EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.
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The references are to the Grammars of Allen and Greenough, and Harkness.
The learner is expected, before writing the Exercises, to review the Latin text, and find therein and commit to memory illustrations of the grammatical principles selected.
Chapter I.
1. Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 and I.
2. Cum Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. and 2.
3. Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing: 331, f.; H. 498, III.
1. Cæsar was in hither Gaul.
2. Reports were brought into hither Gaul.
3. While Labienus was in Gaul, the Belgæ made a league.1
4. A report is brought that2 the Belgæ are conspiring.
5. They are afraid that our army is coming3 against them.
6. They are vexed4 that our army remains in Gaul.
7. Cæsar feared that the Belgæ were conspiring.
8. Letters kept coming,5 while they were conspiring.
Notes.— 1 made a league: one word in Latin. 2 Be careful about the that clause in this and the following sentence. Recall the text to memory and mentally apply the rules. 3 is coming: use venio. 4 are vexed: in Latin one of the expressions, like rūmōres adferēbantur, requiring the accusative and infinitive. 5 kept coming: one word in Latin.
Chapter II.
1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2 and N.; H. 497, I.
2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 1 and 2; H. 523 and I.
1. In hither Gaul there1 were two legions.
2. Two new legions Cæsar levies.
3. The two new legions are sent into the interior of Gaul.
4. Cæsar sends his lieutenant to lead2 them.3
5. Pedius was sent to lead the new legions.
6. The Senones report that the Belgians are gathering.4
7. The Senones informed Cæsar about the Belgians.
Notes.— 1 there: omit. 2 to lead; do not express a purpose in Latin by the infinitive. 3 them: eas. 4 are gathering: a passive form in Latin, because the sense is, are being collected together.
Chapter III.
1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420.
2. Ablative with potior, ūtor, etc.: 249; H. 421, I.
3. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 336, 2; H. 523, I.
1. Cæsar came unexpectedly to the borders of the Remi.
2. The Remi said they had not combined1 against the Roman people.
3. They said they were ready to give hostages.
4. All the rest of the Belgæ2 had joined3 with the Germans.
5. They aided Cæsar with corn and other4 things.
6. The Remi and their5 kinsmen enjoy the same laws.
Notes.— 1 they had not combined: themselves not to have combined. 2 of the Belgæ: not the genitive. 3 had joined: in Latin, had joined themselves, if you use coniungo. 4 aliis. 5 their: omit.
Chapter IV.
1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, 1.
2. Substantive Clauses of Result: 332; H. 501.
1. Whence1 did very many of the Belgæ2 spring?
2. Cæsar asked whence very many of the Belgæ sprung.
3. What states are in arms?
4. Cæsar asked what states were in arms.
5. While Divitiacus was king, he was most powerful.
6. From Galba’s foresight and justice it results that he is a powerful king.
7. From the valor of the Bellovaci it came about that they demanded the management3 of the war.
Notes.— 1 Whence: unde. 2 of the Belgæ: not the genitive. 3 management: summa.
Chapter V.
1. Interest with Gen. of Person: 222; H. 406, III.
2. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Subject: 270; H. 538.
3. Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Object: 272 and Rem.; H. 534.
1. The children of the leading men are brought to Cæsar as hostages.
2. He orders all the children to be brought to him.1
3. It concerns Cæsar for2 the senate to come to him.
4. It concerns Divitiacus to send the forces of the Ædui.
5. Cæsar sees that3 the forces of the Belgæ are hastening.
6. He learns that the Axona is not far away.
7. This river he crossed4 and protected his camp by means of its banks.
Notes.— 1 him: in Latin, himself. 2 for: not to be expressed in Latin. 3 that: be careful about that-clauses. 4 he crossed: use trānseo.
Chapter VI.
1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413.
2. Cum Causal with Subjunctive: 326; H. 517.
3. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431.
1. The enemy formed a testudo and advanced close to1 the wall.
2. The enemy having hurled stones2 made a testudo.
3. Since there were so many,3 they undermined the wall.
4. They easily cleared the walls of soldiers.
5. The Belgæ having cleared the wall made an attack.4
6. Having made an attack5 they threw missiles against the wall.
7. Since the missiles were many, no one was able to stand on the wall.
Notes.— 1 advanced close to: one word in Latin. 2 having hurled stones: say, stones having been hurled. Why? 3 so many: tot. 4 attack: use impetus. 5 having made an attack: not impetum facti.
Chapter VII.
1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416.
2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 135, b.; H. 231, 2.
