H
- Hamilton, Alexander,
- doctrines of, versus those of Jefferson, 28-29, 45-46, 153;
- insight and energy of, saved states from disunion, 37;
- quoted on the Constitution, 37;
- importance of work of, in constructive legislation, 38-39;
- broad view taken by, of governmental functions, 39-40;
- doubtful theory of, regarding national debt, 40-41;
- reasons for loss of popularity and influence of, 41-42;
- philosophy of, concerning liberty and the method of protecting it, 44;
- Roosevelt's improvement on principle of, 169;
- adaptability of doctrines of, to democracy without injury to themselves, 214;
- foreign policy of, 289-290, 292-293.
- Harriman, Edward, 202.
- Hearst, William R., 136, 151, 155;
- as a reformer, 142, 143-144;
- radicalism of, 163;
- inconsistencies, factiousness, and dangerous revolutionary spirit of, 164-166;
- viewed as the logical punishment upon the American people for their sins of wrong tradition, 166.
- Heresies of American Middle Period, and sterile results of, 422-426.
- Hill, James J., 202.
- Hodder, Alfred, quoted, 144, 160, 162.
- Holland,
- possible incorporation of, with German Empire, 253.
- Holy Alliance,
- political system established by, 226;
- Monroe Doctrine the American retort to, 291.
- Home rule, municipal, 347-350.
- "House of Governors," proposed, 347.
- Howe, Frederic C., 151.
- Hughes, Governor, 135.
- Human brotherhood,
- liberty and equality subordinated to principle of, in ideal democracy, 207-208;
- the only method of realizing the religion of, 453.
I
- Ideal,
- necessity of an individual and a national, 5-6.
- Income taxation, 384-385.
- Individual emancipation,
- conditions of, 409 ff.;
- attempts at, 421 ff.;
- means of, 427 ff.
- Individualism,
- found in both Federalists and Republicans at close of Revolution, 32;
- free play allowed to, through triumph of Jefferson and defeat of Hamilton, 49;
- attitude of the pioneer Western Democrat toward, 64-65;
- disappearance of political, in the machine, 117-125;
- encouragement of, and restriction of central authority, result in the "Boss" and the "tainted" millionaire, 148-149;
- abandonment of the Jeffersonian conception of, necessary for real reform, 152-154;
- in education, as opposed to collective education, 399-409;
- damage to American individuality from existing system of economic, 409 ff.;
- method of exercising influence of, on behalf of social amelioration, 441 ff.
- Individuality,
- place of, in Middle West of pioneer days, 63-65;
- disappearance of, in work of the specialist in later development of the country, 102-103;
- injury to, from, existing system of economic individualism, 409-410;
- real meaning of, and of individual independence, 410 ff.;
- question of how a democratic nation can contribute to increase of, 413.
- Industrial corporations,
- Industrial legislation,
- class discrimination in, 191.
- Inheritance tax,
- Inheritors of fortunes, 204, 382-384.
- Initiative,
- movement in favor of, in state governments, 320.
- Insane asylums,
- improvement of, as a function of the state, 345.
- Institutional reform, 315 ff.
- Insurance companies,
- attempted regulation of, by various state governments, 355.
- Internal improvements,
- the Whig policy of, 66;
- failure of, 67-68.
- International relations of European states, 254-264.
- International socialism, a mistake, 210-211.
- International system,
- a stable American, 300 ff.;
- coöperation of Latin-American states and Mexico in, 300-303;
- place to be held by Canada in, 303-306;
- systematic effort to establish, a plain and inevitable consequence of the democratic national principle, 307;
- peace in an, 311-312.
- Inter-state commerce,
- question of state or Federal control of, 351-357;
- policy to be followed by central government toward, 357-368.
- Inter-state Commerce Law, 112-113;
- an example of class legislation, 191.
- Isolation,
- loss to an individual or a nation from, far more than the gain, 263-264;
- comparative nature of, of United States, 310-311;
- religious sanctity given to tradition of, of United States, 313.
- Italy,
- national feeling in, after Napoleonic epoch, 225.
