Huic gladio perque aerea suta,
Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum.
‘With his sword, through brazen coat of mail and tunic stiff with gold, he wounded his unguarded side.’
17. speculatum. The supine is -um, expressing purpose after a verb of motion.
pugna interdicta, ‘though he had been forbidden to fight.’ Abl. absolute.
1. Agrum Pomptinum. The Ager Pomptinus was a low plain on the coast of Latium, between Circeii and Terracina; it was originally a fertile cornland, but after the third century B.C., it became more and more marshy, till at last the Pomptine marshes were the most malarious district in Italy. They were partially drained from time to time, but no permanent relief was afforded till the time of Pius VI. (1778). The district is still the most unhealthy in Italy.
3. vasta proceritate, abl. of description.
armis auro fulgentibus, abl. abs., ‘a man of enormous stature, with armour gleaming with gold.’
5. per contemptum et superbiam, ‘scornfully and haughtily.’ Cf. per vim, ‘forcibly,’ etc.
6. venire iubet, etc., ‘bids anyone out of the whole Roman army who dares to fight, to come forward and meet him,’ lit. ‘bids (him) come, if anyone dares.’ Auderet is in historical time, because iubet is the historic present, standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.
8. tribunus militaris. The tribuni militum, or militares, were the chief officers of the legion; there were originally three, afterwards six, to each legion.
ceteris ... ambiguis. Abl. absol., ‘since the rest hesitated.’
11. progreditur ... obviam, ‘advances to meet him.’
13. vis quaedam divina fit, ‘a miracle happens’: lit., a divine power is manifested.
16. laniabat ... revolabat, the imperfects denote repeated action.
21. statuam statuendam curavit, ‘had a statue set up’: for this use of curo cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.
Augustus. Cf. xxix. 2. note.
in foro suo, the ‘Forum Augusti.’ There were three great fora at Rome, the F. Augusti, the F. Magnum, Vetus, or Romanum, and the F. Julii.
23. monimentum, in apposition to simulacrum.
1. Aesopus lived about 570 B.C. Little is known about his life. He was a slave, but was freed by one of his masters, Iadmon of Samos. He is said to have visited Croesus, king of Lydia, and Pisistratus of Athens, and to have been sent by the former to Delphi to distribute a gift of money among the citizens. A dispute however arose, and he refused to give any of the money, so the angry men of Delphi threw him over a precipice. Later stories, without good authority, represent him as deformed.
e Phrygia. Cotioeum in Phrygia, Mesembria in Thrace, Samos, and Sardis each claimed to be the birthplace of Aesop.
2. utilia monitu suasuque. The abl. of the supine in -u is regularly used as an abl. of respect. Cf. nefas visu, turpe dictu, facile factu (xxvii. 7.), etc.
5. cum audiendi quadam inlecebra, lit. ‘with some charm of hearing.’
7. spem, etc., ‘that in matters (rerum) which a man can manage himself, hope and trust ought never to be placed in another, but in himself,’ i.e. that a man ought not to rely upon another for what he can do himself.
10. Q. Ennius. Cf. xxxviii. 9.
satiris. Satira or satura (satur = full), properly a mixture of all sorts of things, originally denoted a work which dealt with many subjects; then the title was applied to poems which treated ‘didactically’ the follies and vices of mankind.
versibus quadratis, versus quadrati (square) are those containing eight or seven feet. These lines of Ennius are called Septenarii or Tetrameter Catalectic verses. The principal feet in them are the trochee ¯ ¯ ˘, and spondee ¯ ¯.
Hōc ĕr|īt tĭb(i) | ārgŭ|mēntūm | sēmpĕr | īn prōmp|tū sĭ|tum,
Nē quĭd | ēxpēc|tēs ă|mīcōs, | quod tŭt(e) | ăgĕrĕ | possĭ|es.
12. semper in promptu situm, ‘ever ready at hand.’
13. ne quid, etc., ‘not to wait for your friends at all (quid) in a matter which (quod) you yourself can do.’
possies, old form of possis, pres. subj. of possum.
2. id temporis. Cf. xviii. 7. note, ‘at such a time, as a rule, that the harvest is at hand when its young ones are just becoming fledged.’
3. ea cassita, that particular lark about which the story is told.
congesserat, used absolutely (i.e. without an object) in the sense of making a nest, as we used the word ‘to build.’ Cf. Verg. Ecl. iii. 69, locum aeriae quo congessere columbae.
5. dum iret. Dum, like other temporal conjunctions, takes the indic. (in Oratio R.) when strictly temporal, but the subj. is required when the notion of time is complicated with that of purpose, consequence, etc. In other words, dum, ‘whilst,’ always takes the indic., dum, ‘until,’ the indic. usually, the subj. sometimes, viz., when the idea of expecting or waiting for something comes in. Here purpose is expressed: ‘to enable her to meanwhile go ...,’ ‘till she should go.’ Cf. priusquam emeret, xxxiii. 4. note.
6. quaesitum, ‘to seek for food ...’; the supine in -um expressing purpose after a verb of motion. Cf. xvi. 13, xxii. 17.
7. si quid, etc., ‘if anything unusual happened.’ For the genitive quid rei, cf. id temporis, xviii. 7. note.
11. fac eas et roges, a less peremptory way of expressing a command than the simple imperative. Cf. scribas velim, cura ut scribas, scribe sis (for si vis), instead of scribe.
12. veniant, etc., subj. after roges, ‘ask them to come ...’
15. orare, the historical infinite, used instead of a finite verb. In this construction, which is frequent in an animated description of a scene, the pres. inf. only is used (besides the two perfects odisse and meminisse, which have a present meaning). Dr. Kennedy (Pub. Sch. Lat. Gr., 332) treats it as analogous to the omission of parts of the verb sum (e.g. occisus for occisus est), as it leaves out the expression of time, number, and person. ‘It is used to express the occurrence of actions without marking the order of time.’ (Roby.)
17. misit qui amicos roget. Roget is in subj., because the relative expresses purpose: ‘has sent me to ask ....’ Misit is the perfect proper, ‘has sent,’ a primary tense, hence roget is in the pres. subj.
18. otioso animo esse, abl. of quality, lit. ‘bids them be of an easy mind,’ i.e. ‘bids them be easy in mind.’
4. isti, ironical, ‘those friends of yours are laggards.’
quin ... imus, ‘why do we not rather go ...?’ The conjunction quin (= quî, an old ablative, and -ne) is thus used in exhortations and remonstrances (a) usually with the pres. indic., e.g. quin conscendimus equos? (Livy), ‘why do we not mount?’ i.e. ‘nay, mount at once’: (b) sometimes with the imperative, quin aspice me, ‘nay, look at me’; quin dic uno verbo, ‘just answer in a single word.’
5. cognatos. Cognatus is a kinsman by blood, either on the father’s or the mother’s side; agnatus, a blood relation on the father’s side; gentilis, a member of the same gens, and bearing the same gentile name, e.g. Cornelii, Fabii; all these three classes were consanguinei, related by blood; adfinis, a relation by marriage, or sometimes merely a neighbour.
8. cognatos adfinesque nullos ferme ..., lit. ‘as a rule no kinsmen and neighbours were so good-natured,’ she said, ‘as to make no delay in undertaking work, and to obey orders at once.’
14. valeant, ‘good-bye to ...,’ i.e. let us have no more to do with....
18. id ubi ..., the order is, ubi mater audivit ex pullis dominum dixisse id....
19. tempus cedendi et abeundi, ‘it is time to go and be off.’
20. in ipso enim. The order is, vertitur enim iam in ipso, cuia res est, non in alio, unde petitur, lit. ‘for (the work) now depends upon the man himself, whose the property is, not upon another, from whom (the work) is asked,’ i.e. who is asked to do the work.
1. Pyrrus (318-272 B.C.), king of Epirus, was one of the most famous generals of his age. In 280 he was invited to Italy by the Tarentines to aid them in their struggle with Rome. He defeated the Romans in two great battles, near Heraclea on the Siris in 280, and near Asculum in 279, but his own troops suffered so severely that he concluded an armistice, and in 278 crossed to Sicily to help the Greek colonies in that island against the Carthaginians. The incident mentioned in this selection afforded the pretext for the truce. In 276 Pyrrus returned to Italy, but he was decisively defeated by Curius Dentatus near Beneventum and compelled to leave Italy. He went back to Epirus, and engaged in many new warlike enterprises. In 272, when retreating from Argos, he was stunned by a tile thrown by a woman, and slain by the pursuing soldiers. Hannibal is reported to have said, that of all the great generals the world had seen, Alexander was the greatest, Pyrrus the second, himself the third; or, according to another version, Pyrrus the first, Scipio the second, and himself the third.
in terra Italia, ‘in the land of Italy’; cf. xxxi. 7, in terra Graecia, so urbs Roma, etc., the two substantives being in apposition.
4. Fabricius. Cf. viii. 1. note.
7. facile factu, ‘easy to do.’ Cf. xxiv. 2., utilia monitu et suasu, note.
12. salutem tutaretur, ‘should protect himself from...,’ ‘be on his guard against;’ lit. ‘protect his safety.’
13. laudes ... scripsisse, ‘it is said that Pyrrus wrote to the Roman people, praising and thanking them ...,’ lit. ‘wrote praises and thanks.’
populo Romano. Cf. ad senatum scripsit, line 9. The rule is that, if the verb expresses or implies motion, ad with the acc. is used to express the remoter object; if no motion is implied, the dative is used; so, misit hoc ad me, but dedit hoc mihi. Hence many verbs admit both constructions, as they fall on the line between expressing motion and not expressing it. Scribo is one of these, for the letter has to be sent, so motion is implied, but the verb itself expresses no motion. This rule, however, is not always observed even in prose, and far less so in poetry.
1. In circo maximo. The early Roman legends say that when Tarquinius Priscus had taken the town of Apiolae from the Latins, he commemorated his success by holding races and games in the Murcian Valley, between the Palatine and Aventine hills. Round the valley temporary platforms and stands were erected, and the course with its surroundings was called ‘Circus,’ either because the spectators stood in a circle or because the races went round in a circle. Soon a permanent building was erected in this valley. This was enlarged and beautified from time to time, and known as the Circus Maximus, to distinguish it from the many similar buildings which were erected in various parts of Rome. In the time of Julius Caesar the Circus Maximus was about 600 yards in length, and 200 in width, and held 150,000 people: a century later it could hold twice as many. The building was used chiefly for chariot-racing; but sometimes the area was flooded, and naval battles were represented, and often beasts were let loose in it to fight with one another, or with men, either condemned criminals and captives, or bestiari, specially trained for the purpose. This latter exhibition was called venatio, or pugna venationis. Animals were brought in almost incredible numbers from all parts of the Roman world to be thus slaughtered. Julius Caesar once turned 500 lions into the arena together, and Augustus, in the Monimentum Ancyranum, boasts that he had thus killed 3,500 elephants during his reign.
2. multae ibi ferae, sc. erant.
7. quasi admirans. Cf. quasi desiperet, xv. 6. note.
15. videres, ‘you might have seen.’ Cf. Livy, maesti, crederes victos, redeunt in castra, ‘you would have thought they had been defeated.’ This use is confined to the second person singular (‘you’ indefinite = one); the subjunctive is explained by treating the expression as part of a conditional sentence, the condition understood being the reality of the subject. ‘If you had been there, you might have seen....’
2. Caesar, probably Claudius, emperor 41-54 A.D.; he was the fourth emperor—Augustus being the first, Tiberius the second, and Caligula the third. Caesar was originally the name of a patrician family of the Julian gens. The name was taken by Augustus (Octavianus), as the adopted son of the Dictator, C. Julius Caesar: by Tiberius, as the adopted son of Augustus Caesar: and it continued to be used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as members, by adoption, or female descent, of Caesar’s family. This family became extinct with Nero, but succeeding emperors employed the name as part of their official title.
3. uni with illi, ‘had spared him alone.’
pepercisset, subj. after the dependent interrogative cur.
5. proconsulari imperio. The Proconsulare Imperium is the power held by a man who acts pro consule, ‘in the place of a consul.’ As the number of Roman provinces increased, it became the custom under the Republic for men, who had held the office of consul, to accept the government of provinces for a year, and rule these with the “Imperium Proconsulare,” which was conferred by a special decree of the Senate and of the people. Under the Empire the provinces were divided into two groups: (1) the Senatorial Provinces (the more peaceful ones in which no large armies were maintained), which were governed with Imperium Proconsulare by men who had been consuls or praetors: (2) the Imperial Provinces, which were governed with Praetorian power by Legati Caesaris, who acted as the Emperor’s deputies.
Africam, the Roman name for the district round Carthage.
10. consilium fuit, ‘my plan was,’ ‘I purposed.’
14. debili ... pede. Abl. absol., ‘with one foot lame and bloodstained.’
22. volnere intimo expressi, ‘I pressed out from the bottom of the wound.’ Words compounded with ab, cum, de, and ex usually govern an abl., either with or (less frequently in prose) without the preposition repeated.
23. cruorem: cruor is ‘gore,’ i.e. blood which has flowed from a wound; sanguis, either ‘gore,’ or blood circulating in the body.
1. triennium totum, acc. of duration of time; ‘for three whole years.’
2. eodemque et victu, abl. of matter; ‘on the same food also.’
nam quas, etc. The order is—‘ferebat ad specum mihi (to the cave for me), membra opimiora ferarum quas venabatur,’ the antecedent ferarum being attracted into the relative sentence, and so becoming feras.
7. viam ... permensus, ‘having travelled a journey of almost three days.’
9. rei capitalis, the genitive of the charge used after verbs of condemning and acquitting. Res capitalis is a crime punishable by death or loss of civil rights, caput denoting both life and civil status. Cf. xix. 1. note.
10. damnandum curavit. Cf. xiii. 1. 4. note.
11. quoque, the lion, as well as I, having been captured.
1. in terra Graecia. Cf. in terra Italia, xxvii. 1. note.
fama celebri, abl. of quality, ‘of great reputation.’
5. Athenis, ‘at Athens,’ the locative case. Cf. xi. 1. note.
Electram, etc. The order is—acturus Electram Sophoclis, debebat gestare urnam quasi cum Oresti ossibus, ‘being about to play the part of Sophocles’ Electra (i.e. the part of Electra in the play of Sophocles called ‘the Electra’) he had to carry an urn, supposed to contain (quasi cum) the bones of Orestes.’ Women’s characters were played by men both on the Greek and on the Roman stage.
When Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae, returned from the Trojan war, he was murdered by his wife Clytaemnestra. Electra, their daughter, contrived to save her young brother Orestes, and send him to the court of Strophius, king of Phocis. After some years Orestes returned in company with Pylades, the son of Strophius. At first he pretended to be a messenger from Strophius, who had come to announce the death of Orestes in a chariot race, in token of which he brought an urn containing, he said, the ashes of the dead man. Finally, he made himself known to Electra, and then slew Clytaemnestra and her lover Aegisthus.
Sophocles, 495-406, the great Athenian tragic poet, was thirty years younger than Aeschylus and fifteen years older than Euripides. He is said to have written 130 plays, but of these seven only have reached us, of which the ‘Electra,’ here mentioned, is one.
6. Oresti. The gen. sing. of Greek proper names in -es of the third declension usually ends in -i, sometimes in -is. Hence we have nom. and voc., Orestes; acc., Oresten and Orestem; gen., Oresti and Orestis; dat., Oresti; abl., Orestĕ, rarely Orestē. The plural, when used, follows the first declension.
11. quasi Oresti amplexus. Oresti is the gen. depending on ossa understood.
12. itaque, etc., lit. ‘and so when a play seemed to be represented, (true) grief was represented.’
When the great English actor Macready played the part of Virginius, soon after the death of his own daughter, he declared that his recent experience of real grief gave a new force to his acting. Diderot, on the other hand, in his famous Paradoxe sur le Comédien, maintains that the emotions of the actor must be artificial, not real, to produce an artistic effect.
2. qui pro se ... advocaverunt, ‘they engaged men to plead their case’; lit. ‘who should speak for them,’ qui being used in a final sense, and hence the subj. For this sense of advocaverunt cf. the English word ‘advocate.’
4. Demosthenes, the greatest of Athenian orators, was born in 385 and died in 322 B.C. As a statesman his whole policy was directed to resisting the aggressions of the Macedonian kings Philip and Alexander (cf. vi.). He made many bitter enemies, of whom Demades (line 22) was one of the most important. Demades was a warm supporter of the Macedonian party, and, as he is known to have been an unprincipled man, this story probably applies to him, and not to Demosthenes.
11. lana multa ... circumvolutus, lit. ‘wrapped round as to his neck with much wool.’ Collum is the acc. of respect.
12. eo, for that reason, therefore.
14. non synanchen ... sed argyranchen, ‘that his throat was inflamed not by cold, but by gold.’ Argyranche (αργυραγχη) is a sarcastic word coined to imitate synanche (συναγχη), ‘an inflamed throat.’
15. quin... quoque, ‘nay he even prided himself upon it,’ lit. ascribed it as a glory (dat of purpose or complement, cf. viii. 4. note) to himself. Quinetiam is more common than the simple quin in this sense.
17. quantum mercedis. For this ‘genitive of the thing measured,’ usually called the ‘partitive genitive,’ depending of a neuter pronoun, cf. id temporis, xviii. 7. note, ‘how much pay he had received for acting.’ Accepisset is subj. after the dependent interrogative quantum.
18. uti ageret, lit. in order to act, a final sentence. So ‘ut tacerem’.
19. talentum, the Attic talent, £243 15s.
1. Marcus Tullius Cicero, the famous Roman orator, was born near Arpinum on Jan 3rd, 106 B.C. He was consul in 63 B.C., and was murdered Dec 7th, 43 B.C., by the emissaries of M. Antonius.
in Palatio, the Palatium or Mons Palatinus was the hill on the S.W. of the Roman Forum. On it the original city is said to have been built.
2. in praesens sc. tempus, ‘for the present’. Praesens, the pres. participle of praesum, and absens, the pres. participle of absum, are the only forms in which the pres. participle of sum is found.
P. Sulla, the nephew of the great Dictator, L. Sulla, was accused of complicity in the Catilinarian conspiracy. He was defended by Cicero and Hortensius—the famous rival of Cicero, and, though certainly guilty, was acquitted, 62 B.C.
mutua ... tacita accepit, ‘accepted as a secret loan....’
sestertium viciens, 2,000,000 sestertii, i.e. about £19,000. The unit for reckoning large sums was the sestertius or nummus (¼ of a denarius, the ordinary silver coin in use, or 2½ asses), in value about 2¼d. Up to 2,000 the cardinal numbers were prefixed, e.g. centum sestertii, mille sestertii, etc. The gen. plur. of sestertius is sestertium, so 2,000 sestertii is duo millia sestertium. This form sestertium in time became treated as if it were a neuter singular. Hence for duo millia sestertium, duo or bina sestertia was written, as the ‘distributive’ form of the numeral was often used. Hence for sums from 2,000 up to 1,000,000 sestertii we have duo or bina sestertia, sexaginta or sexagena sestertia, etc. For sums above 1,000,000 sestertii the numeral adverb was generally employed: thus, 2,000,000 sestertii was written viciens centena (or centum) millia sestertium, which was generally contracted into viciens sestertium, or viciens alone.
4. priusquam emeret. Priusquam and antequam, like other temporal conjunctions, usually govern the indicative; but when they introduce an event which is expected, and its occurrence prevented, i.e. when they convey any idea of purpose, they usually require the subjunctive. Cf. note on dum iret, xxv. 5. Translate, “before he could buy.”
quod ... accepisset, ‘that he had accepted.’ Fees to lawyers were illegal at Rome; but the law was evaded in many ways.
10. inter ridendum, ‘amidst his laughing.’ Cf. note on the gerund, xiii. 1.
ἀκοινονοητοι (akoinŏnŏētoi), ἀ-κοινος-νοητος (νόησις) #a-koinos-noêtos (noêsis)#, not having common sense. The word is not found in extant Greek works.
11. cum ignoratis, ‘because you do not know that.’ This use of cum with the indic., giving a reason, is common in early writers (e.g. Plautus), but only used by Cicero after such words as laudo and gratulor. Later writers do not employ it.
12. patris familias, ‘it is the custom of a prudent and careful master of the household to say that he is not going to buy what he wishes to purchase....’ For the genitive, cf. cuiusvis hominis est errare, ‘it is any man’s nature to err,’ etc. The genitive may be explained by saying that it depends upon some such word as indoles, ‘nature,’ officium, ‘duty,’ etc., understood.
