| Lothar III, emperor (d. 1137), 110 |
| Lothar, king of France (d. 986), 153 |
| Lothar of Süpplingenburg, duke of Saxony (d. 1137), 146 |
| Lotharingia, 138, 142, 144, 153, 293 |
| Louis ('the German'), East Frankish king (d. 876), 98, 99, 110 |
| Louis I ('the Pious'), Frankish king; emperor ( 778-840), 35, 91, 94, 96, 98, 101, 110 |
| Louis II ('the Stammerer'), West Frankish king (d. 879), 102 |
| Louis II, emperor ( 822-75), 21, 35, 38 |
| Louis IV of Wittelsbach, emperor ( 1287?-1347), 288 |
| Louis IV, king of France ( 921-54), 153 |
| Louis V, king of France ( 966-87), 153, 154 |
| Louis VI, ('the Fat'), king of France ( 1078-1137), 124, 125, 158 |
| Louis VII, king of France ( 1120-80), 154, 159 |
| Louis IX (St Louis), king of France ( 1215-70), 243, 244, 283 -5, 315, 324 |
| Louis XI, king of France ( 1423-83), 279, 293, 301 |
| Louis I ('the Great'), king of Poland and Hungary ( 1326-82), 282 |
| Louis de Bruges, lord of la Gruthuyse (d. 1492), 319 |
| Louis de Mâle, count of Flanders and Artois (d. 1384), 290 |
| Louis de Nevers, count of Flanders (d. 1346), 299 |
| Louvain university, 319 |
| Love, Nicholas, 314 |
| Low Countries: | arts, 275, 316 -18, 321 -2, 329 | | commerce, 327 | | vernacular writings, 321 -2 | | see also Flanders; Holland; Netherlands |
|
| Lübeck, 149 |
| Lucca ( Italy), 25, 26, 39, 176 |
| Lucera ( Italy), Muslim settlement at, 223 |
| Lull, archbishop of Mainz (d. 816), 75 |
| Luttrell psalter (c. 1340), 316 |
| Luxemburg, county of, 293 |
| imperial house of, 280, 281 |
| Luxueil ( Burgundy), monastery at, 71 |
| Lycandus, stratēgos of, 167 |
| Lyons, 4 |
| Macchiavelli, Niccolo ( 1469-1527), 230, 329 |
| Madeira, 266 |
| Maelrubai, abbot of Applecross (d. 722), 72 |
| Magdeburg, archbishopric of, 125, 127, 131, 141, 142 -3 |
| Magyars, 75, 116, 118, 119, 141, 153 | dukes, 126 | | in Italy, 21 | | see also Hungary |
|
| Maine, 152, 295 |
| Mainz: | archbishopric of, 74, 147 | | patrol boats found at, 61 |
|
| Maitland, F. W., vii |
| Majorca, 246 |
| Malalas, John ( 491?-578), 50 |
| Manfred of Staufen, king of Sicily ( 1232-66), 225, 226, 240 |
| Manichaeanism, 187 |
| Mantzikert, battle of ( 1071), 169 |
| Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (c. 1120-80), 170, 172, 220 |
| Margaret of Flanders, wife of Philip the Bold, 290, 309 |
| Marica, River, battle at ( 1371), 251 |
| marriage: | dynastic importance of, 110 -11, 153 -4, 290 -3 | | views of, 47 | | see also family |
|
| Marseilles, 28 | abbey of Saint-Victor, 183 |
|