ANNOTATED INDEX

 

ABC Problem: should the U.S. structure its forces to deal with peer nations, mid-level developing nations with modern forces and primitive weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or militarily ineffectual but dangerous states and nonstate actors? 299

Acton, Edward, 27, 832, 889

Adolphus, Gustavus (1594 – 1632): Swedish king 1611 – 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, 69, 70, 73, 96, 99, 100 – 14, 130, 504, 508, 512, 516 – 17, 837 – 8, 898

Akashi, Yasushi (1931– ): U.N. administrator in Bosnia; supervised Cambodian peace talks and elections 1993, 445, 459

Alba, Duke of (also Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo) (1508 – 1583): Spanish commander in Low Countries, 494, 495

Alexander I (1777 – 1825): Russian tsar (1801 – 1825) represented Russia at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 150, 162, 869

Aquinas, Thomas (1225 – 1274): Jesuit philosopher, 77, 87, 491, 877

Article 2(4): U.N. Charter provision outlawing aggression by one state against another, 473, 863; compare Article 51, a provision recognizing each state's right to defend itself

Articles 42 and 43 of the U.N. Charter: U.N. Charter provisions authorizing the Security Council to use armed forces to maintain international peace and security, 169, 256, 433, 463, 473 – 4

Aspin, Les (1938 – 1995): U.S. secretary of defense (1993 – 1994), 298, 850

Athens: Greek city-state that flourished in the fifth century B.C., 8, 21, 332

Augustine, St. (354 – 430): Christian philosopher, author of Confessions and The City of God, 77

Austin, John (1790 – 1859): English jurist, 6, 565 – 7, 585 – 6, 589 – 90, 641, 829, 845 – 6, 852, 889 – 90

Ayala, Balthazar (1548 – 1584): Spanish military figure and jurist, 489, 494 – 6, 499

Badinter Commission: E.U. tribunal that establishes criteria for international recognition of states emerging from former Eastern and Central European communist countries, 449, 463

Baker, James (1930– ): U.S. political figure; White House chief of staff (1981 – 1985, 1992 – 1993); secretary of the treasury (1985 – 1988); secretary of state (1989 – 1992), 280, 431 – 3, 612, 626 – 33, 635, 662, 846, 876, 881

balance of power, 90, 121, 124, 126, 129 – 33, 153, 155, 162, 169, 171 – 2, 233, 258 – 60, 263 – 65, 271, 278 – 9, 309, 344, 360, 383, 521, 523 – 7, 532, 534, 537, 539 – 40, 543, 550 – 3, 555, 559 – 60, 869, 886

Barraclough, Geoffrey, 26, 831, 889

Bartholomew, Reginald, 457

Beetham, David, 336, 844, 852

Berlin, 9, 26, 45 – 6, 50 – 1, 53 – 55, 150, 157, 382 – 3, 386, 389 – 90, 555, 580, 594, 624, 639, 669 – 70, 672 – 5, 834, 845, 855

Berlin Airlift (1948 – 1949), 51

Berlin Wall (erected 1961), 55 – 6, 61, 625, 636, 761, 764, 798

Betts, Richard, 307, 882

biological warfare, 692 – 3,709, 882

Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold von (1815 – 1898): Prussian prime minister; consolidated German states into empire; first chancellor of German Empire, 25 – 6, 184 – 7, 190 – 202, 204, 207, 225, 280, 567 – 70, 573, 580, 608, 612, 676, 843, 890, 895

Black, Jeremy, 71 – 3, 101, 141, 173, 336, 835, 837, 839 – 40, 842, 844, 853, 889

Blair, Tony (1953– ): British politician; prime minister (1997– ); Labor Party leader (1994– ), 222, 287, 339, 667, 845

Bodin, Jean (1530 – 1596): French political philosopher, 6, 102, 334, 829, 837, 852, 890

Bogomil: South Slav Christians converted by force to Islam (1463), 417

Bohlen, Charles (1904 – 1974): U.S. diplomat, 57, 834

Bolingbroke, Viscount Henry St. John (1678 – 1751): British minister of state (1710 – 1714), 521 – 5, 539, 868

Bolshevik Revolution: 1917 – 1918 seizure of Russian government by communists, 19, 24, 27, 31

Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I

Bosnia, 7, 37, 161, 252, 269, 271 – 2, 283, 288, 297 – 8, 311, 313, 316, 325, 365, 411, 413, 415 – 18, 420 – 50, 452 – 66, 468

Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne (1627 – 1704): French bishop and author, 117, 121

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1922– ): Egyptian diplomat; U.N. secretary-general (1992 – 1996), 451, 459, 462

Bracken, Paul, 16, 315

Branch Davidian case, 237

Bretton Woods (1944): international conference that established currency fixed exchange rates in the wake of World War II, 220 – 1, 316

Brezhnev Doctrine (1968): asserted Soviet right to intervene in the domestic politics of Eastern European countries in order to prop up communist governments, 166

Brodie, Bernard (1910 – 1978): U.S. intellectual, author of The Absolute Weapon (1946), 12 – 14, 80

Brzezinski, Zbigniew Kazimierz (1928– ): U.S. National Security Advisor (1977 – 1981), 257 – 8, 847, 890

Buchanan, Patrick, 247, 846

Bull, Hedley: Oxford professor of international relations, 246, 357, 513 – 4, 846, 853, 864, 867, 890, 900

Burke, Edmund (1729 – 1797): British politician; political philosopher, 177, 334, 503, 852

Bush, George H. W. (1924- ): U.S. president (1989 – 1993), 10, 243, 248, 280, 428, 431, 612, 626 – 32, 634, 716, 862, 877, 901

Bush, George W. (1946– ): U.S. president (2001– ), 222, 253, 276, 278, 288, 340, 667, 814, 845, 858, 859

Cable News Network (CNN), 304, 428, 430, 442, 697, 782, 862

Campbell, Susan, 439

caracole: Spanish cavalry tactic, 99

Carrington, Lord (1919– ): British diplomat and politician; British foreign secretary (1979 – 1982); NATO secretary-general (1984 – 1988), 421, 423, 445, 464

Carter Doctrine (1980): U.S. security guarantee to Persian Gulf oil producing states, 262

Carter, Ashton, 310, 830, 849 – 51, 890

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, 2nd Viscount (1769 – 1822): English diplomat and politician; represented Britain at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 160 – 73, 179, 184, 200, 385, 544 – 5, 548 – 9, 551, 553 – 6, 559 – 62, 575, 612, 676, 841 – 2, 869, 889, 894, 900

Catalonia: region of Spain, including Barcelona, 120, 470, 750

Cavour, Camillo Benso, Conte di (1810 – 1861): Italian politician of Risorgimento movement; prime minister of Sardinia (1852 – 1859, 1860 – 1861); first Italian prime minister (1861), 182 – 3, 676

central deterrence: relationship between powers that protects a national homeland by targeting an adversary's homeland, 14, 328, 620

Chace, James, 256, 847, 891

Charles V (1500 – 1558): Habsburg ruler; king of Spain 1516 – 1556 as Charles I; Holy Roman Emperor (1519 – 1556), 103 – 6, 109, 126, 128 – 9, 155, 279, 487, 489, 491, 494

Charles VIII (1470 – 1498): king of France (1483 – 1498), 80, 96 – 7, 107, 346,486

Charter of Paris (1990): great power treaty recognizing free elections and democracy as the criteria for statehood and state responsibility for preserving human rights, 61, 449, 620, 635 – 8, 676, 877

Charter of the United Nations (1945), 449, 635, 893

Chaumont, Treaty of (1814): restored the Bourbons in France to pre-war borders and perpetuated the defensive alliance between Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, 160 – 1, 164, 166, 545, 556, 564

Chetniks: Serbian partisans in World War II, 417 – 8, 439

Chiang Kai-shek (1887 – 1975): Chinese general and politician; national president of China (1928 – 1929); president of Taiwan (1943 – 1949, 1950 – 1975), 51