3. Mons Cispius was one of the peaks of Mons Esquilinus, on the E. of the Forum.
subeuntes montem. Many intransitive verbs, especially verbs of motion, gain a semi-transitive or transitive force by being compounded with prepositions, chiefly prepositions which govern an acc., e.g. adire, circumvenire, adstare, adloqui, oppugnare, etc. But many of these compounds govern a dative, instead of, or as well as, an accusative, e.g. adlabi, succedere. Some verbs compounded with prepositions which govern an ablative take an accusative, e.g. convenire, expugnare, etc.
4. insulam. Insula was a house for poor people, let out in rooms or flats to several families; as opposed to domus, the large mansion of a single wealthy family.
multis ... editam, built to a great height with many floors.
7. magni, nominative, ‘the profits of city property are great.’
8. si quid remedii. For the gen. cf. id temporis, xviii. 7. note, ‘if any remedy could have been found to prevent houses burning so constantly at Rome, I would have sold....’
10. venum dedissem. Venum (neuter) is only found in the classical period in the acc. sing., but Tacitus uses veno, and still later writers venui. Venum do—often written as one word, venumdo, contracted into vendo—is ‘I give for sale’; venum eo—often written veneo—is ‘I am for sale.’ For the acc. cf. pessum dare, ‘I give to destruction,’ and pessum ire, ‘I go to destruction.’
12. annalem undevicensimum, ‘the nineteenth book of the history (annals) of Q. Claudius....’
13. Mitridati, genitive; cf. Oresti, xxxi. 6. note.
14. defenderes, subj. after the dependent interrogative quo.
15. L. Cornelius Sulla, surnamed Felix, was born in 138 and died 78 B.C. He first distinguished himself in Africa, when serving under Marius in the campaign against Jugurtha (107-106). In 88 he was appointed to the command of the war against Mitridates, but Marius, eager to obtain this for himself, got a new law passed transferring the command to himself. Sulla thereupon marched upon Rome with his troops, and Marius fled, only to return and deluge the streets of Rome with blood, when his rival had sailed for the East. The siege of Athens here referred to took place in 86: in 83 Sulla returned to Rome, and quickly overthrew the remains of the Marian party, Marius having died in 86. In 81 Sulla was appointed Dictator. He devoted two years to reforming the State, and restoring the power of the senate and aristocracy, and then retired into private life in 79. In the following year he died.
Piraeum. Piraeus, Munychia, and Phalerum were the three harbours of Athens.
1. Arion. This story about Arion comes from the Greek historian Herodotus. Periander was “tyrant” of Corinth from 625 to 585 B.C. Like most of the Greek “tyrants” he was a patron of art and literature.
nobilis is common in the sense of ‘famous,’ as well as in its technical use of one whose ancestors had held curule office.
Methymnaeus. Methymna was a town at the northern extremity of Lesbos.
5. viseret, the imperf. subj., because proficiscitur is the ‘historical present’ standing for a past tense. Cf. xxi. 12. note.
8. ut notiores, ‘as better known....’
10. in altum, ‘the deep sea.’
11. de necando Arione, gerundial attraction. Cf. xiii. 7. note.
21. carmen ... orthium, Greek νόμος ὄρθιος, lit. the loud, high song, was the name for a shrill, stirring air.
2. cursum ... tenuerunt, ‘held on their course.’
4. fluitanti sese homini subdidit, ‘placed itself under the floating man.’
5. incolumique corpore et ornatu, abl. absol., ‘carried him to land (devexit) at Taenarum, in the country of Laconia, with body and clothes unharmed.’ Taenarum is the acc. of ‘place whither.’
in terram Laconicam, lit. ‘to Taenarum into the land of Laconia.’ So ‘he set out for Carthage in Africa’ is ‘profectus est Carthaginem in Africam.’
6. Taenarum was a promontory and town in the S.W. of Laconia, now Cape Matapan.
7. devexit, ‘carried down,’ i.e. to land. The Greeks and Romans spoke of the coast line as lower than both the inland country and the ‘high’ sea. Cf. the uses of ἀναβαίνω and καταβαίνω.
8. talemque, etc., lit. ‘presented himself to King Periander, not expecting him, in the same guise (talem) as he had been in (qualis) (when) carried on the dolphin.’
quasi falleret. Cf. quasi desiperet, xv. 6. note.
12. dissimulanter, secretly, hiding the truth; simulanter, feignedly, pretending what does not exist (the form simulanter is post-classical). This distinction between simulo and dissimulo is expressed in the pentameter—
“Quod non es simulas, dissimulasque quod es,”
‘you pretend what you are not, and hide what you are.’
13. audissent, subj. after the dept. interrogative ‘ecquid.’
unde venissent, subj. because a dept. sentence in the interrogatio obliqua, after interrogavit.
18. ire infitias, ‘to deny.’ For the phrase, cf. ire exequias, ‘to attend a funeral.’ The acc. in these phrases must be compared with the ‘acc. of place whither’ after a verb of motion, e.g. Romam, domum, rus ire; and the acc. of the supine used to express purpose after a verb of motion, e.g. lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego (Horace), ‘Maecenas goes to play, I to sleep.’
20. quod, ‘the fact that...,’ introduces the substantival sentence ‘simulacra ... visuntur’ which is the subject of est.
21. delphinus and homo are in opposition with simulacra.
1. ruris colendi insolens, ‘ignorant of agriculture.’ For the gerundial attraction, cf. xiii. 1. note.
3. qui ... sciret, ‘since he knew...,’ the relative when used in a causal sense governs the subjunctive.
10. faceret, subj. after the dept. interrogative cur; ‘he asked why he was making....’
13. gratias agens. The plural gratias is always used with agere; but after referre, debere, sentire, etc., the singular, gratiam, is most commonly found.
15. imperitus goes closely with detruncat. In English we should use the adverb, ‘ignorantly (or, in his ignorance) cuts the tops off....’
vites suas sibi omnes et oleas, ‘all the vines and olives that he possessed.’
18. pomis gignendis felicia, lit. all the twigs ‘productive for bearing fruit,’ i.e. ‘all the fruit-bearing twigs.’ Pomis gignendis is the dative after felicia. For the gerundive attraction cf. xiii. 1. note.
felicia. The root of felix is the same as the root of fecundus (fruitful), fetus (offspring), etc. Hence the earliest meaning of felix is fruit-bearing: in this sense it is used in Lucretius, Ovid, Livy, etc., and the adverb felicius in Verg. (hic segetes, illic veniunt felicius uvae.—Georg. i. 54.)
1. Mitridates VI., king of Pontus, 120-63 B.C., was the most powerful foe whom the Romans encountered in the East. The first Mitridatic war was brought to a successful conclusion by Sulla in 84 B.C.; the second, 83-82 B.C., was uneventful; the third, 74-63 B.C., in which Pompeius distinguished himself, ended in the flight and suicide of the king, as described in line 8.
2. quorum ... cavebat, ‘by the continual use of which he protected himself from secret attempts at banquets’; epularum is a descriptive genitive depending on insidiis.
3. quin ... est. Cf. quin quoque, xxxii. 15. note, ‘nay, he even....’
ostentandi gratia, ‘to show off.’
6. in ultima regni, ‘to the most distant parts of his kingdom.’
9. Q. Ennius (239-169 B.C.), though a Greek by birth, spent his life at Rome, and was regarded by the Romans as the father of their poetry, alter Homerus (Horace). His most important work was the Annales, an epic poem upon the history of Rome. Only a few fragments of his writings have reached us.
10. Osce. The Osci were a primitive people who lived in Campania.
14. lingua locutus est, ‘he spoke in the tongue and language of each as skilfully as if he had been of that nation.’
1. eloquentiae discendae causarumque orandi cupidus, lit. ‘was anxious to learn eloquence and to plead causes.’
causarum orandi, the genitive orandi depends upon cupidus, and causarum is a genitive depending on the gerund orandi. This construction (instead of the gerundial attraction, or the ordinary acc. after the gerund) is very rare; but cf. nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas (Cic de Juv. ii. 2), ‘we had the power of choosing examples.’
in disciplinam ... sese dedit, ‘entered himself as a pupil of Protagoras,’ lit. gave himself to the teaching of Protagoras.
3. Protagoras, of Abdēra, in Thrace, was born about 480 B.C. and died 411 B.C. He came to Athens before the year 445, and there established a school. He was the first Greek philosopher who called himself a ‘Sophist,’ and taught for pay.
daturumque, etc. The order is—promisit se daturum esse grandem pecuniam mercedem, ‘promised to give a large sum as a remuneration....’ Mercedem is in apposition with pecuniam.
6. quo primo die, ‘on the first day on which he pleaded and won a case’; the antecedent primo die is attracted into the relative clauses, a common construction in Latin. Cf. xxx. 2.
8. causas ... reciperet, ‘did not undertake cases,’ i.e. take briefs.
12. litem ... contestatur is the technical phrase for setting a suit on foot by calling witnesses; ‘he brings an action against Euathlus.’
17. ex sententia, in accordance with the votes of the judges. ‘Sententia’ is an expressed opinion, hence our ‘sentence.’
18. secundum te, ‘in your favour.’
24. pro causa mea senserint, ‘shall have pronounced in my favour.’
1. proelium Cannense, 216 B.C. Cf. ix. 1. Note the use of the adjective, where we use a subst. and prep., ‘the battle of Cannae.’
2. electos ... misit, ‘sent to Rome ten men chosen out of our captives,’ i.e. ‘selected ten of our captives and sent them to Rome.’ Cp. xxi. 3. note.
3. videretur, ‘if it seemed good to the Roman people.’
4. quos alteri plures acciperent, ‘whom the one side received more (than the other)’; plures is acc. qualifying quos.
5. argenti, etc., ‘a pound and a half of silver by weight.’
6. hoc iusiurandum eos adegit, ‘bound them by this oath.’ Adigere aliquem iusiurandum, or ad iusiurandum, is literally to drive a man to an oath, i.e. to make him take it. After the time of Livy the construction adigere aliquem iure iurando, ‘to bind a man by an oath,’ was more common.
12. postliminio, ‘by the right of postliminium.’ Postliminium is “the recovery of rights by a person returned from captivity, or the recovery of rights over a person or thing recovered from hostile possession” (Poste’s Gaius, § 129), since a man by hostile capture became the slave of the enemy, and so during the interval of captivity his rights as a free citizen were suspended. The usual derivation given is from post and limen, ‘a returning behind the threshold’; others derive the post from the same root as potestas and possessio.
liberatos religione, ‘freed from their obligation.’
19. quoniam, etc., lit. ‘since, when they had left the enemy’s camp, they had returned to it (eo lem. lit. to the same place) on an imaginary pretext, as if for some accidental reason, and so had again left (the camp) not bound by an oath.’
24. censores. Two censors were elected every five years (lustrum); they held office for 18 months. Their duties were (1) to take the census, i.e. the register of the citizens and their property; (2) to exercise a supervision over the morals of the citizens, and punish defaulters by the nota censoria, and degrade them in various ways. The consequence of the nota was ignominia.
[The words in brackets are not to be translated.]
