BARBARIAN SOCIETY AND KINGSHIP

J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, Early Germanic Kingship in England and the Continent ( Oxford, 1971) and The Long-Haired Kings and other studies in Frankish history ( London, 1962), essential studies of German kingship.

P. H. Sawyer and I. N. Wood (eds.), Early Medieval Kingship ( Leeds, 1977).

History of the Franks by Gregory of Tours, trans. L. Thorpe (Harmondsworth, 1974).

Gregory of Tours, Life of the Fathers, trans. E. James ( Liverpool, 1985).

Beowulf in various translations, most conveniently together with nearly all other surviving poems in Old English in S. A. J. Bradley, Anglo-Saxon Poetry ( London, 1982).

K. MacNiocaill, Ireland before the Vikings ( Dublin, 1972).

D. O. Corrain, Ireland before the Normans ( Dublin, 1972).

F. J. Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings ( London, 1973).

CAROLINGIAN EUROPE

R. McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751987 ( London, 1983), a thorough guide.

H. Fichtenau, The Carolingian Empire ( Oxford, 1968), a stimulating introduction.

D. Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne ( London, 1965).

R. Folz, The Coronation of Charlemagne: 25 December 800 ( London, 1974).

Translation of Einhard in Two Lives of Charlemagne trans. L. Thorpe (Harmondsworth, 1969).

P. Riché, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne ( Liverpool, 1978), shows that studies of 'daily life' are almost but not quite impossible for the Dark Ages.

THE NORTH

P. H. Sawyer, The Age of the Vikings ( London, 1962) a controversial and stimulating introduction, now slightly modified by his Kings and Vikings ( London, 1982).

G. Jones, A History of the Vikings ( Oxford, 1968), more detailed and conventional.

P. D. Foote and D. M. Wilson (eds.), The Viking Achievement ( London, 1970).

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