China, 9, 40 – 2, 51 – 2, 58 – 60, 76, 146, 214, 218, 224, 260 – 1, 280, 290 – 3, 307, 309, 311 – 12, 320, 329, 357, 469 – 70,476, 480, 579, 606, 610, 627, 670, 677, 683 – 4, 686 – 9, 693, 704, 723 – 7, 730, 732 – 3, 736 – 9,745, 747 – 8, 756, 758 – 60,766, 773, 779 – 81, 788, 825, 882

Christina (1626 – 1689): queen of Sweden during Peace of Westphalia, 503, 866

Christopher, Warren Minor (1925– ): U.S. lawyer and diplomat; secretary of state (1993 – 1997), 423 – 4, 444, 455, 457, 460, 464

Churchill, Winston Spencer (1874 – 1965): British politician and author; prime minister (1940 – 1945, 1951 – 1955); British defense secretary (1940 – 1945, 1951 – 1952), 33, 43, 46, 52, 128, 199, 217, 685, 695, 833, 843, 882, 891, 897

civil war, 6, 19, 22, 24, 29 – 31, 39 – 40, 51, 59, 89, 106 – 8, 122, 177, 188, 196, 203, 205, 216, 271, 290 – 1, 335, 359, 368 – 9, 375, 380, 406, 424, 431 – 4, 438, 449, 466

Civitas Maxima: Wolff's “Great State,” composed of what the individual state ought to and would agree to, as well as what states have actually agreed to either by custom or treaty, 530, 534 – 5

Clark, Champ (1850 – 1921): U.S. politician, Speaker of the House (1911 – 1919), 372 – 3

Clausewitz, Karl von (1780 – 1831): German army officer and strategist; wrote On War (1833), 7, 53, 62 – 3, 140, 151, 185, 224, 355, 538 – 9, 835, 853, 869, 891

Clemenceau, Georges (1841 – 1929): French politician; prime minister (1906 – 1909, 1917 – 1920); war minister (1917 – 1920), 216 – 17, 391, 400, 402, 406 – 7, 409, 576 – 7, 608, 844, 872, 891

Clinton, William Jefferson (1946– ): U.S. president (1993 – 2001), 10, 64, 249, 265, 268–99, 271 – 2, 278, 280, 288, 296 – 8, 306, 316 – 17, 329, 339 – 340, 416, 423 – 6, 453 – 5, 458, 631, 667, 686, 716, 784, 845, 848, 851, 853, 855, 858, 859, 862, 886, 901

CNN effect, 428, 697

coalitions of the willing, 268, 310

Cohen, Eliot, 305, 307, 849 – 50, 852

Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619 – 1683): French statesman; made important treasury reforms, established French navy, 121, 123 – 4

Cold War, 9, 13, 15, 19, 24, 43 – 4, 46, 48 – 52, 62 – 3, 110, 161, 215, 249, 251, 253, 262, 268, 270 – 1, 275 – 7, 292 – 3, 298, 307, 310, 321, 328 – 9, 335, 420, 475, 626, 629, 640, 649, 655, 662, 681, 683, 698, 701 – 2, 717, 733, 761,778, 786

collective goods: things of benefit to a society as a whole; to the society of states, such things as mutual security, public health, stable environmental and economic relations, 283, 293, 305, 309 – 10, 328, 337, 814, 821

collective security: a system wherein a state pledges its national forces to defend the peace of an international (though not usually a universal) order, 155, 161, 163, 168 – 9, 172, 183, 200, 233, 253 – 4, 257 – 8, 260, 262, 265, 271, 279, 286 – 7, 360, 383, 475, 477, 504, 517, 523, 525, 540, 546, 551

communism, 9, 24, 27, 29, 31, 37, 39, 42 – 3, 56 – 9, 215, 244, 260, 332, 379, 384, 446, 571, 607 – 8, 610 – 12, 614, 622 – 3, 626, 630, 655, 673, 675, 678, 698, 702, 781, 875 – 6

compellance, 11, 13 – 14

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1996): international treaty banning underground and atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons; signed by President Clinton, but never ratified by U.S. Senate, 312

Concert of Great Powers, 164, 166

condottiere (pl. condottieri): leader of a mercenary force, 82 – 3, 86, 148, 190 – 1, 836

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 61, 431, 446, 455, 621, 635, 877

Congress of Vienna: reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, 24, 161, 164, 170, 172, 175 – 6, 334, 344, 360

conscription (the drafting of soldiers), 42, 100, 112, 114, 134, 151, 157, 175, 177, 182, 185, 242, 304, 307, 347, 538, 545, 569, 670, 825

constitutional order: historic categorization of the state; determined by its unique basis for legitimacy, 10, 16, 17, 23 – 4, 34, 41, 44, 61, 67, 73, 83, 103, 107, 115, 132, 136 – 7, 145, 153, 176, 178, 186, 197, 206 – 7, 209, 211, 213 – 4, 228 – 9, 233 – 5, 240 – 2, 278, 288, 301, 304 – 5, 321, 324, 331 – 2, 334 – 5, 339 – 41, 344, 346 – 7, 358, 362 – 5, 385, 387, 400, 448, 470, 479, 481 – 3, 502, 523, 541, 564, 568, 594, 609, 613, 633, 638, 640, 657, 660, 715, 721, 777, 778 – 9, 784, 796, 804, 811, 813 – 5, 826, 852, 854, 866, 873

Contact Group: concert of great powers convened to settle Bosnia-Serbia dispute, 424 – 5, 455, 465

containment: U.S. doctrine for defeating communism in the Cold War, 48, 56 – 9, 64, 244, 275 – 7, 281, 293, 310, 628, 653 – 4, 698, 802

Cooper, Jeffrey, 295, 303, 849 – 50, 891

Corfu Declaration (1917), 452

Council of Blood, special Spanish tribunal in the Low Countries during Thirty Years' War, 495

Covenant of the League of Nations (1919): the League of Nations charter; unrati-fied by U.S. Senate, 400, 408, 471

covert action: those actions by a state that are intended to influence the politics and policies of a target state without the hand of the acting state being disclosed, 235, 318, 321 – 4, 903

Creveld, Martin van, 17, 237, 685, 815, 830, 844, 882, 888

critical infrastructures: those infrastructures supporting and connecting telecommunications, energy, banking and finance, transportation, government service without which contemporary developed states would be unsustainable, 11, 296, 690, 725 – 6, 778, 782, 787, 792 – 4, 813, 903, 905

Cuba, 9, 55 – 6, 299, 320, 882

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): nuclear confrontation between U.S. and Soviet Union precipitated by presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, 51, 55, 57

cuius regio eius religio: ruler's religious preference binds his subjects (doctrine of treaties of Augsburg and Westphalia), 105, 120, 279, 487 – 8, 506, 866

Cyprus, 447

D‘Annunzio, Gabriele (1863 – 1938): Italian poet and revolutionary, 37

Darley, John, 413 – 5, 427, 444, 452, 454 – 5, 458, 460,466

de Gaulle, Charles Andre Joseph Marie (1890 – 1970): French general and politician; led Free French in World War II; French provisional president (1945 – 1946); prime minister (1958 – 1959); president (1959 – 1969), 251, 630, 730, 871

Desert Storm: U.S. war plan in Gulf War (1991), 249, 295, 793

deterrence: a strategy, often pertaining to nuclear weapons, intended to dissuade an opponent from certain actions through threats, 11 – 5, 48 – 9, 52, 235, 244, 310, 328 – 9, 400, 620, 680 – 3, 686, 689 – 91, 713, 726, 759, 788, 812 – 4, 820 – 1

Diplomatic Revolution of 1748, 143

Douhet, Guilio (1869 – 1930): Italian military strategist; early advocate of military significance of air power, 325

Doyle, Michael, 178, 184, 202, 266, 839 – 40, 842 – 3, 875, 886, 891

Drucker, Peter 699, 707, 845, 883, 892

Dukakis, Michael, 10

Eagleburger, Lawrence Sidney: U.S. diplomat; deputy secretary of state (1989 – 1992); secretary of state (1992 – 1993), 428, 445 – 6, 451

economic sanctions, 265, 313, 318 – 20, 460, 462 – 3, 466, 656

Edict of Nantes (1598): recognized minority Protestant rights within Catholic France, 108, 125