1. Vergil used to produce his verses like a bear.
2. The verses of Vergil were at first rough and unfinished.
3. He used to polish and correct his rough verses like a bear.
4. That animal by licking gives features to its shapeless offspring.
5. All the verses of Vergil were afterwards polished and corrected.
6. The offspring of that animal is at first rough and shapeless.
7. It produces a shapeless offspring, but afterwards licks and forms it.
8. The rough verses were polished and corrected by Vergil, as (its) offspring is licked and formed by that animal.
1. Philemon was an author by no means equal to Menander.
2. Do you not blush, whenever you defeat me in such contests?
3. Philemon did not blush when he met Menander.
4. Philemon often defeated Menander in those contests.
5. Menander will meet Philemon by chance.
6. Menander, a writer of comedies, defeated Philemon by bribery.
7. Menander and Philemon were by no means equal.
8. How do you defeat me in these contests?
1. A wonderful thing is told by Plutarch about the palm.
2. Great weights were placed by the philosophers on the stem of that palm tree.
3. The tree will not yield, but will rise against the great weight.
4. They have made the palm the emblem of victory.
5. Why is this tree an emblem of victory in battle?
6. The stem of the tree was not bent by the weights placed upon it.
7. Philosophers tell many wonderful tales about this tree.
8. This tree was made by the Greeks the emblem of victory.
1. It is said that Xanthippe was the wife of Socrates the philosopher.
2. Socrates had a very bad-tempered wife, Xanthippe by name.
3. He did not drive his quarrelsome wife from home.
4. I can bear the impertinence of the others more easily.
5. The wife of Socrates was very quarrelsome both day and night.
6. The friends of Socrates wondered at his bad-tempered wife.
7. Why has your quarrelsome and bad-tempered wife not been driven from home?
8. Alcibiades, the friend of Socrates, wondered at Xanthippe, the quarrelsome wife of that philosopher.
1. Voluntary labours used to strengthen the body of Socrates.
2. He used to stand day and night motionless.
3. Socrates lived in perfect health for almost his whole life.
4. A plague ravaged the city of Athens in the Peloponnesian war.
5. Socrates kept his bodily vigour during the plague which ravaged Athens.
6. He used to stand with his eyes directed to the same place.
7. Socrates bore very many labours to strengthen his body.
8. He directed his eyes to the same place from one sunrise to the next sunrise.
1. King Alexander had a wonderful horse called Bucephalas.
2. No one, except King Alexander, could mount this horse.
3. The king, seated on this horse, performed many brave deeds in the Indian war.
4. Darts were thrown from all sides at King Alexander.
5. The king was carried back at full speed by the dying horse from the middle of the battle.
6. A town, called Bucephalon, was built by Alexander in that place.
7. The horse was pierced by many wounds and fell down almost lifeless.
8. Alexander built a town in India, which he called Bucephalon in honour of his wonderful horse Bucephalas.
1. Alcibiades was educated by his uncle Pericles.
2. A flute-player endeavoured to teach Alcibiades to play the flute.
3. The flute was handed to Alcibiades by his master.
4. The flute was thrown away and broken by the boy Alcibiades.
5. The Athenians unanimously ceased to play the flute.
6. The uncle caused the boy to be taught to play the flute.
7. The wise uncle caused many masters to be summoned.
8. Flute-playing was formerly considered by the Athenians a most honourable accomplishment.
1. The Samnites sent ambassadors to C. Fabricius, the Roman general.
2. They offered the Roman general a large sum of money as a gift.
3. Many things were lacking to the magnificence of his home.
4. Fabricius could control his eyes, mouth and ears.
5. Fabricius was unwilling to receive the money from the Samnites.
6. The Samnites know (how) to use the money.
7. Fabricius did many things for the Samnites after peace had been made.
8. The Roman general was unwilling to use the Samnite money.
1. The king had collected his forces on the plain.
2. King Antiochus was about to make war on his enemies, the Roman people.
3. The army of the king was glittering with gold and silver trappings.
4. He manœuvred his chariots, cavalry and elephants.
5. These things will be enough for the greedy Romans.
6. Many elephants had been collected by Antiochus.
7. Hannibal jeered at the cowardice of Antiochus’ soldiers.
8. The king had collected chariots with sickles and elephants with turrets.
1. The death of Milo was wonderful and pitiable.
2. Athletics were abandoned by Milo (when) advanced in age.
3. A large oak was standing near the road.
4. He thrust his fingers into the hollows of the tree.
5. Milo endeavoured with his fingers to tear open the oak.
6. The tree returned to its natural position and shut in his hands.
7. The man was torn to pieces by wild beasts.
8. The oak was torn open by the hands of Milo.
1. The Roman senators used to enter the senate house with their sons.
2. The senators were consulting about a very important matter.
3. No one spoke about the matter, (which had been) adjourned to the next day.
4. The mother of the boy Papirius was very anxious to hear the matter.
5. It is advantageous to the state for one man to have two wives.
6. The boy was unwilling to tell his mother those matters.
7. In that city one woman was not married to two men.
8. I must be silent, for I am not allowed to tell you this.
1. On hearing this she betook herself in alarm to the other women.
2. Next day a crowd of women came to the senate-house.
3. What is this crowd of women, and what do these demands mean?
4. The boy advances into the middle of the senate-house and says these things.
5. Afterwards no boy entered the senate-house except Papirius.
6. The name (of) “Praetextatus” was given to the boy.
7. The women were frightened and surrounded the senate-house weeping and praying.
8. The senators wondered, when they saw the crowd of matrons.
1. Sertorius was an energetic general, skilled in commanding an army.
2. In times of difficulty he used to pretend dreams and tell lies to the soldiers.
3. A certain man gave Sertorius a white doe of remarkable beauty.
4. This doe has been presented to me by heaven.
5. The doe used to converse with Sertorius and advise him.
6. He announced that the doe had given him this advice.
7. The soldiers willingly obeyed Sertorius as if (he were) a god.
8. The doe, which had been given him as a gift, was of remarkable beauty and extraordinary speed.
1. The doe, alarmed by an inroad of the enemy, took to flight.
2. The doe one day hid in a neighbouring marsh, and was searched for in vain.
3. It was believed that Sertorius’ doe had perished.
4. Sertorius ordered the man, who found the doe, to be silent.
5. The doe appeared to me in the middle of the night and foretold what must be done.
6. The doe was suddenly let loose into the room, in which Sertorius and his friends were sitting.
7. The credulity of these barbarians was very useful to the general.
8. No one deserted Sertorius, though he was often conquered.
1. An old woman brought nine books to King Tarquin.
2. She said that she wished to sell the books, which she had brought.
3. The woman demanded an immense (sum of) money, and therefore the king laughed.
4. Three out of the nine books were burnt before the king’s face.
5. The king said that the old woman was certainly mad.
6. She sold these books for the same price that she had demanded for all.
7. Tarquin at first despised the old woman, but afterwards bought the three remaining books.
8. The books, which this old woman sold to Tarquin, are called the Sibylline (books).
1. Scipio Africanus did not receive money from King Antiochus.
2. Scipio made peace with Antiochus on favourable terms.
3. Many charges were made against Scipio by M. Naevius.
4. This is the day on which Scipio conquered Hannibal in a very great battle in Africa.
5. This victory of Scipio in the land of Africa was very famous.
6. They went to the Capitol, to give thanks to Jupiter.
7. The assembly did not pass sentence on Scipio.
8. They all followed Scipio to his house with rejoicings and congratulations.
1. Cato, Scipio’s enemy, won over a certain tribune, named Petilius.
2. He was unwilling to give an account of the money and spoil to the senate.
3. Scipio produced a book, in which was written an account of the money and the spoil.
4. He tore the book to pieces with his own hands.
5. The safety of the state ought to be ascribed to Scipio.
6. He rose and produced a book, in which were the accounts.
7. I will not read the accounts to you, for I am unwilling to insult myself.
8. Scipio had taken much money and spoil in the war against Antiochus, and had written an account of it in a book.
1. Old writers have told many (tales) about the life and deeds of Africanus.
2. Before dawn Scipio used to go to the temple of Jupiter.
3. The dogs did not attack Scipio as he went to the Capitol.
4. The attendants of the temple wondered that the dogs did not bark at Scipio.
5. Scipio was attacking a very strong town, situated in Spain.
6. There was small hope of taking this strong town.
7. He ordered bail to be given by the soldier for (his appearance on) the third day.
8. Scipio stretched out his hand towards the town, which he was attacking.
1. The man must be condemned by the law.
2. I consulted about the life of my friend with the judges.
3. I persuaded the other judges to acquit my friend.
4. He silently gave his vote for condemning the man.
5. The duty of a friend and of a judge was thus safe.
6. He consulted with himself about the life of his friend.
7. Two out of the three judges acquitted my friend.
8. It is the duty of a judge to condemn a man, who ought by the law to be condemned.
1. A certain young man was very fond of old words.
2. In his daily conversations he used old-fashioned expressions.
3. The Pelasgi were the first who inhabited Italy.
4. He used old-fashioned words, as though he were talking with the mother of Evander.
5. He did not wish any one to understand what he said.
6. You ought to be silent, and thus you would gain what you wish for.
7. You ought to use modern expressions, if you wish to be understood.
8. I love the old Aurunci, for they were honourable and good.
1. Titus Manlius took a necklace from an enemy, whom he had killed.
2. He was named Torquatus in honour of a necklace, which he had taken from an enemy.
3. A certain Gaul advanced with a shield and two swords.
4. A Gaul advanced, who surpassed the other in height and strength.
5. He beckoned with his hand, and cried with a very loud voice.
6. The others dared not fight against this enemy, on account of his dreadful appearance.
7. The barbarian began to jeer at them, because no one dared to advance.
8. T. Manlius was grieved that the others dared not fight against the Gaul.
1. The two soldiers, the Roman and the Gaul, fought on the bridge in the sight of both armies.
2. Manlius trusted in his courage, the Gaul in his skill.
3. The enemy’s shield was struck again by Manlius.
4. Manlius wounded the Gaul’s shoulder with his Spanish sword.
5. The Roman threw his enemy down and cut off his head.
6. The bloodstained necklace was taken from the neck of the Gaul by Manlius.
7. The son of Manlius killed an enemy, who had challenged him, although he had been forbidden to fight by his father.
8. Harsh commands are called “Manlian,” because this Manlius beheaded his own son.
1. The consul drew up the Roman lines facing the vast forces of the Gauls.
2. The arms of the Gallic leader shone with gold.
3. The Gaul, a man of enormous height, advanced shaking his spear.
4. He haughtily ordered any Roman to come, who dared to fight against him.
5. Whilst the others were wavering between shame and fear, Valerius advanced boldly against the enemy.
6. A raven suddenly attacked the eyes of the Gaul.
7. The raven, having torn the hands and face of the Gaul, perched on the head of Valerius.
8. Thus, helped by the bird, he killed his enemy, and in honour of the victory was named Corvinus.
1. Aesop, who lived in Phrygia, was a very wise writer of fables.
2. He invented amusing stories, and thus gave useful advice.
3. Philosophers give useful advice, but what they say is not amusing.
4. Aesop invented an amusing story about a lark.
5. This fable about the lark warned men that their hopes ought to be placed in themselves.
6. Q. Ennius composed many verses about this story of Aesop.
7. This is a proof that our confidence ought to be placed in ourselves.
8. It is the custom with philosophers to give useful advice, with writers of fables amusing advice.
1. It is said that a lark built in the corn.
2. The corn was ripening when the young ones were unfledged.
3. The lark went to search for food, and left her young ones in the nest.
4. If anything unusual happens, said she, tell me when I return home.
5. The young ones saw the owner of the crops calling his son.
6. The owner’s friends were unwilling to assist him in the harvest.
7. Make haste, mother, and carry us to another nest.
8. The lark said that it was not necessary to take her young ones to another home.
1. When the mother had flown to seek food, the owner returned to the field with his son.
2. He told his son that the friends were loiterers, for they had not come.
3. Let us go, said he, and ask our relations to help us to-morrow.
4. The young ones told their mother that the master had sent for his relations.
5. The master said that he would himself reap the corn with his sickle.
6. The relations neglected to come, and so the master and his son themselves reaped the corn.
7. The mother said that it was time to go; for what he had ordered would now be done.
8. The matter now depends on the master himself, not on his friends.
1. Pyrrhus fought many battles with success in the land of Italy.
2. Timochares, a friend of Pyrrhus, wished to kill the king by poison.
3. If we agree about the reward, I promise to kill the king by poison.
4. My son is the king’s cup-bearer, and so he will easily be able to give poison to the king.
5. Fabricius wrote to the Roman Senate, that Timochares wished to kill King Pyrrhus by poison.
6. The Senate advised the king to act more cautiously.
7. Your friends wish to kill you by poison; therefore it is necessary to act very cautiously.
8. The king wrote to the Roman Senate, thanking and praising them, and restored all the prisoners whom he had taken.
1. A lion of enormous size was brought into the circus.
2. Many slaves had been given by their masters to fight wild beasts.
3. An enormous and terrible lion attracted the attention of all by its roaring.
4. It is said that the lion, seeing Androclus, suddenly stood still.
5. It is said that the lion wagged its tail like a dog, and licked the man’s hands.
6. The slave recovered his lost courage and turned his eyes on the lion.
7. You might have seen the lion licking the legs and hands of the slave.
8. A mimic hunt was given in the circus, for which many wild-beasts had been sent from Africa.
1. Loud shouts were aroused by this wonderful sight.
2. Caesar asked why the lion spared Androclus alone.
3. A wonderful and marvellous story was told Caesar by the slave.
4. The slave, driven to flight by his master’s daily blows, took refuge in the desert.
5. At mid-day the slave hid in a cave, to which a lion came.
6. An enormous lion was coming to the cave, with one foot lame, groaning and sighing.
7. He was at first terrified by the sight of the lion, but soon recovered his courage.
8. The slave pulled a large thorn out of the lion’s foot; the lion then placed its foot in his hands and slept.
1. He said that for three years he had lived in the same cave as the lion.
2. I used to cook my food by the mid-day sun, because I had no fire.
3. I am weary of this wild-beast’s life, and I will leave the cave.
4. His master arrested him and sent him from Africa to Rome.
5. My master had me condemned to death and given to the wild-beasts in the Circus.
6. The lion, after I was separated from it, was taken and sent to Rome.
7. Androclus, after telling this wonderful tale, was pardoned and presented with the lion.
8. They gave money to the slave and flowers to the lion, which had been the host of the man.
1. Polus, a famous actor in Greece, had a well-loved son.
2. Polus lost his son, and mourned for him many days.
3. Polus was about to act the “Electra” of Sophocles, and to carry the bones of Orestes in his hands.
4. Electra carried the remains of her brother in an urn, and wept for his death.
5. Electra, the sister of Orestes, was dressed in mourning and carried the remains of her brother.
6. She took the urn from the tomb and carried it in her hands.
7. The urn, which Electra was carrying, had been placed in a tomb.
8. Polus carried in his hands the remains of his own son, and wept for his, not Orestes’, death.
1. It is said that ambassadors came from Athens to Miletus to ask for help.
2. They pleaded for the Milesians, but Demades replied that help ought not to be given to them.
3. Demades maintained that the Milesians were not worthy of help.
4. He said that it would not be advantageous to the state to give help.
5. It is said that Demades received from the Milesian ambassadors as much money as he asked for.
6. I am suffering from an inflamed throat and therefore I cannot oppose the Milesian demands.
7. He did not conceal what he had done, but said he had received much money.
8. You received three talents for acting, I received more for being silent.
1. Cicero wished to buy a house on the Palatine, but had no money at the time.
2. P. Sulla lent Cicero 5,000,000 sesterces secretly.
3. You have received, said they, money from Sulla for buying a house.
4. Cicero afterwards bought the house with the money which he had received from Sulla.
5. I said that I did not wish to buy that house, because I was a cautious father of a family.
6. Cicero’s friends reproached him with this lie.
7. Cicero told that lie, because he had received money from a defendant.
8. Cicero wished to buy that house, but he said that he did not wish to buy it.
1. Many friends accompanied Julianus home.
2. A block, many stories high, was blazing.
3. He said that property in the city gave great returns.
4. There is no remedy to prevent houses at Rome burning.
5. He sold all his country property and bought city property.
6. The philosopher said that alum was the best remedy for fire.
7. A wooden tower, which had been built to defend the city, was smeared with alum by Archelaus.
8. Q. Claudius says that this tower, smeared with alum, could not burn.
1. Arion of Lesbos lived at Corinth, and was loved by Periander.
2. Arion went to Italy and charmed the ears of all in that land.
3. He gained much money by playing, and afterwards wished to return to King Periander at Corinth.
4. He chose a Corinthian ship, because he thought the sailors would be more friendly to him.
5. Arion gave all his money to the sailors, but prayed them to spare his life.
6. The sailors ordered Arion to spring down into the sea, in order that they might take possession of his money.
7. In a loud voice he sang this song, and then threw himself into the sea.
8. He took his lyre in his hand and, standing on the stern, began to sing a song.
1. The sailors thought that Arion had perished in the sea, and held on their course to Corinth.
2. It is said that a dolphin carried the man safe to Taenarum.
3. Arion went from Taenarum to Corinth and related what had happened to himself.
4. The king believed that Arion was deceiving him, and ordered him to be guarded for two days.
5. The king ordered the sailors to be sent for, and asked them if they had heard anything about Arion.
6. The sailors told the king that Arion was living in Italy.
7. Arion stood forth before the astounded sailors, who thought that he had perished in the sea.
8. At Taenarum two bronze figures stand as a proof of this tale.
1. A certain barbarian bought a large farm planted with olives and vines.
2. The Thracian saw his neighbour pruning his trees.
3. He asked his neighbour why he pulled up the vine suckers.
4. The trees of his neighbour were more fruitful than his own.
5. He thanked his neighbour and went home rejoicing.
6. The ignorant Thracian took a sickle, and began to cut off the most luxuriant foliage of the trees.
7. He cut off all the fruitful twigs of the apple-trees.
8. The ignorant man thought that he was pruning his trees, as his neighbour had done.
1. The King of Pontus was very skilled in medicine.
2. It is said that these medicines are good for dissipating poisons.
3. The King of Pontus for his whole life was on his guard against secret treachery.
4. Mitridates often drank poison to show that it was harmless to him.
5. He slew himself with his own sword, (after) having in vain tried the strongest poisons.
6. Ennius could speak Greek, Latin and Oscan, and so he used to say that he had three hearts.
7. The King of Pontus knew the languages of all the nations under his dominion, twenty-two in number.
8. Mitridates used to talk with the men of each nation, whom he had under his dominion, in the language of that nation, and not through an interpreter.
1. He gave Protagoras half of the money which he asked for, and promised to give the remaining half afterwards.
2. I will give you, said he, the remaining half on the first day on which I win a case.
3. He was a pupil of Protagoras for a long while, but did not undertake any case.
4. He did not undertake any case, in order to avoid paying the rest of the money.
5. Protagoras thought that his plan for gaining the money was very clever.
6. If the verdict is given in your favour,* it will be necessary for you to pay me the money.
7. The judges left the matter unsettled, because they did not know what sentence they ought to give.
8. The wise judges adjourned the law-suit to a very distant day.
1. Hannibal chose ten prisoners and sent them to Rome.
2. He wished after the battle of Cannae to make an exchange of prisoners with his enemies.
3. The Roman prisoners promised with an oath to return to Hannibal.
4. They told the senators what Hannibal had said about an exchange of prisoners.
5. Their relations embraced them and prayed them with tears not to return to Hannibal.
6. Of the ten prisoners eight returned to Hannibal, and two only remained at Rome.
7. The two prisoners, who remained at Rome, were despised by all.
8. The censors branded with every mark of infamy the prisoners, who had refused to return to Hannibal.
* The verdict is given in my favour: pronuntiatum est pro me.
The parts of regular verbs are not given.
A dot occurring in a word separates the parts of a compound.
A B C D E F G H I L M
N O P Q R S T U V X
a, ab, prep. gov. abl., from, by.
ab·eo, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, -īre, 4 v. n., I go away.
ab·hinc, adv., henceforward, since.
ab·iĭcio, -iēci, -iectum, 3 v. a., I throw away, throw from. (iăcio.)
ab·lēgo, v. a. 1, I send away.
ab·solvo, -solvi, -sŏlūtum, 3 v. a., I set loose, I acquit.
ăbundē, adv., abundantly, sufficiently. (ab·undo, I overflow; cf. unda, a wave.)
ac, conj., and.
ac·cēdo, -cessi, -cessum, 3 v. n., I go to, I approach. (ad, cēdo.)
ac·cĭdo (or adcĭdo), -cidi, no sup., 3 v. n., I fall to, fall out, happen. (ad, cădo.)
ăcies, -ei, f., line-of-battle (lit. sharp edge). (ācer, ăcus.)
ac·cĭpio, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 v. a., I receive, learn, hear. (ad, căpio.)
ac·cūso, 1 v. a., I impeach, blame.
ācer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, eager, energetic.
ăcerbus, -a, -um, adj., bitter, bad-tempered. (ācer.)
ācrĭter, adv., sharply, keenly. (ācer.)
actor, -ōris, m., actor. (ăgo.)
acturus, fut. part., fr. ăgo.
ăd, prep. gov. acc., to, for.
ad·cido. Cf. accido.
ad·do, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I bring to, add.
ăd·eo, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, 4 v. n., I go to, approach.
ad·eō̆, adv., thus far;
usque adeo, to such an extent, (ad, is; cf. quoad.)
ad·fĕro (or affĕro), -tŭli, -lātum, 3 v. a., I bring to.
ad·ficio. Cf. afficio.
ad·fīnis (or affinis), -e, adj., neighbouring to, related to (by marriage);
as a subst., neighbour, relation.
ad·ĭgo, -ēgi, -actum, 3 v. a., I drive to.
adigo aliquem (ad) iusiurandum, I drive a man to an oath, make him swear. (ăgo.)
ad·hĭbeo, -hĭbui, -hĭbĭtum, 2 v. a., I bring to, employ. (hăbeo.)
ad·ĭpiscor, -eptus, 3 v. dep., I obtain. (ăpiscor.)
ad·iŭvo, -iūvi, -iūtum, 1 v. a., I assist.
ad·mīrātio, -ōnis, f., wonder.
ad·mĭror, 1 v. dep., I wonder at.
ad·mitto, -mīsi, -missum, 3 v. a., I bring to, bring in, admit.
ad·mŏdum, adv., lit. to a measure, in a high degree, very. (mŏdus.)
ad·no, 1 v. n., I swim to.
ad·prĕhendo (or apprehendo), -prĕhendi, -prĕhensum, 3 v. a., I seize.
adsĭduus, -a, -um, adj., constant, eager, diligent. (adsideo: cf. continuus, fr. contineo.)
adsĭdue, adv., constantly. (adsiduus.)
ad·signo, 1 v. a., I attribute to. (signum.)
ad·sum, -fui, -esse, v. n., I am present.
adŭlescens (or adŏlescens), -entis, c., young man, young woman. (ad·ŏlesco.)
adŭlescentia, -ae, f., youth, manly strength, (ad·olesco.)
adŭlor, 1 v. dep., I fawn on, flatter.
ad·vĕnio, -vēni, -ventum, 4 v. n., I come to, approach.
ad·versārius, -a, -um, adj., turned towards, opposed to;
subst., antagonist. (ad, versus.)
ad·versum, or ad·versus, adv., and prep. gov. acc., towards, against.
ad·verto, -verti, -versum, 3 v. a., I turn towards, observe (generally in phrase ‘animum adverto’).
ad·vŏco, 1 v. a., I call to my aid.
ad·vŏlo, 1 v. n., I fly towards.
aedes (or aedis), -is, f., a building, temple;
in pl., a house.
aedĭtŭmus, -i, m., keeper of temple, sacristan. (aedes.)
aegrē, adv., with difficulty, scarcely.
aegre passus, displeased. (aeger.)
ăēneus, -a, -um, adj., brazen. (aes.)
aerārium, -ii, n., treasury. (aes.)
aes, aeris, n., copper, brass, money.
Aesōpus, -i, m., Aesop. (Αἴσωπος.)
aetas, -ātis, f., age (for aevĭtas, fr. aevum, αἰών.)
affero. Cf. adfero.
af·fĭcio, -fēci, -fectum, 3 v. a., I affect in some way:
afficio contumeliâ, I affect, brand with disgrace, i.e. I disgrace, insult. (făcio.)
Afrĭca, -ae, f., Africa, i.e. the land round Carthage.
Afrĭcānus, -i, m., agnomen of Scipio.
ăger, agri, m., land, territory. (ἀγρός, cf. English acre, German Acker.)
ăgo, ēgi, actum, 3 v. a., I drive, do, act;
of the Senate, I transact, I discuss:
ago gratias, I give thanks;
bene ago, I fare well, prosper.
āio, v. n., defective, I say.
ἀκοινονόητοι (cf. xxxiii. 10, note), deficient in common sense.
āla, -ae, f., wing.
albus, -a, -um, adj., white.
Alcĭbĭădes, -is or -i, m., Alcibiades. (Ἀλκιβιάδης.)
āles, -ĭtis, adj., winged;
as subst., c., a bird. (āla.)
Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander. (Ἀλέξανδρος.)
ălĭquĭs, aliquid, subst. pron., some one, any one. (ălius, quis.)
ălĭter, adv., otherwise. (ălius.)
ălius, -a, -um, adj., other, another. (Cf. ἄλλος.)
altē, adv., deeply. (altus.)
alter, -ĕra, -ĕrum, adj., the one (or other) of two. (Cf. ălius.)
altus, -a, -um, adj., deep;
as subst., altum, i, n., the deep sea. (ălo, I nourish.)
ălūmen, -ĭnis, n., alum.
ambĭguus, -a, -um, adj., wavering, hesitating. (ambĭgo, fr. ambi, Gr. ἀμφί, ăgo.)
ambĭtus, -us, m., lit. a going round, bribery. (ambio. fr. ambi, Gr. ἀμφί, eo.)
Ambrăciensis, -e, adj., Ambracian, belonging to Ambrăcia, town in S. of Epīrus.
ăm·ĭcio, -ĭcui or -ixi, -ictum, 4 v. a., I wrap around, clothe. (am or amb, Gr. ἀμφί, and iăcio. Cf. ἀμφιβάλλω.)
ămictus, -a, -um, part. fr. amĭcio.
As subst., amictus, ūs m., clothing.
ămīcus, -a, -um, adj., friendly;
subst., ămīcus, i, m., a friend. (ămo.)
ā·mitto, -mīsi, -missum, 3 v. a., I send away, let go, lose.
ămo, 1 v. a., I love.
am·plector, -exus, 3 v. dep., I embrace. (am cf. am·icio, plecto, I plait.)
amplĭtūdo, -ĭnis, f., dignity. (amplus.)
amp·ŭto, 1 v. a., I lop off.
ăn, conj., or, whether (in disjunctive interrogations).
an·ceps, -cĭpĭtis, adj., two-headed, doubtful, dangerous. (an, cf. am·ĭcio, caput.)
Androclus, -i, m., Androclus.
ănĭma, -ae, f., soul. (animous, ἄνεμος, that which breathes.)
ănĭm·ad·verto, -ti, -sum, 3 v. a., I direct my attention to, notice. (animus, ad, verto.)
ănĭmus, -i, m., mind. (Cf. anima.)
annālis, -e, adj., belonging to a year.
As subst., annalis, -is, m. (sc. liber), chronicle, annal. (annus.)
annus, -i, m., year.
antĕ, adv., and prep. gov. acc., before.
antĕā, adv., before.
antĕ·quam, conj., before that.
Antĭŏchīnus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Antiochus.
Antĭŏchus, -i, m., Antiochus (Ἀντίοχος.)
antīquĭtas, -ātis, f., antiquity, old times. (antiquus.)
antīquĭtus, adv., from of old, in former times. (antiquus.)
antīquus (or anticus), -a, -um, adj., ancient. (ante.)
Antōnius, -ii, m., Antonius.
ănus, -us, f., old woman.
ăpĕrio, -ĕrui, -ĕrtum, 4 v. a., I open.
ăpŏlŏgus, -i, m., fable. (ἀπόλογος.)
ap·pello (or ad·pello), 1 v. a., I drive to, go to, I accost, appeal to.
ap·pĕto (or ad·peto), -īvi and -ii, -ītum, 3 v. a. and n., I seek for, long for, approach.
ap·pono (or ad·pono), -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 v. a., I place near.
ap·prŏbo (or ad·prŏbo), 1 v. a., I approve, I confirm.
aptus, -a, -um, part. fr. ăpo, ăpere, I fit to; fit, suited. (Cf. apiscor, ἅπτω.)
ăpŭd, prep. gov. acc., near to, at the house of.
arbor, -ŏris, f., a tree.
arcesso, -īvi, -ītum, 3 v. a., I send for.
Archĕlāus, -i, m., Archelaus.
ardeo, arsi, arsum, 2 v. n., I am on fire, burn.
arduus, -a, -um, adj., steep, lofty.
argentum, -i, n., silver.
argūmentum, -i, n., proof, argument, plot. (arguo.)
argy̆ranche (ἀργυράγχη). Cf. xxxii. 14, note.
Ărīon, ŏnis, m., Arion.
Aristŏdēmus, -i, m., Aristodemus.
Ăristŏtĕles, -is or -i, m., Aristotle.
arma, -orum, n., plur. only, arms.
armilla, -ae, f., bracelet. (arma.)
armo, 1 v. a., I arm, equip. (arma.)
ars, artis, f., art, skill. (Cf. arma.)
arx, arcis, f., citadel. (arceo.)
a·scendo, -ndi, -sum, 3 v. n., I mount up. (scando, I climb.)
