Kalkriese Berg, 47
Kamenka-Antechrak, villa, 91
kings, 95–6
Komarov, glass foundry, 88
Kostrewszki, Vladimir, 53
La Tène culture, 56–8
Lampadius, senator, 221
Lampridius, acquaintance of Sidonius, 423
landowners: activities, 138; in Africa, 293–4, 429; careers, 111, 117–18, 133; confiscations, 139, 293–4, 428–9; curials, 111, 117, 133; defences, 449; education, 132–3; estate management, 135–6, 189; in Gaul, 382, 395, 419–23, 438; houses, 137, 189; impact of Hunnic invasions, 343; in Italy, 382; labour force, 114, 118; letter writings, 138; lifestyles, 134–8, 140, 262; loyalty to Roman state, 140, 422, 434–5; marriage settlements, 136; numbers, 133, 138; property law, 139; property qualification, 132; relationship with barbarians, 249–50; rights of, 138–9; taxation, 136–7, 140, 297; wealth, 132–3, 134–5; wills, 136
languages: Celtic and Germanic, 49, 53; Indo- European, 53; nomadic groups, 147–8; Rhine invaders, 263; Romance and Germanic, 48
Latin language: in Gaul, 36–7; in Germania, 48; Sidonius’ style, 376; social role, 17–18, 36, 44, 439, 440; traditional Roman education, 17–19, 117, 376, 439, 440; Ulfilas, 77, 80
Lauriacum: defences, 411; legionary base, 409, 411; refugee settlers, 414
Lavant-Kirchbichl, refuge centre, 410
law: Burgundian, 423, 431; education in, 133; emperor’s role, 24; enforcement, 439; Frankish, 431; in Germanic kingdoms, 96; jurisconsults, 24; on labour, 114; legal innovation, 24; on military readiness, 308, 315; Ostrogothic, 431; on property, 138–9; religious, 125; Theodosian Code, 128–32; town constitutions, 39; Visigothic, 431
Lentia, legionary base, 409
Lentienses, 177
Leo I, emperor: accession, 393; African policy, 399, 400, 406, 426–7; death, 406; nomination of Anthemius, 392; recognition of Majorian, 391
Leo VI, emperor, 305
Leo I, pope, 340
Leontius, steward to Placidia, 258
letter writing, 19–20
Lex Irnitana, 39
Liberius, senator, 428
liburnarii (river police), 409
Licinia, Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius II, 260
Licinius, emperor, 130
Life of St Germanus, 346
Limes Transalutanus, 152
Limigantes, 159–61
limitanei (frontier garrison troops), 62, 63, 308, 385, 409, 447, see also garrison troops
Lucius Verus, emperor, 30
Macedonia: Gothic settlement, 185, 215, 220; government, 44; invasion of Tervingi, 184; Roman conquest, 8, 169; Roman life, 171; Stilicho’s aims, 219, 220; Theodosius’ campaign, 187–8
Macedonian plain, 168
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J., 307
Magdalensburg, royal residence, 408
Maghreb, 274–5
Magnentius, usurper, 303
Mainz, sack, 206
maps, 272
Maratacupreni, bandits, 134
Marcella, Christian lady, 227
Marcellus, emperor, 253
Marcianople: fall, 310; garrison, 174; Gothic camp, 159, 163, 167; Gothic presence near, 171, 172; regional headquarters, 159, 170, 309
Marcus, usurper, 209
Margus, city: bishop, 301; Hun control, 301, 304; meeting, 300–1; site, 203
Maria, daughter of Stilicho, wife of Honorius, 218
Maria, exile, 294
Maroboduus, Germanic leader, 54
marriage settlements, 136
Marseille, Visigothic control, 416
Mascezel, brother of Gildo, 218
Maximus, philosopher, 252
Maximus, usurper, 237
Mazda, 58
Mederichus, Alamannic hostage, 90
Melanthias, imperial villa, 177
Merida, capture, 344
Merobaudes, poet and soldier, 283–9, 291–3, 298, 338, 345, 377
