| stratēgoi, 167 |
| stratiōtai, 168 |
| Stromer family of Nuremberg, 304 |
| Strymon, theme of, 167 |
| Subiaco, monastery of, 183 |
| Sueves, invasion of Gaul and Spain, 3, 62, 64 |
| Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis (c. 1081-1151), 121, 158 |
| Suibne Menn, Irish king (d. 628), 82 |
| Sussex, 80 Christianity in, 72 |
| Sutton Hoo (Suffolk), ship burial, 84 |
| Swabia, duchy of, 140, 141, 146, 147 |
| Sweden, 75, 107, 163 Christianity in, 125 |
| Swithberht, missionary to the Bructeri (d. 713), 74 |
| Switzerland, 293 |
| Sylvester II, pope (d. 1003), 177 |
| Symeon, Bulgar tsar (d. 927), 17 |
| Symeon Stylite, St (d. 459), 42 |
| Syracuse, fall of ( 878), 17 |
| Syria: | Bedouins in, 174 | | Monophysites in, 11, 40 | | Persians in, 10 |
|
| Syriac language, 51 |
| Taborites, 311 -12 |
| Tagliacozzo, battle of ( 1268), 225 |
| Taormina, emirate of, 197 |
| Tara, high-kingship of, 78, 83 |
| Tarento, battle at ( 983), 196 |
| Taron region ( Armenia), stratēgos of, 167 |
| Tarsus, stratēgos of, 167 |
| Tattershall castle (Lincs), 279 |
| Templars, military order, 209, 308 |
| Tephrike, stratēgos of, 167 |
| Terra d'Otranto, Byzantines in, 21 |
| Tertry, battle of ( 687), 90 |
| Teutonic Knights, 209 |
| Thanet, Vikings in, 101 |
| Thebes, 201 |
| Theodora, Byzantine empress (c. 500-48), 7, 46 |
| Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury ( 602-90), 41, 73 |
| Theoderic ('the Great'), Ostrogothic king of Italy ( 455-526), 5 |
| Theodosiopolis (Erzerum), stratēgos of, 167 |
| Theodosius I, Flavius ('the Great'), Roman emperor (c. 346-95) 1, 34 |
| Theodulf of Orléans (d. 821), 97 |
| Theophilus, Byzantine emperor (d. 842), 35 |
| Theophylact, archbishop of Ohrid (d.c. 1108), 169 |
| Thessalonica, 9, 24, 239, 251 |
| Thomas Becket, 110 |
| Three Orders, the, 127 -8 |
| Thuringia/Thuringians, 66, 67, 89 |
| Timur, Mongol leader ( 1336-1405), 252 |
| Toledo, 37, 136 | fall of, 193, 194 | | school of translation in, 195 |
|
| tolls, exaction of, 123 |
| Toscanelli, Paolo ( 1397-1482), 268 |
| Totila, Ostrogothic king of Italy (d. 552), 7 |
| Toulouse, 4 |
| Tournai: | abbey of Saint-Martin, 303 | | grave of Childeric, 65 |
|
| tournament, 320 -1 |
| Tours, 126, 316, 318 Arab defeat at ( 732-3), 90 |
| towns, see urban life |
| trade, 29 - 30, 32 -4, 251 Africa, 30, 32, 213 ; Islam, 58, 211, 213 -15, 235 -6; Italy, 26 -7, 33 -4, 56 -8, 235 -6, 241 ; northern Europe, 84 -5, 123 -4; Sicily, 201 ; Spain, 32, 247, 255 ; Venice, 27, 33, 211 -12, 212 -13, 235 -6, 241, 256, 328 ; Viking, 99, 105, 107, 123 |