterdam and Oxford, 1978), helpfully includes some important German contributions.

A REVIVING ECONOMY

The Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. i, The Middle Ages, ed. C. M. Cipolla ( London, 1972), provides a helpful introductory account.

G. Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West ( London, 1968), strongest on France and England.

E. Ennen, The Medieval Town ( Amsterdam and Oxford, 1979).

N. J. G. Pounds, An Economic History of Medieval Europe ( London, 1974).

LORDS AT PRAYER

R. and C. N. L. Brooke, Popular Religion in the Middle Ages ( London, 1984).

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