Orchan, emir of Bithinia (d. 1362), 251
Ordoño II, king of León (d. 924), 190
Ordulf Billung, duke of Saxony (d. 1072), 144 -5
Orkney, Vikings in, 104
Orléans:
duchy of, 279, 289
siege of ( 1428), 312
Orsini family, 308
Orsoleo family of Venice, 218
Orvieto, 218, 219
Osman I, Turkish leader (d. 1326), 251 see also Turks
Ostrogoths, 22, 26 in Balkans, 7 in Italy, 6, 7, 9, 80
Oswald, St, king of Northumbria (c. 604-642), 72
Otranto, Magyar attack on ( 899), 21
Otto, bishop of Bamberg (d. 1139), 126
Otto II, emperor ( 955-83), 127, 142, 196
Otto III, emperor ( 980-1002), 112, 125, 142, 177
Otto I, king of Germany, emperor ( 912-73), 125, 127, 131, 138 -42, 154, 176, 211
Otto IV, king of Germany (c. 1174-1218), 224
Otto of Brunswick, king of Germany, emperor (d. 1218), 149, 223 -4
Otto of Nordheim, duke of Bavaria (d. 1083), 144
Ottoman Turks, see under Turks
Outremer, see Palestine
Oxford, university, v, 325
Padua, university, 325
Paele, George Van der, canon of Bruges (d. 1443), 317
pagani, 39
palaces,
Palermo, 24, 197, 200, 201
Palestine:
Outremer, viii, 204 -10, 213, 243 -5; see also crusades; Jerusalem
Persians in, 10
Syrian Christians in, 208
Palladius, Irish bishop (fl.431), 69
Pamiers, diocese of, 307
Pannonia, Avar invasion of, 9
papacy,
artistic patronage, 55
authority and status of, 42, 45, 128, 132 -4, 176 -7, 184 -5, 186, 224 -6, 274 -5, 285 -7, 304 -6, 308 -10, 324 -5
at Avignon, 229, 311
Election Decree ( 1059), 177
and French crown, 285 -8
Great Schism, 309 -10, 327
Normans and, 197 -9
Vatican, 21
see also Investiture controversy
papal bulls:
Ad abolendam ( 1184), 189
Divina dispositione ( 1148), 194
Unam Sanctam ( 1302), 285
papal states, 20, 95, 224, 226, 228, 256, 260, 262
paper-making, 236
Paris, 278, 279, 299
architecture: Notre Dame, 136, 326 ; Sainte-Chapelle, 315
church reform, 310
cultural centre, 315
fortification of, 161
treaty of ( 1259), 295
university, v, 123, 135, 268, 316, 325
Viking threats to, 102
Parler family of Cologne, 317
Paschal II, pope (d. 1118), 133, 145, 145 -6
Patarenes of Milan, 186
Patrick, St ( 373-463), 69
patronage:
artistic, 43, 46, 54 -5, 262, 315 -19
ecclesiastical, 44, 183 ; see also Investiture controversy
Paul II, pope (d. 1471), 274

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