royal lands were depleted in grants made in order to persuade them to stay and help defend the kingdom. Those born in the east showed increasing hostility to western knights who came on later expeditions, such as the Second Crusade of 1147. In the second half of the century, the authority of the crown was further weakened by noble revolts and the increasing tendency of the greater landholders to act independently. It was bitter faction rivalry over the succession which seriously weakened the kingdom in the 1180s at a time of considerable danger from Arab attack.

Just as the position of king resembled that found in the west, so, too, did the other institutions of the kingdom. As in all Colonial societies, the conquerors brought their own religious institutions with them. Latin clergy were installed in the cities as they fell to the crusading armies and a Latin patriarch was enthroned in Jerusalem as a matter of urgency in 1099. Greek bishops were not allowed to return--another cause for Byzantine hostility. Monastic orders soon followed. The Syrian Christians were allowed to keep their clergy and, most important of all, their access to the Holy Places, such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, but it was clear that, in Outremer as in southern Italy and Spain, the Latin Church was to be supreme. It was not, however, the post-Reform European Church. The kings of Jerusalem exerted much more influence over the choice of senior clergy than would have been acceptable in the contemporary west. The great distance between Rome and the Holy Land made it almost impossible for papal influence to make itself significantly felt and the need to support the monarchy that was, after all, charged with the guardianship of the Holy Land and the safety of the shiploads of pilgrims who arrived from the west each Easter made it difficult to protest too strongly about uncanonical practices.

Defending the Holy Land was the major preoccupation of its rulers and in this sphere, too, the practices of the west were imported into the Holy Land. The army was feudal in composition; those who held land or revenues from the crown were bound to answer the king's summons in time of war. There was always a shortage of experienced fighting men: in 1100 there

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