M. Baxandall, Giotto and the Orators ( Oxford, 1971), a clear illustration of ways in which rhetorical concepts and aesthetic principles interacted in humanist writings on art.

D. Chambers (ed.), Patrons and Artists in the Italian Renaissance ( London, 1970), documents, with commentary; a useful 'reader' in the relationship of artists and their patrons.

R. Weiss, The Spread of Italian Humanism ( London, 1964).

6. The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North
GENERAL

D. Waley, Later Medieval Europe ( London, 1964).

D. Hay, Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries ( London, 1966).

G. A. Holmes, Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320-1450 ( London, 1975).

B. Guenée, States and Rulers in Later Medieval Europe, trans. J. Vale ( Oxford, 1985), political ideas, government, and the emergence of the state excellently treated, with an up-to-date bibliography of 1,400 titles.

J. R. Hale, J. R. L. Highfield, and B. Smalley (eds.), Europe in the Late Middle Ages ( London, 1965), a valuable collection of essays on various subjects.

FRANCE

P. S. Lewis, Later Medieval France. The Polity ( London, 1968), provides a stimulating and analytical account.

K. Fowler, The Age of Plantagenet and Valois ( London, 1967), a more narrative treatment.

E. Perroy, The Hundred Years War, trans. W. B. Wells ( 2nd edn. London, 1965), older but still readable.

P. S. Lewis (ed.), The Recovery of France in the Fifteenth Century ( London, 1971), essays offering useful material.

M. W. Labarge, St Louis: the Life of Louis IX of France ( London, 1968).

J. R. Strayer, The Reign of Philip the Fair ( Princeton, 1980).

R. Cazelles, La Société politique et la crise de la royauté sous Philippe de Valois ( Paris, 1958) and his Société politique, noblesse et couronne sous Jean le Bon et Charles V ( Geneva and Paris, 1982).

F. Autrand, Charles VI ( Paris, 1986).

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