PREFACE.

     
     
     
     
     
      In presenting this book to the public the author can only reiterate what she has already said in works of a similar kind: that she has tried to exclude the mass of confusing details which often make the reading of history a dreary task; and to keep closely to those facts which are vital to the unfolding of the narrative. This is done under a strong conviction that the essential facts in history are those which reveal and explain the development of a nation, rather than the incidents, more or less entertaining, which have attended such development. And also under another conviction: that a little, thoroughly comprehended, is better than much imperfectly remembered and understood.
      M.P.P
      NEW YORK. June 15, 1898.
     
      CONTENTS.
     
        CHAPTER I.
  Ancient Iberia—The Basques—The Keltberians—The
  Phenicians—Cadiz Founded, 1
        CHAPTER II.
  Struggle between Phenicians and Assyrians—Founding
  of Carthage—Decline of Phenicia—Rise
  of Roman Power—First Punic War, 9
        CHAPTER III.
  Hamilcar—Hannibal—Siege and Fall of Saguntum—Rome
  Invades Spain—Scipio's Policy—Cadiz,
  (Gades) Surrendered to the Romans—By What
  Steps IBERIA Became SPAIN—Fall of Carthaginian
  Power—How Spain Became a Roman
  Province, 15
        CHAPTER IV.
  Sertorius—Story of the White Hind—Rome Fights
  Her Own Battles on Spanish Soil—Battle of
  Munda—Cæsar Declared Dictator—The Ides of
  March—Octavius Augustus—Spain Latinized—Four
  Hundred Years of Peace, 24
        CHAPTER V.
  Northern Races in the History of Civilization—Roman
  Empire Expiring—Ataulfus—Attila and
  the Huns—Theodoric—Evaric Completes Conquest
  of Spanish Peninsula—Europe Teutonized—Difference
  between Anglo-Saxon and
  Latin Races, 30
        CHAPTER VI.
  Ulfilas—Arianism—The Spanish Language—Brunhilde—Leovigild—His
  Son's Apostasy—Arianism
  Ceases to be the Established Religion of Spain, 39
        CHAPTER VII.
  Toledo—Church of Santa Maria—Wamba, 45
        CHAPTER VIII.
  Decline of Visigoths—Roderick—Count Julian's
  Treachery—Mahommedanism—Tarif—Prophecy
  Found in the Enchanted Tower—Tarik—Roderick's
  Defeat and Death—Moslem Empire Established in Spain, 50
        CHAPTER IX.
  Musa's Dream of European Conquest—Charles Martel—Characteristics
  of Mahommedan Rule—Mission of the Saracen in Europe—The Germ
  of a Christian Kingdom in the North of Spain, 58
        CHAPTER X.
  Pelayo and the Cave of Covadonga—Alfonso I.—Berbers
  and Arabs at War on African Coast—War
  Extends to Spain—The Omeyyad Khalifs
  Superseded by the Abbasides—Abd-er-Rahman—Omeyyad
  Dynasty Established at Cordova—Ineffectual
  Attempt of the Abbasides to
  Overthrow Abd-er-Rahman—Character of This Conqueror, 64
        CHAPTER XI.
  Charlemagne—Battle of Roncesvalles, 69
        CHAPTER XII.
  Conditions after Death of Abd-er-Rahman—Abd-er-Rahman
  II.—Arab Refinements—Eulogius
  and the Christian Martyrs—Abd-er-Rahman
  III.—A Khalifate at Cordova—The Great
  Mosque—The City of “The Fairest”—Death
  of Abd-er-Rahman III., 72
        CHAPTER XIII.
  Rough Cradle of a Spanish Nationality in the
  Asturias—Alfonso III. and His Hidalgos and
  Dons—Guerrilla Warfare with Moors—Jealousies
  and Strife between Christian Kingdoms—Civil
  War—Almanzor—Ruin of Christian State
  Seemed Imminent—Death of Almanzor—Berber
  Revolt—Anarchy in Moorish State—A Khalif
  Begging a Crust of Bread—Berbers Destroy Cordova—Library
  Burned—City of “The Fairest”
  a Ruin—Asturias—Leon and Castile United—Alfonso
  VI.—The Cid—Triumph of Christians—Moors
  Ask Aid of the Almoravides—Christians
  Driven Back—Death of the Cid—A Dynasty of
  the Almoravides—The Alhomades—The Great
  Mahdi—Moorish People Become Subject to
  Emperor of Morocco—His Designs upon
  Europe—The Pope Proclaims a Crusade—Alhomades
  Driven Out of Spain by Christians—Moorish
  Kingdom Reduced to Province of Granada, 78
        CHAPTER XIV.
  European Conditions in Thirteenth Century—Visigoth
  Kings Recover Their Land—Its
  Changed Conditions—Effect of Arab Civilization
  upon Spanish Nation—Fernando III.—Spain
  Draws into Closer Companionship with
  European States—Alfonso X.—Spain Becoming
  Picturesque—The Bull-Fight—Beautiful Granada—The