J
- Jackson, Andrew,
- Jefferson, Thomas,
- doctrines of, versus those of Hamilton, 28-29;
- as leader of the democracy the opponent of Hamilton, 42;
- foreign policy of, 42, 53, 290, 292;
- view of democracy as extreme individualism, 43;
- stress laid by, on equality, 43-44;
- sacrifice of liberty for equality by, 44-45;
- fundamental difference between Hamilton and, 45-46;
- conduct of, on assumption of power, 46-47;
- Democracy of Jackson contrasted with Republicanism of, 52;
- mutual appreciation of Western pioneer Democrats and, 52-53;
- traces of work of, found in failure of Whigs against Jacksonian Democrats, 71;
- wherein Lincoln differed from, 95;
- necessity of transformation of doctrines of, before they can be nationalized, 153, 214;
- theory and practice of, contrasted with Roosevelt's theory and practice, 170;
- an example of triumphant intellectual dishonesty, 419.
- Jerome, William Travers,
- as a reformer, 143-144, 155, 184;
- personality of, 160;
- special class of reform advocated by, 160-161;
- lack of success in other than municipal political field, 161-162.
- Jesus,
- intention of, in preaching non-resistance, 282.
- Judges,
- election of state, 119;
- life tenure of office of Federal, 200;
- as creatures of a political machine, 318.
- Justice,
- state reform of criminal, 344-345.
L
- Labor problem, the, 385-398.
- Labor unions, 126 ff., 385 ff.;
- danger from aggressive and unscrupulous unionism, 128-129;
- revolutionary purpose of, in demanding class discrimination, 129-130;
- parallelism between big corporations and, 130, 386;
- divergence from corporations, 131;
- legal recognition of, demanded, and discrimination in their favor by the state, 386-387;
- economic and social amelioration of laboring class by, 387;
- association of laborers in, a necessity under present conditions, and the non-union man a species of industrial derelict, 387-389;
- conditions to which unions should conform, 390-391;
- the correct policy towards, 390;
- preference to be given to, by state and municipal governments, but discrimination to be made between "bad" and "good" unions, 394;
- effect of proposed constructive organization of, on non-union laborers, 395;
- on farm laborers, 396.
- Latin-American states,
- coöperation of, in establishment of a stable international system, 300-303;
- necessity first for improvement in domestic condition of, 302-303.
- Law,
- big corporations and the, 115-116.
- Lawyers,
- function of, in American political system, 131 ff.;
- tendency of, to specialize, 134-135;
- those who now figure in political life, 135-136;
- corporation lawyers, 136;
- position occupied by, in relation to modern economic and political problem, 137.
- Legislative organization,
- failure of American, 319-320;
- causes, 321-324;
- suggested remedy, 327-331;
- quality of membership of, should be improved, 328-329;
- preparation of measures for consideration by, 330-331.
- "Letters of an American Farmer," 8-9, 10.
- Liberty,
- Hamilton's theory concerning, as contrasted with Jeffersonian Democrats', 44-45;
- bearing of worship of so-called, on behavior of factions at time of slavery crisis, 79;
- responsibility of a democracy for personal, 193 ff.;
- economic, of the individual, 201-206;
- subordinated and made helpful to the principle of human brotherhood, 207-208.
- Liberty and union,
- Hamilton's idea of, 44-45;
- prevailing view of, during "era of good feeling," 51.
- Life insurance companies,
- attempted regulation of, by various state governments, 355.
- Lincoln, Abraham,
- first appearance of, in debates with Douglas, 85-86;
- service of, in seeing straighter and thinking harder than did his contemporaries, 87;
- makes the Western Democracy understand for the first time that American nationality is a living principle, 88;
- peculiar service rendered by and wherein his greatness lay, 88-89;
- the personal worth of, 89;
- early career and surroundings of, 89-90;
- wherein he differed from the average Western Democrat, 90-91;
- training and development of his intellect, 91-92;
- further consideration of his character, 94 ff.;
- contrasted with Jefferson, 95;
- with Garrison, 95, 427;
- with Jackson, 96;
- necessity for emphasis of the difference between, and his contemporary fellow-countrymen, 98-99;
- national intellectual and moral stature of, 427.