Emmanuel II, Victor (1820 – 1878): king of Sardinia-Piedmont (1849 – 1861); king of Italy (1861 – 1878, first modern king of unified Italy), 183

England, 22, 25, 35, 78, 81, 83, 94, 96, 117 – 18, 122, 126, 128 – 31, 135, 149, 155, 159, 161, 201, 334 – 5, 368, 380, 382, 385, 390, 486, 487, 497, 511, 521, 546, 554, 902

entrepreneurial state: seeks leadership through the production and marketing of collective goods that the world's states want, 283 – 4, 286, 288 – 9, 292 – 3; 336 – 7

epochal war: a war that challenges and ultimately changes the basic constitutional structure of the State, by linking strategic to constitutional innovations, 8, 10, 22 – 3, 30, 64,67, 88, 109 – 11, 127, 146, 146, 151, 203, 333, 334 – 6, 342, 346, 383, 487, 504, 520 – 1, 539, 556, 571, 575, 638, 661, 720 – 1,778 – 9, 815, 820, 826, 830

ethnic cleansing: to expel ethnic groups from a State, through terror or extermination, 226, 276, 286, 289, 310, 316, 326, 338, 434, 437 – 44, 446 – 7, 450 – 1, 458 – 9, 466, 481, 726, 731, 861

euro: common currency proposed for E.U., 234, 312, 701, 703, 728, 742 – 3, 753

European Defense Community, 253, 746

European Union (E.U.), 9, 234, 256, 261, 268, 270, 282, 286 – 7, 290, 326, 421, 446, 449, 452, 455, 463, 468 – 9, 475, 633, 674, 676, 687, 702 – 3, 727, 743, 746 – 50, 755, 770, 776 – 7, 782, 815, 847 – 8, 851, 908

extended deterrence: the nuclear threat by which nonhomeland theatres and other interests are protected, 14, 328 – 9, 620 – 1, 634,689, 713,731,744

fascism, 24 – 6, 29, 31, 34, 36 – 9, 41, 43, 215, 332, 384, 571, 578, 603 – 5, 607 – 8, 610, 626, 673, 675, 677 – 8, 698, 781

Federalist Papers (1787 – 1788): series of newspaper articles, by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay; the most important document interpreting the U.S. Constitution on the basis of historical argument, 84, 177, 515, 536, 655, 661, 683

Fehrenbach, T. R., 300, 850, 892

Filmer, Sir Robert (d. 1653): English political philosopher associated with absolutism, 121

First Partition of Poland (1772), 138

Fischer, Fritz (1908 – 1999): demonstrated that the German Imperial Government had planned and deliberately started the First World War and had pursued expansionist aims scarcely differing from the policies of the Third Reich, 26, 35, 831 – 3, 892

Ford, Gerald, (1913- ): U.S. president (1974 – 1977), 10, 297, 322, 627

Fouquet, Nicolas (1615 – 1680): French financial administrator, 123

Fourteen Points: U.S. peace plan for World War I, 35, 281, 398, 399 – 404, 407 – 8

Francis I: French ruler (1515 – 1547), 103 – 5, 107, 150, 166, 487, 865, 869

Frederick I (1657 – 1713): king of Prussia (1701 – 1713), 135, 869

Frederick II (Frederick the Great) (1712 – 1786): king of Prussia 1740 – 1786; commanded Prussian forces in War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years War, 839

Frederick William I(1688 – 1740): king of Prussia (1713 – 1740), 134, 529, 559

French Revolution (1789), 5, 24, 41, 120, 134, 146, 151, 168, 173, 175, 177, 201, 203, 346

Friedberg, Aaron, 336, 844, 846, 852

Fronde (1649 – 1652): series of rebellions against the French monarchy, 122, 334, 346

G-7/G-8: Group of Seven, expanded to eight, great powers organized to discuss economic policy in the late twentieth century, 256, 262, 267, 310, 337, 470, 629, 708, 724,730

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (1947): multilateral treaty regime designed to encourage free trade between member states (now 110), 247, 255 – 6

Gelb, Leslie H., 463, 861 – 2

Genovese, Catherine “Kitty,” 411 – 15, 427, 445, 451, 454 – 5, 466, 481, 858

Gentili, Alberico (1552 – 1608): Oxford professor of civil law; important early interpreter of international law, 496 – 500, 865, 893, 897

George, David Lloyd (1863 – 1945): minister (1916 – 1922), 26, 31, 400,402

Germany, 8 – 9, 15, 24 – 8, 31 – 7, 39, 41, 43 – 50, 53 – 5, 61, 77, 86, 105 – 6, 109 – 11, 113, 115 – 17, 119 – 20, 136, 146, 150, 153, 164, 178, 183 – 8, 190, 197 – 7, 250, 256, 260 – 1, 269, 271, 273, 280, 282, 287 – 8, 292, 294, 299, 306, 311, 319, 339, 357, 361, 380 – 91, 397 – 8, 400 – 4, 406 – 7, 409, 497, 504 – 5, 507, 521, 532, 546 – 7, 557, 563, 567 – 9, 571, 573 – 6, 577 – 84, 592, 594, 599, 602 – 4, 608 – 10, 612 – 13, 620, 623 – 4, 629 – 34, 636 – 7, 639 – 40, 653, 676 – 8, 682 – 3, 685 – 8, 692, 702, 704, 707, 730 – 1, 741, 745, 747 – 50, 752, 759, 760, 764, 766, 781, 783, 788 – 9, 830 – 1, 834, 839, 844 – 5, 850, 857, 866, 874, 876, 878, 886, 892 – 3, 897 – 8, 900

Giddens, Anthony, 336, 852, 893

globalization, 220, 224, 341, 469, 676, 695, 713, 720, 724, 727, 735, 740, 762, 772 – 3, 777, 782, 792

Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Anton, Graf Neithardt von (1760 – 1831): following Prussia's defeat by Napoleon in 1809, he and Scharnhorst reformed the Prussian army, 185, 869

Golubic, Stjepkp; Golubic, Thomas, 439

Gomulka, Wladyslaw (1905 – 1982): Polish Communist politician; first secretary of the Polish Communist Party (1956 – 1970), 53

Gorazde: Bosnian “safe area,” 424 – 6, 440, 859

Gow, James, 419, 447, 450, 858, 861, 863, 893

great powers, 7 – 9, 22, 25 – 6, 30 – 1, 35, 37, 42, 45, 57, 60 – 1, 72, 81, 136, 140 – 1, 145 – 6, 148, 159, 161, 163 – 4, 166, 168–70, 172, 176, 179, 182, 184, 191, 194, 200, 244, 252, 258, 264, 271, 274, 280, 284, 292, 307, 319, 338, 345, 361, 379, 381 – 3, 385, 405, 408, 410, 416, 425, 433, 437, 455, 466, 468, 471, 475, 476, 540, 551, 555, 565, 568, 569, 735, 748, 773, 827

green movements: political groups dedicated to protecting the environment, 470

Grey, Edward (Viscount Grey of Fallodon) (1862 – 1933): British diplomat; foreign secretary (1906 – 1916, negotiated Triple Entente (1907); led British entry into World War I, 380 – 6, 389, 391, 854, 855, 900

Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de (1715 – 1789): French artillery strategist, 152

Grotius, Hugo (also Huig de Groot) (1583 – 1645): Dutch jurist and politician; influential figure in early modern international law; wrote On the Law of War and Peace; Swedish ambassador to France (1634 – 1645), 508 – 18, 528 – 31, 532 – 5, 537, 864 – 5, 867, 877, 890, 893, 895

Guangdong (also Kwantung): southernmost mainland province of China, 470, 727

Gulf War (1990 – 1991): international conflict triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, 8, 14, 16, 248 – 9, 255, 262, 271, 287, 294, 296 – 7, 299, 301 – 2, 305 – 7, 318 – 19, 324, 327, 329 – 30, 437, 459, 475, 477, 631, 688, 689, 693, 716, 723, 793, 805, 846

