| Plantagenet kings of England, see Angevins |
| Plato ( 428-348 BC), 271, 329 |
| Poggio Bracciolini ( 1380-1459), 271, 275 |
| Poitiers, battles of: ( 732), 15 ; ( 1356), 289 |
| Poitou, 152, 295, 299 |
| Poland, kingdom of, 125 -6, 131, 138, 141, 142, 161, 162, 277, 282 |
| Piast monarchs, 162, 282 |
| Pole family of Hull, 304 |
| Polo, Marco ( 1254-1324), 236 |
| Pomerania, 126, 162 |
| population, 122, 255, 302 -3, 304, 327 |
| portrait painting, 317 -18 |
| Portugal, 246, 250 exploration and trade, 266 -8 |
| Prague, 278, 279, 311 | cathedral, 317 | | university, 319 |
|
| Přemysl dynasty ( Bohemia), 162, 283 |
| 'Prester John', 244, 267 |
| primogeniture, 119 |
| Procopius, Byzantine historian (c. 499-565), 6, 46 |
| Provence, 15, 90, 194, 301 Arab raids, 15, 22 |
| Pseudo-Dionysius, 49 |
| Ptolemy (c. 100-c.170), 46, 200, 268 |
| Pucella, Jean (d. 1334), 315 |
| Pyrenees, 192, 193, 294 |
| Quentoric, 85 |
| Quercy, 302 |
| Quintilian ( Marcus Flavius Quintilianus) (c.35-95), 271 |
| Radbod, Frisian king (d. 719), 74 |
| Rædwald, king of East Anglia (d.c. 626), vi, 82, 83 -4, 85 |
| Rainulf, count of Aversa (d. 1045), 197 |
| Ralph, Lord Cromwell (d. 1455), 279 |
| Raoul of Burgundy, king of France, (d. 936), 153 |
| Ravenna, 20, 21, 26, 32 | artistic life, 53 | | imperial court at, 3, 176 | | Ostrogoths in, 7 |
|
| Raymond of Agiles (fl.1100), 203, 205 |
| Raymond IV of St Gilles, count of Toulouse (d. 1105), 181, 188 -9, 202, 203, 204, 205 |
| Raymond-Berengar I, count of Barcelona (d. 1076), 180 |
| Raymond-Berengar IV, count of Barcelona (d. 1162), 180 |
| Recceswinth, Visigoth king (fl.c.654): votive crown, 55 |
| relics, sacred, 10, 112, 127, 138, 184 |
| Remigio de' Girolami (d. 1319), 272 |
| Renaissance, viii, ix, 268 -75 |
| Renaissance, Carolingian, 89, 97 |
| Renaissance, Islamic, 175 |
| Renaissance, twelfth century, 134 -7 |
| René of Anjou ( 1409-80), 322 |
| René II, duke of Lorraine (d. 1482), 293 |
| representative government, 218, 254, 277, 328 |
| Repton (Derbys.), Viking raid on, 104 |
| Rheims: |
| rhetoric, 269 -70, 271 -2, 327 |
| Rhine, the/ Rhineland, x, 61, 64, 65, 85, 123 | archbishopric, 146 | | Franks, 88 |
|
| Rhodes, 30 |
| Rhône valley, 179, 184 |
| Richard I, king of England ( 1157-99), 159 -60 |
| Richard II, king of England ( 1367-1400), 317 |
| Richard of Aversa, prince of Capua (d. 1078), 197 |
| Richard de Bury, bishop of Durham (d. 1345), 315 |
| Robert II, count of Artois (d. 1302), 279 |
| Robert II of Jerusalem, count of |