Merogaisus, Frankish king, 68
Mesopotamia: Arsacid dynasty, 59, 61; Persian gains, 60, 73, 386; Roman forces, 28, 176, 387; Roman frontier, 13; Roman province, 60, 176; Sasanian dynasty, 61
metalwork, 88
Metz, fall of, 337
migration: across Danube, 367–8; flight from Huns, 204–5; Germanic, 145; Gothic, 94, 145, 201; movement from Germania, 201–2; Radagaisus’ invasion, 197, 201; Rhine invasion, 197, 201; Roman policy towards migrants, 159–60
Mithradates VI Eupator Dionysus, king of Pontus, 12
Molino del Postero, 39
Mongol language, 148
Mongols, 446
Mosella, poem (Ausonius), 40–4
Naissus: city, 168, 236, 315; siege and capture, 301–2, 303, 304, 307
Namatianus, Rutilius Claudius, see Rutilius
Naqs-I Rustam, temple inscription, 58–9
Nero, emperor, 159
Nicomedia, city, 25
Nomus, ambassador to Attila, 333–4
Noricum: Alaric’s advance, 221; Gothic settlement, 225; kingdom, 407; life after Roman rule, 412–15; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194; rebellion, 285; refuge centres, 410–11; relationship with Rome, 407–8; Roman defences, 409–10, 411–12, 414; Roman province, 408; Severinus in, 407
Notitia Dignitatum, 63, 246–8, 272–3, 298, 385, 387, 409, 411, 434
Numerianus, emperor, 60
Numidia, province: administration, 275, 292; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295–6, 438; peace treaties, 286, 295; rural settlement, 113; taxation, 295, 296, 298; Vandal-Alan control, 286, 292, 294, 382, 432; Vandal-Alan invasion, 270–2, 281
Octavian, see Augustus
Odessus, city, 171
Odotheus, leader of Greuthungi, 154
olives, 277–8
Olympiodorus of Thebes, historian and diplomat: on Alaric, 226; on Constantius, 236, 252; embassy to Goths, 203, 313, 324–5; on Gothic lands, 242; on Honorius and Placidia, 258; on Hunnic kings, 157; journeys, 203, 324; on Placidia’s wedding, 239–40; as source, 192, 194, 206, 239, 260, 304–5; style, 192
Olympius, politician: career, 223–4, 225, 253, 255; death, 237; plot against Stilicho, 222, 233; regime, 223–4, 225
Onegesius, notable at court of Attila: house, 318; meeting with, 314; name, 329; Roman embassy strategy, 313, 316; Roman prisoner of, 361; subduing Akatziri, 325; wife, 321
Onoulph, son of Edeco, 357
Oppida culture, 56
Optila, guards officer, 373–4
Orestes, ambassador of Attila, general, 314–16, 323–4, 426, 427, 428
Orientus (poet), 207
Osrhoene, province, 60
Ostia, port, 15
Ostrogoths: creation of, 330, 353, 452, 454; freeman class, 94–5; Italian kingdom, 95, 452; law code, 431; relationship with Noricans, 413; relationship with Roman empire, 454
Palentia, sack, 381
Palladius, son of Petronius Maximus, 378
Pannonia: expulsion of Huns, 203; Goth advance, 408; Goths in, 224, 353, 355–6, 359, 362, 388; Hunnic power, 362, 388; Nedao battle, 354; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194; Roman forces, 177
Pannonians, 195
Panormus, siege, 290
Papirius, Marcus, senator, 228
Parthia, 59
Patrick, St, 37
Paul, count, 416
Paulinus of Pella, poet, 249
Pavia, mutiny, 222–3
Pechenegs, 150
Pentadius, bureaucrat, 290
Persia: Achaemenid dynasty, 58, 59; Arsacid dynasty, 59–60, 61; Attila’s plans, 334–5, 336; conflict with Rome, 59–62, 65, 70–1, 141–2, 166, 173, 181, 189, 386; relationship with Huns, 387; relationship with Rome, 386–7; Sasanian dynasty, 60–2, 64, 67, 97, 110, 141, 333, 386, 447, 459; Shapur inscription, 58–9; territorial gains in 363, 61 (map); threat to Rome, 48, 65, 67, 97, 98, 131, 142, 161, 386, 447
