ABC Problem: should the U.S. structure its forces to deal with peer nations, mid-level developing nations with modern forces and primitive weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or militarily ineffectual but dangerous states and nonstate actors? 299
Adolphus, Gustavus (1594 – 1632): Swedish king 1611 – 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, 69, 70, 73, 96, 99, 100 – 14, 130, 504, 508, 512, 516 – 17, 837 – 8, 898
Akashi, Yasushi (1931– ): U.N. administrator in Bosnia; supervised Cambodian peace talks and elections 1993, 445, 459
Alba, Duke of (also Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo) (1508 – 1583): Spanish commander in Low Countries, 494, 495
Alexander I (1777 – 1825): Russian tsar (1801 – 1825) represented Russia at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 150, 162, 869
Aquinas, Thomas (1225 – 1274): Jesuit philosopher, 77, 87, 491, 877
Article 2(4): U.N. Charter provision outlawing aggression by one state against another, 473, 863; compare Article 51, a provision recognizing each state's right to defend itself
Articles 42 and 43 of the U.N. Charter: U.N. Charter provisions authorizing the Security Council to use armed forces to maintain international peace and security, 169, 256, 433, 463, 473 – 4
Aspin, Les (1938 – 1995): U.S. secretary of defense (1993 – 1994), 298, 850
Athens: Greek city-state that flourished in the fifth century B.C., 8, 21, 332
Augustine, St. (354 – 430): Christian philosopher, author of Confessions and The City of God, 77
Austin, John (1790 – 1859): English jurist, 6, 565 – 7, 585 – 6, 589 – 90, 641, 829, 845 – 6, 852, 889 – 90
Ayala, Balthazar (1548 – 1584): Spanish military figure and jurist, 489, 494 – 6, 499
Badinter Commission: E.U. tribunal that establishes criteria for international recognition of states emerging from former Eastern and Central European communist countries, 449, 463
Baker, James (1930– ): U.S. political figure; White House chief of staff (1981 – 1985, 1992 – 1993); secretary of the treasury (1985 – 1988); secretary of state (1989 – 1992), 280, 431 – 3, 612, 626 – 33, 635, 662, 846, 876, 881
balance of power, 90, 121, 124, 126, 129 – 33, 153, 155, 162, 169, 171 – 2, 233, 258 – 60, 263 – 65, 271, 278 – 9, 309, 344, 360, 383, 521, 523 – 7, 532, 534, 537, 539 – 40, 543, 550 – 3, 555, 559 – 60, 869, 886
Bartholomew, Reginald, 457
Berlin, 9, 26, 45 – 6, 50 – 1, 53 – 55, 150, 157, 382 – 3, 386, 389 – 90, 555, 580, 594, 624, 639, 669 – 70, 672 – 5, 834, 845, 855
Berlin Airlift (1948 – 1949), 51
Berlin Wall (erected 1961), 55 – 6, 61, 625, 636, 761, 764, 798
Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold von (1815 – 1898): Prussian prime minister; consolidated German states into empire; first chancellor of German Empire, 25 – 6, 184 – 7, 190 – 202, 204, 207, 225, 280, 567 – 70, 573, 580, 608, 612, 676, 843, 890, 895
Black, Jeremy, 71 – 3, 101, 141, 173, 336, 835, 837, 839 – 40, 842, 844, 853, 889
Blair, Tony (1953– ): British politician; prime minister (1997– ); Labor Party leader (1994– ), 222, 287, 339, 667, 845
Bodin, Jean (1530 – 1596): French political philosopher, 6, 102, 334, 829, 837, 852, 890
Bogomil: South Slav Christians converted by force to Islam (1463), 417
Bolingbroke, Viscount Henry St. John (1678 – 1751): British minister of state (1710 – 1714), 521 – 5, 539, 868
Bolshevik Revolution: 1917 – 1918 seizure of Russian government by communists, 19, 24, 27, 31
Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I
Bosnia, 7, 37, 161, 252, 269, 271 – 2, 283, 288, 297 – 8, 311, 313, 316, 325, 365, 411, 413, 415 – 18, 420 – 50, 452 – 66, 468
Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne (1627 – 1704): French bishop and author, 117, 121
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1922– ): Egyptian diplomat; U.N. secretary-general (1992 – 1996), 451, 459, 462
Branch Davidian case, 237
Bretton Woods (1944): international conference that established currency fixed exchange rates in the wake of World War II, 220 – 1, 316
Brezhnev Doctrine (1968): asserted Soviet right to intervene in the domestic politics of Eastern European countries in order to prop up communist governments, 166
Brodie, Bernard (1910 – 1978): U.S. intellectual, author of The Absolute Weapon (1946), 12 – 14, 80
Brzezinski, Zbigniew Kazimierz (1928– ): U.S. National Security Advisor (1977 – 1981), 257 – 8, 847, 890
Bull, Hedley: Oxford professor of international relations, 246, 357, 513 – 4, 846, 853, 864, 867, 890, 900
Burke, Edmund (1729 – 1797): British politician; political philosopher, 177, 334, 503, 852
Bush, George H. W. (1924- ): U.S. president (1989 – 1993), 10, 243, 248, 280, 428, 431, 612, 626 – 32, 634, 716, 862, 877, 901
Bush, George W. (1946– ): U.S. president (2001– ), 222, 253, 276, 278, 288, 340, 667, 814, 845, 858, 859
Campbell, Susan, 439
caracole: Spanish cavalry tactic, 99
Carrington, Lord (1919– ): British diplomat and politician; British foreign secretary (1979 – 1982); NATO secretary-general (1984 – 1988), 421, 423, 445, 464
Carter Doctrine (1980): U.S. security guarantee to Persian Gulf oil producing states, 262
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, 2nd Viscount (1769 – 1822): English diplomat and politician; represented Britain at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 160 – 73, 179, 184, 200, 385, 544 – 5, 548 – 9, 551, 553 – 6, 559 – 62, 575, 612, 676, 841 – 2, 869, 889, 894, 900
Catalonia: region of Spain, including Barcelona, 120, 470, 750
Cavour, Camillo Benso, Conte di (1810 – 1861): Italian politician of Risorgimento movement; prime minister of Sardinia (1852 – 1859, 1860 – 1861); first Italian prime minister (1861), 182 – 3, 676
central deterrence: relationship between powers that protects a national homeland by targeting an adversary's homeland, 14, 328, 620
Charles V (1500 – 1558): Habsburg ruler; king of Spain 1516 – 1556 as Charles I; Holy Roman Emperor (1519 – 1556), 103 – 6, 109, 126, 128 – 9, 155, 279, 487, 489, 491, 494
Charles VIII (1470 – 1498): king of France (1483 – 1498), 80, 96 – 7, 107, 346,486
Charter of Paris (1990): great power treaty recognizing free elections and democracy as the criteria for statehood and state responsibility for preserving human rights, 61, 449, 620, 635 – 8, 676, 877
Chaumont, Treaty of (1814): restored the Bourbons in France to pre-war borders and perpetuated the defensive alliance between Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, 160 – 1, 164, 166, 545, 556, 564