Ā̆sĭātĭcus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Asia.
aspectus, -us, m., look. (aspicio.)
asper, -ĕra, -ĕrum, adj., harsh, rough.
a·spernor, 1 v. dep., I despise. (ab, sperno.)
a·spicio, -exi, -ectum, 3 v. a., I behold, look at.
as·porto, 1 v. a., I carry away. (abs, porto.)
as·sĭdeo, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 v. n., I sit by; I besiege. (ad, sedeo.)
assum. Cf. adsum.
astūtus, -a, -um, adj., skilled, clever. (astus.)
ăt, conj., but.
Ăthēnae, -arum, f. plur. only, Athens.
Ăthēniensis, -e, adj., Athenian.
āthlēta, -ae, m., wrestler, athlete. (ἀθλητής.)
āthlētĭcus, -a, -um, adj., athletic.
ars athletica, athletics.
atquĕ, conj., and.
ā̆trox, -ōcis, adj., frightful, fierce. (āter, black, gloomy.)
Attĭca, -ae, f., Attica.
attentē, adv., comp., attentius, attentively. (attendo.)
at·tingo, -tĭgi, -tactum, 3 v. a., I touch. (ad·tango.)
auctor, -ōris, m., author. (augeo.)
audeo, ausus, 2 v. a. and n., I dare.
audio, 4 v. a., I hear. (Cf. auris, ear.)
audītor, -ōris, m., hearer. (audio.)
au·fĕro, abs·tŭli, ab·lātum, au·ferre, 3 v. a., I carry away, take. (ab, fero.)
aureus, -a, -um, adj., golden. (aurum.)
auris, -is, f., ear.
aurum, -i, n., gold.
Aurunci, -orum, m., the Aurunci.
aut, conj., or.
aut ... aut, either ... or.
autem, conj., but, however, moreover.
auxĭlĭum, -ii, n., help. (augeo.)
ăvārus, -a, -um, adj., covetous, greedy. (ăveo, I long for.)
āversus, -a, -um, part. from āverto, turned away.
ā·verto, -ti, -sum, 3 v. a., I turn away.
ăvis, -is, f., bird.
ăvuncŭlus, -i, m., maternal uncle. (Diminutive of ăvus, grandfather.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
barbăria, -ae, f., foreign country. (barbărus.)
barbărus, -a, -um, adj., foreign. (βάρβαρος: cf. balbus, stammering.)
bellum, -i, n., war.
bellātor, -ōris, m., warrior. (bellum.)
bĕnĕ, adv., well.
bene facio, I benefit.
bĕnĕfĭcium, -ii, n., kindness. (bene, facio.)
bestia, -ae, f., wild beast.
blandē, adv., gently. (blandus).
blandīmentum, -i, n., blandishment. (blandior, I caress.)
bŏnus, -a -um, adj., good.
Būcĕphălas, -ae (Βουκεφάλας), m., Bucephalas. Cf. vi. 1. note.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
caedes, -is, f., lopping off, destruction. (caedo.)
Caesar, -ăris, m., Caesar.
Cāĭŭs, -i, m., Caius.
callĭdĭtas, -ātis, f., skill, cunning. (callidus.)
campus, -i, m., plain.
cănis, -is, c., dog. (κύων.)
Cannensis, -e, adj., of Cannae.
căno, cĕcĭni, cantum, 3 v. a., I sing, I play.
cano tibiis = I play the flute.
canto, 1 v. n. and a., I sing, I play (frequentative form of cano.)
cantor, -ōris, m., singer, musician. (căno.)
cantus, -us, m., song, melody. (căno.)
căpesso, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 v. a., I strive for, undertake. (desiderative form fr. căpio.)
căpio, cēpi, captum, 3 v. a., I take.
capio consilium, I form or adopt a plan.
Căpĭtōlium, -ii, n., the Capitol. (căput.)
căpĭtālis, -e, adj., relating to the caput, i.e. life or civil rights, capital.
res capitalis, capital offence. (căput.)
captīvus, -i, m., captive, (căpio.)
căput, -ĭtis, n., head, life, civil rights. (Cf. κεφαλή.)
carmen, -ĭnis, n., song. (căno.)
cassīta, -ae, f., the crested lark, ălauda cristata, L. (cassis, a helmet.)
castrum, -i, n., fort; in plur., a camp. (Cf. căsa, hut.)
cāsus, -us, m., accident, case. (cădo, I fall, happen.)
căterva, -ae, f., troop, band, body of men.
Căto, -ōnis, m., Cato. (cătus, shrewd.)
cauda, -ae, f., tail.
causa, -ae, f., cause, reason, case.
causā, abl. of causa, for the sake of, with genitive.
cautē, adv., cautiously, (cautus.)
cautus, -a, -um, part. from căveo, careful.
căveo, cāvi, cautum, 2 v. n., I am on my guard, cautious.
căverna, -ae, f., cave, hollow. (căvus, hollow.)
cēdo, cessi, cessum, 3 v. n. and a., I yield, go away, depart.
cĕlĕber, -bris, -bre, adj., numerous, famous.
cĕlĕrĭtas, -ātis, f., speed. (cĕler.)
cēlla, -ae, f., shrine, part of temple in which the image of the god stood.
cēlo, 1 v. a., I conceal.
censeo, -ui, censum, 2 v. a., I assess, think, vote for, decree, resolve.
censor, -ōris, m., censor. (censeo.)
centum, indecl. num. adj., one hundred.
certāmen, -ĭnis, n., contest, competition. (certo, I strive.)
cerva, -ae, f., doe.
cervix, -īcis, f., neck.
cessātor, -ōris, m., loiterer. (cesso.)
[cētĕrus], -a, -um, the other, the rest. The nom. sing. masc. is not in use.
Chīlō, -ōnis, m., Chilo. (Χείλων.)
cĭbārius, -a, -um, adj., belonging to food (cĭbus).
res cibaria, provisions.
cĭbus, -i, m., food.
cĭcātrix, -īcis, f., scar.
Cĭcĕro, -ōnis, m., Cicero.
cingo, -nxi, -nctum, 3 v. a., I surround, gird on, clothe.
circum, adv., and prep. gov. acc., around.
circum·fĕro, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 v. a., I carry round, report.
circum·fundo, -fūdi, -fūsum, 3 v. a., I pour around, surround.
circum·plector, -plexus, 3 v. dep. a., I embrace, surround.
circum·spĭcio, -spexi, -spectum, 3 v. n. and a., I look around, survey.
circum·volvo, no perf., -vŏlūtum, 3 v. a., I roll round.
circus, -i, m. (κίρκος), circus.
Cispius (mons), the Cispian hill.
cĭtātus, -a, -um, part. fr. cĭto, urged on.
citato cursu, at full speed.
cĭto, 1 v. a., I urge on. (frequentative form of cieo.)
cīvis, -is, c., citizen.
cīvĭtas, -ātis, f., state. (cīvis.)
clāmor, -ōris, m., shout, noise. (clāmo.)
clandestīnus, -a, -um, adj., secret. (clam.)
Claudius, -ii, m., Claudius.
claudo, -si, -sum, 3 v. a., I shut. (Cf. clavis, key, κλείω.)
coepi, coepisse, 3 v. a., defective (the pres. coepio only in ante-classical writers.) perf. with pres. signific., I begin.
cōgĭto, 1 v. a., I meditate upon. (co, agito.)
co·gnātus, -a, -um, adj., related by blood;
as subst., a kinsman. (co, gnatus for natus.)
co·gnōmen, -ĭnis, n., surname. (co, nōmen.)
co·gnōmĭno, 1 v. a., I surname.
co·gnosco, -gnōvi, -gnĭtum, 3 v. a., I become acquainted with, investigate a case. (nosco.)
cōgo, cŏēgi, cŏactum, 3 v. a., I drive together, compel, (co, ago.)
col·lŏquor, -lŏcūtus, 3 v. dep., I talk with.
cŏlo, cŏlui, cultum, 3 v. a., I cultivate. (Cf. ā̆grĭ-cŏla.)
collum, -i, n., neck.
cŏma, -ae, f., hair, foliage. (κόμη.)
cŏmes, -ĭtis, c., companion. (com, eo.)
commentĭcius, -a, -um, adj., pretended, false. (comminiscor.)
cŏmĭtor, 1 v. dep., I accompany. (cŏmes.)
commentus, -a, -um, part. fr. commĭniscor.
com·mĭniscor, -mentus, 3 v. dep., I devise, invent. (Cf. re·miniscor.)
cōmoedia, -ae, f., comedy. (κωμῳδία.)
certamina comoediarum, dramatic competitions.
com·păro, 1 v. a., prepare, procure.
compĕtītor, -ōris, m., rival, competitor. (com·peto.)
com·plōro, 1 v. a., I bewail violently.
com·plūres, -a, rarely -ia, adj., several.
com·pōno, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 v. a., I place together, arrange, compose.
litterae compositae, forged letters.
con·cēdo, -cessi, -cessum, 3 v. a. and n., I yield, grant, retire.
con·cĭdo, ĭdi, no sup., 3 v. n., I fall down. (cădo.)
con·cĭpio, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 v. a., I take to myself.
concepta sanies, matter which has gathered in a wound. (căpio.)
con·clāmo, 1 v. a. and n., I cry out, shout together or loudly.
con·demno, 1 v. a., I sentence, condemn. (damno.)
condĭcio, -ōnis, f., agreement, conditions, terms, (con·dico.)
con·do, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I bring together, build, lay up, hide.
con·fĕro, -tŭli, -lātum, or collātum, 3 v. a., I bring together, employ, attribute.
con·fĭcio, -fēci, -fectum, 3 v. a., I execute, finish. (făcio.)
confīdentia, -ae, f., boldness, confidence. (confīdo.)
con·fīdo, -fisus, 3 v. n., I trust in.
con·firmo, 1 v. a., I establish, confirm.
confīsus, -a, -um, part. fr. confido, confident.
con·formo, 1 v. a., I shape.
con·fūto, 1 v. a., I restrain, silence. (futo, intens. form of fŏveo.)
con·gĕro, -gessi, -gestum, 3 v. a., I bring together.
Absolutely (sc. nidum), I build a nest.
con·grĕdior, -gressus, 3 v. dep., I meet as friend, or foe, I attack. (gradior.)
congressio, -onis, f., meeting, attack. (congredior.)
cōn·iĭcio, -iēci, -iectum, 3 v. a., I throw together, hurl. (iăcio.)
coniūrātio, -ōnis, f., conspiracy. (con·iūro.)
cōnor, 1 v. dep., I attempt.
con·scisco, -scīvi, or -scii, -scītum, 3 v. a., I approve of.
conscisco aliquid mihi, I adjudge something to myself;
conscisco necem, mortem, mihi, I kill myself.
consensus, -us, m., consent, agreement. (consentio.)
con·sĕquor, -sĕcūtus, 3 v. dep., I follow after, attain, gain.
con·sĕro, -sēvi, -sĭtum, or -sătum, 3 v. a., I sow, plant.
con·sīdo, -sēdi, -sessum, 3 v. n., I sit down, encamp. (sĕdeo.)
consĭlium, -ii, n., plan, purpose. (con, root sul; cf. consul.)
con·sisto, -stĭti, stĭtum, 3 v. n. and a., I halt.
consĭtus, -a, -um, part. fr. consĕro.
conspectus, -us, m., sight, view. (conspĭcio.)
con·spĭcio, -spexi, -spectum, 3 v. a. and n., I look at with attention, see.
con·sterno, 1 v. a., I stretch on ground, terrify.
con·stĭtuo, -ui, -ūtum, 3 v. a., I place (a thing) somewhere, station. (stătuo.)
con·sŭesco, -suēvi, -suētum, 3 v. n., I grow accustomed.
consul, -ŭlis, m., consul. (Cf. consĭlium.)
consŭlāris, -e, adj., consular.
consŭlo, -lui, -ltum, 3 v. n. and a., I reflect, I consult with. (Cf. consilium.)
consulto, 1 v. a., I deliberate upon, I debate. (frequentative form of consŭlo.)
consultum, -i, n., decision, decree. (consŭlo.)
con·temno, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 v. a., I despise.
con·tendo, -di, -tum, 3 v. a. and n., I strain after, strive for, assert.
con·testor, 1 v. dep., I call to witness.
Contestor litem, I introduce a lawsuit by calling witnesses. (testis.)
con·tingo, -tĭgi, -tactum, 3 v. n., I touch, reach to, happen. (tango.)
contĭnuo, adv., immediately. (continuus, fr. con·tineo.)
contio, ōnis, f., meeting, assembly. (for con·ventio, a coming together.)
contrā, adv., prep. gov. acc., against.
contra dīco, I object to. appeal against sentence.
con·tueor, -tuitus, 2 v. dep., I gaze upon.
contŭmēlia, -ae, f., disgrace, ignominy. (root tem: cf. con·temno.)
con·turbo, 1 v. a., I throw into disorder. (turba.)
con·vello, -velli (rarely -vulsi), -vulsum, 3 v. a., I tear away, up.
con·vĕnio, -vēni, -ventum, 4 v. n. and a., I come together, agree with, meet.
con·verto, -ti, -sum, 3 v. a., I turn round, manœuvre.
con·vinco, -vīci, -victum, 3 v. a., I completely conquer. I convict of (a crime).
convīvium, -ii, n., banquet. (vīvo.)
cōpia, -ae, f., plenty, supply; in plur., forces. (co, ops.)
cōpiōsus, -a, -um, adj. with abl., well supplied with.
cor, cordis, n., heart. (Cf. καρδία.)
cōram, adv., and prep. gov. abl., in the presence of.
Cŏrinthius, -a, -um, adj., Corinthian.
Cŏrinthus, -i, f., Corinth.
cŏrōna, -ae, f., wreath, garland. (κορώνη.)
cŏrōno, 1 v. a., I crown. (cŏrōna.)
corpus, -ŏris, n., body.
cor·rĭgo, -rexi, -rectum, 3 v. a., I make straight, correct. (con, rego.)
Cŏruncānius, -ii, Coruncanius.
Corvīnus, -i, m., Corvinus. (corvus.)
corvus, -i, m., raven. (κόραξ.)
cŏtīdĭānus (or quŏtīdĭānus), -a, -um, adj., daily. (cŏtīdĭē.)
cras, adv., to-morrow.
Crassus, -i, m., Crassus.
crēdo, -dĭdi, -ditum, 3 v. a., I entrust, I trust in, I believe.
Used absolutely, I suppose.
crēdŭlĭtas, -ātis, f., easiness of belief, credulity, (crēdŭlus, crēdo.)
crīmen, -ĭnis, n., charge, accusation.
Crŏtōniensis, -e, adj., of Crotona.
crŭcĭātus, -us, m., torture, (crŭcio, crux.)
cruentus, -a, -um, adj., stained with blood. (cruor.)
cruor, -ōris, m., gore, blood which has flowed from wounds.
crūs, crūrĭs, n., leg.
cŭbĭcŭlum, -i, m., a resting or sleeping room, (cŭbo.)
cūius, -a, -um, interrog. and relat. adj. pron., whose? or whose. (qui.)
cultus, -a, -um, part. fr. colo, cultivated, civilized.
cum (or quum), conj., when, since, if, although.
cum, prep. gov. abl., with.
cunctābundus, -a, -um, lingering, (cunctor.)
cunctor, 1 v. dep., I loiter, linger.
cunctus, -a, -um, adj., all in a body, all. (for con·iunctus.)
cŭneus, -i, m., wedge, wedge-shaped body of troops.
cŭpĭdus, -a, -um, adj., eager, desirous, proud of (with gen.) (cŭpio.)
cūr, adv. and conj., why, wherefore.
cūra, -ae, f., care, anxiety.
cūria, -ae, f., senate-house. (Quiris, Cures.)
Cŭrius, -ii, m., Curius.
cūro, 1 v. a., I take care of.
With gerundive, cf. vii. 3. note.
Curo puerum docendum, I get the boy taught. (cūra.)
currus, -us, m., chariot. (curro.)
cursus, -us, m., running, race, course.
Cĭtato cursu, at full speed. (curro.)
custōdio, 4 v. a., I guard. (custos.)
custos, -ōdis, c., guard.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
damno, 1 v. a., I condemn. (damnum, hurt, loss.)
de, prep. gov. abl., concerning, from.
dēbeo, 2 v. a., I owe. (de, hăbeo.)
dēbĭlis, -e, adj., lamed, feeble. (de, habilis.)
dĕcem, numer., ten.
dē·cerno, -crēvi, -crētum, 3 v. a. and n., I determine, decide; of the senate, I pass a decree.
dē·cīdo, -cīdi, -cīsum. 3 v. a., I cut off. (caedo.)
de·clāmo, 1 v. n. and a., I exercise myself in speaking, declaim.
de·clāro, 1 v. a., I show, proclaim.
dĕcŏro, 1 v. a., I adorn. (dĕcus, ornament, glory.)
dēdĭtio, -ōnis, f., surrender. (dēdo.)
dē·dūco, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I lead away, withdraw, bring down.
dē·fendo, -di, -sum, 3 v. a., I ward off, keep off.
dēfensor, -ōris, m., defender. (dēfendo.)
dē·fĕro, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 v. a., I bring down, hand over.
dē·fīo, -fectus, -fĭĕri, v. n. (used as passive of dēfĭcio), I am wanting, I fail.
dēformĭtas, -ātis, f., ugliness, deformity. (dē·formis, ugly. Cf. forma.)
dē·iĭcio, -iēci, -iectum, 3 v. a., I throw down. (iăcio.)
deīnceps (dissyl.), or dĕïnceps, adv., next, following. (deinde.)
deīndĕ (dissyl.), or dĕīndĕ, adv., then, thereupon.
dēlecto, 1 v. a., I delight. (intens. of delĭcio.)
dē·lĭgo, -lēgi, -lectum, 3 v. a., I choose out, select. (lĕgo.)
dē·līro, 1 v. n., I rave. (de, lira, out of the furrow.)
dē·lĭtesco, -tui, 3 v. n., I lie hid, conceal myself. (lătesco, inceptive of lăteo.)
delphīnus, -i, m., dolphin. (δελφίς.)
Dēmādēs, -is, m., Demades. (Δημάδης.)
de·mĕto, -messui, -messum, 3 v. a., I reap, mow.
dē·mīror, 1 v. dep. a., I wonder at.
dē·mŏror, 1 v. dep., I linger.
Dēmosthĕnes, -is and -i, m., Demosthenes. (Δημοσθένης.)
dē·mulceo, -mulsi, -mulctum, 2 v. a., I stroke down, caress.
dēmum, adv., at last. (de.)
dēnĭquĕ, adv., and then, finally. (de.)
Dentātus, -i, m., Dentatus.
dēnuo, adv., again. (For de novo.)
dē·pŏpŭlor, 1 v. dep. a., I ravage.
dē·pŭto, 1 v. a. I cut off, prune.
de·rīdeo, -si, -sum, 2 v. a., I laugh at.
de·scisco, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 v. n., I withdraw, revolt from, abandon; with prep. ab and abl.
dē·sĕro, -rui, -rtum, 3 v. a., I desert, abandon. (Lit., I undo, sever; sero, I join.)
dēsertus, -a, -um, part. fr. dēsĕro, lonely, desert.
dē·sīdĕro, 1 v. a., I long for.
dē·sĭlio, -ĭlui, -ultum, 4 v. n., I leap down, (sălio.)
dē·sĭno, -sii, rarely -sīvi, -sĭtum, 3 v. n. and a., I give up, cease.
dē·sĭpio, no perf. or sup., -ere, v. n., I act foolishly, I am foolish, (săpio.)
dēsĭtus, -a, -um, part. of desĭno, obsolete, disused.
dē·spĭcio, -exi, -ectum, 3 v. a. and n., I look down upon, despise.
dē·sum, -fui, -esse, v. n., I am wanting.
dē·tĕgo, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I uncover, discover.
dē·tergeo, -si, -sum, 2 v. a., I wipe off.
dē·trăho, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I take away.
dē·trunco, 1 v. a., I lop, cut off.
dĕ·ūro, -ussi, -ustum, 3 v. a., I burn up.
deus, -i, m., god.
dē·vĕho, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I carry away, carry down.
dē·vĕnio, -vēni, -ventum, 4 v. n., I come from, I go to, arrive at.
dexter, -tĕra, -tĕrum, and tra, trum, adj., on the right side, right. (δεξιός.)
