NOTES
Because most of the works cited here are cited repeatedly, citations are given in abbreviated form. For bibliographical details, see the accompanying LIST OF WORKS CITED (p. [*186]).
“Encycl. Brit.” means “The New Encyclopædia Britannica,” Fifteenth Edition, 2003.
1 Example: “What is ‘Green Anarchy’?,” by the Black and Green Network, Green Anarchy #9, September 2002, page 13 (“the hunter-gatherer workday usually did not exceed three hours”). 3 Bob Black, Primitive Affluence; see List of Works Cited. 5 Cashdan, Hunters and Gatherers: Economic Behavior in Bands. 7 Bob Black, pages 12-13. Cashdan, page 23. 12 Poncins, pages 111, 126. 13 Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, pages 9, 17-20, 89, 93-96, 119, 159-160 (men make implements during their “leisure” hours), 170, Bildtafel X (photo of women with huge loads of firewood on their backs). 14 Turnbull, Change and Adaptation, page 18; Forest People, page 131. 15 Holmberg, pages 48-51, 63, 67, 76-77, 82-83, 223, 265. 17
Ibid., pages 100, 101. 18
Ibid., pages 63, 76, 100. 22
Ibid., pages 87, 107, 157, 213, 220, 246, 248-49, 254, 268. 24 Sahlins, pages 15-17, 38-39. 25 Holmberg, pages 107, 222. 26 The Siriono’s wilderness was not strictly trackless, since they did develop paths by repeatedly using the same routes. Holmberg, page105. How little these paths resembled the groomed trails found in our national forests may be judged from the fact that they were “scarcely visible” (page 51), “never cleared” (page 105), and “impossible for the uninitiated to follow” (page 106). 31 There was nothing exceptional about the strenuousness of the Siriono’s hunting and foraging activities. E.g.: “The bushmen had followed the wildebeest’s trail through thorns and over the parching desert….” Thomas, page 198. “The men had followed the buffalo’s track for three days….” Ibid., page 190. The strenuousness of the Eskimos’ life can be judged from a reading of Poncins, Kabloona. See the accounts of hunting excursions by Wooden Leg, a Northern Cheyenne Indian (fatigue, snow-blindness, frozen feet). Marquis, pages 8, 9. 33 This argument is suggested, for example, by Haviland, page 167. 34 Fernald and Kinsey, page 149. 35
Ibid., page 148. Gibbons, page 217. 36 Examples are found in Fernald and Kinsey, passim. 37 Gibbons, chapter titled “The Proof of the Pudding.” 38 Coon, pages 36, 179-180, 226, 228, 230, 262. 39 Cashdan, page 22. Coon, pages 268-69, 390; see also page 253. 40 For skill see, e.g., Poncins, pages 14-15, 38-39, 160, 209-210; Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, page 7; Holmberg, pages 120-21, 275; Coon, pages 14, 49, 75, 82-83. 41 This is somewhat of an oversimplification, since compulsory authority and the giving of orders were not unknown among nomadic hunter-gatherers, but generally speaking a high level of personal autonomy in such societies is indicated by a reading of the works cited in this article. See, e.g., Turnbull, Forest People, page 83; Poncins, page 174. 42 Nomadic hunter-gatherers ordinarily lived in bands that contained between 30 and 130 individuals, including children and babies, and in many cases these bands split up into still smaller groups. Coon, page 191. Cashdan, page 21. Siriono often hunted singly or in pairs; maximum size of hunting party was six or seven men. Holmberg, page 51. Efé pygmies commonly hunted in groups of two to four. Coon, page 88. 43 I’ll reserve the discussion of stress for some other occasion, but see, e.g., Poncins, pages 212-13, 273, 292. Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, page 18, writes: “The economic activity of the hunter-gatherer knows neither haste nor hurry, nor agonizing worry over the daily bread.” 45 “Life before domestication/agriculture was in fact largely one of leisure,…sexual equality….” Zerzan, Future Primitive, page 16. 46 “Until just 10,000 years ago…humans lived in keeping with an egalitarian ethos with ample leisure time, gender equality….” Zerzan, “ Whose Future?,” Species Traitor No 1. Pages in this publication are not numbered. 47 Thomas, pages 11, 284-87. 48