Chiang Kai-shek (1887 – 1975): Chinese general and politician; national president of China (1928 – 1929); president of Taiwan (1943 – 1949, 1950 – 1975), 51
China, 9, 40 – 2, 51 – 2, 58 – 60, 76, 146, 214, 218, 224, 260 – 1, 280, 290 – 3, 307, 309, 311 – 12, 320, 329, 357, 469 – 70,476, 480, 579, 606, 610, 627, 670, 677, 683 – 4, 686 – 9, 693, 704, 723 – 7, 730, 732 – 3, 736 – 9,745, 747 – 8, 756, 758 – 60,766, 773, 779 – 81, 788, 825, 882
Christina (1626 – 1689): queen of Sweden during Peace of Westphalia, 503, 866
Christopher, Warren Minor (1925– ): U.S. lawyer and diplomat; secretary of state (1993 – 1997), 423 – 4, 444, 455, 457, 460, 464
Churchill, Winston Spencer (1874 – 1965): British politician and author; prime minister (1940 – 1945, 1951 – 1955); British defense secretary (1940 – 1945, 1951 – 1952), 33, 43, 46, 52, 128, 199, 217, 685, 695, 833, 843, 882, 891, 897
civil war, 6, 19, 22, 24, 29 – 31, 39 – 40, 51, 59, 89, 106 – 8, 122, 177, 188, 196, 203, 205, 216, 271, 290 – 1, 335, 359, 368 – 9, 375, 380, 406, 424, 431 – 4, 438, 449, 466
Civitas Maxima: Wolff's “Great State,” composed of what the individual state ought to and would agree to, as well as what states have actually agreed to either by custom or treaty, 530, 534 – 5
Clark, Champ (1850 – 1921): U.S. politician, Speaker of the House (1911 – 1919), 372 – 3
Clausewitz, Karl von (1780 – 1831): German army officer and strategist; wrote On War (1833), 7, 53, 62 – 3, 140, 151, 185, 224, 355, 538 – 9, 835, 853, 869, 891
Clemenceau, Georges (1841 – 1929): French politician; prime minister (1906 – 1909, 1917 – 1920); war minister (1917 – 1920), 216 – 17, 391, 400, 402, 406 – 7, 409, 576 – 7, 608, 844, 872, 891
Clinton, William Jefferson (1946– ): U.S. president (1993 – 2001), 10, 64, 249, 265, 268–99, 271 – 2, 278, 280, 288, 296 – 8, 306, 316 – 17, 329, 339 – 340, 416, 423 – 6, 453 – 5, 458, 631, 667, 686, 716, 784, 845, 848, 851, 853, 855, 858, 859, 862, 886, 901
Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619 – 1683): French statesman; made important treasury reforms, established French navy, 121, 123 – 4
Cold War, 9, 13, 15, 19, 24, 43 – 4, 46, 48 – 52, 62 – 3, 110, 161, 215, 249, 251, 253, 262, 268, 270 – 1, 275 – 7, 292 – 3, 298, 307, 310, 321, 328 – 9, 335, 420, 475, 626, 629, 640, 649, 655, 662, 681, 683, 698, 701 – 2, 717, 733, 761,778, 786
collective goods: things of benefit to a society as a whole; to the society of states, such things as mutual security, public health, stable environmental and economic relations, 283, 293, 305, 309 – 10, 328, 337, 814, 821
collective security: a system wherein a state pledges its national forces to defend the peace of an international (though not usually a universal) order, 155, 161, 163, 168 – 9, 172, 183, 200, 233, 253 – 4, 257 – 8, 260, 262, 265, 271, 279, 286 – 7, 360, 383, 475, 477, 504, 517, 523, 525, 540, 546, 551
communism, 9, 24, 27, 29, 31, 37, 39, 42 – 3, 56 – 9, 215, 244, 260, 332, 379, 384, 446, 571, 607 – 8, 610 – 12, 614, 622 – 3, 626, 630, 655, 673, 675, 678, 698, 702, 781, 875 – 6
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1996): international treaty banning underground and atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons; signed by President Clinton, but never ratified by U.S. Senate, 312
condottiere (pl. condottieri): leader of a mercenary force, 82 – 3, 86, 148, 190 – 1, 836
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 61, 431, 446, 455, 621, 635, 877
Congress of Vienna: reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, 24, 161, 164, 170, 172, 175 – 6, 334, 344, 360
conscription (the drafting of soldiers), 42, 100, 112, 114, 134, 151, 157, 175, 177, 182, 185, 242, 304, 307, 347, 538, 545, 569, 670, 825
constitutional order: historic categorization of the state; determined by its unique basis for legitimacy, 10, 16, 17, 23 – 4, 34, 41, 44, 61, 67, 73, 83, 103, 107, 115, 132, 136 – 7, 145, 153, 176, 178, 186, 197, 206 – 7, 209, 211, 213 – 4, 228 – 9, 233 – 5, 240 – 2, 278, 288, 301, 304 – 5, 321, 324, 331 – 2, 334 – 5, 339 – 41, 344, 346 – 7, 358, 362 – 5, 385, 387, 400, 448, 470, 479, 481 – 3, 502, 523, 541, 564, 568, 594, 609, 613, 633, 638, 640, 657, 660, 715, 721, 777, 778 – 9, 784, 796, 804, 811, 813 – 5, 826, 852, 854, 866, 873
Contact Group: concert of great powers convened to settle Bosnia-Serbia dispute, 424 – 5, 455, 465
containment: U.S. doctrine for defeating communism in the Cold War, 48, 56 – 9, 64, 244, 275 – 7, 281, 293, 310, 628, 653 – 4, 698, 802
Corfu Declaration (1917), 452
Council of Blood, special Spanish tribunal in the Low Countries during Thirty Years' War, 495
Covenant of the League of Nations (1919): the League of Nations charter; unrati-fied by U.S. Senate, 400, 408, 471
covert action: those actions by a state that are intended to influence the politics and policies of a target state without the hand of the acting state being disclosed, 235, 318, 321 – 4, 903
critical infrastructures: those infrastructures supporting and connecting telecommunications, energy, banking and finance, transportation, government service without which contemporary developed states would be unsustainable, 11, 296, 690, 725 – 6, 778, 782, 787, 792 – 4, 813, 903, 905
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): nuclear confrontation between U.S. and Soviet Union precipitated by presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, 51, 55, 57
cuius regio eius religio: ruler's religious preference binds his subjects (doctrine of treaties of Augsburg and Westphalia), 105, 120, 279, 487 – 8, 506, 866
Cyprus, 447
D‘Annunzio, Gabriele (1863 – 1938): Italian poet and revolutionary, 37
de Gaulle, Charles Andre Joseph Marie (1890 – 1970): French general and politician; led Free French in World War II; French provisional president (1945 – 1946); prime minister (1958 – 1959); president (1959 – 1969), 251, 630, 730, 871
Desert Storm: U.S. war plan in Gulf War (1991), 249, 295, 793
deterrence: a strategy, often pertaining to nuclear weapons, intended to dissuade an opponent from certain actions through threats, 11 – 5, 48 – 9, 52, 235, 244, 310, 328 – 9, 400, 620, 680 – 3, 686, 689 – 91, 713, 726, 759, 788, 812 – 4, 820 – 1
Diplomatic Revolution of 1748, 143
Douhet, Guilio (1869 – 1930): Italian military strategist; early advocate of military significance of air power, 325
Doyle, Michael, 178, 184, 202, 266, 839 – 40, 842 – 3, 875, 886, 891
