1. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
2. Alan Tonelson, “Superpower without a Sword,” Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993): 166 – 182.
3. It is noteworthy that during the Gulf War, not one son or daughter of a member of Congress went off to war. Patrick J. Buchanan, “America's new nationalism: The new political fault line is emerging, and it will be drawn over prosperity at home vs. aid abroad,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 3, 1994, D3
4. Alan Tonelson, “Tremors across the America First fault line: Fearful opposition,” Washington Times, February 18, 1992, E1.
5. U.S. Congressional Research Service.
6. Alexander Haig, interview with Fox News, January 14, 2001.
7. Alan Tonelson, “Beyond Left and Right: New Thinking in Foreign Policy,” Current, May 1994, 39.
8. Christopher Layne and Benjamin Schwarz, “No New World Order: America after the Cold War,” Current, December 1993, 26, 27.
9. “Lord Salisbury, the British prime minister at the beginning of this century, once said in exasperation about his military advisers that if they had their way they would garrison the moon to protect us from an attack from Mars.” Michael Howard, The Lessons of History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).
10.As quoted in Benjamin Schwarz and Christopher Layne, “The Case against Intervention in Kosovo,” The Nation, April 19,1999,11.
11. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago Press, 1970); Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, For and Against Method: Including Lakatos's Lectures on Scientific Method and the Lakatos-Feyerabend Correspondence, ed. Matteo Motterlini (University of Chicago Press, 1999).
12. James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
13. James Chace, The Consequences of the Peace: The New Internationalism and American Foreign Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
14. Though that day of parity may still be a ways off.
15. Richard N. Rosecrance, The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
16. Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books, 1997).
17. The Western European Union is a body established in 1955 to facilitate coordination of European security and defense matters. It may soon be supplanted by the European Union's new Rapid-Reaction Force.
18. John J. Mearsheimer, Conventional Deterrence (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983).
19. Kenneth Neal Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better (International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981).
20. A free rider is an agent who exploits a service provided by another without paying for it. New Zealand, for example, benefits from the United States's nuclear deterrent without paying for it, by, for example, allowing U.S. nuclear submarines to use New Zealand harbors.
21. James B. Steinberg, “Sources of Conflict and Tools for Stability: Planning for the Twenty-first Century” (Address at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, June 14, 1994), Department of State Dispatch, vol. 5, July 11, 1994,464.
22. George Kennan, The Cloud of Danger: Current Realities of American Foreign Policy (Little, Brown, 1977), 41 – 42.
23. Tony Smith, “Making the World Safe for Democracy,” Washington Quarterly 16 (1993): 207.
24. Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Paper #6. Hamilton wrote “Republics” where I have substituted “Democracies.” Hamilton clearly did not mean the latter as he understood the distinction, but contemporary readers today will better grasp this point, I think, if this substitution is made.
25. Graham E. Fuller, The Democracy Trap: The Perils of the Post–Cold War World (Dutton, 1991).
26. Charley Reese, “Clinton Continues U.S. Tradition of Hypocritical Meddling Abroad,” Orlando Sentinel, May 11, 1993, A8.
27. Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment,” Foreign Affairs 70 (1991): 23, 24, 27.
28. William E. Odom, “NATO's Expansion: Why the Critics Are Wrong,” National Interest, Spring 1995, 38.
29. Krauthammer, 25.
30. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, “A Normal Country in a Normal Time,” National Interest, Fall 1990,40 – 44.
31. Krauthammer, 27.
32. Richard N. Haass, “Paradigm Lost,” Foreign Affairs 74 (1995): 43,44.
33. Available at www.rice.edu/projects/baker/pubs/workingpapers/efac/jan21.html.
34. Bobbitt, Democracy and Deterrence, 283.
35. For an elaboration of the argument for this conclusion, I refer the reader to Calabresi and Bobbitt, Tragic Choices.
36. “Instrucción que dio el Conde Duque a Felipe I,” British Museum, Egerton MS 347, fos. 249 – 290.
37. It is not only intellectuals who make this error. Insofar as the movement toward a European Defense Initiative is, for many, merely a political station on the way to an integrated European defense system, coordinated by the European Union, it reflects a similar disposition, because such a defense arrangement requires a fundamental constitutional modification of the nation-states of Europe in the direction of a superstate.