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 22, article “Languages of the World,” section “African Languages,” subsection “Khoisan Languages,” pages 757-760. 56 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 270. 57 Turnbull, Forest People, page 154. 58 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 287. 59 Turnbull, Forest People, page 205. 60 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 211. 62 Turnbull, Forest People, page 204. 66 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, pages 288-89. Forest People, page 265. 67 Turnbull, Forest People, pages 115-16. 68 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 137. 69 “I know of no cases of rape….” Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 121. I can account for the apparent contradiction between this statement and the passage quoted a moment ago only by supposing that since Turnbull was writing before the concept of “date rape” had emerged, he did not consider that forced intercourse in the elima hut, under the circumstances he described, constituted rape. Hence, when he said he knew of no rape among the Mbuti, he was probably referring to something more or less equivalent to what we would call “street rape” as opposed to “date rape.” 70 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 189. However, Turnbull is perhaps inconsistent on this point. Note the passage I quoted a moment ago about Amabosu smacking his wife across the face and Ekianga’s reaction. 72 Numerous examples are scattered through Wayward Servants and Forest People. 83 Poncins, pages 113-14, 126. 84
Ibid., page 198. See also page 117. 88
Ibid., pages 112-13. see also Coon, page 223 (“often the wives lent say that they do not enjoy this”). 89 Elkin, pages 132-33. Massola, page 73. 90 Massola, pages 74, 76. 91
Ibid., page 75. Elkin, pages 133-34. 93 Elkin, page 136. Massola, pages 73, 75. Coon, pages 260-61. 96 Elkin, pages 135, 137-38. 98
Ibid., page 138 (footnote 12). 99 Coon, pages 105, 217, 253. 101
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 14, article “Australia,” page 437. 103 Coon, pages 253, 255. 105 Coon, pages 105, 217. 109 Thomas, pages 262-303. 110 Harold B. Barclay, letter to editor, Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed, spring/ summer 2002, pages 70-71. 113 The Eskimos described by poncins used rifles to some extent, but these apparently were not their main means of procuring food; and they had no motorboats or snowmobiles. 115 Haviland, page 168 (“some of the Bushmen of Southern Africa, have at times been farmers and at others pastoral nomads”). 116
Ibid., page 167. Cashdan, pages 43-44. 118 Pfeiffer, Emergence of Man, pages 345-46. Pfeiffer is not a reliable source of information, but anyone with access to good library facilities will be able to consult Richard Lee’s own writings. 120 Turnbull, Forest People, pages 20, 21, 27 & unnumbered page of information at end of book. 121 Schebesta, I. Band, pages 37, 46, 48. 124
Ibid., passim. e.g., I. Band, page 87; II. Band, I. Teil, page 11. 125
Ibid., i. Band, page 92. 126 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 16. See also pages 88-89. 127 Poncins, pages 161-62. 129 Holmberg, page 69. Richard Lee’s Bushmen did have dogs. Sahlins, “The Original Affluent Society,” page 23. So did the Mbuti. Turnbull, Forest People, page 101. Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, pages 89-93. 130 Lauriston Sharp, in Holmberg, page xii. 131 Holmberg, pages xx-xxii, 1-3. 138 See ibid., pages 207, 225-26, “The principal ailments of which the Siriono are victims are malaria, dysentery, hookworm, and skin diseases,” page 226. Malaria, at least, was probably introduced to the Americas by Europeans. Encycl. Brit., Vol. 7, article “Malaria,” page 725. 139 Leakey, page 201 (map caption). 140 Coon, pages 25 (footnote), 67. 141
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 14, article “Australia,” page 434. 146 Letters from the author to John Zerzan: 2/13/03, page 2; 3/16/03; 5/2/03, pages 5-6; 4/18/04, page 1. 147 Letters from John Zerzan to the author: 3/2/03; 3/18/03; 3/26/03; 5/12/03; 4/28/04; 5/22/04. The only thing Zerzan said in his letters that I consider worth answering at this point is his claim that the sources I had cited to him were “out of date” (letter to the author, 5/22/04, page 2). He offered no explanation of this statement. As a former student of history, Zerzan should be aware of the importance of going back to primary sources whenever possible. In the present context, that means going back to eyewitness accounts based on observation of hunter-gatherer societies at a time when these were still relatively unspoiled. But for at least 30 years there have been no more unspoiled primitive