  Alhambra, 87
        CHAPTER XV.
  Perpetual Civil War between Spanish States—Castile
  and Aragon Absorb the Others and in Conflict
  for Supremacy—Pedro the Cruel—The
  “Black Prince” His Champion against Aragon—John
  of Gaunt—His Claim upon the Throne of
  Castile—His Final Compromise—Political Conditions
  Contrasted with Those of Other States, 94
        CHAPTER XVI.
  Death of Juan II.—Enrique IV.—Isabella—Her Marriage
  with Ferdinand of Aragon—Isabella
  Crowned Queen of Castile—Ferdinand, King of
  Aragon—The Two Crowns United—Characteristics
  of the Two Sovereigns—The Inquisition
  Created—Jews Driven out of the Kingdom—Abdul-Hassan's
  Defiance—Zahara—Family
  Troubles at the Alhambra—Ayesha and Boabdil—Alhama
  Captured by Ferdinand—Boabdil
  Supplants His Father—Massacre of the Abencerrages—Granada
  Besieged—Its Capitulation—Moorish
  Rule Ended in Spain, 100
        CHAPTER XVII.
  Columbus and Isabella—Isabella's Private Griefs—Her
  Death—Charles, King under a Regency—Charles
  Elected Emperor of Germany—Spain
  during His Reign—Cruelties in the East and
  in the West—Vain Struggle with Protestantism—Abdication
  and Death of Charles, 108
        CHAPTER XVIII.
  Philip II.—Union of Spain and Portugal—The Duke
  of Alva in the Netherlands—War with England—Spanish
  Armada Destroyed—Death of
  Philip II.—Spain's Decline—Glory of the Name
  “Castilian,” 117
        CHAPTER XIX.
  Philip III.—Rebellion of the Moriscos—Last of the
  Moors Conveyed to African Coast—Don Quixote—Philip
  IV.—Louis XIV. Marries Spanish Infanta—A
  Diminishing Kingdom—Carlos II.—First
  Collision between Anglo-Saxon and
  Spaniard in America—Close of Hapsburg Dynasty
  in Spain, 125
        CHAPTER XX.
  New European Conditions—Louis XIV.—War
  of the “Spanish Succession”—Marlborough
  Checks Louis at Blenheim—Archduke Abandons
  Sovereignty in Spain—Peace of Utrecht—Further
  Dismemberment of Spain—Gibraltar
  Passes to England—Bourbon Dynasty—Commences
  with Philip V.—Ferdinand VI.—Carlos
  III.—Expulsion of the Jesuits, 131
        CHAPTER XXI.
  A Dismantled Kingdom—Spanish-American Colonies—England
  and France at War over American
  Boundaries—Spain the Ally of France—Loss
  of Some of Her West India Islands, and
  Capture of Havana and Manila by British—Florida
  Given in Exchange for Return of Conquered
  Territory—Growing Irritation against
  England—France Aids American Colonies in
  War with England—Spain's Satisfaction at
  Their Success—Its Effect in Peru—Revolution
  in France—Rapid Rise of Napoleon—Carlos IV.
  Removed and Joseph Bonaparte King—Spain
  Joins Napoleon in War against England—Trafalgar—Arthur
  Wellesley—Joseph Flees from His Kingdom, 137
        CHAPTER XXII.
  Liberal Sentiment Developing—Constitution of
  1812—Ferdinand VI. and Reactionary Measures—Revolt
  of all the Spanish-American
  Colonies—The Holy Alliance—The Monroe
  Doctrine—Revolution in Spain—Spain under
  the Protectorate of the Holy Alliance—Ferdinand
  Reinstated—Two Political Parties—Six
  Spanish-American Colonies Freed, 144
        CHAPTER XXIII.
  The Salic Law and the Princess Isabella—The
  Carlists—Regency of Christine—Isabella II.—Her
  Expulsion from Spain—Amadeo—An Era
  of Republicanism—Castelar—Alfonso XII. Recalled—His
  Brief Reign and Death—Alfonso XIII., 150
        CHAPTER XXIV.
  Birth of an Insurgent Party in Cuba—Ten Years'
  War—Impossible Reforms Promised—Revolution
  Started by José Marti, 1895—Attitude of
  the American Government—General Weyler's
  Methods—Effect upon Sentiment in America—Destruction
  of the Battle-Ship Maine—Verdict
  of Court of Inquiry—War Declared between
  Spain and America—Victories of Manila and in
  Cuba—Terms of Peace—Marriage of Alfonso
  XIII. and the Princess Ena, 154
     
      ILLUSTRATIONS.
     
        Charles V. Frontispiece
                           FACING PAGE
        Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella 108
        The Surrender of Breda 118
        Philip IV. of Spain 126
        Heroic Combat in the Pulpit of the Church of
  St. Augustine, Saragossa, 1809 144
        The Duke de la Torre sworn in as Regent before
  the Cortes of 1869 152
     
      A SHORT HISTORY OF SPAIN.