stratēgoi, 167
stratiōtai, 168
Stromer family of Nuremberg, 304
Strymon, theme of, 167
Subiaco, monastery of, 183
Sueves, invasion of Gaul and Spain, 3, 62, 64
Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis (c. 1081-1151), 121, 158
Suibne Menn, Irish king (d. 628), 82
Sussex, 80 Christianity in, 72
Sutton Hoo (Suffolk), ship burial, 84
Swabia, duchy of, 140, 141, 146, 147
Sweden, 75, 107, 163 Christianity in, 125
Swithberht, missionary to the Bructeri (d. 713), 74
Switzerland, 293
Sylvester II, pope (d. 1003), 177
Symeon, Bulgar tsar (d. 927), 17
Symeon Stylite, St (d. 459), 42
Syracuse, fall of ( 878), 17
Syria:
Bedouins in, 174
Monophysites in, 11, 40
Persians in, 10
Syriac language, 51
Taborites, 311 -12
Tagliacozzo, battle of ( 1268), 225
Taormina, emirate of, 197
Tara, high-kingship of, 78, 83
Tarento, battle at ( 983), 196
Taron region ( Armenia), stratēgos of, 167
Tarsus, stratēgos of, 167
Tattershall castle (Lincs), 279
Templars, military order, 209, 308
Tephrike, stratēgos of, 167
Terra d'Otranto, Byzantines in, 21
Tertry, battle of ( 687), 90
Teutonic Knights, 209
Thanet, Vikings in, 101
Thebes, 201
Theodora, Byzantine empress (c. 500-48), 7, 46
Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury ( 602-90), 41, 73
Theoderic ('the Great'), Ostrogothic king of Italy ( 455-526), 5
Theodosiopolis (Erzerum), stratēgos of, 167
Theodosius I, Flavius ('the Great'), Roman emperor (c. 346-95) 1, 34
Theodulf of Orléans (d. 821), 97
Theophilus, Byzantine emperor (d. 842), 35
Theophylact, archbishop of Ohrid (d.c. 1108), 169
Thessalonica, 9, 24, 239, 251
Thomas Becket, 110
Three Orders, the, 127 -8
Thuringia/Thuringians, 66, 67, 89
Timur, Mongol leader ( 1336-1405), 252
Toledo, 37, 136
fall of, 193, 194
school of translation in, 195
tolls, exaction of, 123
Toscanelli, Paolo ( 1397-1482), 268
Totila, Ostrogothic king of Italy (d. 552), 7
Toulouse, 4
council at ( 1118), 194
counts of, 180 -1, 188 -9, 283 -5
heresy in, 187, 188
inquisition, 307
Tournai:
abbey of Saint-Martin, 303
grave of Childeric, 65
tournament, 320 -1
Tours, 126, 316, 318 Arab defeat at ( 732-3), 90
towns, see urban life
trade, 29 - 30, 32 -4, 251 Africa, 30, 32, 213 ; Islam, 58, 211, 213 -15, 235 -6; Italy, 26 -7, 33 -4, 56 -8, 235 -6, 241 ; northern Europe, 84 -5, 123 -4; Sicily, 201 ; Spain, 32, 247, 255 ; Venice, 27, 33, 211 -12, 212 -13, 235 -6, 241, 256, 328 ; Viking, 99, 105, 107, 123

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