Gutman, Roy, 434

Haass, Richard, 275, 848, 850, 887, 893

Haig, Alexander, 249, 847

Hamilton, Alexander (1755 – 1804): first U.S. secretary of the treasury; establlished Bank of U.S.; co-wrote, with James Madison and John Jay, the Federalist Papers, 151, 229, 267, 847

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770 – 1831): German philosopher; wrote The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), 6, 215, 279, 544, 829, 872, 894

Heijden, Kees van der, 314

Helsinki Accords of 1975: recognized Soviet sphere of influence extending toEastern Europe and the human rights of the signatories' citizens, 60, 164, 408

Henry IV (Henry III of Navarre) (1553 – 1610): king of France (1589 – 1610); proclaimed Edict of Nantes (1598); assassinated, 108, 110, 111, 509

Hitler, Adolf (1889 – 1945): Nazi dictator; wrote Mein Kampf; German chancellor (1933 – 1945), 33 – 7, 39, 43, 217, 280, 334, 361, 397, 409, 443, 449, 471, 576, 582 – 4, 593, 608, 832 – 3, 836, 842, 852, 890, 893, 895

Hobbes, Thomas (1588 – 1679): English political philosopher; wrote Human Nature (1650) and Leviathan (1651), 103, 246, 259, 279, 518 – 9, 528 – 9, 534 565, 596, 598, 837

Hobsbawm, Eric, 835, 894

Hogg, James (1851 – 1906): progressive Texas governor (1891 – 1895), 369 – 70

Holbrooke, Richard, 326, 851

Holland, 25, 41, 107, 124, 126, 135, 142, 158 – 60, 497, 509 – 12, 556

Holy Alliance (1815): pact between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, which sought to organize the powers of Europe for intervention against internal revolution, 165 – 6, 169, 877

Holy Roman Empire: the collection of mainly German cities, principalities, and estates that was the remnant of the Roman Empire after Otto the Great combined the kingship of the Germans with the emperorship of Rome, 25, 95, 109, 111, 150, 484, 488, 557, 559

Hong Kong, 470, 672, 727, 760

House, Edward M. (Colonel House) (1858 – 1938): U.S. diplomat and politician; advisor to Woodrow Wilson, 314 – 15, 359 – 60, 367 – 75, 378 – 400, 403 – 4, 406 – 10, 475 – 7, 481, 573, 578, 628, 631, 659, 660 – 3, 782, 854 – 8, 871, 900

Houston, D. F., 371, 374

Howard, Michael, 14, 56, 85, 154, 235, 336, 354, 684, 830, 835 – 41, 843 – 7, 852 – 3, 855, 869, 891, 894, 901

Hughes, Charles Evans (1862 – 1948): U.S. jurist and politician; Republican presidential candidate (1916); secretary of state (1921 – 1925); Supreme Court chief justice (1930 – 1941), 392 – 3, 653, 880

Hume, David (1711 – 1776): Scottish philosopher; wrote A Treatise on Human Nature (1739), 142, 334, 641, 852, 894

Hundred Years' War (1336 – 1565): period of Anglo-French animosity punctuated by long periods with no actual fighting, 21, 486, 830, 831, 850, 864, 891

Huntington, Samuel P., 258, 290, 853, 879

Hurd, Douglas, 302, 445,461

Hussein, Saddam, 13, 218, 295, 356, 437, 689, 731

Iklé, Fred, 16, 302, 830

immigration, 248, 284 – 7, 290, 487, 595, 637, 670, 695 – 7, 713, 720, 723, 726 – 8, 736, 749, 794, 848

information revolution, 303, 305 – 7

information warfare: attempt to penetrate and degrade an adversary's electronic communications and to protect one's own communications from interference, 318, 327

Inquiry, The (1917 – 1919): secret project, originated by Colonel E. M. House, to formulate America's plans for the post-World War I world, 314, 398 – 9, 410, 662

International Court of Justice (ICJ): United Nation's principal judicial body, replaced the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), 364, 475, 484 – 5, 492, 640, 645, 659, 716, 799 – 800

International Criminal Court (ICC): proposed by the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court (1998) (must be ratified by 60 member nations), a permanent court for trying individuals accused of committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, 341

international order, 132, 145, 303, 346, 360, 379, 384, 483, 485, 659, 676, 776, 803, 813, 821, 825 – 6, 838, 840, 894

International Monetary Fund (IMF): U.N. agency whose purpose is to secure international monetary cooperation, stabilize exchange rates, and expand international liquidity, 484, 883, 706, 728, 741, 753, 766, 800

Internet, 224, 227, 236, 287, 639, 737,751, 754, 760, 788 – 91, 794, 800, 812, 845

Iran-Contra Affair, 321, 324, 903, 905

Israel, 96, 218, 268, 278, 280, 319, 329, 475, 682 – 4, 686, 688 – 9, 693, 726, 729, 732, 745, 758 – 9, 763, 882

Japan, 5, 9, 14 – 15, 36, 40 – 3, 48, 50 – 1, 59, 205, 217 – 18, 220, 242, 247, 250, 252, 256, 258, 260 – 2, 269 – 70, 273, 284, 286, 290, 292, 299, 306, 309, 311, 319, 326, 535, 579, 653, 655, 672, 677 – 8, 680, 682 – 4, 686 – 9, 692, 698, 701 – 7, 724, 726 – 8, 730, 732 – 3, 736, 638, 741 – 3, 745, 747 – 9, 752, 759, 766, 768, 773, 789, 833, 844, 872, 875, 878, 883, 891 – 2, 898 – 9

Jennings, William Bryan (1860 – 1925): U.S. lawyer and politician; Democratic presidential candidate (1896, 1900, 1908); secretary of state (1913 – 1915), 370 – 4, 377, 388

Joffe, Joseph, 309, 851

Johnson, Lyndon Baines (1908 – 1973): U.S. president (1963 – 1969), 58, 229, 394, 631, 716, 784

Johnson, Ralph, 454, 862

jus gentium (in international law the “law of nations”): Roman law that applied to matters between themselves and foreign entities, 357

Katyn Forest: scene of 1940 Russian massacre of 4,000 Polish prisoners of war, 356

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): intended to “outlaw” war; signed by the principal European states, Japan, and the United States, 355

Kelsen, Hans (1881 – 1973): Austrian-born jurist, international law theorist, 362, 584, 587 – 93, 596, 598 – 601, 605 – 6, 829, 872 – 4, 895

Kennan, George, (1904 – ): U.S. diplomat, 266, 361 – 2, 653, 655, 847, 895, 897

Kennedy, Paul, 93, 251, 284, 836 – 8, 840, 842 – 3, 849, 857

Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich (1881 – 1970): Russian politician; last post-imperial Russian prime minister (1917); overthrown in Bolshevik Revolution, 28

Keynes, John Maynard (1883 – 1946): English economist; wrote General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), 404 – 6, 409, 576 – 7, 662, 845, 899

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (1894 – 1971): Soviet Communist Party secretary-general (1953 – 1964); Soviet premier (1958 – 1964), 57, 834

Kim Il-sung (1912 – 1994): North Korean communist dictator, 51

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 417

kingly state, 95 – 7, 101 – 3, 105 – 30, 133 – 4, 136, 139, 140, 143, 145, 207, 215, 278, 344, 346 – 7, 484, 494, 496, 499, 501 – 2, 505, 510 – 11, 516, 519 – 24, 527 – 9, 534 – 6

Kissinger, Henry (1923– ): U.S. national security advisor (1969 – 1973): secretary of state (1973 – 1977) 172, 184, 259, 362, 431 – 2, 545 – 6, 841 – 3, 857 – 9, 869, 895

Korea, 655, 672, 686, 687 – 90, 793, 698, 700,703, 723 – 5, 732 – 4, 736, 738, 745, 747, 759, 766, 773, 783, 882

Kosovo: formerly semi-autonomous province of Yugoslavia, 13, 31, 161, 226, 276, 294, 297 – 8, 302, 307, 326, 416, 418 – 19, 422, 432, 468, 471, 473 – 4, 638, 648, 734, 746, 776, 793, 804, 847, 851, 891, 901