1. At midnight archers and slingers were sent by Cæsar to the town.
2. On account of the assistance of the archers and slingers, the people in the town1 had good hopes.
3. The enemy had no hope of taking2 the town, because of the coming of Cæsar’s soldiers.
4. Cæsar, delaying3 a little while, sent aid to Iccius.
5. The enemy, after laying waste the fields, hastened against Cæsar’s camp.
Notes.— 1 people in the town: one word in Latin. 2 of taking: expūgnandi. 3 delaying: not present participle.
Chapter VIII.
1. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I.
2. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV.
1. What can the enemy do by their valor?
2. Cæsar tries what the valor of the enemy is capable of.1
3. How much do our men dare?
4. Cæsar makes trial of the daring2 of his men.
5. How much space can Cæsar’s army occupy?
6. Cæsar explains3 over how much space the hill extended in front.
Notes.— 1 is capable of: can. 2 the daring of, etc.: recast the sentence mentally before translating, thus: Cæsar makes trial what his men dare. 3 explains: docet.
Chapter IX.
1. Clauses of Purpose: 317 and 1; H. 497, II.
2. The Gerundive: 113, d, 2 and 296; H. 544, I.
1. He begins to1 cross the river.
2. They began to lead their forces across.
3. They lead their forces over in order to take the redoubt.
4. Cæsar has shown that the river was behind him.2
5. They will cross so as to lay waste the lands of the Remi.
Notes.— 1 He begins to: makes a beginning of. 2 him: should it be eum or se?
Chapter X.
1. Passive of Intransitive Verbs: 230; H. 301, 1.
2. Accusative of Limit: 258, b and N. 1; H. 380, II. 2.
3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 331 and N. 1; H. 498.
1. Those of the Belgæ who were not killed returned home.
2. They resolve to fight in their own territories.
3. They decide that it is best1 to lead over their army.
4. Divitiacus cannot be persuaded2 to advance to an unfavorable place.
5. The Ædui were persuaded to return to their homes.
6. The enemy advancing into the river were surrounded.
Notes.— 1 that it is best: it to be best. 2 recast the clause, before trying to turn it into Latin.
Chapter XI.
1. Ablative of Time: 256; H. 429.
2. Perfect Participles: 290, d. 1 and 2; H. 550, N. 4.
1. On the departure of the enemy Cæsar sent ahead all his cavalry.
2. At sunset the three legions returned1 into camp.
3. In the second watch they attacked the enemy’s rear.
4. The Belgæ, fearing2 an attack, set out at daybreak.
5. The spies, having seen3 the fugitives, bring back word.4
6. Cæsar, after keeping his soldiers in camp, ordered Labienus to set out.
Notes.— 1 returned: two words in Latin. 2 fearing: the participle veritus does not usually denote time prior to that of the main verb in the sentence, like most perfect participles, but the same time. 3 having seen: do not say vīsi. 4 bring back word: use renūntio.
Chapter XII.
1. Ablative of Cause, 245; H. 413.
2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and Note on p. 262; H. 431.
1. Cæsar could not take the town on account of the great number1 of the Suessiones.
2. Owing to2 the works of the Romans, their “vineæ” and towers, the Suessiones send envoys.3
3. The next day Cæsar made a forced march and4 tried to take the town.
4. The townsmen,5 making a surrender, got their request.6
5. Because of their surrender they got their request.
6. The surrender made, they were spared.
Notes.— 1 great number: one word in Latin. 2 Owing to: like “on account of,” not separately expressed in Latin. 3 envoys: use lēgātus. 4 made a forced march and: a different turn in Latin. 5 townsmen: use oppidānus. 6 got their request: one word.
Chapter XIII.
1. Cum Temporal with Subjunctive: 325; H. 521, II. 2.
2. Constructions with peto: 239, c. N. 1; H. 374, 2, N. 4.
1. When the arms had been given up,1 the elders came forth.
2. All the elders came out of Bratuspantium and begged Cæsar for peace.2
3. Cæsar, when he had received their submission, asked the men for their3 arms.
4. According to their4 custom they stretched out their hands and asked the Romans for peace.
Notes.— 1 Render this clause in two ways: first by two words, then by a full clause. So each of the three following sentences contains a clause to be rendered in two ways. 2 Cæsar for peace: quite otherwise in Latin. 3 their: omit. 4 their: is this to be expressed by eōrum?
Chapter XIV.