Dukakis, Michael, 10
Eagleburger, Lawrence Sidney: U.S. diplomat; deputy secretary of state (1989 – 1992); secretary of state (1992 – 1993), 428, 445 – 6, 451
economic sanctions, 265, 313, 318 – 20, 460, 462 – 3, 466, 656
Edict of Nantes (1598): recognized minority Protestant rights within Catholic France, 108, 125
Emmanuel II, Victor (1820 – 1878): king of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849 – 1861); king of Italy (1861 – 1878, first modern king of unified Italy), 183
England, 22, 25, 35, 78, 81, 83, 94, 96, 117 – 18, 122, 126, 128 – 31, 135, 149, 155, 159, 161, 201, 334 – 5, 368, 380, 382, 385, 390, 486, 487, 497, 511, 521, 546, 554, 902
entrepreneurial state: seeks leadership through the production and marketing of collective goods that the world's states want, 283 – 4, 286, 288 – 9, 292 – 3; 336 – 7
epochal war: a war that challenges and ultimately changes the basic constitutional structure of the State, by linking strategic to constitutional innovations, 8, 10, 22 – 3, 30, 64,67, 88, 109 – 11, 127, 146, 146, 151, 203, 333, 334 – 6, 342, 346, 383, 487, 504, 520 – 1, 539, 556, 571, 575, 638, 661, 720 – 1,778 – 9, 815, 820, 826, 830
ethnic cleansing: to expel ethnic groups from a State, through terror or extermination, 226, 276, 286, 289, 310, 316, 326, 338, 434, 437 – 44, 446 – 7, 450 – 1, 458 – 9, 466, 481, 726, 731, 861
euro: common currency proposed for E.U., 234, 312, 701, 703, 728, 742 – 3, 753
European Union (E.U.), 9, 234, 256, 261, 268, 270, 282, 286 – 7, 290, 326, 421, 446, 449, 452, 455, 463, 468 – 9, 475, 633, 674, 676, 687, 702 – 3, 727, 743, 746 – 50, 755, 770, 776 – 7, 782, 815, 847 – 8, 851, 908
extended deterrence: the nuclear threat by which nonhomeland theatres and other interests are protected, 14, 328 – 9, 620 – 1, 634,689, 713,731,744
fascism, 24 – 6, 29, 31, 34, 36 – 9, 41, 43, 215, 332, 384, 571, 578, 603 – 5, 607 – 8, 610, 626, 673, 675, 677 – 8, 698, 781
Federalist Papers (1787 – 1788): series of newspaper articles, by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay; the most important document interpreting the U.S. Constitution on the basis of historical argument, 84, 177, 515, 536, 655, 661, 683
Filmer, Sir Robert (d. 1653): English political philosopher associated with absolutism, 121
First Partition of Poland (1772), 138
Fischer, Fritz (1908 – 1999): demonstrated that the German Imperial Government had planned and deliberately started the First World War and had pursued expansionist aims scarcely differing from the policies of the Third Reich, 26, 35, 831 – 3, 892
Ford, Gerald, (1913- ): U.S. president (1974 – 1977), 10, 297, 322, 627
Fouquet, Nicolas (1615 – 1680): French financial administrator, 123
Fourteen Points: U.S. peace plan for World War I, 35, 281, 398, 399 – 404, 407 – 8
Francis I: French ruler (1515 – 1547), 103 – 5, 107, 150, 166, 487, 865, 869
Frederick I (1657 – 1713): king of Prussia (1701 – 1713), 135, 869
Frederick II (Frederick the Great) (1712 – 1786): king of Prussia 1740 – 1786; commanded Prussian forces in War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years War, 839
Frederick William I(1688 – 1740): king of Prussia (1713 – 1740), 134, 529, 559
French Revolution (1789), 5, 24, 41, 120, 134, 146, 151, 168, 173, 175, 177, 201, 203, 346
Fronde (1649 – 1652): series of rebellions against the French monarchy, 122, 334, 346
G-7/G-8: Group of Seven, expanded to eight, great powers organized to discuss economic policy in the late twentieth century, 256, 262, 267, 310, 337, 470, 629, 708, 724,730
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (1947): multilateral treaty regime designed to encourage free trade between member states (now 110), 247, 255 – 6
Genovese, Catherine “Kitty,” 411 – 15, 427, 445, 451, 454 – 5, 466, 481, 858
Gentili, Alberico (1552 – 1608): Oxford professor of civil law; important early interpreter of international law, 496 – 500, 865, 893, 897
George, David Lloyd (1863 – 1945): minister (1916 – 1922), 26, 31, 400,402
Germany, 8 – 9, 15, 24 – 8, 31 – 7, 39, 41, 43 – 50, 53 – 5, 61, 77, 86, 105 – 6, 109 – 11, 113, 115 – 17, 119 – 20, 136, 146, 150, 153, 164, 178, 183 – 8, 190, 197 – 7, 250, 256, 260 – 1, 269, 271, 273, 280, 282, 287 – 8, 292, 294, 299, 306, 311, 319, 339, 357, 361, 380 – 91, 397 – 8, 400 – 4, 406 – 7, 409, 497, 504 – 5, 507, 521, 532, 546 – 7, 557, 563, 567 – 9, 571, 573 – 6, 577 – 84, 592, 594, 599, 602 – 4, 608 – 10, 612 – 13, 620, 623 – 4, 629 – 34, 636 – 7, 639 – 40, 653, 676 – 8, 682 – 3, 685 – 8, 692, 702, 704, 707, 730 – 1, 741, 745, 747 – 50, 752, 759, 760, 764, 766, 781, 783, 788 – 9, 830 – 1, 834, 839, 844 – 5, 850, 857, 866, 874, 876, 878, 886, 892 – 3, 897 – 8, 900
globalization, 220, 224, 341, 469, 676, 695, 713, 720, 724, 727, 735, 740, 762, 772 – 3, 777, 782, 792
Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Anton, Graf Neithardt von (1760 – 1831): following Prussia's defeat by Napoleon in 1809, he and Scharnhorst reformed the Prussian army, 185, 869
Golubic, Stjepkp; Golubic, Thomas, 439
Gomulka, Wladyslaw (1905 – 1982): Polish Communist politician; first secretary of the Polish Communist Party (1956 – 1970), 53
great powers, 7 – 9, 22, 25 – 6, 30 – 1, 35, 37, 42, 45, 57, 60 – 1, 72, 81, 136, 140 – 1, 145 – 6, 148, 159, 161, 163 – 4, 166, 168–70, 172, 176, 179, 182, 184, 191, 194, 200, 244, 252, 258, 264, 271, 274, 280, 284, 292, 307, 319, 338, 345, 361, 379, 381 – 3, 385, 405, 408, 410, 416, 425, 433, 437, 455, 466, 468, 471, 475, 476, 540, 551, 555, 565, 568, 569, 735, 748, 773, 827
green movements: political groups dedicated to protecting the environment, 470
Grey, Edward (Viscount Grey of Fallodon) (1862 – 1933): British diplomat; foreign secretary (1906 – 1916, negotiated Triple Entente (1907); led British entry into World War I, 380 – 6, 389, 391, 854, 855, 900
Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de (1715 – 1789): French artillery strategist, 152
Grotius, Hugo (also Huig de Groot) (1583 – 1645): Dutch jurist and politician; influential figure in early modern international law; wrote On the Law of War and Peace; Swedish ambassador to France (1634 – 1645), 508 – 18, 528 – 31, 532 – 5, 537, 864 – 5, 867, 877, 890, 893, 895
Guangdong (also Kwantung): southernmost mainland province of China, 470, 727
Gulf War (1990 – 1991): international conflict triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, 8, 14, 16, 248 – 9, 255, 262, 271, 287, 294, 296 – 7, 299, 301 – 2, 305 – 7, 318 – 19, 324, 327, 329 – 30, 437, 459, 475, 477, 631, 688, 689, 693, 716, 723, 793, 805, 846