Petronius of Arles, 419
Petronius Maximus, senator and usurper, 372–3, 375, 377, 378–9, 390, 395
Petrosidius, Lucius, 6
Philippus, praetorian prefect, 116
Photius, bibliophile and patriarch of Constantinople, 192, 206, 257, 25
Picts, 345
Placidia, Galla, see Galla Placidia
Pliny, natural historian, 19
poetry, 441
Poland: agriculture, 87; amber trade, 456–7; iron production, 87–8
Polybius, historian, 443
Portchester, fort, 346
Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius, 19
principales (elite), 117
Priscus, historian: on Aetius, 374; on Akatziri, 325, 360; on assassination plot, 253, 323, 333; on Attila, 319–20, 334, 340; on Attila’s court, 318–22, 329; embassy to Attila, 313–24; on fall of Hunnic empire, 351, 368; on Honoria, 335; on Hunnic campaigns, 361–2; on Hunnic fugitives, 321, 326; on Naissus siege, 301–2; on peace treaty with Huns, 312; on Roman- Hun meeting, 300–1; on Roman and Hunnic societies, 138–9; on Sciri, 359; as source, 305, 306, 307, 329, 351, 372, 403; on tribute, 368
prisoners: civilian, 361, 362; Gallic, 12; Roman, 61, 76–7, 301, 341, 361
Probus, Petronius, 254–5
Proconsularis, province: administration, 275; confiscation of estates, 293–4; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295, 429, 438; lost revenue, 296, 298; peace treaty, 286; rural settlement, 113; Vandal- Alan control, 292, 293–4, 432; Vandal- Alan invasion, 270, 271
Procopius, father of Anthemius, 392–3
Procopius, usurper, 393
professional class, 133
Profuturus, general, 173–4
Prosper of Aquitaine, poet, 207–8
Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II, wife of Marcian, 371
Quintilian, lawyer, 42
Radagaisus, Gothic king: defeat and death, 194, 204, 205, 216; followers, 194, 197–8, 201, 205–6, 223, 224, 352–3, 445, 451, 453; invasion of Italy, 194, 205, 218, 408, 433; origin of attack, 196
Ravenna: garrison, 388; imperial capital, 225, 226, 229, 237, 263, 284; Nepos’ departure, 426; Paul’s death, 428; siege, 226–7; Stilicho’s death, 223
receptio (Roman treatment of immigrants), 159
Rechila, king of the Suevi, 344
religion: Mediterranean, 83; persecutions, 75, 92–3, 96, 293; promoted by emperors, 76; rise of Christianity, 14, 123–4; sack of Rome, 229; Zoroastrianism, 58; see also Augustine, Christianity, Severinus, Ulfilas
Respendial, king of the Alans, 264
Rhine: army revolt, 394; bridges, 7; coinage, 89; crossing (406), 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 204, 206, 249; Germanic peoples, 48, 49, 98; population, 85, 114; raids, 113; Roman defences, 13, 199, 394, 416, 425; Roman frontier, 9, 26, 28, 42, 56–8, 66–7, 71–2, 81, 103, 281; settlements, 86, 90–1; summit meeting, 74
Rhine invaders (406): Constantius’ campaigns against, 264–5; crossing, 201, 206; in Gaul, 207–8 (map); impact on Roman strategy, 221; languages, 263; mixed population group, 197; numbers, 198, 445, 446; origins, 194–5, 196, 204, 433; relationship between groups, 264–5; route, 206–8 (map), 210–11; in Spain, 208–9 (map)
Rhodope, province, 175
Richomeres, general, 173
Ricimer, patrician and general: forces, 427; marriage, 393; negotiations with Constantinople, 392–3; relationship with Avitus, 379, 384, 390; relationship with Libius Severus, 391, 392; relationship with Majorian, 390–1, 399; resources, 406; war with Anthemius, 435–6, 428