peoples. Hence, any primary sources that are useful for present purposes must date back at least 30 years (i.e., to before 1975) and usually longer than that. It’s true that here and in my letters to Zerzan I’ve relied not only on primary but also on secondary sources, due to the fact that my incarceration limits my access to primary sources. But Zerzan offered no evidence whatever to discredit the information that I cited to him from secondary sources (or from primary ones, either). Nor have any of the more “up to date” sources that I’ve seen offered anything to disprove the information in question. They mostly just ignore that information, as if it didn’t exist. The whole issue gets shoved under the carpet. 148 Letter from the author to John Zerzan, 5/11/04. Letter from John Zerzan to the author, 5/20/04. 149 Pfeiffer, Emergence of Society, page 464? I can’t give the page number with certainty, because it is “cut off” on the photocopy that Zerzan sent me. 150 Bonvillain, page 294. The photocopy that Zerzan sent me was actually from the 1995 edition of the same book, in which the identical sentence appears on page 271. 151 Letter from John Zerzan to the author, 3/2/03 (footnote). 152 Letter from the author to John Zerzan, 5/2/03, pages 5-6. 153 Zerzan, Future Primitive and Others essays. 154 Letter from the author to John Zerzan, 4/18/04, page 1. 155 Zerzan, “Future primitive,” page 32. 157 Thomas, pages 156-57. 158 Schebesta, I. Band, page 203. 159 Zerzan, “Future Primitive,” page 36. 160 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 138 & footnote 2. A. Hutereau, Les Négrilles de l’Uelle et de l’Ubangi, Congo, 1924, I, 4, page 709; quoted by Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, page 258 (see also page 15 footnote 6). 161 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 206. 162 Zerzan, “Future Primitive,” page 26. In an interview with Julien Nitzberg, Mean magazine, April 2001, page 69, Zerzan said, “Freud…believed that before language, it’s likely that people were pretty telepathic….” In my letter to him of 5/2/03, page 6, I asked Zerzan to refer me to the place in Freud’s works where Freud had made such a statement, but Zerzan never answered that question. 163 Zerzan, “Future Primitive,” page 15. 164 Letter from the author to John Zerzan, 4/18/04, page 6. 165 Letter from John Zerzan to the author, 4/28/04. 166 Zerzan sent me a photocopy of a page from Bonvillain’s book with his letter of 3/2/03. In “Future Primitive,” pages 34, 36, Zerzan cites “Turnbull (1962)” and “Turnbull (1965).” This presumably refers to Forest People and Wayward Servants. In “Future Primitive,” page 33, Zerzan also cites Mrs. Thomas’s book, yet he conveniently forgets Mrs. Thomas’s statements about childbirth when he claims (on the same page of “Future Primitive”) that childbirth is “without difficulty or pain” among hunter-gatherers. 168
Encycl. Brit. Vol. 26, article “Propaganda,” page 176. 169 Letter from the publisher of Species Traitor to the author, 4/7/03, page 6. 175 Poncins, pages 115-120, 125, 162-65, 237-38, 244. 176
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 28, article “Spain,” page 18. 177 Apart from infanticide. Schebesta and Turnbull agree that when twins were born only one member of the pair was allowed to live. Schebesta, I. Band, page 138. Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 130. Schebesta further states (same page) that babies born crippled were done away with. Turnbull, however, mentions a girl who was born with a “diseased” hip but was allowed to live. Turnbull, Forest People, page 265. Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, pages 274, 277, indicates that trespassing and theft could lead to deadly violence, but Turnbull mentions no such thing. 178 Holmberg, pages 126-27, 157, 209-210. 180
Ibid., pages 11, 158-59. 181
Ibid., pages 114, 159. 183 Thomas, pages 284-87. 184 Haviland, pages 77, 78. 185 It’s common knowledge that coyotes and at least some species of bears both hunt and scavenge. For lions, martens, foxes, jackals, hyenas, raccoon dogs, Komodo dragons, and vultures, see Encycl. Brit., Vol. 4, page 910; Vol. 6, pages 196, 454, 945; Vol. 7, pages 383, 884; Vol. 9, page 876; Vol. 12, page 439; Vol. 17, page 449; Vol. 23, page 421. For wolves and wolverines, see Encyclopedia Americana, International Edition, 1998, Vol. 29, pages 94-95, 102. 186 See, e.g., Time magazine, 8/19/02, page 56. 187
