Mountgrace (N. Yorks), Carthusian monastery, 313
Muhammad (c. 570-632), 11
Muhammad of Toledo, Muslim scholar (fl.1140), 195
Murad I, sultan, 251
Murcia, 246 music, 195
Myriocephalon, battle of ( 1176), 172
Namur, county of, 293
Nancy, 293
Naples, viii, 256, 258, 260, 262, 275
Byzantines in, 21, 27
trade, 27, 33
Naranco ( Spain), Santa MarĂ­a, 55
Narbonne, archbishopric of, 184, 189, 307
Narses, Byzantine general (c. 478-572), 7
Naturns, St Proculus, 54
naval power:
Arab, 30, 33
Byzantine, 30 -1
Italian, 209 -10
see also Vikings
Navarre, 192 occupation of Athens, 242
Nechtansmere ( Scotland), battle at ( 685), 80
Neoplatonism, 49
Neri Acciaiuoli, Florentine duke of Athens (d. 1394), 242
Netherlands, United Provinces of, 293
art, 316 -17, 321
see also Holland
Neustria, 86, 87, 88
Newfoundland, Vikings in, 107
Nicaea ( Asia Minor), Byzantines in, 239, 240 captured by Ottomans, 251
Nicephorus I, Byzantine emperor (d. 811), 17
Nicephorus II Phocas, Byzantine emperor (d. 969), 167, 168
Nicholas, St, bishop of Myra ( 4th century), relics of, 184
Nicholas II, pope (d. 1061), 177, 197
Nicholas V, pope ( 1397-1455), 274
Nicholas I Mystikos, patriarch of Constantinople (d. 925), 165
Nicomedia, battle of ( 1329), 251
Nicopolis:
battle of ( 1396), 252, 301
theme of, 167
Nil, St (c. 910-1005), 183
Nithard, Frankish historian (d. 845), 97
'nobility', concepts of, 113 -14 see also aristocracy
Nogaret, Guillaume de, French jurist (d. 1313), 288
Noirmoutier, monastery of, 101
Nonantola, monastery at, 44, 54
Noricum ( Austria), 4
Normandy, viii, 283, 295, 300, 301 Lower, 302
Normans:
conquest of England, 115, 118, 119, 150, 162 -3
in Italy and Sicily, ix, 119, 169, 196 - 201, 220
Normandy, duchy of, 150
Northumbria, kingdom of, 73, 82, 95
Norway, 76, 107, 108, 163 settlers in Iceland, 107
Norwich cathedral, 327
Novgorod Chronicle, 221
Nur al-Din, Mahmud (d. 1174), 209
Odilo, St, abbot of Cluny (c. 962-1049), 129
Odo, abbot of Cluny (d. 943), 128, 183
Odo, bishop of Bayeux (d. 1097), 305
Odo, count of Blois and Champagne (d.d), 154
Odo, count of Paris, Frankish king (d. 922), 102, 106
Odo, king of France (d. 898), 152, 153
Odoacer, barbarian king of Italy (d. 493), 4, 5
Offa, king of Mercia (d. 796), 101
Oldcastle, Sir John (d. 1417), 310

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