Riothamus, king of the Bretons, 416
rivers, 55–6
Roman empire: army, see army; bureaucracy, 116–18; components of collapse, 443–9; corruption, 101–3; council, 253; creation, 8–9; crisis of 405–8, 193 (map); duration, 13–14; eastern front in 363, 61 (map); eastern survival, 431; economy, 111; emperors, see emperors; fall, 99; fourth century, 10–11 (map); frontiers, 9, 13, 28, 48, 55–8, 201–2, 387; legal system, 24; limits of government, 103–10, 448–9; polity, 128–40; size, 106–7, 448; western losses, 347–8 (map)
Romanization, 439–40
Romanness, 431–2; destruction of central, 432–7; local, 437–43
Rome: Attila’s retreat, 340–1; basilicas, 227–8; bishop of, 126; citizenship, 108, 439; city, 15, 26; forum, 284; games, 21, 68, 184; population, 20–1; ports, 15; sack by Celts (390 BC), 228; sack by Goths (410), 191, 227–32, 267, 434; sack by Vandal-Alan coalition (455), 379, 382, 395; Salerian Gate, 227, 228; senate, 15–17, 24, 26–7, 28, 30–1, 74, 124–5, 128, 132, 139, 221, 224–5, 248; sieges by Goths, 224–5, 227, 228, 248
Romulus, father-in-law of Orestes, 427
Romulus ‘Augustulus’, emperor: accession, 427; deposition, ix, 146, 430, 431, 434, 445, 446; rule, 429
Rugi: conflict with Goths, 358; Hunnic control, 330; recruited by Rome, 427, 445; relationship with Norican communities, 413, 414, 415; territory, 355
Rusticius, prisoner of Huns, 341
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, master of offices and poet, 233–5, 244, 245, 250
Salona, port, 260
Sangara, city, 70
Saône, river, 22
Sardinia, Vandals expelled, 400
Sardis, city, 118
Sarmatians: armour, 156; burials, 98; cavalry, 155, 157; conflict with Goths, 358; conflict with migrant groups, 85; culture, 199; impact of migration, 450, 455; language, 49; relationship with Huns, 330, 355; relationship with Rome, 98; slaughtered in Colosseum, 68, 184; territory, 49, 81, 98, 147, 154, 195, 355, 358
Sasanian dynasty: rise, 60–2, 64, 67, 110, 141, 459; threat to Rome, 97, 110, 333, 386, 447
Saxons: in Britain, 245, 345–6, 415; political units, 86, 94; Roman massacre of raiders, 67–8, 69, 81, 82; territory, 84
Sciri: captives (409), 160; conflict with Goths, 358–9, 367, 368–9; followers of Uldin, 329; Hunnic control, 330; invasion under Uldin, 196, 198; kingdom destroyed, 367; leadership, 357–8, 367, 428; recruited into Roman army, 367, 427–8, 445; territory, 355
Scots, 345
Scupi, city, 168
scutum (shield), 6
Scythia: Aetius’ successes, 286; food supplies, 175; Goths in, 185; Huns in, 298, 362; province, 281; Roman garrisons, 172
Segestes, leader of Cherusci, 55
Senones, 12
Serapis, Egyptian god, 83
Seronatus, deputy prefect of Gaul, 420
Severus, Alexander, emperor, 66
Seville, province, 39
Sicily: Geiseric’s control, 382; imperial army, 290, 292, 298, 303–4, 306; imperial expeditions, 399, 400; revenue from, 406; Vandal attacks, 290, 395
Sidonius Apollinaris, poet and letter writer: on Anthemius, 393, 401; on Avitus, 377–8, 382–4; on Burgundians, 196–7, 420; career, 394, 418–19, 422–3, 435; on Goths, 422; on Hunnic invasion, 337; on Libius Severus, 391; literary style, 376; on Majorian, 397–8; relationship with Avitus, 375, 382; relationship with Majorian, 394–5; on Theoderic II, 380–1, 418; on Valentinian III, 382; on Vandals, 402; works, 375–7, 415
