| Canosa di Puglia ( Sicily), mausoleum of Bohemond at, 201 |
| Canossa, meeting of Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII at ( 1077), 133, 145 |
| Canterbury (Kent), 73 |
| Cape Verde Islands, 266 |
| Capet, Hugh, king of France (c. 938-96), 131, 153 -4 |
| Capetian dynasty, 106, 153, 154 -61, 277, 281, 283 -8, 295 -8 |
| capitalism, 304 |
| Capua, 21, 197 |
| Carcassonne, 180, 307 |
| Carloman, brother of Pippin III (fl.740), 91, 93 |
| Carmelites, 313 |
| Carolingian dynasty, 86, 89 - 99, 103, 106, 115 -16 |
| 'Carolingian Renaissance', 54, 89, 97 -8 |
| Carthage, Muslim capture of, 13 |
| Carthusians, 313 -14 |
| Casimir ('the Great'), king of Poland ( 1310-70), 282 |
| Cassian, John (c. 360-435), 43 |
| Cassiodorus (c. 484-c.580), 5, 43, 49 |
| Castelseprio, frescos at, 54 |
| Castile, kingdom of, 249, 254, 255, 289 | separation from/reunion with León, 190, 246 | | union with Aragon, 253, 254, 263 -4 | | wool trade, 255 |
|
| castles, 118 -19, 124, 279 -80 | see also fortifications and under place-names |
|
| Catalonia, 180, 192, 255, 264 |
| Catalan Company, 242 |
| Usatches, 181 |
| Cathars, vi, 188, 243, 283, 306, 307 |
| Albigensian Crusade, 243, 283, 307 |
| cathedrals, 234, 326 | chapters, 50 | | see also under individual placenames |
|
| Caxton, William ( 1420?-91), 319 |
| Cefalù cathedral, 201 |
| Celestine I, pope (d. 432), 69 |
| Celestine III, pope (d. 1198), 149 |
| Celestine V, pope ( 1215-96), 228, 305, 308 |
| 'Celts', 76 |
| Centulo II, count of Bigorre (fl. 1134), 194 |
| Ceuta, 266 |
| Chalcedon, Council of ( 451), 40 |
| Champagne, counts of, 124 |
| Charlemagne, Frankish king, emperor (c. 742-814), ix, 20 -1, 74 -5, 91, 93 -8, 99, 101, 112 -13, 175, 277, 289, 326 | coronation of, 60, 95 | | 'Roman Empire' of, see Holy Roman Empire |
|
| Charles ('the Good'), count of Flanders (d. 1127), 114, 158 |
| Charles ('the Bold'), duke of Burgundy ( 1433-77), 283, 293, 320 |
| Charles, duke of Lorraine (d. 992), 154 |
| Charles IV, king of Bohemia, emperor ( 1316-78), 279, 311, 317, 323 |
| Charles I ('the Bald'), king of France ( Charles II, emperor) ( 823-77), 98, 99, 102, 113, 114 |
| Charles II ('the Fat'), king of France ( Charles III, emperor) ( 839-87), 152 |
| Charles III ('the Simple') king of France ( 879-929), 103, 150, 152 -3 |
| Charles IV, king of France ( 1294-1328), 281 |
| Charles V ('the Wise'), king of France ( 1337-80), 289, 309 |
| Charles VI ('the Foolish'), king of France ( 1368-1422), 289 |
| Charles VII, king of France ( 1403-61), 279, 291, 300, 301, 318 |
| Charles VIII ('the Affable'), king of France ( 1470-98), 300, 318 |