Ifriqiya, Muslim province, 172
inheritance, rules of, 70
Innocent III, pope ( 1160-1216), 221, 223 -4, 228, 229, 305 -6, 325
Innocent IV, pope (d. 1254), 224, 306
Innsbruck, 278, 321
Inquisition:
Dominican, 307
Spanish, 265
inventions, 236, 327
'Investiture Controversy', 132 -4, 161, 222 -6
Iona, monastery on, 71, 72, 73, 101
Ipswich ( Suffolk), 85
Ireland:
Christianity in, 68, 69, 73 ; missions, 71 -2
kingdoms, 80 -3; in Scotland, 63 ; see also under kingship
law, 77
monasticism, 43, 44
scholarship, 96
'Scotti', 62
settlers in Iceland, 107
Vikings in, 101 -8 passim, 118
Irene, Byzantine empress (d. 802), 95
Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine emperor (d. 1204), 221
Isabella of Castile ( 1451-1504), 263 -6
Isabella of France, queen of Edward II ( 1292-1358), 298
Isabella of Hainault (d. 1190), 159, 160
Isidore, St, bishop of Seville (c. 560-636), 13, 50
Islam, 11 - 13
Assassins, 244
culture, 51, 56, 175 ; art and architecture, 55, 56
dynasties: Abbasid, 15, 30, 51, 99, 163, 172, 173, 175, 244, 245 ; Aghlabid, 15, 30 ; Almohad, 194, 246 ; Almoravid, 194 ; Ayyubid, 244 ; Buyid, 174 ; Fatimid, 172, 175 ; Hamdanid, 174 ; Mamluk, 245 ; Tulunid, 15 ; Ummayad, 12, 15, 30, 55
fragmentation and reunification, 56, 172 -3, 175
Shi'i--Sunni split, 174
society, 39
trade, 58, 211, 213 -15, 235 -6
see also Africa; Arab world; Gaul; Italy; Sicily; Spain
Isle of Man, Vikings in, 104
Istria, 212
Italy:
arts, 54 -5, 273 -4, 329
Byzantines in, 17, 20 -1, 31 -2, 80, 167, 170, 183, 220
Carolingian, 37, 38, 54 -5, 93
cities, see under urban life
cultural life, 49, 50, 268 -75, 318, 327 -8; see also Renaissance
Franks in, 20, 80
Germans in, 138 -9, 142, 145, 147, 176 -7, 178 -9, 222 -6
heretical sects, 185 -6, 188
Islam in, 195 -6, 223
Italic League, 262
land tenure, 45
local government, 39
Normans in, ix, 119, 196 - 200, 220
Ostrogoths in, 6, 7, 9, 80
political divisions, 19, 256 -62
Spain and, 227 -8, 258, 263 -4
trade, 32, 124, 235 -6, 255 -6; see also under Genoa, Venice, etc.
vernacular literature, 327 -8
Visigoths in, 2, 5
see also Lombards; papacy; papal states; Sicily; Rome
Jacquerie rising ( 1358), 303
Jaen, 246
Jaffa, 245
James I ('the Conqueror'), king of Aragon ( 1213-76), 246
Jarrow, monastery at, 73, 101
Jean, duke of Berry (d. 1416), 279, 316
Jerome, St (c. 331-420), 2
Jerusalem:
capture of ( 638), 42, 46 -7; ( 1099),

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