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 23, article “Mammals,” pages 436, 449-450. 188 “Sibling Desperado,” Science News, Vol. 163, February 15, 2003. 189
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 6, article “Komodo Dragon,” page 945. 190
Ibid., Vol. 17, article “Dinosaurs,” page 319. 191 E.g., Olalla Cernuda, “Hallada en Atapuerca la evidencia más antigua de canibalismo en la historia de la Humanidad,” El Mundo, 22 julio de 2006. 192 Here are a couple of examples that illustrate the politically correct tendency of Turnbull’s later work: In 1983, Turnbull wrote that he objected to the word “pygmy” because “it invites the assumption that height is a significant factor, whereas, in the Ituri, it is of remarkable insignificance to both the Mbuti and their neighbors, the taller Africans who live around them.” Change and Adaptation, first page of the Introduction. but 21 years earlier Turnbull had written: “The fact that they the Mbuti average less than four and a half feet in height is of no concern to them; their taller neighbors, who jeer at them for being so puny, are as clumsy as elephants….” Forest People, page 14. “They a certain group of pygmies pitied me for my height, which made me so clumsy….” Ibid., page 239. Turnbull also claimed in 1983 that the Mbuti had never fought in resistance to the taller Africans’ invasion of their forest, Change and Adaptation, page 20. But Schebesta, I. Band, pages 81-84, reported oral traditions according to which many of the Mbuti had indeed fought the villagers, and so effectively that they had driven them (for a time) entirely out of the eastern part of the forest at some point during the first half of the 19th century. Oral traditions are unreliable, but these stories were so widespread as to indicate a certain probability that some such fighting had occurred. Turnbull did not explain how he knew that these traditions were wrong and that the Mbuti had not fought. Turnbull was familiar with Schebesta’s work. See, e.g., Forest People, page 20. 193 Turnbull, Change and Adaptation, page 44. 196 Turnbull mentions physical fighting in Forest People, pages 110, 122-23, and in Wayward Servants, pages 188, 191, 201, 205, 206, 212. 197 Turnbull, Forest People, pages 33, 107, 110; Wayward Servants, pages 105, 106, 113, 157, 212, 216. 198 Turnbull mentions jealousies in Wayward Servants, pages 103, 118, 157. 199 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 206. 200 Turnbull, Forest People, page 107; Wayward Servants, pages 157, 191, 198, 201. 201 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 183. 202 Evans-Pritchard, page 90. Davidson, pages 10, 205. Reichard, pages xviii, xxi, xxxvii. Debo, page 71. Wissler, page 287. Holmberg, pages 151, 259, 270 (footnote 5). Encycl. Brit., Vol. 2, article “Carib,” page 866; Vol. 13, article “American Peoples, Native,” page 380. 203 Holmberg, pages 259-260. 204
Ibid., pages 93, 102, 224-26, 228, 256-57, 259, 270 (footnote 5)). 206 Marquis, pages 119-122. 209
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 13, article “American Peoples, Native,” pages 351-52, 360. 211
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 13, article “American Peoples, Native,” pages 384, 386. 212 Reichard, page xxxix. 213 Evans-Pritchard, pages 90, 181-83. 215
Ibid., pages 126-27, 141, 154. 217 Poncins, pages 125, 244. 218 Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, page 241. 219 Massola, pages 78-80. 220 Wissler, pages 223, 304. 222
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 13, article “American Peoples, Native,” page 381. 224
Ibid., pages 64, 66, 120, 277. 226 Coon, pages 176-77. Cashdan, pages 37-38, refers to “precise” or “formal” rules of meat-sharing among Australian Aborigines, Mbuti pygmies, and Kung Bushmen. 227 Richard B. Lee, quoted by Bonvillain, page 20. 229 Holmberg, pages 79-81. 230