1. Ablative of Means: 248, 8, c; H. 420.
2. Ablative with ūtor, etc.: 249; H. 421, I.
1. Divitiacus intercedes for the conquered Belgæ.
2. Divitiacus begs that Cæsar will show1 clemency.
3. Cæsar will exercise kindness toward the Belgæ.
4. By the help of the Belgæ the Ædui sustain wars.
5. Divitiacus says the chiefs had fled to2 Britain.
6. If you show3 clemency, you will increase our influence.
7. Whatever4 war befalls, by means of their5 resources we shall be able to hold out.
Notes.— 1 will show: not the future in Latin. 2 to: not ad. 3 show: not well rendered by present indicative. 4 whatever: if any. 5 their: eōrum.
Chapter XV.
1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 396, IV.
2. Ablative of Quality: 251; H. 419, II.
3. Causal Relative Sentences: 320, e; H. 517.
1. The territories of the Nervii border on the Ambiani.
2. The Nervii blame the Ambiani for having surrendered.1
3. The Nervii have2 great influence among the Belgæ.
4. They use no wine, because it weakens3 character.
5. Those men think minds lose energy through wine.
Notes.— 1 for having surrendered: turn by a relative clause. 2 have: say are (men) of. 3 because it weakens: a relative clause with subjunctive, to indicate their view, as distinguished from a statement of fact.
Chapter XVI.
1. Comparative amplius, etc.: 247, c.; H. 417, N. 2.
2. Accusative of Time and Space: 256 and 257; H. 379.
1. The Nervii were distant a three days’ march.
2. Cæsar finds out that they are ten miles distant.
3. He learns from prisoners what the Nervii are doing.1
4. They have taken a position more than five miles from the Sambre.
5. He learns from prisoners that he2 is waited for by the Nervii.
Notes.— 1 are doing: be careful about the mode. 2 that he: himself.
Chapter XVII.
1. Use of quisquam: 202, c.; H. 457.
2. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317; H. 497, I.
3. Substitutes for Partitive Gen.: 216, c.; H. 397, N. 3.
1. Certain of the Belgæ went by night to the camp of the Nervii.
2. Cæsar says that certain men went1 to the Nervii.
3. Many of the prisoners found out about the legions.
4. They were sent to their friends to report2 the matter.
5. To lop trees is a matter3 of no difficulty at all.
6. Men were sent ahead to select4 a suitable place.
Notes.— 1 went: to have gone. 2 to report: not the infinitive. 3 matter, etc.: recast, before trying to turn into Latin. 4 to select: try two ways.
Chapter XVIII.
1. Descriptive Ablative: 251; H. 419, II.
2. Clauses of Result: 319; H. 500, I. and II.
1. Along the river Sambre were trees1 of great height.2
2. Among these trees the Nervii keep themselves hidden.
3. So3 close together4 were these trees that the Romans could not see through.
4. The river is of such depth that men can cross.
5. On the open ground are pickets of great courage.
Notes.— 1 trees: arbor, fem. 2 height: the same word that means depth. 3 So: ita. 4 close together: crēber.
Chapter XIX.
1. Dative of Service: 233 a; H. 390.
2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II.
3. Ablative of Manner: 248 and Rem.; H. 419, III.
1. The cavalry of the enemy kept making attacks.
2. They would attack our horsemen with great courage.
3. These horsemen had been sent ahead by Cæsar as a protection to the camp.
4. Again and again did the enemy pour forward from the woods, where they had hidden.
5. The slingers and archers helped1 the horsemen.
6. With great speed they would run as far as2 the woods.
7. With wonderful bravery they engage in battle with the Nervii.
Notes.— 1 helped: two words in Latin. 2 as far as: ad, or usque ad.
Chapter XX.
1. The Gerundive: 113, d.; H. 234.
2. Dative of Apparent Agent: 232; H. 388.
3. Ablative of Agent with ā or ab: 246; H. 415, I.
1. The soldiers are directed1 by Cæsar.
2. The soldiers must be directed by Cæsar.
3. The flag was displayed by the soldiers.
4. The flag had to be displayed by the soldiers.
5. Experience is often helpful2 to soldiers.
6. The work is hindered by3 the near approach4 of the enemy.
Notes.— 1 are directed: use doceo. 2 helpful: turn by a noun. 3 by the near approach: why not ā or ab? 4 near approach: one word.
Chapter XXI.
