| Flanders (d. 1111), 204 |
| Robert II 'Curthose', duke of Normandy (d. 1134), 204 |
| Robert I, king of France (d. 923), 152 -3 |
| Robert II, king of France (d. 1031), 154 |
| Robert of Anjou, king of Naples ( 1275-1343), 256 |
| Robert of Ketton, Arabic scholar (fl.1140), 195 |
| Robert 'the Strong' (d. 866), 106 |
| Roger I, Great Count of Sicily (d. 1101), 197 |
| Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154), 146, 147, 199, 200 |
| Rolle, Richard (c. 1300-49), 314 |
| Rollo, Viking leader, 103, 150 |
| Romagna, see papal states |
| Roman Empire, 69 |
| romance poetry, 326 |
| Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine emperor (d. 1071), 169 |
| Rome, viii, 25, 26, 32, 99, 176, 183, 260, 274 -5 | architecture, 53, 54 -7; St Mary Aventine, 183 | | art, 54 | | Justinian in, 8 | | Pantheon, 25 | | population decline, 26 | | sack of ( 410), 2 | | shrines, 56, 184 | | see also papacy |
|
| Romuald, St (d. 1027), 183 |
| Romulus 'Augustulus', Roman emperor (d. 476), 4 |
| Roncaglia Decrees ( 1158), 179 |
| Roncevaux, battle of ( 778), 94 |
| Roric, Viking leader, 102 |
| Rothari, Lombard king (d. 652), 13, 34 |
| Roucy, house of, 154 |
| Rouen, 150, 300, 316 |
| Rudolf IV, archduke of Austria (fl.1365), 317 |
| Rudolf III, king of Burgundy (d. 1032), 143 |
| Rudolf I of Habsburg, emperor ( 1218-91), 280 |
| Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia (d. 1080), 133, 144 anti-king of Germany, 145 |
| Rurik, Viking leader, 107 |
| Rus, raids on Byzantium, 17 |
| Russia, 76 |
| Safad, 245 |
| St Catherine's monastery, Mount Sinai, 44 |
| Saint-Denis: | abbey church, 87, 89, 121, 136 | | annual fair, 85 | | see also Suger |
|
| saints: | Golden Legend, 318 | | see also relics |
|
| Saladin (Salah al-Din) ( 1137-93), 175, 209, 244 |
| Salamanca, 193 |
| Salerno, 21, 211 medical school at, 201 |
| Salian Franks, 88 |
| Salisbury cathedral, 326 |
| Salona ( Yugoslavia), 25 |
| salt trade, 27 |
| Samarkand, capture by Mongols, 244 |
| Samo, king of the Wends (fl.630), 86 |
| San Gimignano, defensive tower at, 231 |
| Santander, 255 |
| Santiago, Order of, 194 |
| Saragossa: siege of ( 1118), 194 |
| Sardis, decline of, 24 |
| Saxons, 59, 62, 63 -4, 87 conversion of, 74 -5 |
| Saxony, duchy of, 74, 91, 94, 121, 122, 124, 145 -9 |
| Scandinavia, 76, 107, 108, 162 -3 see also Vikings |