CHAPTER THREE: THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED: 1919 – 1945

 

1. In Mein Kampf Hitler gave such an account. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (F. Eher Nachf 1941).

2. Paul Hayes, “The Triumph of Caesarism: Fascism and Nazism,” in Themes in Modern European History 1890 – 1945, ed. Paul Hayes (Routledge, 1992), 176.

3. Fritz Fischer, From Kaiserreich to Third Reich (Allen & Unwin, 1986), 97; the interior quotes are from his work cited as n. 122 in that book.

4. Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Bantam Books, 1958).

5. David E. Kaiser, Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980).

6. A.J.P. Taylor, Origins of the Second World War (Hamilton, 1961).

7. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960).

8. See, for example, The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: The A.J.P. Taylor Debate after Twenty-five Years, ed. Gordon Martel (Allen & Unwin: 1986); and Paths to War: New Essays on the Origins of the Second World War, ed. Robert Boyce and Esmonde M. Robertson (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).

9. “The march on Rome [was in fact] a mere symbol of a triumph of political intrigue, though in order to satisfy both the squadristi and the need for a myth, it was depicted as a real and important event involving the violent seizure of power.” Hayes, 177 – 178.

10. May 1924 (6.5%); December 1924 (3%); May 1928 (2.6%); September 1930 (18.3%); July 1932 (37.3%); November 1932 (33.1%). Richard F. Hamilton, Who Voted for Hitler? (Princeton University Press, 1982), 476.

11. Jacek Jedruch, Constitutions, Elections, and Legislatures of Poland, 1493 – 1977: A Guide to Their History (University Press of America, 1982); Rett R. Ludwikowski and William F. Fox, Jr., The Beginning of the Constitutional Era (Catholic University of America Press, 1993); Timothy Wiles, ed., Poland between the Wars, 1918 – 1939 (Indiana University Polish Studies Center, 1989); Jan Karski, The Great Powers & Poland, 1919 – 1945: From Versailles to Yalta (University Press of America, 1985).

12. Kenneth B. Pyle, The Making of Modern Japan, 2nd ed. (D. C. Heath, 1996), 78, 87, 122 – 124.

13. Ibid., 116 – 117.

14. Ibid., 125 – 138.

15. Bernard Eccleston, “The State and Modernization in Japan,” in The Rise of the Modern State, ed. James Anderson (Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1986), 204.

16. For example, with the Peace Preservation Law of 1925.

17. James B. Crowley, Japan's Quest for Autonomy (Princeton University Press, 1966), 116 – 121. For an opposing view, see Richard Storry, A History of Modern Japan (Pen-uin Books, 1960), 186 – 187.

18. “Teikoku Zaigo Gunjinkai Sanjunenshi,” in Richard J. Smethurst, The Social Basis for Japanese Militarism (dissertation, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 1968), 22.

19. Diane Shaver Clements, Yalta (Oxford University Press, 1970); Richard F. Fenno, The Yalta Conference (Heath, 1955); Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians: The Yalta Conference (New York: Doubleday, 1949).