Krauthammer, Charles, 270, 273 – 4, 336, 848

Kuwait, 13, 248, 262, 269, 271, 280, 288, 313, 356, 437, 467, 731, 758, 820

Lake, Anthony (1939– ): U.S. national security advisor (1993 – 1997), 298, 355, 457

Lane, Charles 453, 862

Latane, Bibb, 413 – 15, 427, 444, 452, 454 – 5, 458, 460, 466

Layne, Christopher, 250, 847

Le Tellier, Michel (1603 – 1685): French statesman; minister of state under Cardinal Mazarin; war minister (1643); chancellor at time of his death, 123

League of Augsburg (1686): formed to maintain the Westphalia agreements against French expansionism, 125, 520

League of Nations: international body formed by states after World War I to avert future wars, 31, 40, 264, 271, 319, 356, 359, 360 – 1, 381, 384, 389 – 90, 395, 397, 400 – 2, 404, 406 – 10, 471 – 2, 485, 530, 573, 575, 579, 640, 855, 858, 872, 877

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646 – 1716): German mathematician and philosopher, 519, 528 – 9,530 – 1, 533, 535, 537, 641, 867, 869

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870 – 1924): Russian Communist politician and revolutionary; first Soviet premier (1917 – 1924), 28 – 9, 34, 280, 334, 397, 409, 605 – 7, 615, 830, 832, 852, 889, 896

levée en masse: program of French conscription, 5, 74, 151, 162, 175, 207, 538, 842

lift and strike, 457, 460

Lincoln, Abraham (1809 – 1865): U.S. president during American Civil War (1861 – 1865), 178, 180, 188, 225, 244, 280, 676, 843, 896

Lippmann, Walter (1889 – 1974): U.S. author and journalist, 251, 377, 378, 399, 404, 854, 857, 899

Locke, John (1632 – 1704): English empiricist philosopher; wrote Two Treatises on Civil Government (1690), 232, 334, 838

Lodge Reservation: proposed amendment to Charter of the League of Nations that required Congressional approval before complying with a League request for military action, 410

Lombardy: province of Italy, 158 – 9, 182 – 3, 470, 561, 750, 777

Long War (1914 – 1990): epochal war fought to determine whether the nineteenth century imperial constitutional order would be replaced by nation-states governed by communism, fascism, or parliamentarianism, 7, 15, 19, 24 – 5, 27, 31 – 3, 36 – 7, 41, 43, 45, 47 – 51, 53 – 6, 58 – 64, 110, 120, 202, 208, 211, 213, 215 – 20, 223 – 4, 227 – 8, 235, 238, 243, 245 – 6, 249, 254, 257, 274 – 7, 280 – 1, 288, 292 – 4, 304, 307, 310, 318, 329, 331, 333, 35 – 7, 346, 354 – 7, 361, 385, 387, 395, 400, 404, 467 – 8, 471, 476, 584, 609 – 11, 614, 629, 631 – 2, 635 – 6, 638 – 42, 652 – 53, 655, 660 – 1, 663, 665, 675 – 9, 681 – 2, 686 – 7, 695, 698, 701, 704 – 5, 713,719 – 20, 741, 773, 776, 778, 781, 793, 796, 802, 804 – 5, 811, 813, 815, 820, 826

Louis XIV (1638 – 1715): king of France (1643 – 1715), 117, 121 – 2, 124, 134, 141, 142, 155, 334, 346, 502, 508, 520, 523, 541, 838 – 9

Luttwak, Edward, 318, 851

Lynn, John, 69, 152, 172, 204, 836 – 7, 842, 852

Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469 – 1527): Italian diplomat and political philosopher; wrote Discourses on Livy (1518), The Art of War (1521), The Prince (1532), 80, 85 – 8, 90 – 1, 94, 102, 116, 142, 278, 334, 486, 499, 511, 594, 829, 832, 836 – 8, 852 – 3, 893, 896, 898

Madison, James (1751 – 1836): U.S. president (1809 – 1817); a principal author (with Hamilton) of the Federalist Papers, 151, 177, 229, 855

managerial market-state: seeks power through its hegemony within a regional economic zone, 283 – 4, 287, 289, 309, 336 – 7

Mancias, Peter, 335, 837, 845, 852, 896

Mao Tse-tung (also Mao Zedong) (1893 – 1976): Chinese Communist revolutionary; Chinese head of state (1949 – 1959); de facto head of government of China (1949 – 1976), 51, 332, 834

Maria Theresa (1717 – 1780): Austrian-Bohemian-Hungarian-Polish queen, 122, 135

market-state: the emerging constitutional order that promises to maximize the opportunity of its people, tending to privatize many state activities and making representative government more responsive to the market, 17, 211, 213, 217, 222, 224, 228 – 42, 283 –94, 296, 302 – 9, 311, 313, 315 – 6, 318, 320 – 1, 323 – 8, 330 – 1, 336 – 41, 344, 346 – 7, 362 – 3, 366, 368, 370, 484, 571, 638 – 9, 661, 665, 668 – 76, 688 – 91, 694, 696 – 7, 701 – 2, 704, 706, 709, 712, 714 – 6, 720 – 2, 740, 744, 749 – 51, 753, 766, 768, 770 – 1, 776 – 7, 779, 781 – 2, 784 – 7, 792 –3, 796 – 7, 799 – 802, 806 – 7, 813 – 15, 820, 821, 827 – 7, 846, 853, 863, 868, 883

Marlowe, Chri stopher (1564 – 1593): English dramatist and poet, 94, 837, 896

Marshall Plan: U.S. program of reconstruction for Britain, France, Germany, and other Western European states following World War II, 50, 282, 631, 653, 655

Maurice of Nassau (Maurice of Orange) (1567 – 1625): Dutch military and political leader, 98 – 100, 114 – 15, 188, 510 – 12, 829, 837

Mazarin, Cardinal Jules (1602 – 1661): French (Italian-born) Catholic clergyman, diplomat, and politician; chief minister of France (1642 – 1661); negotiated Peace of Pyrenees (1659), 121 – 3, 125, 503, 866

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (1927– ): Polish prime minister (1989 – 1990); sent to Yugoslavia as U.N. observer (1993), 434 – 6, 438, 451, 859

McCaffrey, Barry, 457

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): foundation case for doctrinal argument in American constitutional law, 536

McDougal, Myres, 649 – 52, 656 – 7, 661, 878 – 80, 896

McNeill, William, 101, 709, 835, 837, 884, 896

Mearsheimer, John, 264, 847, 897

Media, 46, 58, 225, 230, 236, 239, 255, 289, 315, 325, 416, 418, 427 – 30, 436, 438, 446, 450, 466, 619, 628, 639, 645, 670 – 1, 696, 711 – 12, 720, 729, 765, 783 – 5, 806, 845

Medici, Lorenzo de (Lorenzo the Magnificent) (1449 – 1492): de facto ruler of Florence (1469 – 1492), 90

Meiji Restoration (1868): restored Japanese Meiji emperor to power and led to the period of national consolidation and assertiveness coinciding with his reign (1868 – 1912), 42

mercantile market-state: seeks market share in order to gain relative dominance in international affairs, 289, 292 – 3, 309, 722, 766 – 8

mercenary forces, 91, 97, 106, 114, 118, 303, 331, 803

meritocracy: society that advances the talented on the basis of their achievements, 231 – 2, 290, 539, 796

Metternich, Klemens, Prince von (1773 – 1859): Austrian diplomat, politician; foreign minister (1809 – 1848); represented Austria at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 160 – 2, 164 – 72, 385, 541, 546 – 8, 551, 555 – 6, 559 – 62, 869 – 70, 897

Mezes, Sidney, 371, 399

Mihailovic, Draza (1893 – 1946): Yugoslav partisan leader during World War II, 417 – 18

Milosevic, Slobodan (1941-): president of Serbia (1989 – 1997); president of Yugoslavia (1997 – 2000); indicted by Hague tribunal for crimes against humanity (1999), 13, 319, 326, 416, 418, 419 – 20, 422 – 3, 429 – 30, 432 – 3, 440, 444, 446, 449 – 50, 463, 639, 697, 859, 861

