A. Hyma, The Christian Renaissance: A History of the Devotio Moderna ( 2nd edn. Hamden, Conn., 1965).

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

The Fontana Economic History of Europe, ed. C. M. Cipolla, vol. i: The Middle Ages ( London, 1972); The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: vol. i, The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages ( Cambridge, 1966), vol. ii, Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages ( 1952), vol. iii, Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages ( 1963); general works through which economic and social questions can be approached.

R. de Roover, Money, Banking and Credit in Medieval Bruges ( Cambridge, Mass., 1948), an excellent study of the economic and commercial organization of one northern city.

VISUAL ARTS

E. Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting ( 2 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1964).

G. Henderson, Gothic (Harmondsworth, 1967).

A. Martindale, Gothic Art ( London, 1967).

G. Ring, A Century of French Painting, 1400-1500 ( London, 1949).

V. Dvoráková et al., Gothic Rural Painting in Bohemia and Moravia, 1300-78 ( Oxford, 1964).

A. Châvelet, Early Dutch Painting, trans. C. Brown and A. Turner ( New York, 1981).

E. Dhanens, Hubert and Jan Van Eyck ( New York, n.d.).

K. B. McFarlane, Hans Memling ( Oxford, 1971).

L. Campbell, Van der Weyden ( New York, 1980); contain excellent studies of individual artists.

CHIVALRY AND LITERACY

J. Huizinga, F. Hopman, The Waning of the Middle Ages, trans. ( London, 1924, many subsequent edns.), a classic study of northern culture.

M. Vale, War and Chivalry: Aristocratic Culture in England, France and Burgundy at the End of the Middle Ages ( London, 1981).

M. Keen, Chivalry ( New Haven and London, 1984); two recent studies of aristocratic values and behaviour.

F. Simone, The French Renaissance, trans. H. G. Hall ( London, 1969).

J. Fox, A Literary History of France, vol. i: The Middle Ages ( London, 1974); discuss northern literature.

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