- Low, Seth, as a reformer, 143.
- Lynching,
- cause of, 318;
- method of stopping, 344.
M
- Machinery,
- place of, in American economic development, 108.
- Machines, political, 117 ff.;
- created to satisfy a real need, 124-125;
- power of, felt in the courts, 318;
- corruption and incompetence of state legislative organizations traceable to, 321;
- complete reform of local administrative systems necessary for breaking power of, 334;
- civil service reform has not retarded progress of, 335.
- McClellan, George B.,
- Madison, James,
- conduct of second war with England by, 53-54.
- Manufacturing,
- Hamilton's policy in encouraging, 39.
- Merit system in offices, 143;
- disappointing results of establishment of, 334-337.
- Mexico,
- coöperation, of, in establishment of stable international system, 303.
- Middle Ages,
- city states of the, 215;
- origins of the national state found in, 217 ff.
- Middle class,
- Militarism and nationality, 254 ff.
- Millionaire,
- the "tainted," a result of extreme individualism, 149.
- "Money Power,"
- Jacksonian Democracy's attitude toward, 59.
- Monopolies,
- suggested measures against, in municipalities, 374.
- Monroe Doctrine, the, 290 ff.;
- accepted as the corollary of policy contained in Washington's Farewell Address, 291;
- the American retort to the Holy Alliance, 291-292;
- American democratic idea converted into a dangerously aggressive principle by, 293-294;
- results to United States of attempting to enforce, 296-297;
- implies an incompatibility between American and European institutions which does not exist, 297;
- continued adherence to, will involve United States in fruitless wars, 299-300;
- necessity of forestalling inevitable future objections to, 307.
- Morgan, J. Pierpont, 202.
- Mugwumps, 141.
- Muirhead, James, quoted, 18-19.
- Municipal corporations, relations of state governments to, 347-348.
- Municipal reform, 143.
- Münsterberg, Hugo, quoted, 3.
N
- Napoleon, 224, 225, 259.
- National Bank, the, 39, 57-58, 68.
- Nationality,
- slavery and American, 72 ff.;
- proposed doing away with, by international socialism, a mistake, 210-211;
- origins of the modern system, 215 ff.;
- development of principle of, in European states, 215-221;
- efficiency resulting from, but also abuses, 221-222;
- creed of French Revolutionists inimical to spirit of, 222-223;
- increased force of principle, resulting from abuses of French under Napoleon, 225;
- bearing of Treaty of Vienna and political system of the Holy Alliance on, 225-226;
- true meaning of, first understood after revolutionary epoch of 1848, 226-230;
- no universal and perfect machinery for securing, experience shows, 229-230;
- relation between principles of, and principles of democracy, 230;
- principle of, and of democracy, in England, 230 ff.;
- democracy and, in France, 239 ff.;
- relation between democracy and, in Germany, 246 ff.;
- schism created in German, by the Social Democrats, 251;
- militarism and, 254 ff.;
- colonial expansion is proper to principle of, 259;
- international relations a condition of, 263-264;
- important position of tradition in principle of, 265-266;
- principles of, and of democracy, in America, 267 ff.;
- and centralization, 272-279.
- Nationalization,
- meaning of process of, 274.
- Non-interference,
- Non-resistance,
- doctrine of, not meant for this world, 282.
- Non-union laborers, 387-389;
- effect on, of proposed constructive organization of labor, 395.
O
- Old age pensions in England, 239.
- Opportunity,
- necessity of enjoyment of, by individuals, 203.
- Order,
- maintenance of, as a state function, 344-345.
- Oregon,
- Ore lands,
- lease of, to United States Steel Corporation, 114.
P
- Pan-Americanism, 313-314.
- Parker, Alton B., 163.
- Paternalism, German, 250.
- Patriotism,
- national, 2;
- American, contrasted with that of other nations 2-3.
- Peace,
- Pensions,
- old age, in England, 239;
- military, in United States, 274.
- Philippines,
- questions concerning American acquisition of, 308-309.