Diāna, -ae, f., Diana.
dĭcio, -ōnis, f., rule, jurisdiction. (Cf. dico, condicio.)
dīco, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I say, tell, call.
dictum, -i, n., saying, command, (dīco.)
dī·dūco, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I draw apart, separate.
dies, -ei, m. (in sing. com.), day.
dif·fero, distŭli, dīlātum, 3 v. a., I carry away, put off.
dif·fīcĭlis, -e, adj., difficult, hard. (făcĭlis.)
dī·gĕro, -gessi, -gestum, 3 v. a., I separate, disperse, dissipate.
dĭgĭtus, -i, m., finger.
dignĭtas, -ātis, f., rank, dignity. (dignus.)
dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy.
dī·grĕdior, -gressus, 3 v. dep., I go away. (grădior.)
dī·lăcĕro, 1 v. a., I tear to pieces.
dīlūcesco, luxi, no sup., 3 v. n., I begin to grow light. (Inceptive form of dilūceo.)
dīlūcĭdē, adv., clearly. (dilūceo, lux.)
dīmĭdium, -ii, n., half, (di, medius.)
dī·mitto, -mīsi, -missum, 3 v. a., I send away, dismiss.
dī·rĭgo, -rexi, -rectum, 3 v. a., I arrange in a straight line, I direct to.
dis·cēdo, -cessi, -cessum, 3 v. n., I depart, go away.
di·scindo, -scĭdi, -scissum, 3 v. a., I tear asunder, cut open.
discī̆plīna, -ae, f., teaching, knowledge, tactics, custom. (discĭpŭlus, disco.)
discĭpŭlus, -i, m., disciple, follower. (disco.)
disco, dĭdĭci, no sup., 3 v. a., I learn. (Root da: cf. διδάσκω, doceo.)
dissĭmŭlanter, adv., secretly. (dissĭmŭlo.)
dĭū, adv., for a long time. (dies.)
dī·vello, -velli, rarely -vulsi, -vulsum, 3 v. a., I tear asunder.
dīves, -ĭtis, adj., rich.
dīvīnĭtus, adv., from heaven, by divine providence or influence. (dīvus, deus.)
dīvīnus, -a, -um, adj., divine. (dīvus, deus.)
do, dĕdi, dătum, dăre, v. a., I give. (Cf. δίδωμι dōnum.)
dŏceo, -cui, -ctum, 2 v. a., I teach. (Cf. disco.)
dŏleo, -ui, -ĭtum, 2 v. n. and a., I grieve, I grieve for.
dŏlor, -ōris, m., pain, grief. (dŏleo.)
dŏmi, adv., at home. Locative case of dŏmus.
dŏmus, -us, f., home, house. (δόμος, root dem, to build.)
dōnĕc, conj., until.
dōno, 1 v. a., I give, I present. (do.)
dōnum, -i, n., gift, (do.)
dorsum, -i, n., back.
dŭbĭto, 1 v. a., I hesitate.
dŭbius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful.
Dŭbio prŏcul, without doubt.
dum, conj., whilst, until.
dŭŏ, -ae, -ŏ, numer., two. (δύο.)
dŭŏ·dē·vīginti, numer., eighteen.
dūrus, -a, -um, adj., hard, harsh.
dux, dŭcis, m., leader. (dūco.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
e, ex, prep. gov. abl., out of, from.
Ex republica, to the advantage of the state.
ĕdo, ēdi, ēsum, 3 v. a., I eat. (Cf. ĕdax, ἔδω, ἐσθίω.)
ecquĭs, ecquĭd, interrog. subst. pron., whether any?
ē·do, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I give forth, bring forth, produce, utter, form, raise.
ē·dūco, 1 v. a., I rear, educate.
ef·fĕro, ex·tŭli, ē·lātum, 3 v. a., I bring out.
ef·fĭcio, -fēci, -fectum, 3 v. a., I bring to pass, accomplish. (ex, făcio.)
ĕgŏ, pers. pron., I.
ĕgŏ·mĕt, I myself.
ē·grĕdior, -gressus, 3 v. dep., I go out, I leave. (grădior.)
ēgrĕgĭus, -a, -um, adj., distinguished, eminent. (e, grex, chosen from the herd.)
Ēlectra, -ae, f., Electra. (Ἠλέκτρα.)
ĕlĕphantus, -i, m., elephant. (ἐλέφας.)
ēlŏquentia, -ae, f., eloquence. (ēlŏquor.)
ē·lūdo, -si, -sum, 3 v. a., I mock, jeer at.
ē·mitto, -mīsi, -missum, 3 v. a., I send out.
ĕmo, ēmi, emptum, 3 v. a., I buy.
emptio, -ōnis, f., purchase, buying. (ĕmo.)
ĕnim, conj., for.
sed enim, but indeed.
Ennius, -ii, m., Ennius.
ē·nuntio, 1 v. a., I declare, mention.
eo, īvi or ii, ĭtum, īre, 4 v. n., I go. (Root i; cf. εῖμι.)
eo, adv., thither, for that reason, therefore. (is.)
ĕphippium, -ii, n., saddle, horse caparison. (ἐφίππιον, from ἐπὶ, ἵππος.)
ĕpŭlae, -arum, f., feast, banquet. (In sing. ĕpŭlum, -i, n.)
ĕquĭtātus, -us, m., cavalry. (ĕquus.)
ĕquŭs, -i, m., horse. (ἵππος.)
ergo, adv., therefore.
ē·rŭbesco, -bui, no sup., 3 v. n. incep., I grow red, blush.
ĕt, conj., and.
ĕtĭam, conj., also, even.
ĕtĭam·si, conj., even if.
Euander, -dri, m., Evander.
Euathlus, -i, m., Euathlus.
ēverto, -ti, -sum, 3 v. a., I overthrow.
exanguĭs, or exsanguis, -e, adj., bloodless, lifeless. (ex, sanguis.)
ex·ănĭmātus, part., from ex-ănĭmo, lifeless.
ex·ănĭmo, 1 v. a., I deprive of life. (anima.)
ex·cīdo, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 v. a., I cut out, off. (caedo.)
excĭto, 1 v. a., I arouse. (Freq. form of excio.)
ex·clāmo, 1 v. a. and n., I cry out, exclaim.
ex·eo, -ivi or ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 v. n., I go out.
ex·erceo, -ui, -ĭtum, 2 v. a., I drive on, I practise. (arceo.)
exercĭtus, -us, m., army. (exerceo.)
exerto, or exserto, no perf. and sup., 1 v. a., I thrust out. (ex, serto, freq. of sĕro.)
ex·ĭgo, -ēgi, -actum, 3 v. a., I drive out. (ăgo.)
exĭlium, or exsilium, -ii, n., exile. (exul.)
exĭmius, -a, -um, adj., extraordinary, uncommon. (eximo, I take out of the mass.)
ex·istĭmo, 1 v. a., I judge, consider. (aestimo.)
exĭtus, -us, m., going out, departure. (exeo.)
ex·ordior, -orsus, 4 v. dep. a., I begin.
ex·pecto, or ex·specto, 1 v. a., I look for. (ex, specto.)
ex·pĕrior, -pertus, 4 v. dep., I try.
ex·pīro, or ex·spīro, 1 v. a., I breathe out. (ex, spiro.)
ex·pōno, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 v. a., I set forth, explain.
ex·prĭmo, -pressi, -pressum, 3 v. a., I press out. (prĕmo.)
ex·prōmo, -mpsi, -mptum, 3 v. a., I bring forth, utter.
extemplo, adv., immediately.
ex·to, or ex·sto, no perf. and sup., -are, v. n., I stand forth, appear. (ex, sto.)
extrā, prep. gov. acc., outside.
Extra tela, out of range.
extrēmus, -a, -um, adj., outermost, furthest.
Extremâ nocte, at the very end of night.
Superl. degree from [exter and extĕrus, post-classical], extĕrior, extrēmus, and extĭmus. (ex.)
ex·urgo, or ex·surgo, exurrexi, no sup., 3 v. n., I rise up. (ex, surgo.)
exūro, -ussi, -ustum, 3 v. a., I burn up.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
Fābrĭcius, -ii, m., Fabricius.
fābŭla, -ae, f., fable, story. (fāri, to say.)
făcĭlis, -e, adj., easy, good-natured. (făcio.)
făcĭnus, -ŏris, n., deed, crime. (făcio.)
făcio, fēci, factum, făcĕre, 3 v. a., I make, do.
Facio cum aliquo, I take part with anyone.
factum, -i, n., deed. (făcio.)
fācundia, -ae, f., eloquence. (fāri, to say.)
fallo, fĕfelli, falsum, 3 v. a., I deceive. (σφάλλω, ἀ·σφαλής.)
falsus, -a, -um, adj., false. (fallo.)
falx, falcis, f., sickle.
fāma, -ae, f., renown. (fāri, to say.)
fămĭlia, -ae (old gen. -as), f., the slaves in a household, a household.
fămĭliāris, -e, adj., belonging to a household (fămĭlia), intimate;
as subst., friend.
Făvōrīnus, -i, m., Favorinus.
fēcundus, -a, -um, adj., fruitful.
fēlīcĭter, happily: fēlīcius, fēlīcissime. (fēlix.)
fēlix, fēlīcis, adj., happy, rich.
fĕra, -ae, f., wild beast. (ferus.)
fĕrē, adv., almost.
fĕrīnus, -a, -um, adj., of wild beasts. (fĕrus.)
fermē, adv., nearly, about, usually. (Cf. fere.)
fĕro, tŭli, lātum, ferre, 3 v. a., I bear; I tell, say. (φέρω, tollo.)
fĕrox, fĕrōcis, adj., fierce. (Cf. ferus.)
fĕrus, -a, -um, adj., wild. (Cf. ferox.)
fervo, -vi, no sup., 3, v. n., I grow hot;
commoner form, ferveo, -bui, no sup., 2.
festīno, 1, v. n. and a., I hasten.
fētus, -us, m., brood, offspring.
fĭdes, -ei, f., faith, trustworthiness. (fīdo.)
fĭdes, -is, f., string, stringed instrument, lyre; usually in plural only.
fīdūcia, -ae, f., trust, courage. (fido.)
fīlius, -ii, m., son.
fingo, -nxi, -nctum, 3 v. a., I form, fashion.
fīo, factus, fiĕri, v. n., (used as pass. of facio), I am made, become.
firmo, 1 v. a., I strengthen. (firmus.)
flāgĭtium, -ii, n., shameful act, disgrace. (flāgĭto.)
flăgro, 1 v. n., I burn, blaze.
flāvesco, no perf. and sup., 3 v. n., I become yellow. (Inceptive form of flāveo.)
flecto, -xi, -xum, 3 v. a., I bend.
flōs, -ōris, m., flower.
fluctus, -us, m., wave. (fluo.)
fluito, 1 v. n., I float. (Intensitive form of fluo.)
fŏcŭlus, -i, m., little hearth, brazier. (diminutive of focus.)
fŏris, adv., out of doors, (fŏris, a door.)
formīdo, -ĭnis, f., fear.
fors, fortis, f., chance.
fortĕ, adv., by chance. (abl. of fors.)
fortis, -e, adj., brave.
fortĭter, adv., bravely. (fortis.)
fortĭtūdo, -ĭnis, f., bravery. (fortis.)
fortuī̆tus, -a, -um, adj., accidental. (fors.)
frāter, -tris, m., brother. (φράτηρ, clansman.)
fraudŭlentus, -a, -um, adj., deceitful. (fraus.)
fraus, fraudis, f., deceit.
fraxĭnus, -i, f., ash tree.
frĕmĭtus, -us, m., roaring (frĕmo.)
frēnum, -i, n., bridle, bit.
frons, frondis, f., leafy branch, foliage.
frūges, -um. Cf. frux.
frūmentum, -i, n., corn. (For frugĭmentum, cf. frux, fruor.)
frustrā, adv., in vain. (Cf. fraus.)
frux, frūgis, f., fruit. Nom. sing. rare; more common in plural. (Cf. fruor.)
fŭga, -ae, f., flight, (fŭgio, φεύγω.)
fŭgĭtīvus, -a, -um, adj., fugitive. (fŭgio.)
fulgeo, fulsi, no sup., 2 v. n., I glitter. (Cf. fulgur, lightning.)
fundo, fūdi, fūsum, 3 v. a., I pour out, scatter.
fundus, -i, m., farm.
furtim, adv., secretly. (fur, thief.)
fūsus. Cf. fundo.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
Gallĭcus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Gaul, Gallic.
Gallus, -i, m., a Gaul.
Gellius, -ii, m., Gellius.
gĕmĭtus, -us, m., groan. (gĕmo.)
gens, gentis, f., clan, race, nation. (Cf. gigno, genus.)
gĕnus, -ĕris, n., race, kind. (γένος, gens, gigno.)
gĕro, gessi, gestum, 3 v. a., I bear, I carry on.
gesto, 1 v. a., I carry. (Intens. of gĕro.)
gigno, gĕnui, gĕnĭtum, 3 v. a., I produce. (Cf. gens, genus.)
glădius, -ii, m., sword.
glōria, -ae, f., renown, glory.
Graecē, adv., in Greek.
Graecia, -ae, f., Greece.
grāmen, -ĭnis, n., grass.
grāmĭneus, -a, -um, adj., made of grass. (grāmen.)
grandis, -e, adj., great, large, abundant.
Grandis natu, advanced in age.
grātia, -ae, f., favour, influence, gratitude, thanks: with agere in plural only.
In abl. gratiâ, for the sake of, with gen. (gratus.)
grātŭlātio, -onis, f., rejoicing, congratulation. (grātŭlor.)
grātŭlor, 1 v. dep., I congratulate, give thanks. (grātus.)
gŭla, -ae, f., throat.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
hăbĭto, 1 v. a. and n., I inhabit, dwell in. (Intensitive of hăbeo.)
haereo, haesi, haesum, 2 v. n., I stick to.
Hannĭbal, -ălis, m., Hannibal.
haud, adv., not.
haurio, hausi, haustum, 4 v. a., I draw up, drink, tear open, wound.
haut (or haud), adv., not.
haut·quā·quam, or haud·qua·quam, adv., by no means.
Hercles (or Hercŭles), -is and -i. m., Hercules.
For form Hercle, cf. iii. 1. note.
hīc, haec, hōc, demonstr. pron., this.
hīc, adv., here.
hĭlăris, -e, adj., merry, amusing.
hinc, adv., hence. (hic.)
hio, 1 v. n., I open my mouth, gape.
Rimis hiantem, with wide open clefts, lit., gaping open with clefts.
Hispānia, -ae, f., Spain.
Hispānĭcus, -a, -um, adj., Spanish.
histrio, -ōnis, m., actor. (Etruscan word hister, an actor.)
hŏdiē, adv., to-day. (hoc die.)
hŏdiernus, -a, -um, adj., of this day. (hŏdie.)
hŏmo, -ĭnis, m., man. (Cf. hūmānus.)
hŏnestus, -a, -um, adj., honourable, proper, respectable. (hŏnor.)
hŏnor, or hŏnos, -ōris, m., honour.
Hŏrātius, -ii, m., Horatius.
hortor, 1 v. dep., I encourage, urge. (Cf. ὄρνυμι, ὁρμή.)
hospes, -ĭtis, m., host, guest, stranger. (Cf. hostis, stranger, enemy.)
hospĭta, -ae, f. (feminine form of hospes,) female host, guest, stranger.
hostis, -is, c., enemy.
hūius·cĕ·mŏdi, and hūius·mŏdi, of this kind. (Cf. mŏdus.)
hŭmĕrus, -i, m., shoulder.
hŭmĭlis, -e, adj., low, humble, insignificant. (hŭmus, ground.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
iăcio, iĕci, iactum, 3 v. a., I throw.
iam, adv., already, now.
ĭbī̆, adv., there, thereupon. (is.)
ĭbī̆dem, adv., in the same place, immediately. (ibi, dem. cf. idem.)
ictus, -us, m., blow, stroke. (Obsolete present, ico and icio, I strike.)
idcirco, adv., therefore. (id-circo.)
īdem, ĕădem, ĭdem, pron., same. (is, and suffix dem.)
ĭdōneus, -a, -um, adj., fit.
ĭgĭtur, conj., then, therefore. (is, and suffix tur.)
ignāvia, -ae, f., cowardice. (in-gnāvus, lazy, cowardly; from navus, or gnavus, busy.)
ignis, -is, m., fire.
ignōmĭnia, -ae, f., disgrace. (in-nōmen, or gnōmen, loss of good name.)
ignōro, 1 v. a. and n., I am ignorant of. (ignārus, for in-gnarus or -narus.)
i·gnosco, -nōvi, nōtum, 3 v. a., I pardon, overlook. (in-gnosco or -nosco.)
i·gnōtus, -a, -um, adj., unknown. (in·gnotus or notus.)
īlex, -ĭcis, f., holm-oak, or great scarlet oak. Quercus ilex L.
īlĭco (or illico), adv., on the spot, immediately. (in, loco.)
illĕ, illă, illŭd, demonstr. pron., that, he.
illīc, adv., in that place, there. (ille, ce.)
im·mōbĭlis, -e, adj., motionless. (in, mŏveo.)
impĕdio, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 4 v. a., I hinder. (in, pes.)
impĕrātor, -ōris, m., general. (impĕro.)
impĕrium, -ii, n., command, empire. (impĕro.)
impĕro, 1 v. a., I command, I rule over (dat.).
impetro, 1 v. a., I accomplish, obtain.
impĕtus, -us, m., attack, force. (in·peto, I rush upon.)
im·mītis, -e, adj., stern.
in, prep. gov. acc. and abl., in, into, on, against.
in·cēdo, -cessi, -cessum, 3 v. n., I approach.
incendium, -ii, n., fire. (in-cendo, fr. in, candeo.)
in·cīdo, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 v. a., I cut into, cut through, open. (in, caedo.)
in·cĭpio, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 v. a., I begin. (in, căpio, I seize upon.)
in·clūdo, -si, -sum, 3 v. a., I shut in. (claudo.)
in·cognĭtus, -a, -um, adj., unknown. (in·cognosco.)
in·cŏlŭmis, -e, adj., uninjured, safe.
in·cruentus, -a, -um, adj., bloodless. (cruor.)
in·curro, -curri or -cŭcurri, cursum, 3 v. n., I rush into, rush against, attack.
incursio, -ōnis, f., inroad, attack. (in·curro.)
indĕ, adv., thence, thenceforward. (is.)
in·dīco, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I proclaim.
Indĭcus, -a, -um, adj., Indian.
in·dignus, -a, -um, adj., unworthy.
in·dūco, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I bring in, exhibit.
induo, -ui, -ūtum, 3 v. a., I put on. (ἐνδύω.)
ineptus, -a, -um, adj., unsuitable, foolish. (in, aptus.)
ĭn·explĭcābĭlis, -e, adj., hard to unfold, understand, intricate. (in, ex, plico, I fold.)
infĭtiae, -arum, f., denial. Only used in acc. plur. in phrase infitias ire, to deny. (infateor.)
in·flo, 1 v. a., I blow into or upon.
informis, -e, adj., shapeless. (forma.)
infrā, adv., and prep. gov. acc., below. (For inferă, sc. parte.)
in·fringo, -frēgi, -fractum, 3 v. a., I break in upon, break. (frango.)
ingĕnium, -ii, n., nature, talent, genius. (in, gigno.)
ingens, -entis, adj., immense.
in·grātus, -a, -um, adj., ungrateful.
in·grĕdior, -gressus, 3 v. dep., I step into, advance. (grădior.)
ĭn·ĭmīcus, -a, -um, adj., hostile;
as subst., an enemy. (in, ămīcus.)
in·īquus, -a, -um, unequal, unfair, dangerous. (in, aequus.)
in·iūrātus, -a, -um, adj., unsworn, relieved from oath. (in, iūro.)
iniūria, -ae, f., wrong, insult. (in, ius.)
inlĕcĕbra, or illĕcĕbra, -ae, f., attraction, allurement. (illicio.)
inlustris, or illustris, -e, adj., famous. (inlustro, I make light.)
inmānis, or immanis, -e, adj., fierce. (in, mānus, old Latin word = bonus: cf. manes, good spirits.)
inmensus, -a, -um, adj., immeasurable. (metior.)
inmĕrĭto, adv., undeservedly. (in, mereo.)
in·mitto, -mīsi, -missum, 3 v. a., I send in, thrust in, carry in, incite or suborn against.