1. Ablative of Gerundive with Prepositions: 301; H. 544, 2.
2. Gerundive Construction instead of Gerund: 296; H. 544, 1.
3. Purpose expressed by Gerundive: 318 and b; H. 544, 2, N. 2.
1. In looking for his shield a soldier lost time.
2. Time is wanting for putting on a helmet.
3. Seeing1 the standards, each one went forward.
4. A line was drawn up2 to resist3 the enemy’s charge.
5. Cæsar encouraged the tenth legion for the purpose of strengthening4 their courage.
Notes.— 1 seeing: not the gerundive. 2 A line was drawn up: see chap. xx. 3 resist: sustineo. 4 strengthening: use cōnfīrmo.
Chapter XXII.
Clauses of Result with ut (ut nōn): 319; H. 500, II.
1. So dense was the hedge that it obstructed the view.
2. The result was that no legion could execute orders.
3. One legion opposes the foe in one part, another in another.
Chapter XXIII.
1. Place to which: 258; H. 380, I.
2. Place from which: 258; H. 412, I.
3. Place in which: 258, 4, and 260, b.; H. 425, 1.
1. The Roman soldiers drive the enemy, exhausted by wounds, into an unfavorable place.
2. They followed them up from the left part of the line.
3. As they attempted1 to cross the river, a great part of them were put to the sword.
4. In another part many of the Belgians were killed.
5. On the front the Belgæ pushed for the camp.
6. But at last they were put to flight.
Note.— 1 attempted: recast the sentence and express as they attempted by a participle referring to a great part.
Chapter XXIV.
1. Position of causa with genitive: 245, c.
2. Temporal Clauses with cum: 325; H. 521, II. 2.
1. The Romans see that the horsemen are scared.
2. Horsemen were coming to Cæsar to render aid.
3. When the camp-followers had gone out for the purpose of plundering, they saw that our men were fleeing.
4. Seeing the slingers flee,1 they fled themselves.2
Notes.— 1 flee, to flee. 2 themselves: use ipse.
Chapter XXV.
1. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a.; H. 431, 4.
2. Perfect Participles of Deponents: 290, d.; H. 195, 2.
3. Substitutes for Perf. Act. Partc.: 290, d. 2; H. 550, N. 4.
1. Cæsar saw that the soldiers of the twelfth legion were hard pushed.
2. Cæsar, seeing1 the soldiers of the twelfth legion hard pushed, went to the right wing.
3. As2 all the standard-bearers were wounded, the standards were lost.
4. Then Cæsar snatched a shield from a soldier.
5. The soldiers renewed their courage and delayed3 the enemy’s attack.
Notes.— 1 seeing: not well rendered videns; try casting into a clause—first with ubi, then with cum. 2 As ... wounded: use a participial construction. 3 renewed and delayed: it is better not to turn into Latin by coördinate verbs.
Chapter XXVI.
1. Partitive Genitive: 216; H. 397.
2. Indirect Questions: 334; H. 529, I. & II.
3. Dative of Service and of Object: 233 and a.; H. 390.
1. One was sent for assistance to another.1
2. The soldiers of two legions guarded the baggage.2
3. He saw in how great peril the camp was.
4. They will leave nothing undone3 in point of courage.
5. He will report to me in what state the army is.
6. He saw that the tenth was fighting very bravely.
Notes.— 1 another: bring the two forms of alius together. 2 guarded the baggage: make a different turn. 3 leave nothing undone: a strange Latin idiom.
Chapter XXVII.
1. Temporal Clauses with cum: 325; H. 521, 2.
2. Clauses of Result with ut (ut nōn): 319; H. 500, II.
3. Clauses of Purpose with ut (ne, ut ne): 317; H. 497, II.
1. So great is the courage of the Nervii that they fight from the heaps of corpses.
2. Ascending1 very high banks, they displayed the greatest courage.
3. They dared to cross a wide stream in order to renew the fight.
4. The cavalry, to wipe out2 their disgrace, advance even into a disadvantageous position.
5. The greatness of their spirit rendered difficult things easy.
Notes.— 1 ascending: turn by a clause with cum. 2 To wipe out: not the infinitive.
Chapter XXVIII.
1. Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413.
2. Substitutes for Partitive Genitive: 216, c; H. 397, N. 3.
3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with ut (ne): 331; H. 498.
1. Of five hundred senators, three were left.
2. Out of forty (quadrāginta) thousand men, four hundred were able to bear arms.
3. Cæsar will keep their1 neighbors from doing2 harm.
4. The name and nation of the Nervii are reduced3 almost to destruction.
5. He orders the neighboring people to refrain from doing harm to the Nervii.4
Notes.— 1 their: not suus. 2 doing: omit. 3 reduced: participle used as an adjective in the neuter plural. 4 Nervii: genitive.
Chapter XXIX.