Siling Vandals: alliances, 206, 264–5, 452, 453, 454; language, 263; losses, 198, 241–2, 244; origins, 263; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 206; in Spain, 241, 264, 265
Silvanus, banker, 336
Silvanus, general, 215
silver, 88
Sinicy, smithies, 88
Sitifensis, city, 286
slaves: Alan society, 263; in Alaric’s army, 224; exchanged for food, 159; in Germanic societies, 94, 95; of Huns, 361; Theophanes’ journey, 106
Snake Mountain, battle, 287–8
Sorogsi, 362
Sozomen, historian, 192
Spain: Alans in, 209, 241–2, 264, 265–6, 288, 344, 434; division in 411, 209 (map), 264; inscriptions, 108; invasion (411), 208–9, 241, 246; Justinian’s campaigns, 431; landowners, 438; revolts, 344–5; Roman conquest, 39; Roman control, 288; Suevi in, 396; Vandals in, 209, 221, 241, 266, 288, 344, 434; Visigoths in, 417 (map), 431
Stilicho, general: African policy, 218; ambitions for eastern empire, 217–18; career, 216–17, 236; death, 223, 224, 254, 255, 453; defeat of Radagaisus, 205–6, 218; fall, 222–3, 248, 255; guardianship of Honorius, 216–17, 218; plot against, 222, 233, 237; regime, 205, 210, 215, 217, 223–4, 253, 257, 281; relationship with Alaric, 215–16, 218, 219–22, 223, 390; relationship with Constantinople, 217–18, 219, 222; relationship with Honorius, 218, 222, 448; response to British revolt, 218–19, 221; title, 429; unrest against his rule, 211; wife, 321
Suda, 399
Sueridas, Gothic commander, 172
Suevi: alliances, 264, 452; forces, 198; in Gaul, 208, 221, 434; language, 263; migrations, 197; origins, 195, 204, 263; relationship with Huns, 330; relationship with Visigoths, 416; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 201, 206, 433; in Spain, 209, 221, 241, 244, 264, 281, 288, 344, 381, 396, 417; territory, 264, 355, 358
Suleiman Pasha, 174
Sylla, Roman captive, 322
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, senator and author: career, 22, 30, 40, 137, 217, 280; at court of Valentinian I, 33, 35, 36, 42, 45; education, 18, 36; embassy to Valentinian I, 22–3, 29, 44–5, 72; estates, 16, 135–6, 293; on gladiators, 68; houses, 137; journey to Trier, 22, 31–2, 105; on Latin, 18; literary style, 19; marriage, 136; organization of games, 21; on plebeians, 20–1; relationship with Ausonius, 36, 40–4; on Rhine frontier, 42; on senate, 17; studies, 138; wealth, 16, 135; works, 16, 19–20
Syria: agriculture, 112–13; bandits, 134; Persian invasions, 65; Roman annexation, 9; Valens in, 166
Tacitus, historian: on coins, 89; on Germanic leadership, 95; on Germanic wars, 54, 93, 455; on Marcomanni trade, 456; works, 84
Taifali, 190
Tarragona, capture, 417
Tatulus, father of Orestes, 427
Taurus, praetorian prefect, 116
taxation: African grain tax, 276, 296; for armies, 65, 120–1, 447–8; attitudes to, 120, 140; Carolingian empire, 436–7; effect on agriculture, 114–15, 140; emergency, 65; fraudulent collectors, 134; Hunnic influence, 435; impact on landowners, 116, 296–7; imperial role, 24, 116, 120, 140, 440; levels of, 110; local influence, 116, 440; losses from invasions, 246, 295–8, 345; patron’s influence, 136–7; in post-Roman Italy, 429; as reason for decline and fall of Roman empire, 110; reasons for, 70, 120; redistributive, 436, 454; reductions and remissions, 246, 295–6; riot, 120; sales tax, 297; shipping concessions, 277; withdrawal of imperial grants, 296
