*And Hitler was sustained in power by a broad base of popular support, based on fulfilling the fascist assumption of the nation-state social contract. Only Nazi Germany, of all the Western states, eliminated unemployment during the depression years of 1933 – 1938. Moreover, contrary to conventional assessments, this was done not by means of rearmament but in order to enable rearmament. See Dan Silverman, Hitler's Economy: Nazi Work Creation Programs, 1933 – 1936 (Harvard, 1998); see also R. J. Overy, The Nazi Economic Recovery 1932 – 1938 (Cambridge, 2d edn., 1996).