| Ifriqiya, Muslim province, 172 |
| inheritance, rules of, 70 |
| Innocent III, pope ( 1160-1216), 221, 223 -4, 228, 229, 305 -6, 325 |
| Innocent IV, pope (d. 1254), 224, 306 |
| Innsbruck, 278, 321 |
| Inquisition: |
| inventions, 236, 327 |
| 'Investiture Controversy', 132 -4, 161, 222 -6 |
| Iona, monastery on, 71, 72, 73, 101 |
| Ipswich ( Suffolk), 85 |
| Ireland: | Christianity in, 68, 69, 73 ; missions, 71 -2 | | kingdoms, 80 -3; in Scotland, 63 ; see also under kingship | | law, 77 | | monasticism, 43, 44 | | scholarship, 96 | | 'Scotti', 62 | | settlers in Iceland, 107 | | Vikings in, 101 -8 passim, 118 |
|
| Irene, Byzantine empress (d. 802), 95 |
| Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine emperor (d. 1204), 221 |
| Isabella of Castile ( 1451-1504), 263 -6 |
| Isabella of France, queen of Edward II ( 1292-1358), 298 |
| Isabella of Hainault (d. 1190), 159, 160 |
| Isidore, St, bishop of Seville (c. 560-636), 13, 50 |
| Islam, 11 - 13 | Assassins, 244 | | culture, 51, 56, 175 ; art and architecture, 55, 56 | | dynasties: Abbasid, 15, 30, 51, 99, 163, 172, 173, 175, 244, 245 ; Aghlabid, 15, 30 ; Almohad, 194, 246 ; Almoravid, 194 ; Ayyubid, 244 ; Buyid, 174 ; Fatimid, 172, 175 ; Hamdanid, 174 ; Mamluk, 245 ; Tulunid, 15 ; Ummayad, 12, 15, 30, 55 | | fragmentation and reunification, 56, 172 -3, 175 | | Shi'i--Sunni split, 174 | | society, 39 | | trade, 58, 211, 213 -15, 235 -6 | | see also Africa; Arab world; Gaul; Italy; Sicily; Spain |
|
| Isle of Man, Vikings in, 104 |
| Istria, 212 |
| Italy: | arts, 54 -5, 273 -4, 329 | | Byzantines in, 17, 20 -1, 31 -2, 80, 167, 170, 183, 220 | | Carolingian, 37, 38, 54 -5, 93 | | cities, see under urban life | | cultural life, 49, 50, 268 -75, 318, 327 -8; see also Renaissance | | Franks in, 20, 80 | | Germans in, 138 -9, 142, 145, 147, 176 -7, 178 -9, 222 -6 | | heretical sects, 185 -6, 188 | | Islam in, 195 -6, 223 | | Italic League, 262 | | land tenure, 45 | | local government, 39 | | Normans in, ix, 119, 196 - 200, 220 | | Ostrogoths in, 6, 7, 9, 80 | | political divisions, 19, 256 -62 | | Spain and, 227 -8, 258, 263 -4 | | trade, 32, 124, 235 -6, 255 -6; see also under Genoa, Venice, etc. | | vernacular literature, 327 -8 | | Visigoths in, 2, 5 | | see also Lombards; papacy; papal states; Sicily; Rome |
|
| Jacquerie rising ( 1358), 303 |
| Jaen, 246 |
| Jaffa, 245 |
| James I ('the Conqueror'), king of Aragon ( 1213-76), 246 |
| Jarrow, monastery at, 73, 101 |
| Jean, duke of Berry (d. 1416), 279, 316 |
| Jerome, St (c. 331-420), 2 |
| Jerusalem: | capture of ( 638), 42, 46 -7; ( 1099), |
|