Tervingi: confederation, 86, 94; conflict with Huns, 151–2, 158, 361, 433; Danube asylum seekers, 145, 152, 158, 361, 433; forces, 445; Hadrianople battle, 179, 181; leadership, 72, 86, 90, 95–6, 145, 152, 166, 183, 213; relationship with Greuthungi, 164, 167, 213, 451, 453; relationship with Romans, 72–6, 162–3, 165, 167, 182, 453, 456, 457; religion, 75–6, 76–8, 92–3, 96, 162, 457; revolt, 163–4; territory, 85, 146, 154; in Thrace (376), 194; trade, 89, 456; treaty (332), 73, 75, 82, 162; treaty (369), 72–6, 92, 162; treaty (376), 162–3, 167; treaty (382), 184, 213; wars with Rome, 72, 73, 179, 183–4; see also Goths
Tetraxitae, 353
Teutoburger Wald: massacre, 46–7, 51 (map), 54; visit of Germanicus, 46, 55
Thalassius, senatorial candidate, 116
Thaumastius, uncle of Sidonius, 419
Themistius, philosopher: on barbarians, 69; on Constantinople and Rome, 25–6; on emperor’s circle, 102; on Gothic policy, 186–8, 189–90; on Gothic treaty, 184, 212; influence, 102, 166, 377; on journey from Syria, 163–4, 166; on Persians, 71; on Theodosius’ appointment, 187–8, 188–9; on Valens and Athanaric, 72–3, 74, 76, 81
Theoderic I, king of the Visigoths, 338–9
Theodorus, conspirator, 29
Theodosius I, emperor: accession, 28, 29, 187; death, 216, 246, 281; father’s death, 254; Gothic policy, 184, 186–9, 211–12; grandson, 240; Persian policy, 386; relationship with western empire, 29–30; response to tax riot, 120; rule, 24; sons, 24, 29, 205, 216–17; successor, 216–17
Theodosius II, emperor: accession, 222, 387; Attila’s embassy to, 323–4; cousin, 240; death, 371, 389; relationship with Aetius, 285; support for Valentinian III, 259, 260; Theodosian Code, 129–30
Theodosius, magister militum, 100
Theophanes, bureaucrat in Egypt, 104–6, 170, 233, 307, 310, 313
Thermopylae, pass, 309
Thorismund, son of Hunimund, 357
Thrace: administration, 194; Gothic invasion (378), 183; Gothic revolt (395), 214; Gothic settlement, 184, 353, 388; Roman control, 9, 71; Roman forces, 159
Thraustila, guards officer, 373–4
Thuringi, 414
Tibatto, leader of Bagaudae, 287
Tiberius, emperor, 57
Tiburnia, Gothic raid, 413
Ticinum, army headquarters, 222
Tingitana, count of, 270
Tomi, Roman garrison, 211
Torcilingi, 367
Tournai, capital city, 418
Tours, Visigothic control, 416
Trajanus, general, 173–4
Transmarisca, fort, 172
Transoxiana, 386
tribute: to Goths, 368, 388; to Huns, 301, 304, 307–8, 312, 327, 360, 366, 454
Trier: description of, 32–4; embassy to, 22, 105; fall of, 337; games, 68; imperial capital, 22, 25, 28, 29, 100, 103; rural life around, 41–2; Symmachus in, 33–4, 36; taxation, 245; urban life, 37–8; villas, 35, 41
Troesmis, fort, 172
Trygetius, prefect, 340
Tunisia, rural prosperity, 113
Turkic language, 147–8
Uldin, Hunnic leader: career, 196; followers, 196, 198, 327, 329; invasion, 196, 201–2, 204, 388
Ursulus, financial minister, 121
Uxellodunum, siege, 8
Valamer, Ostrogothic leader: death, 358; invasion, 368, 413; Jordanes’ account of, 356–7; unification of Ostrogoths, 418, 452, 453