Gutman, Roy, 434
Hamilton, Alexander (1755 – 1804): first U.S. secretary of the treasury; establlished Bank of U.S.; co-wrote, with James Madison and John Jay, the Federalist Papers, 151, 229, 267, 847
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770 – 1831): German philosopher; wrote The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), 6, 215, 279, 544, 829, 872, 894
Heijden, Kees van der, 314
Helsinki Accords of 1975: recognized Soviet sphere of influence extending toEastern Europe and the human rights of the signatories' citizens, 60, 164, 408
Henry IV (Henry III of Navarre) (1553 – 1610): king of France (1589 – 1610); proclaimed Edict of Nantes (1598); assassinated, 108, 110, 111, 509
Hitler, Adolf (1889 – 1945): Nazi dictator; wrote Mein Kampf; German chancellor (1933 – 1945), 33 – 7, 39, 43, 217, 280, 334, 361, 397, 409, 443, 449, 471, 576, 582 – 4, 593, 608, 832 – 3, 836, 842, 852, 890, 893, 895
Hobbes, Thomas (1588 – 1679): English political philosopher; wrote Human Nature (1650) and Leviathan (1651), 103, 246, 259, 279, 518 – 9, 528 – 9, 534 565, 596, 598, 837
Hogg, James (1851 – 1906): progressive Texas governor (1891 – 1895), 369 – 70
Holland, 25, 41, 107, 124, 126, 135, 142, 158 – 60, 497, 509 – 12, 556
Holy Alliance (1815): pact between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, which sought to organize the powers of Europe for intervention against internal revolution, 165 – 6, 169, 877
Holy Roman Empire: the collection of mainly German cities, principalities, and estates that was the remnant of the Roman Empire after Otto the Great combined the kingship of the Germans with the emperorship of Rome, 25, 95, 109, 111, 150, 484, 488, 557, 559
House, Edward M. (Colonel House) (1858 – 1938): U.S. diplomat and politician; advisor to Woodrow Wilson, 314 – 15, 359 – 60, 367 – 75, 378 – 400, 403 – 4, 406 – 10, 475 – 7, 481, 573, 578, 628, 631, 659, 660 – 3, 782, 854 – 8, 871, 900
Howard, Michael, 14, 56, 85, 154, 235, 336, 354, 684, 830, 835 – 41, 843 – 7, 852 – 3, 855, 869, 891, 894, 901
Hughes, Charles Evans (1862 – 1948): U.S. jurist and politician; Republican presidential candidate (1916); secretary of state (1921 – 1925); Supreme Court chief justice (1930 – 1941), 392 – 3, 653, 880
Hume, David (1711 – 1776): Scottish philosopher; wrote A Treatise on Human Nature (1739), 142, 334, 641, 852, 894
Hundred Years' War (1336 – 1565): period of Anglo-French animosity punctuated by long periods with no actual fighting, 21, 486, 830, 831, 850, 864, 891
immigration, 248, 284 – 7, 290, 487, 595, 637, 670, 695 – 7, 713, 720, 723, 726 – 8, 736, 749, 794, 848
information warfare: attempt to penetrate and degrade an adversary's electronic communications and to protect one's own communications from interference, 318, 327
Inquiry, The (1917 – 1919): secret project, originated by Colonel E. M. House, to formulate America's plans for the post-World War I world, 314, 398 – 9, 410, 662
International Court of Justice (ICJ): United Nation's principal judicial body, replaced the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), 364, 475, 484 – 5, 492, 640, 645, 659, 716, 799 – 800
International Criminal Court (ICC): proposed by the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court (1998) (must be ratified by 60 member nations), a permanent court for trying individuals accused of committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, 341
international order, 132, 145, 303, 346, 360, 379, 384, 483, 485, 659, 676, 776, 803, 813, 821, 825 – 6, 838, 840, 894
International Monetary Fund (IMF): U.N. agency whose purpose is to secure international monetary cooperation, stabilize exchange rates, and expand international liquidity, 484, 883, 706, 728, 741, 753, 766, 800
Internet, 224, 227, 236, 287, 639, 737,751, 754, 760, 788 – 91, 794, 800, 812, 845
Israel, 96, 218, 268, 278, 280, 319, 329, 475, 682 – 4, 686, 688 – 9, 693, 726, 729, 732, 745, 758 – 9, 763, 882
Japan, 5, 9, 14 – 15, 36, 40 – 3, 48, 50 – 1, 59, 205, 217 – 18, 220, 242, 247, 250, 252, 256, 258, 260 – 2, 269 – 70, 273, 284, 286, 290, 292, 299, 306, 309, 311, 319, 326, 535, 579, 653, 655, 672, 677 – 8, 680, 682 – 4, 686 – 9, 692, 698, 701 – 7, 724, 726 – 8, 730, 732 – 3, 736, 638, 741 – 3, 745, 747 – 9, 752, 759, 766, 768, 773, 789, 833, 844, 872, 875, 878, 883, 891 – 2, 898 – 9
Jennings, William Bryan (1860 – 1925): U.S. lawyer and politician; Democratic presidential candidate (1896, 1900, 1908); secretary of state (1913 – 1915), 370 – 4, 377, 388
Johnson, Lyndon Baines (1908 – 1973): U.S. president (1963 – 1969), 58, 229, 394, 631, 716, 784
jus gentium (in international law the “law of nations”): Roman law that applied to matters between themselves and foreign entities, 357
Katyn Forest: scene of 1940 Russian massacre of 4,000 Polish prisoners of war, 356
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): intended to “outlaw” war; signed by the principal European states, Japan, and the United States, 355
Kelsen, Hans (1881 – 1973): Austrian-born jurist, international law theorist, 362, 584, 587 – 93, 596, 598 – 601, 605 – 6, 829, 872 – 4, 895
Kennan, George, (1904 – ): U.S. diplomat, 266, 361 – 2, 653, 655, 847, 895, 897
Kennedy, Paul, 93, 251, 284, 836 – 8, 840, 842 – 3, 849, 857
Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich (1881 – 1970): Russian politician; last post-imperial Russian prime minister (1917); overthrown in Bolshevik Revolution, 28
Keynes, John Maynard (1883 – 1946): English economist; wrote General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), 404 – 6, 409, 576 – 7, 662, 845, 899
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (1894 – 1971): Soviet Communist Party secretary-general (1953 – 1964); Soviet premier (1958 – 1964), 57, 834
Kim Il-sung (1912 – 1994): North Korean communist dictator, 51
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 417
kingly state, 95 – 7, 101 – 3, 105 – 30, 133 – 4, 136, 139, 140, 143, 145, 207, 215, 278, 344, 346 – 7, 484, 494, 496, 499, 501 – 2, 505, 510 – 11, 516, 519 – 24, 527 – 9, 534 – 6
Kissinger, Henry (1923– ): U.S. national security advisor (1969 – 1973): secretary of state (1973 – 1977) 172, 184, 259, 362, 431 – 2, 545 – 6, 841 – 3, 857 – 9, 869, 895
Korea, 655, 672, 686, 687 – 90, 793, 698, 700,703, 723 – 5, 732 – 4, 736, 738, 745, 747, 759, 766, 773, 783, 882
