1. On April 11, 1713, treaties were signed between France and Britain, Portugal, Prussia, and Savoy; on November 4, between France and the United Provinces; on July 13, between Spain and Britain and Savoy and with the Dutch on June 26. The emperor Charles concluded terms on March 6, 1714, at Rastatt, which was confirmed in a separate treaty at Baden on Nov 7, 1714; Portugal finally agreed to peace with Spain at Utrecht on February 6, 1715.
2. Bolingbroke, Henry St. John Viscount, and Gilbert Parke, Letters and Correspondence, Public and Private, of Viscount Bolingbroke (G.G. & J. Robinson, 1798), ii, 443, 614.
3. Bolingbroke, Henry St. John Viscount, The Works of Lord Bolingbroke (Frank Cass, 1967) (reprint of the 1844 edition), ii, 276 ff., 313, 302.
4. See Osiander, 111 – 113.
5. Bolingbroke, Henry St. John Viscount, and Gilbert Parke, Letters and Correspondence, Public and Private, of Viscount Bolingbroke (G.G. & J Robinson, 1798), i, 595, letter dated July 21, 1712.
6. Osiander, 119.
7. Bolingbroke, Henry St. John Viscount, The Works of Lord Bolingbroke (Frank Cass, 1967) (reprint of the 1844 edition), ii, 287.
8. At Utrecht, Osiander perceptively writes that “the word ‘state' was used ordinarily to designate an administrative unit with the potential to be an autonomous international actor, even though it might not, and in fact often did not, possess that quality at the moment. For instance, the French instruction for the congress refers to the Spanish dominion as ‘a monarchy so vast and consisting of so many states’” (Osiander, 103).
9. Bolingbroke, Henry St. John Viscount, The Works of Lord Bolingbroke (Frank Cass, 1967) (reprint of the 1844 edition), ii, 288.
10. Osiander, 123.
11. Quoted in Osiander, 132; see also the renunciations of the Duke of Orleans, and that of Philip V.
12. Quoted in Osiander, 127.
13. Quoted in Osiander, 128.
14. Quoted in Osiander, 131.
15. In the Austrian Netherlands, the Dutch acquired the right to garrison Namur, Tournai, Menin, Ypres, and other places. In Italy, the duke of Savoy gained Exilles, Fenestrelle, and other forts; Allesadrai, part of Montferrat, Valenza, Vigevano, and other critical places that would bar a French invasion of Italy. Various districts on the Rhine were obtained by German states, and France removed to the west bank. Brandenburg got part of Gelders, Bavaria recovered the Palatinate, and the elector at Cologne was restored: all these arrangements were thought to deter any renewed French aggression, yet not to provide a base for independent forays.
16. Randle, 261.
17. F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius (Clarendon Press) (vol. I, 1957) (vol. II, 1967) (vol. III, 1974).
18. Murphy, 34.
19. Nussbaum, 156.
20. Robert von Mohl referred to it as “a kind of oracle with diplomats and especially with consuls,” see Nussbaum, ibid.
21. Ibid., 161.
22. See e.g., Armitz Brown v. United States, 8 Cranch (12 U.S.), 110.
23. Vattel, Le droit des gens (Editions A. Pedone, 1998), II.i. 16.
24. Reminiscent in our day of George Gilder and his descriptions of a market-state backlit by universal prosperity.
25. “Now although nature has so constituted men that they absolutely require the assistance of their fellow men if they are to live as it befits men to live, and has thus established a general society among them, yet nature cannot be said to have imposed upon men the precise obligation of uniting together in civil society; and if all men followed [the laws of nature] subjection to civil society would be needless.” Vattel, Le droit des gens, preface.
26. Murphy, 51; see Vattel, II.i. 16.
27. Osiander, 48.