Milton, John (1608 – 1674): English poet, 3, 116, 838

missile defense, 252, 278, 313, 318, 328, 329, 619, 685, 687, 689 – 90, 720, 732, 814 – 15, 821, 852, 882, 891

Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), 312, 688, 760

Mitchell, William (Billy) (1879 – 1936): U.S. (French-born) general; outspoken advocate for air power, 325

Mladic, General Ratko (1943– ): Yugoslav general; leader of Serbian forces in Bosnia (1992 – 1995), 450

Mogadishu Line (“crossing the”): a phrase alluding to the U.N. experience in Somalia when a mission that began as neutral peacekeeping led to involvement in a factional war, 445, 862

molecular biology, 232, 709

Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Graf von (1800 – 1891): Prussian field-marshal; victorious in Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars, 185 – 7, 189 – 90, 192 – 3, 195 – 7, 200, 202, 382

Mondale, Walter (1928– ): U.S. vice president (1977 – 1981), 10

Monroe Doctrine (1823): U.S. call for end to European intervention in the Americas, 355

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de (1689 – 1755): French lawyer and political philosopher; wrote The Spirit of the Laws (1748), 357, 839, 853, 897

Montevideo Convention: multilateral treaty that provides test for state recognition, 202, 339

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1927- ): U.S. diplomat, politician, and political scientist, 379, 476, 854, 877, 897

multipolarity: condition of global political environment with more than two superpower nuclear arsenals, 15, 680 – 1, 683–4, 687 – 8

Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea (Il Duce) (1883 – 1945): Italian dictator and Fascist politician, 37 – 8,40, 361, 471, 601

Nagy, Imre (1896 – 1958): Hungarian prime minister (1953 – 1955, 1956); attempted to liberalize Hungarian communist state, 53, 834

Napoleon I (also Bonaparte, Napoleon) (1769 – 1821): French (Corsican-born) general and dictator; first consul (1799 – 1804); emperor (1804 – 1815), 482, 538, 541, 544, 546 – 8, 552, 554 – 7, 559 – 64, 577, 613, 676, 783, 839 – 40, 852, 869, 877, 896

Napoleon, Louis (Napoleon III) (1808 – 1873): French president (1848 – 1852); emperor (1852 – 1870), 179 – 83, 198 – 200

Napoleonic Wars, 146, 174, 319, 334, 842, 893

nation-state: dominant constitutional order of twentieth century; promised to improve material welfare of its people, 144 – 204, 468 – 77

Nesselrode, Karl Robert Vasilyevich, Graf (1780 –1862): German-Russian (Portugese-born) diplomat; Russian foreign minister (1822 – 1856); Russian imperial chancellor (1845 – 1862), 166, 561, 841, 869

Neumann, John von (1903 – 1957): U.S. (Hungarian-born) mathematician; developed game theory, 243, 848

New Economic Policy (NEP): popular Leninist reform that ended requisitioning, legalized private trade, and abandoned the semi-militarization of labor, 29, 615, 832

New Evangelism, 246, 258, 265, 268, 274, 278

New Internationalism, 246, 253 – 5, 258, 274, 277, 847, 891

New Leadership, 246, 270 – 2, 274

New Nationalism, 246, 251, 253, 255, 258, 274, 277 – 8, 846

New Realism, 246, 258, 260, 263, 274

New World Order, 243, 279, 407, 476, 662, 847, 854, 877, 882

Nitze, Paul (1907– ): U.S. public official, the principal author of NSC-68, a secret state paper that provided the strategic plan for the defeat of communism through containment, 57, 654

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 234, 236, 264, 337, 338 – 9, 363, 437, 645, 675, 736, 739,748

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 247 – 8, 253, 264, 628, 752, 782

North Atlantic Council: NATO governing body, 310,468

North Viet Nam, 8, 9, 58 – 9

Northern Ireland, 448, 465, 598, 815

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT): multilateral treaty pledging nonnuclear-weapon powers to abstain from developing nuclear weapons and nuclear-weapon powers to assist in the development of nuclear energy (1968), 255, 312, 686, 759 – 60

nuclear proliferation, 218, 268, 289, 677, 679, 681 – 7, 689, 713, 726, 745, 759, 882, 891

nuclear weapons, 12 – 16, 48 – 50, 52, 52 – 56, 59, 196, 206, 208, 216 – 19, 235, 252 – 3, 263, 278, 294, 305 – 8, 311 – 12, 315, 329, 347, 394, 620 – 1, 629 – 30, 634, 654, 676 – 91, 694, 704, 717, 726, 728, 733, 745 – 7, 756, 760, 811, 847, 882, 900

Nunn-Lugar program: a U.S. statute providing for the peaceful dismantling of Russian nuclear weapons, 305

Nuremberg trials (1945 – 1946): proceedings against Nazi war criminals, 5, 356, 451, 594

Nussbaum, Arthur, 496, 498, 532, 853, 865, 868 – 9, 871, 897

Odom, William, 270 – 1, 848

Ogarkov, Nikolai, 294

Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman, Count of (1587 – 1645): Spanish (Italian-born) political leader; chief minister (1625 – 1643) under Philip IV, 108, 111, 115, 278 – 9, 831, 892

Open Markets Committee: group with the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank devoted to interest rate deliberations, 229

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): international organization established during thecold war (1973) to promote East-West cooperation; 256, 270, 446, 468

Organization of African Unity: established (1963) to promote unity and development, 267

Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele (1860 – 1952): Italian diplomat and politician; Italian prime minister (1917 – 1919), 406, 409, 578, 848

Ottoman Empire: founded in late thirteenth century by Turkish tribes in Anatolia; dissolved in 1918; included modern Turkey, Bulgaria, Rumania, and parts of Yugoslavia, Greece and the Near East, 120, 181 – 2, 184, 468, 872, 880

Owen, Lord David Anthony Llewellyn (1938- ): British diplomat and politician; British foreign secretary (1977 – 1979); as E.C. envoy to Yugoslavia, codeveloper of Vance-Owen plan, 423, 443,445, 448, 457, 462, 464, 861 – 2, 897

Oxenstierna, Axel Gustafsson, Count (1583 – 1654): Swedish diplomat and political figure, 112 – 14, 504, 512, 517, 866

Oxenstierna, Johan (1611–1654): Swedish representative at Westphalia, 503

Palestine, 78, 763, 780, 801

Palmerston, 3rd Viscount (Henry John Temple) (1784 – 1865): English political leader; prime minister (1855 – 1858, 1859 – 1865); negotiated Quadruple Alliance among Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal (1834), 172, 181, 183, 191, 251

Pan American Pact, 384

Paret, Peter, 152, 155, 832, 835 – 7, 839 – 40, 843, 869, 891, 893, 897 – 9

Parker, Geoffrey, 69 – 73, 93, 152, 336, 831, 835 – 9, 842, 852, 867, 891, 893, 897

parliamentarianism, 26 – 7, 29, 31, 35, 38 – 9, 53, 58, 201, 215, 384, 571, 593 – 5, 598 – 600, 605, 607 – 8, 611, 635, 675, 781, 811, 831

Parrott, David, 69, 71 – 3, 174

Peace of Augsburg (1555): ratified the vic-tory of the princely state and the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, 106, 109, 120, 344, 486 – 93, 501, 504 – 6, 514, 864

Peace of Paris (1763): 133, 556, 571, 610, 612, 626, 628, 635 – 39, 663, 676, 680, 762, 776, 802, 874

Peace of Paris (1990): ratified the triumph of the parliamentary nation-state; ended the Long War of the twentieth century, includes Charter of Paris, Moscow and Copenhagen Declaration, 24, 61, 821

Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), 22, 520

Peace of Utrecht (1713): ended the War of the Spanish Succession; ratified the pre-eminence of the territorial state, 129, 131, 344, 520, 522, 526, 537, 550

Peace of Versailles (1919): ended the First World War; ratified the triumph of the nation-state, 31 – 41, 43, 200, 378, 400, 404, 406, 409 – 10, 417, 433, 449