Used absolutely, sc. equum, urge horse forward, vi. 9.
in·mortālis, or im·mortālis, -e, adj., immortal.
in·ŏpīnātus, -a, -um, adj., unexpected. (in, ŏpīnor.)
in·pĕrītus, -a, -um, unskilled.
in·perfectus, -a, -um, adj., not thoroughly finished, unfinished. (făcio.)
in·plūmis, -e, adj., unfeathered, unfledged. (plūma.)
in·pōno, -pŏsui, -pŏsĭtum, 3 v. a., I place on.
inquam, v. n., defective, I say.
in·quīro, -sīvi, -sītum, 3 v. a., I search into, examine, (in, quaero.)
in·rīdeo, -rīsi, -rīsum, 2 v. a. and n., I laugh at.
insānia, -ae, f., madness. (sānus.)
in·scendo, -endi, -ensum, 3 v. a., I climb up, mount. (scando.)
in·sĭdeo, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 v. n., I sit on, occupy, (sĕdeo.)
in·sĭdiae, -arum, f., plur. only, ambush, treachery. (insĭdeo.)
insigne, -is, n., badge, ornament. (in·signis, distinguished by a mark, signum.)
in·sisto, -stiti, no sup., 3 v. n., I stand on, rest on, persist.
in·sŏlens, -entis, adj., unaccustomed to, with gen. (in, sŏleo.)
insŏlenter, adv., haughtily. (in·solens.)
in·specto, 1 v. a., I look upon. (Frequentative of in·spicio, from specio.)
instinctus, -a, -um, part. fr. instinguo.
instinguo, -nxi, -nctum, 3 v. a., I incite. (Only in perf. part. pass. in classical writers.)
instĭtuo, -ui, -ūtum, 3 v. a., I determine. (stătuo.)
in·sto, -stĭti, no sup., 1 v. n., I stand upon, press upon, insist.
in·struo, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I build upon, I draw up, arrange.
in·suesco, -ēvi, -ētum, 3 v. n., I am accustomed.
insŭla, -ae, f., island, lodging-house.
intĕger, -gra, -gram, adj., untouched, sound. (tango.)
intellĕgo, -exi, -ectum, 3 v. a., I perceive, understand. (inter, lĕgo.)
inter, prep. gov. acc., between, among.
intĕr·ĕā, adv., meanwhile. (inter·ea, from is.)
inter·dīco, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I forbid.
intĕr·eo, -ii, -ĭtum, 4 v. n., I die. (Lit., I go among several things, and so, disappear.)
inter·fĭcio, -fēci, -fectum, 3 v. a., I kill. (făcio, lit., I put between.)
intĕrim, adv., meanwhile. (inter, im old acc. of is.)
interĭtus, -us, m., ruin, death. (intereo.)
interpres, -ĕtis, com., interpreter.
inter·rŏgo, 1 v. a., I question, ask.
intĭmus, -a, -um, adj., inmost, superlative from [intĕrus, not found; cf. inter and intra], intĕrior.
intrā, adv., and prep. gov. acc., within.
in·trĕpĭdus, -a, -um, adj., fearless.
intrō·dūco, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I bring in, introduce.
intrŏ·eo, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, 4 v. n., I go in, enter.
intrō·grĕdior, -gressus, 3 v. dep., I step in, enter. (grădior.)
intrō·rumpo, -rūpi, -ruptum, 3 v. n., I burst into.
in·vĕnio, -vēni, -ventum, 4 v. a., I come upon, find.
in·vīsus, -a, -um, adj., hated. (in·vĭdeo, I look at with evil eye, hate.)
ipse, -a, -um, demonstr. pron., himself, herself, itself.
īra, -ae, f., anger.
is, ea, id, demonstr. pron., that, he, she, it.
istĕ, -a, -ŭd, demonstr. pron., that of yours, that near you.
istic, -aec, -oc or -uc, demonstr. pron., that of yours, that near you. (For iste·ce.)
ĭta, adv., thus, so.
Ītălia, -ae, f., Italy.
ĭtem, adv., likewise, also. (is.)
ĭter, itĭnĕris, n., journey. (eo.)
ĭtĕrum, adv., a second time, again. (Acc. sing. of comparative form from is.)
ĭtĭdem, adv., in like manner. (ita, dem.)
iŭbeo, iussi, iussum, 2 v. a., I order.
iūcunde, adv., pleasantly. (iūcundus.)
iūcundus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant, delightful. (iŏcus.)
iūdex, -ĭcis, m., judge. (ius, dīco.)
iūdĭco, 1 v. a., I judge, decide. (ius, dīco.)
Iūliānus, -i, m., Julian.
Iūpĭter (or Iuppĭter), Iŏvis, m., Jupiter, Jove. (Iovis pater: cf. Ζεύς πατήρ. Iovis from root div, bright.)
iūro and iūror (dep.), 1 v. a., I swear. (ius.)
iūs, iūris, n., right, law, justice. (Root iu, join: cf. ζεύγνυμι.)
ius·iurandum, iuris·iurandi, n., oath. (ius, iūro.)
iustus, -a, -um, adj., right, fair. (ius.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
lăbor, -ōris, m., toil, labour.
Lăcĕdaemŏnius, -a, -um, adj., Lacedaemonian, Spartan.
Lăcōnĭcus, -a, -um, adj., Laconian, Lacedaemonian.
lā̆crĭmo, 1 v. n., I weep. (lā̆crĭma: cf. δάκρυ, tear.)
laetĭtia, -ae, f., joy. (laetus.)
laetus, -a, -um, adj., glad, rich.
lambo, -bi, -bĭtum, 3 v. a., I lick.
lāmenta, orum, n., plur. only, wailing, lamentation.
lāna, -ae, f., wool.
lănio, 1 v. a., I tear, mangle. (Cf. lăcer, torn to pieces.)
latē, adv., widely. (lātus.)
lătēbra, -ae, f., hiding place. (lăteo, I lie hid.)
lătē̆brōsus, -a, -um, adj., full of hiding places; hidden, retired. (lătē̆bra.)
Lătīnē, adv., in Latin.
Lătīnus, -a, -um, adj., Latin.
lātro, 1 v. n., I bark, bark at.
lātus, -a, -um, adj., broad.
lātus, -a, -um, part. of fĕro.
lătus, -ĕris, n., side.
laudo, 1 v. a., I praise. (laus.)
laurus, -us, f., bay tree, laurel tree.
laus, laudis, f., praise.
laxo, 1 v. a., I loosen, relax. (laxus; cf. languidus.)
lēgātus, -i, m., ambassador, lieutenant. (lēgo, -are, I send with a charge, depute.)
lĕgo, -lexi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I collect, choose out, read. (λέγω, λόγος, dilegens.)
lēnĭter, adv., gently. (lēnis: cf. lentus.)
leo, -ōnis, m., lion. λέων
lĕpĭdē, adv., charmingly, humorously. (lĕpĭdus.)
lĕpĭdus, -a, -um, adj., charming, humorous. (lĕpos, charm.)
Lesbius, -a, -um, adj., Lesbian, of Lesbos.
lĕvo, 1 v. a., I raise up, relieve. (Cf. lĕvis, light.)
lex, lēgis, f., law.
lĭbenter, adv., gladly, willingly. (lĭbet.)
lĭber, -bri, m., book. (Lit., inner bark of tree.)
lībĕrālis, -e, adj., befitting a freeman, decorous, noble. (līber.)
lībĕro, 1 v. a., I set free. (līber.)
lībra, -ae, f., pound. (Cf. λίτρα)
lĭcet, lĭcuit and lĭcĭtum est, 2 v. n., defective, it is allowable.
ligneus, -a, -um, adj.., wooden. (lignum.)
lignum, -i, n., what is gathered (lĕgo) as firewood, wood.
līneāmentum, -i, n., feature. (līnea, a line.)
lingua, -ae, f., tongue.
līs, lītis, f., lawsuit.
lītigiōsus, -a, -um, quarrelsome. (lis.)
littera (or lītera), -ae, f., letter. (lĭno.)
lŏcus, -i, nom. plur. -i and -a, m., place, position, rank.
longē, adv., far off, by far.
longus, -a, -um, adj., long, far off.
lŏquor, -cūtus, 3 v. dep., I speak, say.
lōrum, -i, n., thong, leash.
Lūcius, -ii, m., Lucius.
luctus, -us, m., mourning. (lūgeo.)
lūgeo, -xi, [-ctum], 2 v. n. and a., I mourn, mourn for.
lūgū̆bris, -e, adj., mournful. (lūgeo.)
Lūsĭtānus, -a, -um, adj., of Lusitania.
lux, lūcis, f., light, day.
Lucis ortu, at sunrise;
primâ luce, at dawn. (lūceo.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
măgis, adv., more: comparative degree from magnŏpĕre, magis, maxime. (Root magh: cf. μέγας.)
măgister, -tri, m., master. (măgis and comparative suffix ter.)
magnĭtūdo, -ĭnis, f., size. (magnus.)
magnus, -a, -um, adj., great. (Root magh: cf. μέγας.)
māior, maius, adj., comparative degree of magnus, maior, maxĭmus.
mandātum, -i, n., command. (mando.)
mando, 1 v. a., I entrust, command, enjoin upon.
Mando litteris, I commit to writing. (manus, do.)
măneo, -nsi, -nsum, 2 v. n., I remain.
Manlius, -ii, m., Manlius.
mansŭētus, -a, -um, part. from mansuesco, tamed, gentle.
mansŭēsco, -sŭēvi, sŭētum, 3 v. a. and n., I tame, grow tame. (Manus, suesco, I accustom to the hand.)
mănus, -us, f., hand, band.
Marcus, -i, m., Marcus.
mărĕ, -is, n., sea. (Root mar, to shine: cf. marmor.)
mărĭtĭmus, -a, -um, belonging to the sea, maritime. (mare.)
mărītus, -i, m., husband. (mas.)
māter, -tris, f., mother. (μήτηρ.)
māter·fămĭliās, mātris·fămĭliās, f., mother of a family, matron.
mātrĭmōnium, -ii, n., marriage. (māter.)
mātrōna, -ae, f., matron. (māter.)
mātūresco, -rui, no sup., 3 v. n. inceptive, I become ripe.
maxĭmus, -a, -um, adj., greatest; superlative degree, from magnus, maior.
mĕdeor, no perf., 2 v. dep., I cure.
mĕdĭcīna, -ae, f., medicine, remedy. (From adj. mĕdĭcīnus, sc. ars.)
mĕdĭcīnus, -a, -um, adj., medical. (Cf. mĕdeor.)
mĕdĭcus, -i, m., doctor. (Cf. mĕdeor.)
mĕdius, -a, -um, adj., middle. (μέσος.)
membrum, -i, n., limb.
mĕmŏria, -ae, f., memory, recollection, story. (mĕmor.)
mĕmŏro, 1 v. a., I call to remembrance, I relate. (Cf. memoria.)
Mĕnander, -dri, m., Menander. (Μένανδρος.)
mendācium, -ii, n., lie. (mendax, mentior.)
mens, mentis, f., mind. (Root mem; cf. memini.)
mentior, 4 v. dep., I tell lies. (Lit., I invent, root men: cf. mens.)
merces, -ēdis, f., price. (mĕreor, I earn.)
mercor, 1 v. dep. a., I buy. (merx, merchandise, mĕreor.)
mĕreor, 2 v. dep., I deserve, earn, (μέρος, share.)
mĕrīdiānus, -a, -um, adj., of mid-day. (merīdies for medi- dies, from mĕdius, dies.)
messis, -is, acc. -em and -im, f. harvest. (mĕto.)
Mēthymnaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Methymna. (Μήθυμνα.)
mĕto, messui, messum, 3 v. a., I reap. (Cf. messis.)
mĕtus, -us, m., fear.
meus, -a, -um, adj., my.
mĭco, -ui, no sup., 1 v. n., I glitter.
mī̆gro, 1 v. n., I depart from, quit. (Cf. meo, I go.)
mīles, -ĭtis, c., soldier.
Mīlēsius, -a, -um, adj., of Miletus.
Mīlētus, -i, f., Miletus, a town in Asia Minor. (Μίλητος.)
mīlĭtāris, -e, adj., military. (mīles.)
Mĭlo, -ōnis, m., Milo.
mĭnistro, 1 v. a., I wait upon, serve up, hand. (mĭnister, servant.)
mĭnor, -us, adj., less. comparative of parvus. (Root min: cf. minuo, I lessen.)
mĭnor, 1 v. dep., I threaten. (minae, threats.)
mīrandus, -a, -um, wonderful: ger. of mīror.
mīrĭfĭcus, -a, -um, adj., causing wonder, marvellous. (mīrus, făcio.)
mīror, 1 v. dep., I wonder at. (Cf. mīrus.)
mīrus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful.
mĭser, -era, -erum, adj. wretched. (Root mi: cf. mĭnuo.)
mĭserandus, -a, -um, pitiable: gerundive of mĭseror.
mĭseror, 1 v. dep., I pity. (mĭser.)
mītis, -e, adj., gentle.
Mĭtrĭdātes, -is and -i, m., Mitridates or Mithridates.
mitto, mīsi, missum, 3 v. a., I send.
mōbĭlis, -e, adj., movable, fickle. (For movibilis, from mŏveo.)
mŏdestus, -a, -um, adj., moderate, virtuous, discreet. (mŏdus.)
mŏdŏ, adv., only. (Lit., by measure, mŏdus.)
mŏdus, -i, m., measure, manner.
huiusmodi, of this sort.
moenia, -ium, n., plur. only, defensive walls, ramparts. (Cf. mūnio.)
mollis, -e, adj., easy, soft, (moveo.)
mŏneo, 2 v. a., I warn, advise, remind.
mŏnīle, -is, n., collar, necklace.
mŏnĭmentum, -i, n., monument. (mŏneo, I remind.)
mons, montis, m., mountain.
mŏrĭbundus, -a, -um, adj., dying. (mŏrior.)
mŏrior, mortuus, 3 v. n., I die.
mōrōsus, -a, -um, adj., bad-tempered.
mors, mortis, f., death. (Cf. mŏrior.)
mos, mōris, m., manner, custom.
More ursino, like a bear.
De more, according to custom, as usual.
mox, adv., soon.
mŭliēbris, -e, adj., womanly, (mŭlier.)
mŭlier, -ĕris, f., woman.
multo (or mulcto), 1 v. a., I punish, fine.
multus, -a, -um, adj., many, much. Comp., plūs; sup., plūrĭmus.
mundus, -a, -um, adj., clean, tidy.
mūnīmentum, -i, n., fortification. (mūnio.)
mūnio, 4 v. a., I fortify. (Cf. moenia, mūrus.)
murmur, -ŭris, n., complaint.
mūrus, -i, m., wall. (Root mu: cf. mūnio, moenia.)
mūtuus, -a, -um, adj., borrowed, lent. (mūto, I change.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
nanciscor, nactus, and nanctus, 3 v. dep., I obtain, reach.
nāris, -is, f., nostril, nose; usually in plural.
narro, 1 v. a., I tell, relate. (Cf. i·gnarus, nosco; root gna, know.)
nascor, nātus, 3 v. dep., I am born, spring up.
nātio, -ōnis, f., race, nation. (nascor.)
nātūra, -ae, f., nature.
Rediit in naturam, it returned to its natural position. (nascor.)
nātus, -us, m., birth, age.
Natu grandis, advanced in age. (nascor.)
nauta. Cf. navita.
nāvālis, -e, adj., naval. (nāvis.)
nāvis, -is, f., ship. (ναῦς.)
nāvĭta (or nauta), -ae, m., sailor. (nāvis.)
nē, adv. and conj., not, in order that not, lest.
-nĕ, enclitic interrog. particle.
nĕbŭlo, -ōnis, m., worthless fellow. (nĕbŭla, mist: cf. nūbes, cloud.)
nĕc, neither, nor, and not.
nĕcessĕ, adj., nom. and acc. neuter only, necessary.
nĕco, 1 v. a., I kill. (Cf. νέκυς, corpse.)
neglĭgo, and neglĕgo, -exi, -ectum, 3 v. a., I neglect. (nec, lĕgo, I do not pick up.)
nĕego, 1 v. n. and a., I deny, refuse.
nēmo, -ĭnis, pron., no one. (ne, hŏmo.)
nē·quā·quam, adv., by no means.
nĕquĕ, neither, nor, and not.
nex, nĕcis, f., violent death. (nĕco.)
nīdŭlus, -i, m., a little nest. (demin. of nīdus.)
nĭhĭl, nīl, n., indecl., nothing.
nĭhĭlo, by nothing; cf. nĭhĭlum.
Used with comparatives, nihilo minus, none the less.
nĭhĭlum, -i, n., nothing.
nĭmis, adv., too much.
nĭmĭum, adv. and subst., too much.
nĭ·sĭ, conj., unless.
nītor, nīsus and nixus, 3 v. dep., I strive.
nōbĭlis, -e, adj., celebrated, noble. (For gnobilis, from nosco or gnosco.)
nōmen, -ĭnis, n., name. (Cf. nosco.)
non, adv., not.
non·nĕ, interrog. adv., is not?
non·nullus, -a, -um, adj., some, several.
nos, plur. of ego, we. (Cf. νώ.)
nos met·ipsi, we ourselves.
nosco, nōvi, nōtum, 3 v. a., I know. (Or gnosco, root gno: cf. nōmen, nōbilis.)
noster, -tra, -trum, adj., our. (nōs.)
nōta, -ae, f., mark, brand. (nosco.)
nōtus, -a, -um, known, part. from nosco.
nŏvem, numer., nine.
nŏvus, -a, -um, adj., new.
nox, noctis, f., night. (νύξ.)
noxa, -ae, f., injury, harm. (nŏcco.)
nūbo, -psi, -ptum, 3 v. n., I am married (of the woman), with dative. (Lit., I veil myself: cf. nūbes.)
nūdus, -a, -um, adj., bare, unarmed.
nullus, -a, -um, adj., none. (ne·ullus.)
nūmen, -ĭnis, n., nod, will, divinity. (nuo.)
nŭmĕrus, -i, m., number. (Cf. νέμω, I distribute, nummus.)
nunc, adv., now. (num·ce: cf. νῦν.)
nunquam, adv., never. (ne-unquam.)
nuntio, 1 v. a., I announce, report. (Cf. nŏvus.)
nusquam, adv., nowhere. (ne-usquam.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
ŏb, prep. gov. acc., on account of.
ob·iĭcio, and ōbĭcio, obiēci, obiectum, 3 v. a., I throw before, I reproach with. (jăcio.)
ob·lĭno, -lēvi, -lĭtum, 3 v. a., I smear over.
ŏb·oedio, 4 v. n., I obey, with dative. (ob, audio.)
ŏb·ŏrior, -ortus, 4 v. dep., I grow, spring up.
ob·pĕto (or op·peto), -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 v. a., I encounter.
ob·pugno (or op·pugno), 1 v. a., I fight against, attack.
ob·sĕcro, 1 v. a., I beseech, entreat. (sacro, lit., I ask on religious grounds, ob sacrum.)
ob·sĭdeo, -sēdi, -sessum, 2 v. n., I besiege. (sĕdeo.)
obsĭdio, -ōnis, f., siege. (obsĭdeo.)
ob·servo, 1 v. a., I notice, attend to.
ob·tĭneo, -ui, -tentum, 2 v. a., I hold. (tĕneo.)
ob·vĕnio, -vēni, -ventum, 4 v. n., I come in way of, fall to lot of.
ob·viam, adv., with dative, in the way.
Obviam ire, progredi, etc., alicui, to meet anyone. (via.)
ob·vius, -a, -um, adj., in the way. (via.)
oc·cīdo, -cīdi, cīsum, 3 v. a., I kill. (caedo.)
occŭpo, 1 v. a., I seize, take hold of. (ob, căpio.)
octo, num., eight. (ὀκτώ.)
octōginta, num., eighty.
ŏcŭlus, -i, m., eye. (Cf. ὄσσε, the two eyes; ὄσσομαι, I see.)
of·fĕro, obtŭli, oblātum, 3 v. a., I offer, present.
offĭcium, -ii, n., service, work, duty. (For opificium, opus, făcio.)
ŏlea, -ae, f., olive tree. (ἐλαία.)
ŏleāgĭneus, -a, -um, adj., of the olive. (ŏlea.)
ŏleum, -i, n., olive oil. (ἔλαιον.)
ŏ·mitto, -mīsi, -missum, 3 v. a., I neglect. (ob, mitto, I let go.)
omnis, -e, adj., all.
ŏpĕra, -ae, f., work. (Cf. ŏpus.)
ŏpīmus, -a, -um, adj., rich, fat, choice.