Kosovo: formerly semi-autonomous province of Yugoslavia, 13, 31, 161, 226, 276, 294, 297 – 8, 302, 307, 326, 416, 418 – 19, 422, 432, 468, 471, 473 – 4, 638, 648, 734, 746, 776, 793, 804, 847, 851, 891, 901
Kuwait, 13, 248, 262, 269, 271, 280, 288, 313, 356, 437, 467, 731, 758, 820
Lake, Anthony (1939– ): U.S. national security advisor (1993 – 1997), 298, 355, 457
Latane, Bibb, 413 – 15, 427, 444, 452, 454 – 5, 458, 460, 466
Le Tellier, Michel (1603 – 1685): French statesman; minister of state under Cardinal Mazarin; war minister (1643); chancellor at time of his death, 123
League of Augsburg (1686): formed to maintain the Westphalia agreements against French expansionism, 125, 520
League of Nations: international body formed by states after World War I to avert future wars, 31, 40, 264, 271, 319, 356, 359, 360 – 1, 381, 384, 389 – 90, 395, 397, 400 – 2, 404, 406 – 10, 471 – 2, 485, 530, 573, 575, 579, 640, 855, 858, 872, 877
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646 – 1716): German mathematician and philosopher, 519, 528 – 9,530 – 1, 533, 535, 537, 641, 867, 869
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870 – 1924): Russian Communist politician and revolutionary; first Soviet premier (1917 – 1924), 28 – 9, 34, 280, 334, 397, 409, 605 – 7, 615, 830, 832, 852, 889, 896
levée en masse: program of French conscription, 5, 74, 151, 162, 175, 207, 538, 842
Lincoln, Abraham (1809 – 1865): U.S. president during American Civil War (1861 – 1865), 178, 180, 188, 225, 244, 280, 676, 843, 896
Lippmann, Walter (1889 – 1974): U.S. author and journalist, 251, 377, 378, 399, 404, 854, 857, 899
Locke, John (1632 – 1704): English empiricist philosopher; wrote Two Treatises on Civil Government (1690), 232, 334, 838
Lodge Reservation: proposed amendment to Charter of the League of Nations that required Congressional approval before complying with a League request for military action, 410
Lombardy: province of Italy, 158 – 9, 182 – 3, 470, 561, 750, 777
Long War (1914 – 1990): epochal war fought to determine whether the nineteenth century imperial constitutional order would be replaced by nation-states governed by communism, fascism, or parliamentarianism, 7, 15, 19, 24 – 5, 27, 31 – 3, 36 – 7, 41, 43, 45, 47 – 51, 53 – 6, 58 – 64, 110, 120, 202, 208, 211, 213, 215 – 20, 223 – 4, 227 – 8, 235, 238, 243, 245 – 6, 249, 254, 257, 274 – 7, 280 – 1, 288, 292 – 4, 304, 307, 310, 318, 329, 331, 333, 35 – 7, 346, 354 – 7, 361, 385, 387, 395, 400, 404, 467 – 8, 471, 476, 584, 609 – 11, 614, 629, 631 – 2, 635 – 6, 638 – 42, 652 – 53, 655, 660 – 1, 663, 665, 675 – 9, 681 – 2, 686 – 7, 695, 698, 701, 704 – 5, 713,719 – 20, 741, 773, 776, 778, 781, 793, 796, 802, 804 – 5, 811, 813, 815, 820, 826
Louis XIV (1638 – 1715): king of France (1643 – 1715), 117, 121 – 2, 124, 134, 141, 142, 155, 334, 346, 502, 508, 520, 523, 541, 838 – 9
Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469 – 1527): Italian diplomat and political philosopher; wrote Discourses on Livy (1518), The Art of War (1521), The Prince (1532), 80, 85 – 8, 90 – 1, 94, 102, 116, 142, 278, 334, 486, 499, 511, 594, 829, 832, 836 – 8, 852 – 3, 893, 896, 898
Madison, James (1751 – 1836): U.S. president (1809 – 1817); a principal author (with Hamilton) of the Federalist Papers, 151, 177, 229, 855
managerial market-state: seeks power through its hegemony within a regional economic zone, 283 – 4, 287, 289, 309, 336 – 7
Mao Tse-tung (also Mao Zedong) (1893 – 1976): Chinese Communist revolutionary; Chinese head of state (1949 – 1959); de facto head of government of China (1949 – 1976), 51, 332, 834
Maria Theresa (1717 – 1780): Austrian-Bohemian-Hungarian-Polish queen, 122, 135
market-state: the emerging constitutional order that promises to maximize the opportunity of its people, tending to privatize many state activities and making representative government more responsive to the market, 17, 211, 213, 217, 222, 224, 228 – 42, 283 –94, 296, 302 – 9, 311, 313, 315 – 6, 318, 320 – 1, 323 – 8, 330 – 1, 336 – 41, 344, 346 – 7, 362 – 3, 366, 368, 370, 484, 571, 638 – 9, 661, 665, 668 – 76, 688 – 91, 694, 696 – 7, 701 – 2, 704, 706, 709, 712, 714 – 6, 720 – 2, 740, 744, 749 – 51, 753, 766, 768, 770 – 1, 776 – 7, 779, 781 – 2, 784 – 7, 792 –3, 796 – 7, 799 – 802, 806 – 7, 813 – 15, 820, 821, 827 – 7, 846, 853, 863, 868, 883
Marlowe, Chri stopher (1564 – 1593): English dramatist and poet, 94, 837, 896
Marshall Plan: U.S. program of reconstruction for Britain, France, Germany, and other Western European states following World War II, 50, 282, 631, 653, 655
Maurice of Nassau (Maurice of Orange) (1567 – 1625): Dutch military and political leader, 98 – 100, 114 – 15, 188, 510 – 12, 829, 837
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules (1602 – 1661): French (Italian-born) Catholic clergyman, diplomat, and politician; chief minister of France (1642 – 1661); negotiated Peace of Pyrenees (1659), 121 – 3, 125, 503, 866
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (1927– ): Polish prime minister (1989 – 1990); sent to Yugoslavia as U.N. observer (1993), 434 – 6, 438, 451, 859
McCaffrey, Barry, 457
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): foundation case for doctrinal argument in American constitutional law, 536
Media, 46, 58, 225, 230, 236, 239, 255, 289, 315, 325, 416, 418, 427 – 30, 436, 438, 446, 450, 466, 619, 628, 639, 645, 670 – 1, 696, 711 – 12, 720, 729, 765, 783 – 5, 806, 845
Medici, Lorenzo de (Lorenzo the Magnificent) (1449 – 1492): de facto ruler of Florence (1469 – 1492), 90
Meiji Restoration (1868): restored Japanese Meiji emperor to power and led to the period of national consolidation and assertiveness coinciding with his reign (1868 – 1912), 42
mercantile market-state: seeks market share in order to gain relative dominance in international affairs, 289, 292 – 3, 309, 722, 766 – 8
meritocracy: society that advances the talented on the basis of their achievements, 231 – 2, 290, 539, 796
Metternich, Klemens, Prince von (1773 – 1859): Austrian diplomat, politician; foreign minister (1809 – 1848); represented Austria at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 160 – 2, 164 – 72, 385, 541, 546 – 8, 551, 555 – 6, 559 – 62, 869 – 70, 897
Mihailovic, Draza (1893 – 1946): Yugoslav partisan leader during World War II, 417 – 18
