Colonna family of Rome, 229, 289, 308
Columba, St, abbot of Iona ( 521-91), 71 -2
Columbanus, St, Irish nobleman (d. 615), 70 -1, 89
Columbus, Christopher ( 1451-1506), 267, 268, 327
Comacchio, 27
communes, 216 -19
Compostella:
see of, 127
shrine of St James, 56, 184
Conciliar Movement, 309 -10
Congal Cáech, king of the Cruthin (d. 637), 82, 83
Conrad I, king of Germany (d. 918), 137
Conrad II, king of Germany, emperor (c. 990-1039), 143, 176
Conrad III, king of Germany (d. 1152), 146
Conrad IV, king of Germany, ( 1228-54), 280
Conrad, son of Henry IV of Germany ( 1074-1101), 145
Conradin of Swabia ( 1252-68), 225
Constance (of Burgundy), queen of León-Castile (fl. 1080), 183
Constance, queen of Sicily (d. 1198), 201, 223, 226
Constance:
Council of ( 1414-17), 275, 309, 311
peace of ( 1183), 178
treaties of: ( 1153), 147 ; ( 1183), 219
Constantine I, Flavius Valerius ('the Great'), Roman emperor (c. 285-337), 1, 34, 40
Constantine III, Flavius Claudius, emperor (d. 411), 62, 64
Constantine V, Byzantine emperor (d. 775), 24
Constantine VII, Porphyrogenites, Byzantine emperor (d. 959), 107
Constantius, Roman emperor (d. 421), 3
Constantius, usurper (d. 411), 3
Constantinople, viii, 2, 7, 9, 23, 30, 167, 175, 202
art and architecture, 53 ; St Sophia, 8, 53, 54
court life, 37, 38
cultural life, 31, 51, 54
fall of ( 1204), 219 -20, 239
Golden Horn, 212
'Latin Empire', 237 -8
patriarchate, 41, 42
pilgrimage to, 184
Studium monastery, 44, 51
trade, 107, 212 -13, 219 -20
Turkish capture of ( 1453), 261, 301, 312
see also Byzantium
Cordoba, viii, 24, 123, 246
Great Mosque, 55
Corinth, decline of, 24
Cosmas, 10th-century priest, 187 -8
Cosmas Indicopleustes (fl. 547-9), 46
Crà 9 cy, battle of ( 1346), 281
Cremona, 27, 186, 211
diet at ( 1226), 224
uprising ( 924), 58
Crete:
Arab invasion ( 828), 17, 30
Croatia, 162, 170, 220
crusades, viii, ix, 128, 194, 210, 228, 243, 264, 311 -12, 324
First, 119, 169, 174, 181, 199, 202 -4
Second, 208
Fourth, 219, 221, 237, 243
Fifth and Sixth, 243, 244
Seventh and Eighth, 243 -4
Albigensian, 243, 283, 307
Cyprian, St (c. 200-58), 46
Cyprus, 30
Cyriac of Ancona (c. 1390-1455), 271
Cyril, St, apostle of the Slavs ( 827-69), 75
Dagobert I, king of the Franks (d. 638). vi, 84, 85, 86 -9
Dál nAraidi, Irish kingdom, 82

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