Ibid., pages 87-89, 154-56. 233 Cashdan, page 37. Turnbull, Forest People, pages 96-97. Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, pages 96, 97. 234 Turnbull, Forest People, page 107. 235 Turnbull, Wayward and Servants, pages 157-58. Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, page 97, mentions a fierce quarrel over the distribution of meat that “almost led to bloodshed.” 236 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 120. 238 Coon, page 176. Cashdan, page 38. Bonvillain, page 20. Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 167. Encycl. Brit., Vol. 14, article “Australia,” page 438. 239 Cashdan, page 28. Coon, pages 72-73. Bonvillain, page 20. Encycl. Brit., Vol. 14, article “Australia,” page 438. Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 178, possibly underestimated the importance of vegetable foods in the Mbuti’s diet (“hunting and gathering being equally important to the economy”). According to Schebesta, I. Band, pages 70-71, 198; II. Band, I. Teil, pages 11, 13-14, the Mbuti nourished themselves principally on vegetable products. At most 30% of their diet consisted of animal products, and of that 30% a considerable part consisted not of meat but of foods such as snails and caterpillars that were gathered like vegetables, not hunted. 242 Evans-Pritchard, page 90. 243 Poncins, pages 78-79. 245 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, e.g., page 105. 246
Ibid., pages 199-200 (footnote 5). 252 For discussion of this and some of the other psychological points made in this paragraph, see the Unabomber Manifesto, “Industrial Society and Its Future,” paragraphs 6-32, 213-230. 253 “The Forgotten Language Among Humans and Nature,” Species Traitor, issue 2, Winter 2002. Pages in this publication are not numbered. 254 Holmberg, page 249. see also pages 61, 117, 260. 255 Turnbull, Forest People, pages 35, 58, 79, 179; Wayward Servants, pages 165, 168. Schebesta, I. Band, page 68. Coon, page 71. 257
Ibid., pages 156, 158, 196. 258 Turnbull, Change and Adaptation, page 20; Wayward Servants, page 164. Schebesta, Ii. Band, I. Teil, pages 107-111, describes other cruel methods of killing elephants. 259 Thomas, pages 94, 190. 260 Wissler, pages 14, 270. Coon, page 88. 262 Turnbull, Forest People, page 101. Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, page 90, also states that the Mbuti kicked their hunting dogs. 263 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 161. 264 Poncins, pages 29, 30, 49, 189, 196, 198-99, 212, 216. 265 Holmberg, pages 69-70, 208. 268 Wissler, pages 124, 304-06. 269 Holmberg, pages 111, 195. 270 Turnbull, Forest People, pages 14, 33. Schebesta, I. Band, passim, e.g., pages 107, 181-84, 355. 271 Turnbull, Forest People, pages 47, 120, 167; Wayward Servants, pages 61, 82; Change and Adaptation, page 92. 272 Turnbull, Forest People, pages 47, 234. 273 Schebesta, I. Band, pages 106-07, 137. 277 Wissler, page 221. See also Poncins, page 165 (Eskimo kills two Indians), and Encycl. Brit., Vol. 13, article “American Peoples, Native,” page 360 (subarctic Indians fight Eskimos). 279 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 122. 280 Letter to the author from publisher of Species Traitor, 4/7/03, page 7. 283 Thomas, pages 10, 82-83. see also Cashdan, page 41. 284 Cashdan, page 41. See also Coon, page 198. 287 Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, pages 14, 21-22, 275-76. 288 Cashdan, page 40. See also ibid., page 37, and Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, pages 276-78. 289 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 199 (footnote 5). 290 See Coon, page 268. Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, pages 8, 18, remarks on the Mbuti’s lack of interest in accumulating wealth. 291 See Coon, pages 57-67. 292 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 14. 295 Turnbull, Forest People, pages 110, 125; Wayward Servants, pages 27, 28, 42, 178- 181, 183, 187, 256, 274, 294, 300. Schebesta, II. Band, I. Teil, page 8, says that the Mbuti lacked any inclination to be domineering (Herrschsucht). 296
Encycl. Brit., Vol. 13, article “American Peoples, Native,” page360. 297 Holmberg, pages 148-49. 300 Bonvillain, pages 20-21. 302 Thomas, e.g., pages 146-47, 199. 305 Schebesta, I. Band, page 106. 306 Turnbull, Wayward Servants, page 161. 307 Turnbull, Change and Adaptation, page 18. 308 Turnbull, Forest People, page 250. 310 Holmberg, pages 63-64, 268. 311 E.g., Encycl. Brit., Vol. 14, article “Biosphere,” pages 1191, 1197; Mercader, pages 2, 235, 238, 241, 282, 306, 309. On other reckless use of fire, see Coon, page 6. 312 Mercader, page 233. Encycl. Brit., Vol. 14, article “Biosphere,” pages 1159, 1196; Vol. 23, article “Mammals,” pages 435, 448. 313 See Bill Joy, “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us,” Wired magazine, April 2000; and Our Final Century, by the British Astronomer Royal, Sir Martin Rees.