Milosevic, Slobodan (1941-): president of Serbia (1989 – 1997); president of Yugoslavia (1997 – 2000); indicted by Hague tribunal for crimes against humanity (1999), 13, 319, 326, 416, 418, 419 – 20, 422 – 3, 429 – 30, 432 – 3, 440, 444, 446, 449 – 50, 463, 639, 697, 859, 861
missile defense, 252, 278, 313, 318, 328, 329, 619, 685, 687, 689 – 90, 720, 732, 814 – 15, 821, 852, 882, 891
Mitchell, William (Billy) (1879 – 1936): U.S. (French-born) general; outspoken advocate for air power, 325
Mladic, General Ratko (1943– ): Yugoslav general; leader of Serbian forces in Bosnia (1992 – 1995), 450
Mogadishu Line (“crossing the”): a phrase alluding to the U.N. experience in Somalia when a mission that began as neutral peacekeeping led to involvement in a factional war, 445, 862
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Graf von (1800 – 1891): Prussian field-marshal; victorious in Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars, 185 – 7, 189 – 90, 192 – 3, 195 – 7, 200, 202, 382
Mondale, Walter (1928– ): U.S. vice president (1977 – 1981), 10
Monroe Doctrine (1823): U.S. call for end to European intervention in the Americas, 355
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de (1689 – 1755): French lawyer and political philosopher; wrote The Spirit of the Laws (1748), 357, 839, 853, 897
Montevideo Convention: multilateral treaty that provides test for state recognition, 202, 339
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1927- ): U.S. diplomat, politician, and political scientist, 379, 476, 854, 877, 897
multipolarity: condition of global political environment with more than two superpower nuclear arsenals, 15, 680 – 1, 683–4, 687 – 8
Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea (Il Duce) (1883 – 1945): Italian dictator and Fascist politician, 37 – 8,40, 361, 471, 601
Nagy, Imre (1896 – 1958): Hungarian prime minister (1953 – 1955, 1956); attempted to liberalize Hungarian communist state, 53, 834
Napoleon I (also Bonaparte, Napoleon) (1769 – 1821): French (Corsican-born) general and dictator; first consul (1799 – 1804); emperor (1804 – 1815), 482, 538, 541, 544, 546 – 8, 552, 554 – 7, 559 – 64, 577, 613, 676, 783, 839 – 40, 852, 869, 877, 896
Napoleon, Louis (Napoleon III) (1808 – 1873): French president (1848 – 1852); emperor (1852 – 1870), 179 – 83, 198 – 200
nation-state: dominant constitutional order of twentieth century; promised to improve material welfare of its people, 144 – 204, 468 – 77
Nesselrode, Karl Robert Vasilyevich, Graf (1780 –1862): German-Russian (Portugese-born) diplomat; Russian foreign minister (1822 – 1856); Russian imperial chancellor (1845 – 1862), 166, 561, 841, 869
Neumann, John von (1903 – 1957): U.S. (Hungarian-born) mathematician; developed game theory, 243, 848
New Economic Policy (NEP): popular Leninist reform that ended requisitioning, legalized private trade, and abandoned the semi-militarization of labor, 29, 615, 832
New World Order, 243, 279, 407, 476, 662, 847, 854, 877, 882
Nitze, Paul (1907– ): U.S. public official, the principal author of NSC-68, a secret state paper that provided the strategic plan for the defeat of communism through containment, 57, 654
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 234, 236, 264, 337, 338 – 9, 363, 437, 645, 675, 736, 739,748
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 247 – 8, 253, 264, 628, 752, 782
Northern Ireland, 448, 465, 598, 815
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT): multilateral treaty pledging nonnuclear-weapon powers to abstain from developing nuclear weapons and nuclear-weapon powers to assist in the development of nuclear energy (1968), 255, 312, 686, 759 – 60
nuclear proliferation, 218, 268, 289, 677, 679, 681 – 7, 689, 713, 726, 745, 759, 882, 891
nuclear weapons, 12 – 16, 48 – 50, 52, 52 – 56, 59, 196, 206, 208, 216 – 19, 235, 252 – 3, 263, 278, 294, 305 – 8, 311 – 12, 315, 329, 347, 394, 620 – 1, 629 – 30, 634, 654, 676 – 91, 694, 704, 717, 726, 728, 733, 745 – 7, 756, 760, 811, 847, 882, 900
Nunn-Lugar program: a U.S. statute providing for the peaceful dismantling of Russian nuclear weapons, 305
Nuremberg trials (1945 – 1946): proceedings against Nazi war criminals, 5, 356, 451, 594
Nussbaum, Arthur, 496, 498, 532, 853, 865, 868 – 9, 871, 897
Ogarkov, Nikolai, 294
Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman, Count of (1587 – 1645): Spanish (Italian-born) political leader; chief minister (1625 – 1643) under Philip IV, 108, 111, 115, 278 – 9, 831, 892
Open Markets Committee: group with the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank devoted to interest rate deliberations, 229
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): international organization established during thecold war (1973) to promote East-West cooperation; 256, 270, 446, 468
Organization of African Unity: established (1963) to promote unity and development, 267
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele (1860 – 1952): Italian diplomat and politician; Italian prime minister (1917 – 1919), 406, 409, 578, 848
Ottoman Empire: founded in late thirteenth century by Turkish tribes in Anatolia; dissolved in 1918; included modern Turkey, Bulgaria, Rumania, and parts of Yugoslavia, Greece and the Near East, 120, 181 – 2, 184, 468, 872, 880
Owen, Lord David Anthony Llewellyn (1938- ): British diplomat and politician; British foreign secretary (1977 – 1979); as E.C. envoy to Yugoslavia, codeveloper of Vance-Owen plan, 423, 443,445, 448, 457, 462, 464, 861 – 2, 897
Oxenstierna, Axel Gustafsson, Count (1583 – 1654): Swedish diplomat and political figure, 112 – 14, 504, 512, 517, 866
Oxenstierna, Johan (1611–1654): Swedish representative at Westphalia, 503
Palmerston, 3rd Viscount (Henry John Temple) (1784 – 1865): English political leader; prime minister (1855 – 1858, 1859 – 1865); negotiated Quadruple Alliance among Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal (1834), 172, 181, 183, 191, 251
Pan American Pact, 384
Paret, Peter, 152, 155, 832, 835 – 7, 839 – 40, 843, 869, 891, 893, 897 – 9
Parker, Geoffrey, 69 – 73, 93, 152, 336, 831, 835 – 9, 842, 852, 867, 891, 893, 897
parliamentarianism, 26 – 7, 29, 31, 35, 38 – 9, 53, 58, 201, 215, 384, 571, 593 – 5, 598 – 600, 605, 607 – 8, 611, 635, 675, 781, 811, 831
Peace of Augsburg (1555): ratified the vic-tory of the princely state and the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, 106, 109, 120, 344, 486 – 93, 501, 504 – 6, 514, 864
Peace of Paris (1763): 133, 556, 571, 610, 612, 626, 628, 635 – 39, 663, 676, 680, 762, 776, 802, 874