- Poland,
- Police force,
- Political specialist.
- Politics,
- separation of the business man from, 117;
- specialized organization of, 118-121.
- Popular sovereignty,
- Stephen A. Douglas's theory of, 84-86;
- criticism of democracy defined as, 176-178;
- principle of, as represented by French Revolutionaries, 223-224;
- principle of national sovereignty not to be confused with, 265-266;
- the essential condition of democracy, 269-270;
- definition of the phrase, 279 ff.;
- is equivalent for Americans to the phrase "national Sovereignty," 280;
- misconceptions of, notably Douglas's error, 281.
- Porto Rico,
- relations between United States and, 308.
- Poverty,
- as a social danger in a democratic state, 205.
- Prisons,
- improvement of, as a function of the state, 345.
- Profits of corporations,
- disposal of question of excessive, 370.
- Property,
- preservation of institution of private, 209.
- Protection,
- Whig policy of, and its defeat, 68;
- Bismarck's policy of, 250.
- Public ownership, 366-367;
- municipal, 372-375;
- the portion of railroad property properly subject to, 376-377;
- another plan of, regarding railroads, 377-378.
- Public Service Commissions of New York State, 360-361;
- principal objection to, 368.
- Public service corporations holding municipal franchises,
- should be subject to cities only, 349;
- municipal policy toward, 372-373.
- Pure Food Bill,
- class discrimination in, 191.
R
- Railroads,
- conditions of growth of American, 109;
- the granting of rebates by, 110-111;
- public ownership of, advocated by W.J. Bryan, 158;
- state ownership of, in Prussia, 250;
- constructive organization of, in United States, 351 ff.;
- domination of, in politics of states, 352-353;
- undesirability of state supervision of, and danger to roads themselves, 353-354;
- ignorant and unwise legislation by states concerning, 354-355;
- substitution of control of central government for state control, 356-357;
- policy to be followed by central government toward 357 ff.;
- law should be passed providing for agreements between roads, and mergers, 364-305;
- freedom should be left to, to make rates and schedules, and develop their traffic, 365-366;
- public ownership of, 366;
- regulation of, by Federal commissions a doubtful step, 360-363, 368;
- process of combination among, and results, 375-376;
- value of monopoly possessed by, could be secured to the community by Federal government taking possession of terminals, right of way, tracks, and stations, 376-377;
- the alternative plan, of government appropriation of roads, and its working out, 377-378.
- See Corporations.
- Real estate tax, 385.
- Rebates, 109, 110-113, 357.
- Recall,
- principle of the, 332-333;
- employment of the, in suggested administrative system, 338, 340.
- Referendum,
- movement in favor of, in state governments, 320;
- pros and cons of the, 327-328.
- Reform,
- course of the movement, 141-142;
- variety in kinds of, 142-143;
- variety found in exponents of, 143-144;
- function of, according to the reformers, 144-145;
- disappointment of hopes for, and reasons, 145-147;
- a better understanding of meaning of, and of the function of reformers, necessary to successful correction of abuses, 147;
- causes of need for, 148-150;
- wrong conceptions of, and intellectual awakening essential for, 150;
- true methods for accomplishing, 152-154;
- state institutional, 315 ff.;
- policy of drift should not be allowed in, 315-316;
- state administrative, 333 ff.;
- impossibility of accomplishing, by Australian ballot, direct primary system, and similar devices, 341-343;
- direct practical value of a movement for, may be surpassed by its indirect educational value, 408.
- Reich, Emil, quoted, 1.
- Religious wars,
- bearing of, on national development of European states, 219.
- Republicanism,
- represented by Jefferson, 28-29, 30, 31;
- identified with political disorder and social instability by Federalists, 32-33;
- opposition of, to Federalism as represented by Hamilton, 42-46;
- alliance of Federalists and party of, 46-47;
- effects of combination, 50-51;
- Jefferson's Republicanism contrasted with Jackson's Democracy, 52;
- views held by supporters of, on slavery question, 78.
- Republican party,
- causes leading to organization of the modern, 83;
- its claims to being the first genuinely national party, 83-84;
- rescue of, by Roosevelt, 171.