ŏpīnio, -ōnis, f., opinion, supposition. (opīnor.)
oppĕrior, -perītus and -pertus, 4 v. dep., I wait for. (Cf. experior and peritus, from obsolete perior.)
oppĭdum, -i, n., town.
op·pleo, -ēvi, -ētum, 2 v. a., I fill up.
op·prĭmo, -essi, -essum, 3 v. a., I press against, oppress, crush. (prĕmo.)
[ops], ŏpis, f., nom. sing. not used, power, wealth, help. (Cf. ŏpulentus.)
optĭmus, -a, -um, superlative of bŏnus. (Cf. ops.)
opto, 1 v. a., I wish for. (Root op, pick out: cf. ὄψομαι.)
optŭlit (or obtŭlit), fr. offĕro.
ōrācŭlum, -i, n., oracle, (ōro.)
ŏrātio, -onis, f., speech, (ōro.)
Ŏrestes, -is or -i, Orestes. (Ὀρέστης.)
ŏrior, ortus, 4 v. dep., I arise.
Sol oriens, sunrise. (Cf. ὄρνυμι.)
ornātus, -us, m., attire. (orno.)
orno, 1 v. a., I adorn.
ōro, 1 v. a., I pray for, beg. (ōs.)
orthius, -a, -um, adj., high.
Carmen orthium, νόμος ὄρθιος: cf. note xxxv. 21.
ortus, -us, m., rising. (ŏrior.) solis ortu, at sunrise.
ōs, ōris, n., mouth, face.
ŏs, ossis, n., bone. (ὀστέον.)
Oscē, adv., in Oscan.
ostendo, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 v. a., I show. (obs·tendo.)
ostento, 1 v. a., I show; freq. form fr. ostendo.
ōtiōsus, -a, -um, adj., unoccupied, free, quiet. (ōtium.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
P. for Publius, -ii, m., Publius.
pābŭlum, -i, n., food. (pasco.)
păciscor, -i, pactus, 3 v. dep., a. and n., I agree, bargain. (Cf. pax, pactum.)
pactum, -i, n., agreement, manner. (păciscor.)
pălam, adv., openly.
Pălātium, -ii, n., the Palatine hill.
palma, -ae, f., palm.
palmes, -ĭtis, m., vine-shoot. (palma.)
pălūs, -ūdis, f., marsh. (πηλός, mud.)
pango, pĕpĭgi, pactum (also panxi and pēgi, panctum), 3 v. a., I settle. (Cf. pax.)
Păpīrius, -ii, m., Papirius.
pār, păris, adj., equal.
parco, pĕperci, rarely parsi, parcĭtum and parsum, 3 v. n., with dat., I spare.
părens, -entis, c., parent. (părio.)
pāreo, 2 v. n., with dative, I obey.
părio, pĕpĕri, părĭtum and partum, 3 v. a., I beget, produce.
pars, partis, f., part, side.
partus, -us, m., birth, offspring. (părio.)
părum, adv., too little. (Cf. parvus.)
parvus, -a, -um, adj., small. (Cf. paucus.)
pastus, -us, m., food, pasture. (pasco.)
păter, pātris, m., father. (πατήρ, root pa: cf. pasco.)
pătior, passus, 3 v. dep., I suffer, allow.
Aegre passus, displeased.
paucus, -a, -um, adj., few. (Root pau: cf. παῦρος, paulus.)
paulātim, adv., by degrees, gradually. (paulus, little.)
păvĕ·făcio, -fēci, -factum, 3 v. a., I terrify. (păveo.)
pax, pācis, f., peace. (Root pac, make firm: cf. paciscor, pango, πήγνυμι.)
pectus, -ŏris, n., breast: mind.
pĕcūnia, -ae, f., money. (pĕcus, cattle being the original standard of value.)
pĕdester, -tris, -tre, adj., on foot;
in plur. as subst., foot-soldiers. (pes.)
Pĕlasgus, -a, -um, adj., Pelasgian.
Pĕlŏponnensiăcus, -a, -um, adj., Peloponnesian.
pĕnĭtus, adv., deeply, thoroughly.
per, prep. gov. acc., through.
per·callesco, -lui, no sup., 3 v. a., I am well versed in, know well. (Inceptive form from per·calleo: cf. callĭdus.)
per·contor, 1 v. dep., I enquire.
per·crēbesco (or per·crebresco), bui (or brui), no sup., 3 v. n., I spread abroad. (creber.)
per·cŭtio, cussi, cussum, 3 v. a., I strike.
securi percutio, I behead. (quătio.)
per·do, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I lose.
pĕren·die, adv., on the day after to-morrow. (πέραν, dies.)
pĕr·eo, -ii or -īvi, -ĭtum, 4 v. n., I pass away, die.
per·fŏdio, -fōdi, -fossum, 3 v. a., I dig through, pierce through.
Pĕriander, -dri, m., Periander.
Pĕrĭcles, -is or -i, m., Pericles.
pĕrīcŭlum, -i, n., danger.
pĕrītus, -a, -um, adj., skilled. (Part. fr. obsolete perior: cf. op·perior.)
per·mētior, -ensus, 4 v. dep. a., I measure through, travel over.
per·mitto, mīsi, missum, 3 v. a., I suffer, allow.
per·mŏveo, -mōvi, -mōtum, 2 v. a., I move thoroughly, rouse, disturb.
per·mūtātio, -ōnis, f., exchange. (per·mūto.)
per·mūto, 1 v. a., I exchange.
per·pĕtior, pessus, 3 v. dep. n., and a., I suffer, endure. (pătior.)
per·suādeo, -suāsi, suāsum, 2 v. a., I convince, persuade.
per·taedet, -taesum est, 2 v. n., impersonal; it thoroughly wearies. (Acc. of person affected, and gen. of thing or person causing the weariness.)
per·vĕnio, -vēni, -ventum, 4 v. n., I arrive at.
pēs, pĕdis, m., foot. (Cf. ποῦς, ποδός.)
pestĭlentia, -ae, f., plague. (pestis.)
Pĕtīlius, -ii, m., Petilius.
pĕto, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 v. a., I seek, ask for. (Lit., to fall upon: cf. πίπτω.)
pĕtŭlantia, -ae, f., impudence. (Obsolete pĕtŭlo: cf. pĕto.)
phălĕrae, -arum, f., plur. only, ornaments for chests and foreheads of horses. (φάλαρα.)
Phĭlēmon (or Phĭlēmo), -ōnis, m., Philemon. (Φιλήμων.)
phĭlŏsŏphus, -i, m., philosopher. (φιλόσοφος.)
Phrygia, -ae, f., Phrygia.
pĭget, pĭguit and pĭgĭtum est, 2 v. n. (rarely used personally), it troubles, displeases.
pinna, or penna, -ae, f., feather. (Root pet: cf. πέτομαι, I fly.)
Pīraeus, -i, the Piraeus, port of Athens.
pius, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, kind.
plăceo, 2 v. n., I am pleasing;
often used impersonally, placet mihi, it pleases me, seems good to me, is my opinion;
of the senate, it is resolved, determined.
plăcĭdē, adv., gently, quietly. (plăcĭdus, plăceo.)
plānē, adv., clearly, plainly. (plānus, level.)
plebs, plebis (or plēbes, -ei and -is), f., the common people.
plērus·que, -aque, -umque, adj., very many, most. (plerus: cf. plēnus, root ple, fill.)
plūmo, 1 v. a. and n., I cover, or am covered with, feathers, am fledged. (plūma.)
plūs, plūris, adj., more: comparative of multus.
Plūtarchus, -i, m., Plutarch.
pōcŭlum, -i, n., cup, goblet. (Cf. pōtus, a draught.)
Poenĭcus, -a, -um, adj. Cf. Poenus.
Poenus, -a, -um, Punic, Carthaginian. Cf. ix. 8 note.
poena, -ae, f., punishment, penalty. (ποινή, punio, poeniteo.)
Pŏlus, -i, m., Polus.
Pomptīnus, -a, -um, adj., Pomptine, i.e. near Pometia, in Latium.
pōmum, -i, n., fruit or apple.
pondo, adv., in or by weight. (pondus.)
pondus, -ĕris, n., weight. (pendo, I hang up.)
pōno, pŏsui, pŏsĭtum, 3 v. a., I place.
pons, pontis, m., bridge. (prop, a path, πάτος, German Pfad, esp. across a river: cf. Pontifex.)
Pontus, -i, m., district in Asia Minor.
pŏpŭlus, -i, m., people.
porgere. Cf. porrigo.
porrĭgo, -rexi, -rectum, 3 v. a., I stretch out. (Several contracted forms, porgere, porge, porgite, etc.) (pro, rego.)
posco, pŏposci, no sup., 3 v. a., I demand.
possies, old pres. subj. of possum, for possis.
possum, pŏtui, posse, v. n., I am able. (pŏtis, sum.)
post, adv., and prep. gov. acc., afterwards, after.
posteā, adv., afterwards. (post, ea, from is.)
postĕrior, -us, comparative fr. posterus.
postĕrus, -a, -um, adj., coming after;
as subst., descendant. (post, comp. postĕrior, sup. postrēmus.)
post·hac, adv., after this, henceforth.
postlīmĭnium, -ii, n., return to rank and privileges. Cf. note xl. 13. (post, limen, usual derivation.)
post·quam, conj., after that.
postrēmus, -a, -um, last; superlative from postĕrus.
ad postremum, at last.
postrīdiē, adv., on the next day. (postĕrus, dies.)
postŭlātio, -ōnis, f., demand. (postŭlo.)
postŭlātum, -i, n., demand. (postŭlo.)
postŭlo, 1 v. a., I demand. (posco.)
pŏtior, 4 v. dep., I obtain possession of; with gen. and abl. (pŏtis, able.)
pŏtius, adv., rather; only used in comparative pŏtius, and superl. pŏtissime. (fr. pŏtis, -e, adj., pŏtior, pŏtissimus.)
praebeo, 2 v. a., I offer, give.
praeceps, -ĭpĭtis, adj., head-first, headlong, (prae, căput.)
prae·cīdo, -cīdi, -cīsum, 3 v. a., I cut off. (caedo.)
prae·cĭpio, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 v. a., I take beforehand, I instruct. (căpio.)
prae·clārus, -a, -um, adj., famous.
praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil.
prae·dĭco, 1 v. a., I proclaim, declare publicly.
praedium, -ii, n., farm, estate.
praefectus, -i, m., a man placed over, overseer, prefect. (prae, făcio.)
prae·for, 1 v. dep., I say beforehand.
prae·fulgeo, -si, no sup., 2 v. n., I glitter.
praemium, -ii, n., reward.
prae·mŏneo, 2 v. a., I forewarn, admonish beforehand.
praesens, -entis, adj., present. (praesum.)
prae·ses, -ĭdis, adj., protecting;
as subst., ruler. (prae, sĕdeo.)
prae·sto, -ĭti, -ĭtum (rarely -āvi, -ātum), 1 v. n. and a., I am superior, I surpass.
praeter, prep. gov. acc., besides, except. (prae, and suffix ter.)
praeterĭtus, -a, -um, part. fr. praetereo, past.
praetĕr·eo, -ii or -īvi, ĭtum, 4 v. n. and a., I pass by.
praetextātus, -a, -um, adj., wearing the toga praetexta.
prĕtiōsē, adv., expensively, splendidly. (prĕtiōsus: cf. prĕtium.)
prĕtium, -ii, n., price.
prīmum, adv., at first.
Ubi, or cum, primum, as soon as.
prīmus, -a, -um, adj., first, superl.; no positive; comp. prior. (Cp. priscus.)
princĭpium, -ii, n., beginning. (princeps.)
prior, -us, adj., former, comp.; (Cf. prīmus.)
prius, adv., before. (prior.)
prius·quam, conj., before that.
pro, prep. gov. abl., before, for, in proportion to.
prō·cēdo, -cessi, -cessum, 3 v. n., I advance.
prōcērĭtas, -ātis, f., height. (prōcērus.)
prōcērus, -a, -um, adj., tall. (procello.)
prō·consŭlāris, -e, adj., proconsular, acting instead of a consul.
prŏcŭl, adv., absolutely, or with abl., with or without ‘ab’; at a distance, far from.
Dubio procul, without doubt.
prŏ·cūro, 1 v. a. and n., I take care of.
prōd·eo, -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 v. n., I come forward, (pro, eo.)
prō·do, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I give forth, report, relate; I betray.
proelium, -ii, n., battle.
prō·fĕro, -tŭli, -lātum, 3 v. a., I bring forth, I prolong.
prŏ·fĭciscor, -fectus, 3 v. dep. n., I set out. (pro, făcio.)
prŏ·fundus, -a, -um, adj., deep;
as subst. profundum, -i (sc. mare), deep sea.
prō·grĕdior, -essus, 3 v. dep. n., I advance. (grădior.)
prŏ·indē, adv., just so, just as.
prō·iĭcio, or prō·ĭcio, -iēci, -iectum, 3 v. a., I throw forward, thrust forward. (iăcio.)
prō·mitto, -mīsi, -missum, 3 v. a., I send forth; I say beforehand, promise.
prō·mŏveo, -mōvi, -mōtum, 2 v. a., I move forward, cause to advance.
promptus, -us, m., readiness.
in promptu esse, to be at hand, ready. (prōmo, I take forth.)
prō·nuntio, 1 v. a., I proclaim, announce.
prŏpe, adv., and prep. gov. acc., near, almost: prŏpe, prŏpius, proxĭmē.
prŏpĕro, 1 v. a. and n., I hasten. (prŏpĕrus, quick.)
prŏpinquus, -a, -um, near, neighbouring;
as subst., a neighbour. (prŏpe.)
propter, prep. gov. acc., on account of. (for propiter, fr. prŏpe.)
proptĕr·eā, adv., on account of those things, therefore.
prō·pugno, 1 v. n., I fight in front of, fight for, defend.
prō·rĭpio, -rĭpui, -reptum, 3 v. a., I drag forth;
se proripere, to rush forth, take refuge in. (răpio.)
prorsus, adv., forward, directly. (pro, versus.)
prō·sĕquor, -cūtus, 3 v. dep. a., I follow.
prospectus, -us, m., view. (prospĭcio.)
prospĕrē, adv., successfully. (prospĕrus, from prospe, answering to hope.)
prō·sum, -fui, prōdesse, v. n., I am of use to.
Prōtăgŏras, -ae, m., Protagoras.
prō-tendo, -di, -sum and -tum, 3 v. a., I stretch forth.
prō·tĭnus, adv., forthwith. (tĕnus, prep., as far as.)
prō·vĕho, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I carry forward;
in pass., I go forward, I sail, etc.
prō·vĭdens, -entis, part. of provĭdeo, careful.
prō·vĭdeo, -vīdi, -vīsum, 2 v. n. and a., I foresee, I am careful.
prōvincia, -ae, f., sphere of duty, province.
prō·vŏco, 1 v. a., I call forth, challenge.
proxĭmē, adv., and prep. with acc., very near: super. fr. prŏpe.
proxĭmus, -a, -um, adj., very near: [prŏpis obsolete], prŏpior, proxĭmus. (Cf. prŏpe.)
prūdens, -entis, adj., foreseeing, discreet. (For pro·vĭdens.)
publĭcē, adv., in behalf of the state.
pŭdor, -ōris, m., shame, modesty. (pŭdeo.)
puer, -ĕri, m., boy.
pugna, -ae, f., battle, contest. (Root pug, strike: cf. pugil, pugno.)
pugno, 1 v. a., I fight. (pugna.)
pulchrĭtūdo, -ĭnis, f., beauty. (pulcher.)
pullus, -i, m., young animal or bird.
pūnio, -īvi or ii, ītum, 4 v. a., I punish. (poena.)
puppis, -is, f., stern, poop of ship.
purgo, 1 v. a., I make clean, clear. (pūrus, ăgo.)
pŭto, 1 v. a., I think. (Lit., I trim, arrange, and so reckon, think; root, pu, cleanse: cf. purus.)
Pyrrhus, -i, m., Pyrrhus.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
quaero, -sīvi or -sii, sītum, 3 v. a., I seek, inquire for, ask.
quaeso, -īvi or -ii, no sup., 3 v. a., I seek, beg.
Used parenthetically, ‘pray.’
quaestus, -us, m., gain, business. (quaero.)
quālis, -e, adj. pron., of what kind;
talis ... qualis, such ... as. (quis.)
quam, conj. and adv., than, as. (qui.)
quam·ob·rem, adv., relative and interrog., wherefore.
quam·quam, conj., although.
quantus, -a, -um, adj., how great, as great. (quam.)
quăsĭ, adv., as if, just as. (quamsi.)
quattuordĕcim (or quatuordĕcim), numer., fourteen.
-quĕ, enclitic conj., and.
quĕo, -īvi and -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 v. n., I am able.
quercus, -us, f., oak.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., indef. adj. pron. and inter. adj. pron., who, what.
quĭă, conj., because. (For qui-am, quî-iam, whereby now.)
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam (and quiddam, subst.), indef. pron., a certain one.
quĭdem, adv., indeed.
quĭes, -ētis, f., rest.
quĭesco, -ēvi, -ētum, 3 v. n., I rest, (quies.)
quīn, conj., that not, but that, but indeed, rather;
interrog., why not? (qui, ne.)
quin·dĕcim·vĭr, -i, a quindecimvir, one of the college of 15 men who had charge of the Sibylline books.
quinquĕ, numer., five.
quinquĭes, adv., five times.
quis, quid, inter. pron., who? which?
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron., any.
quis·nam, quidnam, inter. pron., who, which, what pray? whoever?
quis·piam, quaepiam, quodpiam (and subst., quidpiam or quippiam), indef. pron., any, some.
quis·quĕ, quaeque, quodque (and subst., quidque or quicque), indef. pron., each, every.
quis·quam, quaequam, quicquam or quidquam, indef. pron., anyone.
quo, adv. and conj., for which reason, in order that, so that. (qui.)
quod, conj., because, that. (qui.)
quŏnĭam, adv., since, because. (quom for cum, iam.)
quŏquĕ, conj., also.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
rādix, -īcis, f., root. (Cf. ramus, branch; ῥίξα, root.)
răpĭdus, -a, -um, adj., swift. (răpio.)
rătio, -ōnis, f., reason, account. (reor.)
rĕ·cēdo, -cessi- -cessum, 3 v. n., I fall back, withdraw.
rĕ·cĭpio, -cēpi, -ceptum, 3 v. a., I take back, receive. (căpio.)
rĕ·cĭto, 1 v. a., I read out, repeat.
rĕ·condo, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I put back, hide.
rĕcordātio, -onis, f., recollection. (re·cordor: cf. cor.)
rĕ·cumbo, -cŭbui, 3 v. n., I lie down again.
rĕ·cŭpĕro, 1 v. a., I recover. (căpio.)
rĕ·curvo, no perf., -ātum, 1 v. a., I bend back.
red·do, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I give back, render, impart, restore. (re, do.)
rĕd·eo, -īvi or -ii, -ĭtum, -ire, 4 v. n., I go back.
rĕdĭtus, -us, m., return. (rĕdeo.)
rĕ·fĕro, rētŭli (and rettŭli), rĕlātum, 3 v. a., I bring back, return, turn back, attribute.
rĕ·fŭgio, -fūgi, no sup., 3 v. n. and a., I flee back, flee away, escape.
regnum, -i, n., kingdom. (rex.)
rĕgo, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I rule, direct. (rex.)
rĕ·grĕdior, -gressus, 3 v. dep. n., I return. (grădior.)
reicit, for reiicit.
rē·iĭcio, or rē·ĭcio, -iēci, -iectum, 3 v. a., I throw back, postpone. (iăcio.)
rĕlĭcus. Cf. reliquus.
rē̆lĭgio, -ōnis, f., religious scruple, obligation.
rĕ·linquo, -līqui, -lictum, 3 v. a., I leave behind.
rē̆lĭquĭae, -arum, pl. only, remains. (rĕlĭquus.)
rĕlĭquus (or relicus), -a, -um, adj., remaining. (rĕlinquo.)
rĕmĕdium, -ii, n., remedy, cure. (re, mĕdeor.)
rĕ·mōtus, -a, -um, part. from remŏveo, retired, distant.
rĕ·mŏveo, -mōvi, mōtum, 2 v. a., I move back, withdraw.
reor, rătus, 2 v. dep. a., I believe, think.
rĕpentē, adv., suddenly. (rĕpens, sudden.)
rĕ·pĕto, -īvi or -ii, -ītum, 3 v. a., I seek again.