Peace of Paris (1990): ratified the triumph of the parliamentary nation-state; ended the Long War of the twentieth century, includes Charter of Paris, Moscow and Copenhagen Declaration, 24, 61, 821
Peace of Utrecht (1713): ended the War of the Spanish Succession; ratified the pre-eminence of the territorial state, 129, 131, 344, 520, 522, 526, 537, 550
Peace of Versailles (1919): ended the First World War; ratified the triumph of the nation-state, 31 – 41, 43, 200, 378, 400, 404, 406, 409 – 10, 417, 433, 449
Peace of Westphalia (1648): ended the Thirty Years' War and ratified the success of the secular, absolutist forms of the kingly state that had superseded the sectarian, dynastically plural forms of the princely state, 17, 22, 25, 54, 95, 107, 116 – 17, 119 – 20, 122, 125, 127, 134, 158, 336, 344, 495, 501 – 9, 511 – 517, 519 – 20, 523, 526, 536, 540, 571, 574 – 5, 579, 637, 777, 805, 863, 865 – 6
Peloponnesian Wars (c. 460 B.C. – 404 B.C.): between Athens and Sparta; eventually every Greek state, as well as Sicily and Persia, was drawn into the conflict, 332
Perry, William James (1927– ): U.S. secretary of defense (1994 – 1997), 298, 310, 375, 830, 849 – 51, 890
Philip IV (Philip III of Portugal) (1605 – 1665): king of Spain (1621 – 1665), 108, 122, 124, 278
Powell, General Colin (1937– ): U.S. national security advisor (1986 – 1989); Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman (1989 – 1993) during Gulf War; secretary of state (2001– ), 297 – 9, 301, 461, 850 – 1
pragmatic sanction (1713): Holy Roman Emperor CharlesVI's order reserving succession to all Habsburg dominions to his daughter Maria Theresa, in order to ensure the Habsburg territories' continued integrity and prevent a struggle for the succession, 135 – 6
proliferation, 15, 218, 253, 255, 262 – 3, 267 – 8, 289, 292, 306, 309, 311 – 12, 329 – 30, 338, 677, 679, 681 – 90, 713, 720, 726, 736, 745, 759, 772, 778, 802, 815, 820, 882, 891
Prospero Colonna (1452 – 1523): Italian soldier; fought in the Italian Wars and defeated the French at La Bicocca (1522), 482
proxy forces, 318
Prussia, 25, 72, 90, 119, 130, 133 – 8, 141 – 2, 147 – 51, 155, 157, 159, 165 – 7, 171, 178, 181, 184 – 6, 190 – 5, 197 – 204, 482, 505, 526, 531, 537, 539 – 40, 542, 546, 552 – 4, 556 – 7, 559 – 61, 563, 583, 602, 831, 839, 867, 869
Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632 – 1694): philosopher and theorist of international relations, 518 – 19, 529, 531 – 34, 585, 867
Punic Wars (264 B.C. – 241 B.C.): First Punic War, 218 – 202 B.C.; Second Punic War, 149 – 146 B.C.; Third Punic War, fought between Rome and Carthage, 355, 830
Quadruple Alliance (1814, renewed 1815): coalition of England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to defeat Napoleonic France and maintain postwar peace, 169, 557 – 8, 564
Quintuple Alliance (1818): formed to admit France into the society of great powers “to protect the arts of peace,” 166
Radich, Stjepan, 417
Reagan, Ronald Wilson (1911 – ): U.S. president (1981 – 1989), 10, 222, 275, 322, 339, 610 – 11, 615, 619, 626 – 8, 716
referenda, 238 – 9
Renaissance, 78 – 85, 88 – 9, 92, 107, 116, 334, 346, 358, 417, 479, 798, 825 – 6, 836, 838, 892 – 3, 899
revolution in military affairs (RMA), 153, 294 – 6, 299 – 305, 306 – 7, 318, 796, 813, 849 – 50
Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal (1585 – 1642): French chief minister (1629 – 1642), 501 – 3, 511 – 12, 516 – 17, 831, 892
Rifkind, Malcolm, 461
Roberts, Michael, 69 – 73, 98, 100 – 1, 112 – 14, 835, 837 – 8, 864 – 5, 867, 882, 886, 890, 898
Roosevelt, Franklin (1882 – 1945): U.S. president (1933 – 1945), 43, 217, 229, 334, 360, 362, 604, 631, 695, 833, 899
Roosevelt, Theodore (1858 – 1919): U.S. president (1901 – 1909), 244, 360, 370, 373, 377, 388, 390, 392, 394
Rosencrance, Richard, 257
Rwanda, 7, 37, 250, 269, 283, 300, 361, 428, 451, 598, 763, 757, 801
“safe area”: regional town declared under protection of U.N., 425 – 6, 442
Sarajevo: capital of Bosnia, 26, 325 – 6, 416, 421,424 – 6, 428 – 31, 433, 442 – 3, 445, 447, 454, 457,461 – 2, 464 – 6, 478, 860, 862
Saxe, Hermann Maurice (1696 – 1750): French (German-born) marshal, 140
Scanlan, John, 447
scenario planning: creates hypothetical, alternative stories about the future that share certain factual assumptions but differ based on decisions made within each scenario, 314, 315, 717 – 19, 885
Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von (1755 – 1813): Prussian general and strategist, 177 – 8, 185, 189
Schroeder, Gerhard (1944– ): chancellor of Germany (1998– ), 339,845
Schwartz, Benjamin, 250
Six-Day War (1967 Arab-Israeli conflict), 474
Smith, Rupert, 426
South Korea, 9, 51 – 2, 59, 218, 311, 472, 655, 672, 688 – 9, 703, 724, 745,882
Soviet Union, 15, 24, 30, 33, 40,43, 45 – 7, 61, 215, 228, 242, 245, 249 – 51, 260, 261, 270, 275 – 6, 295, 307, 319 – 20, 327 – 8, 360, 417, 465, 572, 607, 609 – 10, 612 – 16
Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939): uprising in which conservatives and right-wing elements overthrew the second Spanish republic, 19, 24, 30, 40
Spanish Fury (1574): unpaid Spanish troops sacked Antwerp in a gruesome massacre, 495
Spinoza, Baruch (also Benedict de Spinoza) (1632 – 1677): Dutch philosopher, 518 – 19, 528 – 9, 596
Srebrenica: Bosnia village, scene of 1995 massacre, 416, 424, 426, 435 – 6, 440, 450 – 1, 454, 459, 462, 468, 481, 862
Staats raison, 135
Stalin, Josef (1879 – 1953): Soviet political figure; dictator (1929 – 1953), 29 – 30, 43, 45 – 7, 51 –3, 217, 280, 326 – 7, 418, 613, 615, 623, 655, 695, 832, 835, 844, 872, 880, 889, 900
state-nation: constitutional order that achieved dominance in the nineteenth century; it sought popular allegiance on grounds that State would exalt the nation, 144 – 204
strategic planning, 7, 48, 296, 304, 309, 314, 315, 716 – 18, 722, 903
Suarez, Francisco (1548 – 1617): Spanish philosopher and Jesuit theologian, 489, 491 – 4, 641, 865, 899
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de (1754 – 1838): French bishop, diplomat, and politician; foreign minister (1797 – 1807, 1814 – 1815); represented France at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 160, 162, 166, 259, 548, 550 – 1, 553 – 4, 556 – 62, 869 – 71
Tarnoff, Peter, 457
tercio: sixteenth century Spanish infantry formation of 3,000 men, with equal numbers of pikemen and musketeers, 97, 99