- Revolutions,
- Rockefeller, John D., 111-112, 114, 115.
- Roman Empire, the, 216.
- Roosevelt, Theodore, 86, 136, 155;
- as a reformer, 142, 167;
- nationalization of reform by, 168-170;
- policy of, compared with Hamiltonian creed, 169;
- theory and practice of, contrasted with Jefferson's, 170;
- the rescue of the Republican party by, 171;
- vulnerability of, on the point of equal rights, 172;
- has really been building better than he knew or will admit, 173-174;
- criticism of, as a national reformer, 174-175.
- Roosevelt-Taft programme, of recognition of corporations,
- tempered by regulation, 358-359;
- how best to carry out, 359-360.
- Root, Elihu, 135;
- international system indicated by, 301.
- Russia,
- faith of Russians in, 2;
- international situation of, at present, 253, 256-257, 258;
- weakness of, exposed, 311.
S
- Saloon licenses, 385.
- Santayana, George, quoted, 454.
- Scientists,
- methods of, a perfect type of authoritative technical methods, 434.
- Sherman Anti-Trust Law,
- a bar to proper treatment of corporate aggrandizement, 274;
- as an expensive attempt to save the life of the small competitor who cannot hold his own, should be repealed, 359.
- Slaveholders,
- an impartial estimate of, 81-82.
- Slavery,
- effect of introduction of factor of, on Democrats and Whigs, 72;
- sanctioned by the Constitution, and results, 72-73;
- attitude of the two political parties toward, 73-74;
- shirking of the question, and compromises, 74;
- brings out inconsistency of alliance between Jeffersonian democracy and American nationality as embodied in Constitutional Union, 75;
- Webster's attitude on the question, 75-77;
- American people separated into five parties by, 77;
- attitude of Constitutional Unionists toward, 78;
- beliefs of Abolitionists, Southern Democrats, Northern Democrats, and Republicans, 78-79;
- body of public opinion looking to de-nationalizing slavery, which was organized into the Republican party, 83-84.
- Smythe, William, 151.
- Social Democrats,
- party of, in Germany, 251.
- Socialism,
- weakness of, 210;
- idea of an international, a mistake, 210-211.
- Socialists,
- doctrine preached by extreme, in France, 243.
- Social problem,
- South America,
- bearing of Monroe Doctrine on, and possible complications resulting from, 294-296.
- Spain,
- religious wars of, 219;
- national feeling in, increased by abuses of Napoleon, 225.
- Specialization,
- contempt for, in Middle West of pioneer days, 63-65;
- necessity for, resulting from industrial development, 102-103;
- of the American business man, 105 ff., 117;
- of the politician, 117 ff.;
- labor unions a decisive instance of, 126 ff.;
- among lawyers, 134-135;
- regarded as a revolt from the national democratic tradition, 138-139;
- perils of, to American social organization, 139;
- part to be played in individual emancipation by, 427-441.
- Spoils system,
- causes of introduction of, 57, 59-60;
- effect of, opposite of that intended, 60-61;
- civil service reform and the, 143.
- "Square deal," Roosevelt's, 20, 151, 172.
- Standard of living,
- a constantly higher, for wage-earners, 206;
- labor unions an effective machinery for raising, 387.
- Standard Oil Company,
- attempted regulation of, by various states, 355.
- Standards,
- in scientific work and in liberal or practical arts, 434-435;
- acquirement of authentic, 435-436;
- of technical excellence, 436-437;
- only way of improving popular, for men of higher standards, 443-444.
- State,
- development of the national, 215 ff.;
- increasing political efficiency of, shown to be proportioned to responsible exercise of powers, 217-220.