Peace of Westphalia (1648): ended the Thirty Years' War and ratified the success of the secular, absolutist forms of the kingly state that had superseded the sectarian, dynastically plural forms of the princely state, 17, 22, 25, 54, 95, 107, 116 – 17, 119 – 20, 122, 125, 127, 134, 158, 336, 344, 495, 501 – 9, 511 – 517, 519 – 20, 523, 526, 536, 540, 571, 574 – 5, 579, 637, 777, 805, 863, 865 – 6

Peloponnesian Wars (c. 460 B.C. – 404 B.C.): between Athens and Sparta; eventually every Greek state, as well as Sicily and Persia, was drawn into the conflict, 332

Perry, William James (1927– ): U.S. secretary of defense (1994 – 1997), 298, 310, 375, 830, 849 – 51, 890

Philip Dru: Administrator, 375 – 9, 396, 855, 856, 857

Philip IV (Philip III of Portugal) (1605 – 1665): king of Spain (1621 – 1665), 108, 122, 124, 278

plebiscites, 183, 239

Powell, General Colin (1937– ): U.S. national security advisor (1986 – 1989); Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman (1989 – 1993) during Gulf War; secretary of state (2001– ), 297 – 9, 301, 461, 850 – 1

pragmatic sanction (1713): Holy Roman Emperor CharlesVI's order reserving succession to all Habsburg dominions to his daughter Maria Theresa, in order to ensure the Habsburg territories' continued integrity and prevent a struggle for the succession, 135 – 6

precision air strikes, 318, 851

Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 25, 298

Prijedor, 434, 440 – 2

Princeton University, 266, 367, 370 – 1, 413

proliferation, 15, 218, 253, 255, 262 – 3, 267 – 8, 289, 292, 306, 309, 311 – 12, 329 – 30, 338, 677, 679, 681 – 90, 713, 720, 726, 736, 745, 759, 772, 778, 802, 815, 820, 882, 891

Prospero Colonna (1452 – 1523): Italian soldier; fought in the Italian Wars and defeated the French at La Bicocca (1522), 482

proxy forces, 318

Prussia, 25, 72, 90, 119, 130, 133 – 8, 141 – 2, 147 – 51, 155, 157, 159, 165 – 7, 171, 178, 181, 184 – 6, 190 – 5, 197 – 204, 482, 505, 526, 531, 537, 539 – 40, 542, 546, 552 – 4, 556 – 7, 559 – 61, 563, 583, 602, 831, 839, 867, 869

Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632 – 1694): philosopher and theorist of international relations, 518 – 19, 529, 531 – 34, 585, 867

Punic Wars (264 B.C. – 241 B.C.): First Punic War, 218 – 202 B.C.; Second Punic War, 149 – 146 B.C.; Third Punic War, fought between Rome and Carthage, 355, 830

Quadruple Alliance (1814, renewed 1815): coalition of England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to defeat Napoleonic France and maintain postwar peace, 169, 557 – 8, 564

Quintuple Alliance (1818): formed to admit France into the society of great powers “to protect the arts of peace,” 166

Radich, Stjepan, 417

Ragione di stato, 87, 108, 135 – 6, 499

raison d‘état, 108 – 9, 135 – 6

Randle, Robert, 483, 504, 863 – 4, 866, 868, 872, 898

Reagan, Ronald Wilson (1911 – ): U.S. president (1981 – 1989), 10, 222, 275, 322, 339, 610 – 11, 615, 619, 626 – 8, 716

reassurance, 11, 14 – 15, 175, 250, 629, 687, 689 – 90, 748

referenda, 238 – 9

Renaissance, 78 – 85, 88 – 9, 92, 107, 116, 334, 346, 358, 417, 479, 798, 825 – 6, 836, 838, 892 – 3, 899

revolution in military affairs (RMA), 153, 294 – 6, 299 – 305, 306 – 7, 318, 796, 813, 849 – 50

Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal (1585 – 1642): French chief minister (1629 – 1642), 501 – 3, 511 – 12, 516 – 17, 831, 892

Rifkind, Malcolm, 461

Roberts, Michael, 69 – 73, 98, 100 – 1, 112 – 14, 835, 837 – 8, 864 – 5, 867, 882, 886, 890, 898

Roosevelt, Franklin (1882 – 1945): U.S. president (1933 – 1945), 43, 217, 229, 334, 360, 362, 604, 631, 695, 833, 899

Roosevelt, Theodore (1858 – 1919): U.S. president (1901 – 1909), 244, 360, 370, 373, 377, 388, 390, 392, 394

Rosenau, James, 255, 847, 898

Rosencrance, Richard, 257

Rwanda, 7, 37, 250, 269, 283, 300, 361, 428, 451, 598, 763, 757, 801

“safe area”: regional town declared under protection of U.N., 425 – 6, 442

Sarajevo: capital of Bosnia, 26, 325 – 6, 416, 421,424 – 6, 428 – 31, 433, 442 – 3, 445, 447, 454, 457,461 – 2, 464 – 6, 478, 860, 862

Saxe, Hermann Maurice (1696 – 1750): French (German-born) marshal, 140

Scanlan, John, 447

scenario planning: creates hypothetical, alternative stories about the future that share certain factual assumptions but differ based on decisions made within each scenario, 314, 315, 717 – 19, 885

Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von (1755 – 1813): Prussian general and strategist, 177 – 8, 185, 189

Schroeder, Gerhard (1944– ): chancellor of Germany (1998– ), 339,845

Schroeder, Paul, 172, 176, 841 – 2, 899

Schwartz, Benjamin, 250

Simes, Dimitri, 438, 860

Simulation, 295, 318, 330, 745

Six-Day War (1967 Arab-Israeli conflict), 474

Smith, Rupert, 426

Smith, Tony, 213, 266, 847

South Korea, 9, 51 – 2, 59, 218, 311, 472, 655, 672, 688 – 9, 703, 724, 745,882

South Viet Nam, 9, 58 – 9, 278

Soviet Union, 15, 24, 30, 33, 40,43, 45 – 7, 61, 215, 228, 242, 245, 249 – 51, 260, 261, 270, 275 – 6, 295, 307, 319 – 20, 327 – 8, 360, 417, 465, 572, 607, 609 – 10, 612 – 16

Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939): uprising in which conservatives and right-wing elements overthrew the second Spanish republic, 19, 24, 30, 40

Spanish Fury (1574): unpaid Spanish troops sacked Antwerp in a gruesome massacre, 495

Sparta (Greek city-state), 8, 21, 332

Spinoza, Baruch (also Benedict de Spinoza) (1632 – 1677): Dutch philosopher, 518 – 19, 528 – 9, 596

Srebrenica: Bosnia village, scene of 1995 massacre, 416, 424, 426, 435 – 6, 440, 450 – 1, 454, 459, 462, 468, 481, 862

Staats raison, 135

Stalin, Josef (1879 – 1953): Soviet political figure; dictator (1929 – 1953), 29 – 30, 43, 45 – 7, 51 –3, 217, 280, 326 – 7, 418, 613, 615, 623, 655, 695, 832, 835, 844, 872, 880, 889, 900

state-nation: constitutional order that achieved dominance in the nineteenth century; it sought popular allegiance on grounds that State would exalt the nation, 144 – 204

Steinberg, James B., 10, 265, 462

strategic planning, 7, 48, 296, 304, 309, 314, 315, 716 – 18, 722, 903

Suarez, Francisco (1548 – 1617): Spanish philosopher and Jesuit theologian, 489, 491 – 4, 641, 865, 899

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de (1754 – 1838): French bishop, diplomat, and politician; foreign minister (1797 – 1807, 1814 – 1815); represented France at Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815), 160, 162, 166, 259, 548, 550 – 1, 553 – 4, 556 – 62, 869 – 71