territorial state: constitutional order that dominated the eighteenth century, 95, 107, 118 – 20, 122, 124 – 6, 129, 130, 132 – 140, 143, 148, 152, 155 – 7, 159, 173, 175, 505, 523 – 5, 527 – 31, 535 – 6, 538 – 9, 541, 543, 551 – 2, 560, 564, 870
terrorism, 219, 236, 256, 264, 282, 289, 296, 298 – 9, 310, 322, 336, 338, 441, 466, 474, 510, 663, 690, 697, 704, 720, 727, 730 – 1, 735, 746, 760, 772, 791, 804 – 5, 819 – 22, 850
Thatcher, Margaret Hilda (1925– ): British prime minister (1979 – 1990), 222, 256, 339, 356, 633, 637, 667, 685, 687, 875
Thirty Years' War (1618 – 1648): religious war that raged within the Holy Roman Empire and eventually drew all of Europe into the conflict, 17, 21 – 2, 41, 54, 69, 72, 91, 106 – 7, 109 – 10, 113 – 4, 116 – 20, 125, 133, 136, 143, 173, 202, 279, 295, 334, 344, 346
Throckmorton conspiracy (1583): conspiracy to murder Queen Elizabeth, 497
Thucydides (c. 460 B.C.-400 B.C.): Greek general and historian; wrote The History of the Peloponnesian War, 21, 23, 30, 81, 332, 334, 511, 830, 831, 894, 898
Tibet, 470
Tirpitz, Alfred von (1849 – 1930): German admiral; directed submarine warfare in World War I, 382
Tito, Marshal (also Josip Broz) (1892 – 1980): Yugoslav communist partisan leader in World War II, first secretary-general of Yugoslavian Communist Party (1936 – 1980); president (1953 – 1980); Non-Aligned Movement leader, 418 – 438, 447 – 8, 478
Tojo, Hideki (1885 – 1948): Japanese general, and Fascist prime minister (1941 – 1944), 37, 844
Tokugawa regime (1603 – 1867): held the shogunate and controlled Japan, 41,42
Torcy, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de (1665 – 1746): French secretary of state at Utrecht negotiations, 128, 522 – 5
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): World War I peace treaty between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, 28, 572
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559): signed by France, Spain, and England; ended the sixty-year conflict between Spain and France begun in the Italian Wars, 487, 489, 520
Tudjman, Franco (1922 – 1999): Croatian nationalist leader; first president of independent Croatia (1991 – 1999), 419 – 20, 446
Tuzla: U.N. designated “safe area” in Bosnia, 424, 426, 435, 442
“two and one-half” war scenario (also 2MRC—Major Regional Conflicts): U.S. policy of preparedness to fight two major regional conflicts and a smaller intervention simultaneously, 248
Ukraine, 253, 280, 635, 683 – 4, 746 – 7, 750, 759, 763, 766, 799, 880
unitary executive, 236
United Nations (U.N.), 43, 45, 51 – 2, 54, 96, 169, 267, 298, 319, 356, 360, 364, 384, 416, 421, 423, 430, 434, 437, 445, 449, 451, 458 – 9, 471, 473 – 4
Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force in former Yugoslavia), 443, 445, 458 – 62
Ustaša: Croatian Fascist paramilitaries, 417
Vance, Cyrus (1917 – 2002): U.S. secretary of state (1977 – 1980); co-developer of Vance-Owen Plan, 421, 423, 862
Vattel, Emerich de (1714 – 1767): Swiss diplomat who drew attention to Wolff's theories of international law, 131, 528, 531 – 7, 839, 868 – 9, 900
Viet Nam War, 8 – 9, 19, 24, 31,44, 55, 58 – 9, 213, 254, 278, 292, 297, 301, 320, 394, 655, 747, 760, 766, 783 – 4, 835, 882
Viner, Jacob (1892 – 1970): American economics professor, 12
Vitoria, Francisco de (1492 – 1546): Franciscan monk often called the father of international law, 489 – 92, 641, 864 – 5, 877, 900
Vojvodina: formerly a semi-autonomous province in Serbia with large Hungarian population, 418 – 9, 422
Voltaire (pseudonym of François Marie Arouet) (1694 – 1778): French philosopher, and satirist; a leading intellectual of the Enlightenment, 131, 839
Wallenstein, Albrecht Eusebius Wenzel von (1583 – 1634): Austrian (Bohemian-born) warlord in Thirty Years' War; suppressed Bohemian revolt (1618 – 1620), 71, 111, 115
Warren, Earl (1891 – 1974): chief justice of U.S. Supreme Court (1954 – 1969), 238
wars of Louis XIV (1667 – 1714), 334
Wars of the French Revolution/Napoleonic Wars (1792 – 1815): pitted France against all the other major states of Europe, sometimes in coalition, sometimes alone, 41, 146, 175, 203, 346
Wars of the Italian Peninsula (1494 – 1559): succession of regional wars instigated by the great powers of Europe in order to control the Italian states; the French invasion of Italy spurred the transition from the rule of princes to that of princely states and the formation of the modern state, 334
Watergate Affair (1972 – 1974): political scandal growing out of 1972 U.S. presidential election that led to the resignation of U.S. president Richard Nixon, 322, 763
Watson, Adam, 77, 358, 488, 835 – 9, 853–4, 864, 890, 899 – 900
Weber, Max (1864 – 1920): philosopher of social science, 100, 829, 837, 900
Weinberger Doctrine (of U.S. intervention), 296 – 8, 317, 803
Wellington, (Arthur Wellesley), Duke of (1769 – 1852): British general and statesman; defeated French in Spain and subsequently at Waterloo (1815); British prime minister (1828 – 1830), 151, 157, 160, 166, 170, 545, 554, 561, 575, 719, 840
William I (also Wilhelm I) (1797– 1888): king of Prussia (1861 – 1888); kaiser of Germany (1871 – 1888), 134, 186, 192, 196, 198, 200, 529, 608
William I of Orange (William the Silent) (1533 – 1584): Dutch general and statesman; founded Dutch Republic; first stadholder of Holland (1579 – 1584); assassinated, 107, 132, 142,492
William III (1650 – 1702): king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689 – 1702), 124 – 6, 128, 138, 166, 177
Wilson, (Thomas) Woodrow (1856 – 1924): U.S. president (1913 – 1921), 31, 35, 213, 243, 280, 281, 334, 367 – 410, 475 – 6, 478, 573 – 9, 631, 637, 659, 661 – 2, 782, 852, 854, 856 – 7, 900
Wolff, Christian (1679 – 1754): German political philosopher, 528 – 35, 537
World Bank: international institution devoted to economic improvement of underdeveloped world, 255 – 6, 364, 383, 754, 766, 776, 800
World War I (1914 – 1919), 24, 26 – 7, 31 – 2, 34 – 5, 37, 40, 63, 110, 203, 213, 216, 247, 283, 293, 355, 383, 452, 603, 631, 662, 692, 831, 840, 877
World War II, 16, 24, 26, 33, 35 – 6, 43 – 4, 46, 48, 146, 222, 263, 400, 418, 698, 789, 830, 833, 890, 895 – 6, 899
Yugoslav National Army (JNA), 418 – 22, 427 – 8, 430 – 1, 433, 438, 441 – 4, 459
Yugoslav Wars: First, in Slovenia (1991); Second, in Croatia (1991 – 1992); Third, in Bosnia (1992 – 1995); and Fourth, in Kosovo (1999), 432, 481, 805
Zepa: U.N. declared “safe area” in Bosnia, 416, 424, 426, 436, 442, 450
Zollverein: nineteenth-century German economic union, 470