- State governments,
- reorganization of, in democratic spirit, after Revolutionary War, 31;
- lack of success of American, 317;
- failure of criminal and civil courts, 318;
- chaotic condition of tax systems and educational systems, 318-319;
- incompetent and frequently dishonest financial and economic legislation, 319;
- fault lies partly in existing standards of morality, but in part also is result of unwise organization, 319;
- demand for reorganization of, 319-320;
- movement in favor of initiative and referendum in, 320, 327-328;
- wrong diagnosis of causes of legislative corruption and incompetence, 320-321;
- reasons for failure of, 321 ff.;
- disadvantages of system of checks and balances in, 323-324;
- failure of, to be imputed chiefly to lack of a centralized responsible organization, 324;
- improvement in legislatures necessary, 326-329;
- plan suggested for improvement of, 328-331;
- administrative reform in, 333 ff.;
- maintenance of order by, 344;
- reorganization of criminal laws by, 344-345;
- improvement of prisons and insane asylums by, 345;
- possible activities of, in relation to labor, educational questions, etc., 346;
- method of attaining their maximum usefulness, 347;
- relation of, to cities, 347-349;
- questions such as regulation of commerce, control of corporations, distribution of wealth, and prevention of poverty outside of field of activities of, 350;
- domination of railroads in, 352-353;
- interference of, with railroad, insurance, and other corporations, 353-355.
- Steffens, Lincoln, 163.
- Sterilization of criminals, 345.
- Strikes, 127-128, 392.
- Suffrage,
- advantages and disadvantages of a limited, 198-199.
- Supreme Court,
- power of the, 132-133;
- success of, in the American political system, 134;
- question of life tenure of office of judges of, 200.
T
- Taft, President, 135.
- Tammany Hall, 125, 151.
- Tariff,
- an example of class legislation, 191;
- Federal authorities responsible for, 274;
- first duty of United States to revise, 305.
- Tariff reform, 142-143.
- Taxation,
- remedying excessive profits of corporations by, 370;
- as a weapon of municipalities against monopolies, 374;
- use of power of, to equalize distribution of wealth and raise money for governmental expenses, 381;
- of inheritances, 382-385;
- of incomes, 384-385;
- real estate and saloon, 385.
- Tax systems,
- state, chaotic condition of, 318.
- Technical schools,
- Tobacco manufacture,
- regulation of, by government, 379.
- Tolstoy,
- pernicious results of triumph of democracy of, 282;
- led into error by brotherly feelings, 453.
- Trade schools, 391.
- Tradition,
- force of accumulated national, in forming a people into a state, 227, 259;
- the national, of England, Germany, France, and America, 267-270;
- necessity of emancipation of nations from, 279.
- Trust funds,
- Trusts.
U
- Un-Americanism,
- the reforming spirit wrongly called, 49.
- Unification, of Germany by Bismarck, 247-249;
- wars which helped toward, were justifiable, 256.
- Unionism, labor.
- United States Steel Corporation,
- lease of ore lands by, 114.
V
- Vienna, Treaty of, 225.
- Virtue,
- the principle of democracy, 454.
- Voting,
- for state representatives, 329;
- American systems of, 341-343.
W
- Wage-earners,
- increasing standard of living for, 206;
- weakness of socialistic programme for, 210-211.
- See Labor unions.
- War of 1812 and its lessons, 53-55.
- Wars,
- justifiability of, 255-256;
- likelihood of more, before establishment of a stable European
- situation, 257.
- Washington,
- foreign policy contained in Farewell Address of, 290.
- Wealth,
- necessity of opportunity for acquiring, 203;
- improvement in the distribution of, 209-210;
- distribution of, in France, 244-245;
- equalization of distribution of, by graduated inheritance tax, 381-385.
- Webster, Daniel, 52, 427;
- reason for failure of ideas of, 69-70;
- representative of behavior of public opinion as regarded slavery question during the Middle Period, 75-77.
- Wells, H.G., quoted, 4.
- Whigs,
- standards represented by, against Jacksonian or Western Democracy, 65-67;
- wherein they improved on the Federalists, 67;
- policy of internal improvements, 66;
- its failure, 67-68;
- failure regarding re-chartering of National Bank,68;
- and regarding policy of protection, 68;
- complete failure in fight against Federal executive, 68-69;
- reason for failures, 69-70;
- attitude of, toward slavery, 73-74.
- Workingmen,
- party composed of, in Germany, 251.