Memoriâ repeto, I call to mind.
rĕ·quīro, -sīvi or -sii, -sītum, 3 v. a., I seek again, seek for. (quaero.)
rēs, rei, f., thing, deed.
re·scindo, -scĭdi, -scissum, 3 v. a., I tear open.
re·scrībo, -psi, -ptum, 3 v. a., I write back.
re·spondeo, -di, -sum, 2 v. n., I reply. (Lit., I promise in return.)
res·publĭca, reipublicae, f., state.
rĕ·surgo, -surrexi, -surrectum, 3 v. n., I rise again.
rĕ·tĭneo, -ui, -tentum, 2 v. a., I hold back, keep. (tĕneo.)
rĕŭs, -i, m., defendant in an action, culprit. (res.)
rĕ·vello, -velli, -vulsum and -volsum, 3 v. a., I pull away, pull out.
rĕ·verto, -ti, -sum, 3 v. n., I turn back, return.
rĕvertor, -versus, 3 v. dep. n., I turn back, return.
rĕ·vincio, -nxi, -nctum, 4 v. a., I bind back, fasten.
rĕ·vŏlo, no perf. or sup., are, 1 v. n., I fly back.
rex, rēgis, m., king. (rĕgo.)
rhētor, -ŏris, m., teacher of oratory, rhetorician. (ῥήτωρ.)
rīdeo, -si, -sum, 2 v. n. and a., I laugh, laugh at, mock.
rīma, -ae, f., crack, cleft.
rītĕ, adv., duly, fitly. (ritus, religious observance.)
rŏgo, 1 v. a., I ask for, ask.
Rōma, -ae, f., Rome.
Rōmānus, -a, -um, adj., Roman.
rostrum, -i, n., beak, prow. (rōdo, I gnaw.)
rŭbus, -i, m., bramble. (rŭber, red.)
rŭdis, -e, adj., rough.
rursum and rursus, adv., again. (For revorsum, from re·verto.)
rustĭcus, -a, -um, adj., of the country, rural, rustic. (rus.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
sā̆crārium, -ii, n., shrine, sacristy. (săcer, sacred.)
saepĕ, adv., often. (Obsolete adj. saepis, frequent.)
saepĕ·nŭmĕrō, adv., often.
saevio, -ii, -ītum, 4 v. n., I rage, am fierce. (saevus.)
sălum, -i, n., the open sea. (σάλος.)
sălūs, -ūtis, f., safety. (Cf. salvus.)
salvus, -a, -um, adj., safe.
Samnis, -ītis, adj., Samnite.
sanguĭnŏlentus, -a, -um, blood-stained. (sanguis.)
sănĭes (-em, -e, no genitive nor plural), f., corrupted blood, matter. (sanguis.)
săpiens, -entis, adj., wise. (săpio.)
sătĭra, or sătŭra, -ae, f., a satire.
sătis, adv., sufficiently.
scăteo, no perf. or sup., -ēre, 2 v. n., I bubble, flow forth; bubble over with: with abl.
scio, -īvi, -ītum, 4 v. a., I know.
Scīpio, -ōnis, m., Scipio.
scītē, adv., cleverly, skilfully. (scio.)
scŏpŭlus, -i, m., rock. (σκόπελος.)
scrībo, -psi, -ptum, 3 v. a., I write. (γράφω, schreiben.)
scriptor, -ōris, m., writer, author. (scrībo.)
scūtum, -i, n., shield. (σκῦτος.)
sē, and sēsē, gen. sui, reflex. pron., himself, herself, itself.
sēcessus, -us, m., withdrawal. (sē·cēdo.)
sē·cum, for cum se, with himself, etc.
sĕcundum, prep. gov. acc., following after, according to. (sĕquor.)
sĕcundus, -a, -um, adj., following, second, favourable, (sĕquor.)
sĕcūris, -is, f., axe.
securi percutio, I behead. (sĕco.)
sēcūrus, -a, -um, adj., free from care. (se, = sine, cura.)
sed, conj., but.
sed enim, but indeed.
sĕdeo, sēdi, sessum, 2 v. n., I sit. (sēdes, insĭdiae.)
sĕges, -ĕtis, f., cornfield.
sē·lībra, -ae, f., half pound. (semi, libra.)
sēmentis, -is, f., seed, crop. (sēmen.)
sē·mĕt, strengthened form of se.
semper, adv., always. (Cf. sĕmel.)
sĕnātor, -ōris, m., Senator. (sĕnex.)
sĕnātus, -us, m., Senate.
sĕnātus consultum, -i, n., decree of Senate.
sensim, adv., slowly. (sentio, lit., perceptibly.)
sententia, -ae, f., way of thinking, opinion, decision. (sentio.)
sentio, -si- -sum, 4 v. a., I perceive, judge, decide.
sentis, -is, m., rarely f., thorn.
se·orsum, adv., separately, (se, verto.)
sē·păro, 1 v. a., I separate. (păro.)
septem, numer., seven. (Cf. ἑπτά.)
sĕpulcrum, -i, n., tomb. (sĕpĕlio.)
sermo, -ōnis, m., speech. (sĕro.)
Sertōrius, -ii, m., Sertorius.
servo, 1 v. a., I preserve.
servus, -i, m., slave.
sestertium, -ii, n., a thousand sestertii. Cf. note vi. 4.
sĕvērē, adv., austerely, severely.
sex, numer., six.
sexāginta, numer., sixty.
si, conj., if.
Sĭbyllīnus, -a, -um, adj., of the Sibyl, Sibylline. (Sĭbylla.)
sīc, adv. so, thus.
ut ... sic, correlatives, as ... so.
Sĭcāni, -orum, m., the Sicani.
sicco, 1 v. a., I dry. (siccus, dry.)
Sĭcĭlia, -ae, f., Sicily.
sīc·ŭt, adv., just as, so as.
signĭfĭco, 1 v. a., I show, make known, signify, beckon. (signum, făcio.)
signum, -i, n., sign, emblem.
sĭlentium, -ii, n., silence, (sĭleo.)
silvestris, -e, adj., woody. (silva.)
sĭmŭl, adv., at once, at same time.
sĭmŭlācrum, -i, n., image, representation, appearance. (sĭmĭlis, sĭmŭlo.)
sĭmŭlo, 1 v. a., I pretend. (similis.)
sīn, conj., but if. (si, ne.)
sĭnĕ, prep. gov. abl., without.
sĭno, sīvi, sĭtum, 3 v. a., I set down; I allow.
sĭnus, -us, m., folds of garment, bosom.
sisto, stiti, statum, 3 v. a. and n., I cause to stand, I stand.
Se sistere, to present oneself, appear, (sto, ἵστημι.)
sĭtus, -a, -um, part. from sĭno, situated.
sīvĕ (or seu), conj., or if.
Sive ... sive, whether ... or.
sōbrius, -a, -um, adj., not drunk, sober, moderate.
Sōcrătes, -is or -i, m., Socrates. (Σωκράτης.)
sōl, sōlis, m., sun.
sōlemnis (or solennis or sollennis), -e, adj., annual, stated, customary, solemn. (sollus, whole, cf. ὅλος.)
sŏleo, -itus, 2 v. n., I am accustomed.
sollers, -ertis, adj., skilled: with gen. (sollus, whole.)
sōlus, -a, -um, adj., alone. (Cf. sollus, whole.)
solvo, -lvi, -lūtum, 3 v. a., I release, set loose. (se·luo.)
somnium, -ii, n., dream. (somnus, ὕπνος.)
sŏnōrus, -a, -um, adj., loud. (sŏnus.)
Sŏphocles, -is and -i, m., Sophocles. (Σοφοκλῆς.)
Sp. for Spurius, -i, m., Spurius.
spargo, -si, -sum, 3 v. a., I sprinkle, strew.
spĕcŭlor, -atus, 1 v. dep. a., I spy out, reconnoitre. (spĕcio, spĕcŭla, watch tower.)
specto, 1 v. a., I gaze at. (Intens. form of spĕcio.)
spĕcus, -us, m., cave.
spēs, -ei, f., hope. (Cf. spēro.)
splendor, -ōris, m., magnificence. (splendeo, I shine.)
spŏlium, -ii, n., spoil, booty.
stătim, adv., immediately. (sto.)
stătus, -us, m., position. (sto.)
stirps, stirpis, f., rarely m., stem, root.
sto, stĕti, stătum, stāre, 1 v. n., I stand. (ἵστημι.)
stŏlo, -ōnis, m., sucker of tree.
strēnuus, -a, -um, adj., active, energetic. (Cf. στερεός, hard.)
struo, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I build up.
stŭdeo, -ui, no sup., 2 v. a., I am eager, I strive.
stŭdium, -ii, n., zeal, study. (stŭdeo.)
stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish.
stŭpĕ·făcio, -fēci, -factum, 3 v. a., I make stupid or senseless; I amaze. (stŭpeo.)
suādeo, -si, -sum, 2 v. n. and a., I persuade. (Cf. suāvis.)
sŭb, prep. gov. acc. and abl., under.
sub·do, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I place under.
sublātissĭmus, superl. of sublātus, from tollo, very high.
sŭbŏles, -is, f., shoot. (sub, ŏlesco, grow.)
sub·verto, -ti, -sum, 3 v. a., I overthrow.
suc·cēdo, -cessi, -cessum, 3 v. n., I go under, go from under, ascend, advance. (sub, cēdo.)
suffrāgium, -ii, n., vote.
Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla.
sum, fui, esse, v. n., I am.
summus, -a, -um, adj., highest; superl. fr. sŭpĕrus, sŭpĕrior, sūprēmus or summus.
sŭpĕr, adv., and prep. gov. acc. and abl., above, over, on, about.
sŭperbia, -ae, f., pride. (sŭperbus.)
sŭperbus, -a, -um, adj., proud, haughty. (sŭper.)
sŭpĕrior, -us, adj., higher, former; comp. fr. sŭpĕrus, supĕrior, sū̆prēmus or summus.
sŭpĕro, 1 v. a., I overcome. (sŭper.)
sŭperstes, -ĭtis, adj., surviving.
supplĭcium, -ii, n., punishment. (supplex.)
sursum, adv., from below. (sub-versum.)
suus, -a, -um, reflex. adj. pron., his own, her own, its own.
synanchē, -es, f., (συνάγχη), a sore throat.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
tăberna, -ae, f., shop. (Cf. tăbŭla, plank.)
tăbŭlātūm, -i, n., floor. (tăbŭla, plank.)
tăceo, 2 v. n. and a., I am silent, pass over in silence.
tăcĭtus, -a, -um, part. from taceo, not spoken of, silent.
taedium, -ii, n., weariness. (taedet.)
Taenărum, -i, n., and Taenărus, -i, m. and f., Taenarum and Taenarus.
tălentum, -i, n., talent (sum of money, £243 15s.). (τάλαντον.)
tālis, -e, adj., of such a kind, such.
tam, adv., so.
tămen, adv., however.
tam·quam, adv., just as, as if, as it were.
tandem, adv., at last.
tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great.
Tarquĭnius, -ii, m., Tarquin.
tēlum, i., n., dart.
tempĕrantia, -ae, f., moderation, temperance. (tempĕro, tempus.)
tempestīvus, -a, -um, adj., seasonable, ripe. (tempus.)
templum, -i, n., temple.
tempus, -ŏris, n., time.
tĕneo, tĕnui, tentum, 2 v. a., I hold, keep.
Cursum teneo, I hold on a course.
tĕnŭis, -e, adj., drawn out, thin, slender. (tĕneo.)
terra, -ae, land, country.
terreo, 2 v. a., I alarm. (τρέω.)
terrĭfĭcus, -a, -um, alarming, terrible. (terreo, făcio.)
tertius, -a, -um, adj., third. (ter.)
testis, -is, c., witness. (testor.)
Thrācus, -a, -um, adj., Thracian.
Tib., for Tĭbĕrius, -ii, m., Tiberius.
tībia, -ae, f., pipe, flute.
tībīcēn, -ĭnis, m., flute-player. (For tibĭĭcen, fr. tībĭă, căno.)
Tīmŏchăres, -is and -i, m., Timochares.
tŏga, -ae, f., a garment, a toga. (tĕgo.)
tollo, sustŭli, sublātum, 3 v. a., I raise. (Cf. tŭli, tŏlĕro.)
Torquātus, -i, m., Torquatus.
torques (and torquis), -is, m. and f., twisted necklace or collar. (torqueo.)
torreo, torrui, tostum, 2 v. a., I roast.
tōtus, -a, -um, adj., all, whole.
tracto, 1 v. a., I handle, treat, polish. (Intens. of trăho.)
trādo, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I hand over, give up, hand down, relate. (trans, do.)
trans·curro, -curri and -cŭcurri, -cursum, 3 v. n., I run past, I pass.
trans·ĭgo, -ēgi, -actum, 3 v. a., I drive through, I pierce. (ăgo.)
transĭlio, -īvi or -ui, no sup., 4 v. a. and n., I leap across, leap over. (trans, sălio.)
trĕmĭbundus, -a, -um, adj., full of trembling. (trĕmo.)
trĕpĭdans, -antis, part. fr. trepido, trembling.
trĕpĭdo, 1 v. n., I am in a state of confusion or alarm. (Cf. τρέπω.)
trēs, tria, numer., three. (τρεῖς, τρία.)
trĭbūnus, -i, m., tribune. (Lit., the chief of a tribe, trĭbus.)
trīduum, -i, n., space of three days. (tres, dies, sc. spătium.)
triennium, -ii, n., space of three years. (tres, annus, sc. spătium.)
trĭgĕmĭnus, -a, -um, adj., three born at a birth. (tres, geminus.)
triumpho, 1 v. n. and a., I triumph. (triumphus.)
triumphus, -i, m., a triumph. (θρίαμβος, procession in honour of Bacchus.)
tu, pers. pron., thou. (σύ.)
tum, adv., then.
tŭmultus, -us, m., disturbance. (tŭmeo.)
tunc, adv., then. (tum-ce.)
turba, -ae, f., uproar, crowd.
turpis, -e, adj., base.
turris, -is, f., turret, tower.
tūtē, adv., safely. (tutus.)
tūtor, 1 v. dep. a., I watch, defend. (tueor.)
tūtus, -a, -um, adj., safe. (tueor.)
tuus, -a, -um, adj., thy. (tu.)
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
ūber, -ĕris, adj., rich, fertile.
ŭbī̆, adv., relat. and interrog., where, when.
Ubi primum, as soon as.
ŭbī·quĕ, adv., wherever, everywhere, anywhere.
ullus, -a, -um, adj., any. (For ūnŭlus, demin. of ūnus.)
ultĭmus, -a, -um, adj., farthest, super. fr. [ulter, obsolete; cf. ultra] ultĕrior, ultimus.
ultrā, adv., and prep. gov. acc., beyond. (Cf. ultĭmus.)
ultro, adv., beyond, besides, of one’s own accord. (Cf. ultimus.)
unda, -ae, f., wave.
un·dē·vīcēsĭmus, -a, -um, adj., nineteenth.
undĭquĕ, adv., from or on all sides. (unde-que.)
unguis, -is, m., nail or talon. (ὄνυξ.)
ūnĭcē, adv., solely, especially. (unĭcus, unus.)
ūnĭversus, -a, -um, adj., all together. (unus, verto, turned into one.)
unquam, or umquam, adv., at any time, ever.
ūnus, -a, -um, numer., one.
urbānus, -a, -um, adj., of the city. (urbs.)
urbĭcus, -a, -um, adj., of the city. (urbs.)
urbs, -is, f., city.
urgeo, ursi, no sup., 2 v. a., I press on, press hard upon, urge.
urna, -ae, f., urn. (Properly a vessel of burnt clay; ūro, I burn.)
ursīnus, -a, -um, adj., like a bear. (ursus.)
usquam, adv., anywhere, in anything. (For ubs·quam, from ŭbi.)
usquĕ, adv., all the way, always.
Usque adeo, to such an extent. (For ubs·que, from ŭbi.)
ūsus, -us, m., use, advantage. (ūtor.)
ŭt, ŭtī, with indic., as, when;
ut ... sic, correlatives, as ... so;
with subj., in order that, so that.
ŭter·quĕ, ū̆trăque, ū̆trumque, adj. pron., both, each.
ūtĭlis, -e, adj., useful. (ūtor.)
ūtor, ūsus, 3 v. dep., I use; with abl.
ū̆trum, interrog. adv., whether. (ŭter.)
uxor, -ōris, f., wife.
Beginning of Latin-English Vocabulary
vădĭmōnium, -ii, n., bail. (văs, a surety.)
vădor, 1 v. dep. a., I bind over by bail. (văs.)
văleo, 2 v. n., I am strong, I am of value.
In leave-taking, vălē, etc., farewell.
Vălĕrius, -ii, m., Valerius.
vălĭdus, -a, -um, adj., strong. (văleo.)
vălītūdo (or vălētūdo), -ĭnis, f., health. (văleo.)
vallum, -i, n., a rampart with palisades. (vallus, a stake.)
vărius, -a, -um, adj., diverse, different.
vastūs, -a, -um, adj., empty, immense.
-vĕ, enclitic, or.
vecto, 1 v. a., I carry. (intens. of vĕho.)
vĕho, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. a., I carry.
vēlox, -ōcis, adj., swift. (Cf. vŏlo, -āre, I fly.)
vĕl·ŭt, vĕl·ŭti, adv., just as, as if.
vēnātio, -ōnis, f., hunting. (vēnor.)
vendo, -dĭdi, -dĭtum, 3 v. a., I sell. (vēnum, do.)
vĕnēnum, -i, n., poison.
vĕnia, -ae, f., pardon.
Bonâ veniâ, by your kind leave.
vĕnio, vēni, ventum, 4 v. n., I come.
vēnor, 1 v. dep. a., I hunt.
vēnum, -i, n., sale. In classical writers only in acc. sing.
ventĭto, 1 v. n., I come frequently. (Intens. of vĕnio.)
verber, -ĕris, n., scourge, blow.
verbum, -i, n., word.
Vergilius, -ii, m., Vergil.
vērō, adv., in truth, but indeed. (vērus.)
versus, -us, m., a line, verse. (verto.)
vertex, -ĭcis, m., whirlpool, top, head. (verto.)
verto, -ti, -sum, 3 v. a., I turn; in pass. also with abl., I turn upon, depend upon.
vērus, -a, -um, adj., true.
vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., your. (vos.)
vestīgium, -ii, n., footprint, sole of foot. (vestīgo, I track.)
vestio, 4 v. a., I clothe. (vestis, garment.)
vĕtus, -ĕris, adj., old.
via, -ae, f., road, way.
vī̆bro, 1 v. a. and n., I brandish, I shake.
vīcĭes, adv., twenty times.
vīcīnus, -a, -um, adj., neighbouring;
as subst., a neighbour. (vīcus, hamlet.)
victōria, -ae, f., victory. (victor, vinco.)
victus, -us, m., food, way of life. (vīvo.)
vĭdeo, vīdi, vīsum, 2 v. a., I see; in pass., I seem.
Impersonally, videtur mihi, it seems good to me.
vīginti, numer., twenty.
vĭgor, ōris, m., force, strength. (vĭgeo, I flourish.)
vincio, -nxi, -nctum, 4 v. a., I bind.
vinco, vīci, victum, 3 v. a., I conquer.
vindĭco, 1 v. a., I avenge. (vim-dico, I assert authority.)
vīnum, -i, n., vine, wine. (οἶνος.)
viŏlens, -entis, adj., impetuous. (vis.)
vir, vĭri, m., man, husband.
virgultum, -i, n., twig. (For virgŭlētum, fr. virgŭla, demin. of virga, branch, twig.)
virtūs, -ūtis, f., valour. (vir.)
vis (vim, vi, no gen. sing., plur. vīres, etc.), f., strength, force. (ἴς.)
vīso, -si, -sum, 3 v. a., I behold. (Intens. of vĭdeo.)
vīta, -ae, f., life. (vivo.)
vītis, -is, f., vine.
vīvo, -xi, -ctum, 3 v. n., I live.
vŏco, 1 v. a., I call. (vox.)
volgus (or vulgus), -i, n., rarely m., common people;
in abl., volgo, as adv., commonly.
vŏlo, -ui, no sup., velle, 3 v. a., I wish for.
Quid hoc sibi vult, what does this mean.
vŏlo, 1 v. n., I fly.
vŏluntārius, -a, -um, adj., voluntary. (vŏlo, I wish.)
vos, plur. of tu, you.
vox, vōcis, f., voice, expression. (vŏco.)
vulgus and vulgo. Cf. volgus.
vulnus, or volnus, -ēris, n., wound. (Cf. vello, I tear.)
vultus, -us, m., countenance.