Tarnoff, Peter, 457

tercio: sixteenth century Spanish infantry formation of 3,000 men, with equal numbers of pikemen and musketeers, 97, 99

territorial state: constitutional order that dominated the eighteenth century, 95, 107, 118 – 20, 122, 124 – 6, 129, 130, 132 – 140, 143, 148, 152, 155 – 7, 159, 173, 175, 505, 523 – 5, 527 – 31, 535 – 6, 538 – 9, 541, 543, 551 – 2, 560, 564, 870

terrorism, 219, 236, 256, 264, 282, 289, 296, 298 – 9, 310, 322, 336, 338, 441, 466, 474, 510, 663, 690, 697, 704, 720, 727, 730 – 1, 735, 746, 760, 772, 791, 804 – 5, 819 – 22, 850

Thatcher, Margaret Hilda (1925– ): British prime minister (1979 – 1990), 222, 256, 339, 356, 633, 637, 667, 685, 687, 875

Thirty Years' War (1618 – 1648): religious war that raged within the Holy Roman Empire and eventually drew all of Europe into the conflict, 17, 21 – 2, 41, 54, 69, 72, 91, 106 – 7, 109 – 10, 113 – 4, 116 – 20, 125, 133, 136, 143, 173, 202, 279, 295, 334, 344, 346

Throckmorton conspiracy (1583): conspiracy to murder Queen Elizabeth, 497

Thucydides (c. 460 B.C.-400 B.C.): Greek general and historian; wrote The History of the Peloponnesian War, 21, 23, 30, 81, 332, 334, 511, 830, 831, 894, 898

Tibet, 470

Tilly, Charles, 96, 115, 174, 334, 469

Tirpitz, Alfred von (1849 – 1930): German admiral; directed submarine warfare in World War I, 382

Tito, Marshal (also Josip Broz) (1892 – 1980): Yugoslav communist partisan leader in World War II, first secretary-general of Yugoslavian Communist Party (1936 – 1980); president (1953 – 1980); Non-Aligned Movement leader, 418 – 438, 447 – 8, 478

Tojo, Hideki (1885 – 1948): Japanese general, and Fascist prime minister (1941 – 1944), 37, 844

Tokugawa regime (1603 – 1867): held the shogunate and controlled Japan, 41,42

Tonelson, Alan, 246, 248, 250, 846 – 7

Torcy, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de (1665 – 1746): French secretary of state at Utrecht negotiations, 128, 522 – 5

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): World War I peace treaty between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, 28, 572

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559): signed by France, Spain, and England; ended the sixty-year conflict between Spain and France begun in the Italian Wars, 487, 489, 520

Tudjman, Franco (1922 – 1999): Croatian nationalist leader; first president of independent Croatia (1991 – 1999), 419 – 20, 446

Tushnet, Mark, 229, 845, 853, 900

Tuzla: U.N. designated “safe area” in Bosnia, 424, 426, 435, 442

“two and one-half” war scenario (also 2MRC—Major Regional Conflicts): U.S. policy of preparedness to fight two major regional conflicts and a smaller intervention simultaneously, 248

Ukraine, 253, 280, 635, 683 – 4, 746 – 7, 750, 759, 763, 766, 799, 880

unitary executive, 236

United Nations (U.N.), 43, 45, 51 – 2, 54, 96, 169, 267, 298, 319, 356, 360, 364, 384, 416, 421, 423, 430, 434, 437, 445, 449, 451, 458 – 9, 471, 473 – 4

Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force in former Yugoslavia), 443, 445, 458 – 62

Ustaša: Croatian Fascist paramilitaries, 417

Vance, Cyrus (1917 – 2002): U.S. secretary of state (1977 – 1980); co-developer of Vance-Owen Plan, 421, 423, 862

Vance-Owen Plan, 423, 425, 436, 440, 457, 464, 862

Vattel, Emerich de (1714 – 1767): Swiss diplomat who drew attention to Wolff's theories of international law, 131, 528, 531 – 7, 839, 868 – 9, 900

Venice, 83 – 4, 90, 120, 159, 488, 561

Viet Nam War, 8 – 9, 19, 24, 31,44, 55, 58 – 9, 213, 254, 278, 292, 297, 301, 320, 394, 655, 747, 760, 766, 783 – 4, 835, 882

Viner, Jacob (1892 – 1970): American economics professor, 12

Vitoria, Francisco de (1492 – 1546): Franciscan monk often called the father of international law, 489 – 92, 641, 864 – 5, 877, 900

Vojvodina: formerly a semi-autonomous province in Serbia with large Hungarian population, 418 – 9, 422

Voltaire (pseudonym of François Marie Arouet) (1694 – 1778): French philosopher, and satirist; a leading intellectual of the Enlightenment, 131, 839

Wallenstein, Albrecht Eusebius Wenzel von (1583 – 1634): Austrian (Bohemian-born) warlord in Thirty Years' War; suppressed Bohemian revolt (1618 – 1620), 71, 111, 115

Waltz, Kenneth, 263, 683 – 4, 847, 882, 900

Warren, Earl (1891 – 1974): chief justice of U.S. Supreme Court (1954 – 1969), 238

wars of Louis XIV (1667 – 1714), 334

Wars of the French Revolution/Napoleonic Wars (1792 – 1815): pitted France against all the other major states of Europe, sometimes in coalition, sometimes alone, 41, 146, 175, 203, 346

Wars of the Italian Peninsula (1494 – 1559): succession of regional wars instigated by the great powers of Europe in order to control the Italian states; the French invasion of Italy spurred the transition from the rule of princes to that of princely states and the formation of the modern state, 334

Watergate Affair (1972 – 1974): political scandal growing out of 1972 U.S. presidential election that led to the resignation of U.S. president Richard Nixon, 322, 763

Watson, Adam, 77, 358, 488, 835 – 9, 853–4, 864, 890, 899 – 900

Weber, Max (1864 – 1920): philosopher of social science, 100, 829, 837, 900

Wedgwood, C. V., 120, 508, 831, 838, 866, 900, 902

Weinberger Doctrine (of U.S. intervention), 296 – 8, 317, 803

Wellington, (Arthur Wellesley), Duke of (1769 – 1852): British general and statesman; defeated French in Spain and subsequently at Waterloo (1815); British prime minister (1828 – 1830), 151, 157, 160, 166, 170, 545, 554, 561, 575, 719, 840

Western European Union (WEU), 261, 633, 746 – 7, 847

Wiesel, Elie, 451, 859

William I (also Wilhelm I) (1797– 1888): king of Prussia (1861 – 1888); kaiser of Germany (1871 – 1888), 134, 186, 192, 196, 198, 200, 529, 608

William I of Orange (William the Silent) (1533 – 1584): Dutch general and statesman; founded Dutch Republic; first stadholder of Holland (1579 – 1584); assassinated, 107, 132, 142,492

William III (1650 – 1702): king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689 – 1702), 124 – 6, 128, 138, 166, 177

Wilson, (Thomas) Woodrow (1856 – 1924): U.S. president (1913 – 1921), 31, 35, 213, 243, 280, 281, 334, 367 – 410, 475 – 6, 478, 573 – 9, 631, 637, 659, 661 – 2, 782, 852, 854, 856 – 7, 900

Wolff, Christian (1679 – 1754): German political philosopher, 528 – 35, 537

World Bank: international institution devoted to economic improvement of underdeveloped world, 255 – 6, 364, 383, 754, 766, 776, 800

World Trade Organization (WTO), 255, 316, 337, 728, 813

World War I (1914 – 1919), 24, 26 – 7, 31 – 2, 34 – 5, 37, 40, 63, 110, 203, 213, 216, 247, 283, 293, 355, 383, 452, 603, 631, 662, 692, 831, 840, 877

World War II, 16, 24, 26, 33, 35 – 6, 43 – 4, 46, 48, 146, 222, 263, 400, 418, 698, 789, 830, 833, 890, 895 – 6, 899

Yugoslav National Army (JNA), 418 – 22, 427 – 8, 430 – 1, 433, 438, 441 – 4, 459

Yugoslav Wars: First, in Slovenia (1991); Second, in Croatia (1991 – 1992); Third, in Bosnia (1992 – 1995); and Fourth, in Kosovo (1999), 432, 481, 805

Zepa: U.N. declared “safe area” in Bosnia, 416, 424, 426, 436, 442, 450

Zimmermann, Warren, 464, 858, 900

Zollverein: nineteenth-century German economic union, 470