CHAPTER ONE: THUCYDIDES AND THE EPOCHAL WAR

 

1. On Justice, Power, and Human Nature: The Essence of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, ed. and trans. Paul Woodruff (Hackett, 1993).

2. The term Hundred Years' War appears first to have been used in 1821 by Charles Desmichels. During this period of Anglo-French détente, Desmichels labeled the hundred years of animosity—often punctuated by long periods in which there was no actual fighting—as the Hundred Years' War. The term was picked up in Germany in 1829, and by English historians in 1870. P. J. Winter, “Sur l' origine de l' appellation de la guerre de cent ans,” Information History 37 (1975): 20 – 24.

3. In contrast to the Hundred Years' War, the Thirty Years' War was named almost instantly, once the Westphalian Peace actually seemed to deliver a general settlement. The term Thirty Years' War was used as early as 1648 in an anonymous outline of the main events of the war, and in three other works about the war printed in 1649, 1650, and 1657. See Guenther H. S. Mueller, Journal of Modern History 50 (1978): iii.

4. The Punic Wars, for example, fit this pattern: although the participants thought, more than once, that hostilities had ended, and significant periods without fighting did occur, historians came to view the various Carthaginian wars as engagements in a single war because the peace settlements failed to resolve the conflicts over which the wars were fought.

5. Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years' War (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984); see also C. V. Wedgwood, The Thirty Years' War (J. Cape, 1938); P. Limm, The Thirty Years' War (1984); and J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1984).

6. P. Brightwell, “Spanish Origins of the Thirty Years' War,” European Studies Review (1979).

7. Parker, The Thirty Years' War, xiv.

8. Supra, n. 2.

9. Egon Friedell, A Cultural History of the Modern Age, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson (Knopf, 1930 – 1932), 15.

10. Kenneth Fowler, The Age of Plantagenet and Valois (Putnam, 1967), 13.

11. Anne Curry, The Hundred Years War (London: Macmillan, 1983).

12. Hunter R. Rawlings III, The Structure of Thucydides' History (Princeton University Press, 1981); Simon Hornblower, Thucydides (Duckworth, 1987).