trade (cont.) long-distance, 210 -16, 248, 266 -7
Trastamara, house of (Castile), 254
Trebizond, Byzantines in, 239
Trier: capital of Gaul, 62
Tripoli, 204, 205, 245
Tuchinat rising ( 1380s), 303
Tudor, house of, 282
Tunis, 244
Turks, 173 -4
nomadic invaders, 169, 172
Ottoman, 241, 242, 251 -2, 301
Seljuk, 185, 170
see also under Constantinople
Tuscany, ix, 232, 234, 237, 248, 249, 250, 257, 269 -70
Uí Neill, Irish dynasty, 82, 83
Ulaid ( Ireland), 82
'Umar, caliph (c. 581-644), 46
Unam Sanctam, papal bull ( 1302), 285
universities, v, vii, 123, 269, 275, 319, 322, 325
Urban II, pope ( 1042-99), 128, 133, 145
Urban IV, pope (d. 1264), 228
Urban V, pope (d. 1370), 309
urban life, 22 -9, 123 -4, 250 -1, 304, 327, 328
Byzantine, 23 -4
court life, 278 -80
fortifications, 73, 161, 193, 234
industry, 236
Italian, 25 -8, 31 -2, 39, 58, 216 -19, 225, 229 -37, 256 -60, 269, 327, 328 ; communes, 216 -19
trading quarters, 215
Usodimare family, Genoese merchants, 215
Utrecht, 316
Valdès (Waldo), Peter (d.c. 1205), 187
Valencia, 246, 247
Valens, Flavius, Roman emperor (d. 378), 2
Valentinian III (c. 419-455), 65
Valla, Lorenzo ( 1407-57), 271, 272, 329
Valle in Cividale, Santa Maria, 54
Vallombrosa, monastery at, 183
Valois, house of, ix, 277, 278, 283, 286 -7, 288 - 302, 304
Vandals, 6
in Africa, 3, 6
in Gaul, 3, 62
piracy, 30
in Spain, 64
Varna, battle of ( 1444), 252
Vendôme, monastery of Holy Trinity, 126
Venice, 27, 258 -9, 261
art, 274
Byzantines and, 17, 21, 30, 170, 220, 221, 237
government, 218, 258, 260, 261
rivalry with Genoa, 172, 241, 245
St Mark's 55
trade, 27, 33, 210 -11, 211 -13, 236, 241, 256, 328
Vercelli ( Italy), 211
Verdun:
slave market, 213
treaty of (843), 92, 98
Vermandois, 160
vernacular literature, 321 -2, 322 -3, 327 -8
Verona, 26, 211, 218 cultural life, 50
Victor III, pope, see Desiderius, abbot
Vienna, 321 university, 319
Vikings, ix, 99 - 108
Dublin, 103, 105
raids, 75, 101 -5, 116, 118, 119, 163
ships, 99
trade, 99, 105, 107, 123 ; slave trade, 123
villas, 4
Visconti Filippo Maria, ruler of Milan

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