D. M. Nichol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 ( London, 1972), a full narrative account.

N. Cheetham, Medieval Greece ( New Haven and London, 1981), a detailed account, particularly of the 'Latin' colonization of Greece in the late Middle Ages.

K. M. Setton (gen. ed.), A History of the Crusades, esp. vol. ii, The Later Crusades, 1189-1311 ( Madison, 1969), vol. iii, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries ( Madison, 1975), and vol. v, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East ( Madison, 1985), chapters by leading historians on a wide range of topics relating to the crusading movement and eastern Mediterranean history generally.

G. Jackson, The Making of Medieval Spain ( London, 1972), a lively introduction with special emphasis on the multi-cultural history of Spain.

L. W. Lomax, The Reconquista of Spain ( London, 1978).

R. I. Burns, Medieval Colonialism ( Princeton, 1975), on the administration of Valencia after the reconquest.

J. F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain ( Ithaca, 1975), a basic history of the Iberian peninsula.

A. MacKay, Spain in the Middle Ages. From Frontier to Empire, 1000-1500 ( London, 1977), a powerful synthesis.

CRISES AND TRANSITIONS

P. Ziegler, The Black Death ( London, 1969), a thorough introduction.

M. Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death ( New York, 1964), an important study of the change in sentiment as expressed in painting after the plague.

H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: the Classical Age, 1300-1600 ( London, 1973), a thorough introduction.

J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdom 1250-1516 ( 2 vols., Oxford, 1976-8), particularly useful summary of recent research in the field.

J. E. Law, The Lords of Renaissance Italy ( London, 1981: Historical Association pamphlet), a valuable introduction.

D. G. Bueno de Mesquita, Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan ( Cambridge, 1944), both an account of his career and a valuable case-study of despotic rule.

M. Mallett, Mercenaries and their Masters ( London, 1974).

CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION

J. R. Hale, Florence and the Medici: the Pattern of Control ( London, 1977), a useful synthesis of this active area of research.

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