1. Limit of Motion: 258 and b; H. 380 and 2.
2. Accusative of Duration of Time: 256; H. 379.
3. Locative Ablative with Preps.: 260, b; H. 425, I.
1. They carry all their property into one town.
2. During two days they hold out very bravely.
3. For many years they were harassed by the Gauls.
4. On two sides they have high rocks; on another, a wall.
5. Leaving six thousand men this side1 the Rhine, they return2 home.
Notes.— 1 this side: cis. 2 return: commonly revertor in the present, reverti in the perfect.
Chapter XXX.
1. Ablative of Time when: 256; H. 429.
2. Imperfect of Repeated Action: 277; H. 469, II.
3. Perfect of Completed Action: 279; H. 471, I. and 6.
1. On the day of our arrival frequent sallies were made by the enemy from the town.
2. During the first days they taunted us from the walls.
3. At a distance the soldiers made an “agger” and a tower.
4. Then the Aduatuci began to jeer.1
5. Can2 men of such little stature place a tower on our wall?
Notes.— 1 jeer: two words in Latin. 2 begin with num.
Chapter XXXI.
1. Causal Relative Clauses: 320, e; H. 517.
2. Dative with certain Intrans. Verbs: 227; H. 385.
3. Future Conditions less vivid: 307, b; H. 509, N. 1.
1. They surrender to Cæsar, since he is so powerful.1
2. The envoys say the enemy are jealous of their2 valor.
3. It is better to endure death than slavery.
4. If Cæsar should rob the Aduatuci of their arms,3 they would be killed.
5. Their enemies would kill them, if they should surrender their arms.
6. It is better to persuade them to give up their arms.
Notes.— 1 is so powerful: can so much (tantum). 2 their: express by the proper form of suus. 3 of their arms: not the genitive.
Chapter XXXII.
1. Ablative of Cause: 245; H. 416.
2. Clauses of Result with ut (ut nōn): 319; H. 500, II.
3. Substantive Clauses of Purpose with ut (nē): 331; H. 498.
1. They order the people to deliver up their arms.
2. Through Cæsar’s orders, no wrong will be inflicted.
3. Cæsar spared, according to his custom, those who had surrendered.1
4. Cæsar orders the neighbors of the Nervii not to harm them.2
5. There is so great a quantity of arms in the town that a third part is concealed.
Notes.— 1 those who had surrendered: one word in Latin. 2 them: dative.
Chapter XXXIII.
1. Causal Clauses with cum: 326; H. 517.
2. Ablative Absolute: 255 and a; H. 431, 4.
3. Pass. of Intrans. Verbs used impersonally: 230; H. 465, 1.
1. 1The Aduatuci fought very spiritedly.
2. 1Thither hasten all the forces of the town.
3. After the shutting2 of the gates, the townsmen formed a plan.
4. Since they had been driven back, they no longer3 defended themselves.
5. Now4 that the town was occupied, the booty was sold.
Notes.— 1 Use the passive construction. 2 After the shutting: turn in two ways. 3 no longer: nōn iam. 4 Now that the town was occupied: turn in two ways.
Chapter XXXIV.
1. Ablative of Agent with ā (ab): 246; H. 415, I.
2. Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse: 330, 2; H. 523, I.
1. All the maritime states were subdued by Cæsar.
2. Cæsar says that the maritime states have been reduced.
3. At this time P. Crassus had been sent with one legion.
4. Crassus informs Cæsar that one legion has been sent to the Veneti.
5. The Veneti, to whom one legion had been sent, border on the ocean.
Chapter XXXV.
1. Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317, 2; H. 497, I.
2. Verbs of Promising, Hoping, etc.: 380, f.; 535, II.
3. Dative with Certain Adjectives: 234, a; H. 391, I.
1. The embassies promised to return1 the next summer.
2. Near the Rhine were many nations of barbarians.
3. These barbarians promised to do Cæsar’s bidding.
4. The barbarians send men to give2 hostages.
5. So great was the joy3 that a thanksgiving was decreed.
Notes.— 1 to return: in the Latin idiom, themselves to be going to return. 2 to give: put in two ways. 3 joy: gaudium.
VOCABULARY.
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If the learner, as often as he refers to this vocabulary for the meaning of a word, will glance over the group of words given in the Etymological Vocabulary under the same root, he will find his knowledge of the relations and meaning of words, and consequently his power to read Latin, rapidly increase.
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The numbers at the end of most entries refer to chapters 1-35 in the “simplified” text.
Roots in the form [APA-] or [2 DA-] are listed in the Etymological Vocabulary. Brackets [ ] are in the original.