Valens, emperor: accession, 71; admission of Gothic asylum seekers, 158–9, 162–3, 166–7, 253, 352, 436, 453; advance into Thrace, 177; army, 176, 178; campaign against Goths, 73–4, 81, 161; in Constantinople, 176, 177; Danube fortifications, 81; death, ix, 180, 181; Gothic embassies to, 153; Gothic peace overtures, 179, 182; Hadrianople battle, ix, 178–81, 182; meeting with Athanaric, 72–3, 75, 83; peace treaty with Goths (369), 72–6, 161; peace treaty with Persians, 173, 176, 386; Persian threat, 73–4, 161, 173; power-sharing, 25, 130; relationship with Gratian, 163, 176–8, 181, 196; religious policy, 79; response to Danube crisis, 163–4, 165, 173, 175; successor, 29; Symmachus on, 42; taxation, 140; Themistius’ speech to, 25, 71
Valentinian I, emperor: accession, 29; army, 187; Ausonius on, 42; award of titles, 40; council, 253; court, 35; embassy to, 22, 31, 33, 72; empire, 433; Lepcis Magna scandal, 100, 101, 103–4; meeting with Macrianus on Rhine, 74, 83, 86; powersharing, 24–5, 130; sons, 28, 163; son’s tutor, 36; taxation, 140
Valentinian III, emperor; accession, 259–60, 281, 369; birth, 251; daughters, 371–2; death, 373–4, 377, 382, 383, 390, 391; death of Aetius, 372–3; heir to throne, 258; laws, 289, 295; lifestyle, 370–1; marriage, 129, 260, 371; power struggle for control of, 268, 281, 369–70; relationship with Aetius, 369–71, 372–5; relationship with Constantinople, 129–30, 382, 388, 389; Sidonius on, 382; sister, 335, 370; succession issue, 371–2
Vandals: in Africa, 267–72 (map), 283, 288–90, 292–6, 395–6, 434, 445, 451; coalition, 453; culture, 200; fleet, 402–5; forces, 198, 445; in Gaul, 208, 221, 434; Justinian’s campaigns against, 431; language, 263; migrations, 197–8; origins, 195, 202, 204; peace treaty (435), 286, 289, 292; peace treaty (442), 292; relationship with Romans, 395; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 201, 206, 433; Roman war against, 286; sack of Rome, 379, 395; social structure, 263; in Spain, 209, 221, 241, 266, 288, 344, 434; territory, 358; treaty with Constantinople, 427; see also Hasding Vandals, Siling Vandals
Vardar valley, 168
Varronianus, son of Jovian, 258
Veii, siege, 228
Veleda, prophetess, 54
Venantius Fortunatus, poet,
Vercingetorix, Gallic leader, 7
Via Aurelia, 233
Victor, general, 173
Victorius, general, 420
Vincentius, general, 420
Vindicianus, proconsul of Africa, 280
Vinitharius, Gothic ruler, 357
Visigoths: Alaric’s leadership, 211–16, 237–8, 265, 453–4; in Aquitaine, 263, 265, 338, 408; campaign against Huns, 338–9; Christianity, 442; conflict with Suevi, 381; conquest of Rome, 191, 227–32, 267, 434; defeat (426), 261; defeat (439), 287–8, 289, 299; in Gaul, 283, 287, 396, 415–17, 451; Justinian’s campaigns against, 431; laws, 431; relationship with Huns, 336; relationship with Romans, 265–6, 377–8, 379–80, 383–4, 394; revolts, 281, 287; Roman campaigns against, 285, 374; in Spain, 417 (map), 431; see also Alaric, Euric, Goths
Vistula, river, 49
Vitheric, son of Vithimer, 151
Vithicabius, son of Vadomarius, 90
Vitus, general, 345
Volubilis, tribal centre, 279
Vortigern, ruler in Britain, 346
Wallia, leader of Goths, 241
weapons: grave goods, 200; Hunnic, 155–8; Roman, 6–7, 458; sacrifices, 92, 93–4
Wielbark culture, 87
Wijster, farming settlement, 86–7
Zizais, client king, 98
Zosimus, historian: on Alaric, 225; on Bagaudae, 282; on Britain, 244–5; on Hunnic cavalry, 155; on Olympius’ plot, 222; on Radagaisus, 194; on Radagaisus’ followers, 197; as source, 192–3, 194; source for, 192; on Valens, 196