Kalkriese Berg, 47

Kamenka-Antechrak, villa, 91

kings, 95–6

Komarov, glass foundry, 88

Kossinna, Gustav, 52–3, 57

Kostrewszki, Vladimir, 53

Kouridachus, king of the Akatziri, 325, 360–1

La Tène culture, 56–8

Lampadius, senator, 221

Lampridius, acquaintance of Sidonius, 423

landowners: activities, 138; in Africa, 293–4, 429; careers, 111, 117–18, 133; confiscations, 139, 293–4, 428–9; curials, 111, 117, 133; defences, 449; education, 132–3; estate management, 135–6, 189; in Gaul, 382, 395, 419–23, 438; houses, 137, 189; impact of Hunnic invasions, 343; in Italy, 382; labour force, 114, 118; letter writings, 138; lifestyles, 134–8, 140, 262; loyalty to Roman state, 140, 422, 434–5; marriage settlements, 136; numbers, 133, 138; property law, 139; property qualification, 132; relationship with barbarians, 249–50; rights of, 138–9; taxation, 136–7, 140, 297; wealth, 132–3, 134–5; wills, 136

languages: Celtic and Germanic, 49, 53; Indo- European, 53; nomadic groups, 147–8; Rhine invaders, 263; Romance and Germanic, 48

Latin language: in Gaul, 36–7; in Germania, 48; Sidonius’ style, 376; social role, 17–18, 36, 44, 439, 440; traditional Roman education, 17–19, 117, 376, 439, 440; Ulfilas, 77, 80

Latin rights, 111, 115, 439

Lauriacum: defences, 411; legionary base, 409, 411; refugee settlers, 414

Lavant-Kirchbichl, refuge centre, 410

law: Burgundian, 423, 431; education in, 133; emperor’s role, 24; enforcement, 439; Frankish, 431; in Germanic kingdoms, 96; jurisconsults, 24; on labour, 114; legal innovation, 24; on military readiness, 308, 315; Ostrogothic, 431; on property, 138–9; religious, 125; Theodosian Code, 128–32; town constitutions, 39; Visigothic, 431

Lentia, legionary base, 409

Lentienses, 177

Leo I, emperor: accession, 393; African policy, 399, 400, 406, 426–7; death, 406; nomination of Anthemius, 392; recognition of Majorian, 391

Leo VI, emperor, 305

Leo I, pope, 340

Leo of Narbonne, poet and lawyer, 421, 423

Leontius, steward to Placidia, 258

Lepcis Magna, town, 100–1, 103–4, 254, 275, 276

letter writing, 19–20

Lex Irnitana, 39

Libanius, rhetor, 102, 116–17

Liberius, senator, 428

Libius Severus, emperor, 391–2, 393

liburnarii (river police), 409

Libya: Roman defences, 387; rural prosperity, 113

Licinia, Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius II, 260

Licinius, emperor, 130

Life of St Germanus, 346

Life of Severinus, 409–14, 415

Limes Transalutanus, 152

Limigantes, 159–61

limitanei (frontier garrison troops), 62, 63, 308, 385, 409, 447, see also garrison troops

literacy, 49, 56, 80, 441

Livy, historian, 228, 230

Loire, river, 416, 418, 438

Lombards, 94, 95

Lucius Verus, emperor, 30

Lupicinus, comes Thraciae, 159, 161, 164–7, 172, 174

Lusitania, province, 208, 209, 344

Lyon: capture, 394; Majorian’s visit, 397

Macedonia: Gothic settlement, 185, 215, 220; government, 44; invasion of Tervingi, 184; Roman conquest, 8, 169; Roman life, 171; Stilicho’s aims, 219, 220; Theodosius’ campaign, 187–8

Macedonian plain, 168

Macrianus, over-king of Alamanni, 83, 86, 459

Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J., 307

Magdalensburg, royal residence, 408

Maghreb, 274–5

Magnentius, usurper, 303

Magnus Maximus, usurper, 212, 254

Magyars, 148, 150

Mainz, sack, 206

Majorian, emperor, 379, 384, 390–5, 397–9, 400, 402

Mama, Hunnic fugitive, 321, 326

maps, 272

Maratacupreni, bandits, 134

marble, 121, 137

Marcella, Christian lady, 227

Marcellinus, count, 391, 393, 399, 400, 426

Marcellus, emperor, 253

Marcian, emperor, 157, 341, 369, 371, 391

Marcianople: fall, 310; garrison, 174; Gothic camp, 159, 163, 167; Gothic presence near, 171, 172; regional headquarters, 159, 170, 309

Marcomanni, ix, 81, 97–8, 195

Marcomannic war, 98, 408

Marcus, usurper, 209

Marcus Aurelius, emperor, ix, 15

Margus, city: bishop, 301; Hun control, 301, 304; meeting, 300–1; site, 203

Maria, daughter of Stilicho, wife of Honorius, 218

Maria, exile, 294

Maroboduus, Germanic leader, 54

marriage settlements, 136

Marseille, Visigothic control, 416

Mascezel, brother of Gildo, 218

Mauretania: control of, 382; imperial expedition plans, 399

Mauretania Caesarensis, province, 292, 295

Mauretania Sitifensis, province, 275, 292, 295, 296, 298

Mauretania Tingitana, province, 270, 271–2, 275

Maximinus, ambassador to Attila, 313–24, 327, 328, 333

Maximus, philosopher, 252

Maximus, usurper, 237

Mazda, 58

Mederichus, Alamannic hostage, 90

Melania, senatorial heiress, 122, 126

Melanthias, imperial villa, 177

Merida, capture, 344

Merobaudes, poet and soldier, 283–9, 291–3, 298, 338, 345, 377

Merogaisus, Frankish king, 68

Mesopotamia: Arsacid dynasty, 59, 61; Persian gains, 60, 73, 386; Roman forces, 28, 176, 387; Roman frontier, 13; Roman province, 60, 176; Sasanian dynasty, 61

metalwork, 88

Metz, fall of, 337

migration: across Danube, 367–8; flight from Huns, 204–5; Germanic, 145; Gothic, 94, 145, 201; movement from Germania, 201–2; Radagaisus’ invasion, 197, 201; Rhine invasion, 197, 201; Roman policy towards migrants, 159–60

Milan, city, 25, 28, 29, 280; siege, 340, 341, 342

Mithradates VI Eupator Dionysus, king of Pontus, 12

Moesia, Lower, province, 172, 175, 185

Moesia, Upper, province, 183, 300

Molino del Postero, 39

Mongol language, 148

Mongols, 446

Morava valley, 168, 171

Mosella, poem (Ausonius), 40–4

Moselle, river, 22, 32, 35, 40–3, 56, 57

Naissus: city, 168, 236, 315; siege and capture, 301–2, 303, 304, 307

Namatianus, Rutilius Claudius, see Rutilius

Naqs-I Rustam, temple inscription, 58–9

Narbonne, Visigothic control, 392, 397

Nedao, battle of the, 354, 356

Nepos, Julius, emperor, 426, 427, 428, 429–30

Nero, emperor, 159

Nicaea, council (325), 78–9

Nicomedia, city, 25

Nicopolis ad Istrum, city, 189, 311, 343

Nisibis, city, 60, 70

nomadism, 147, 150, 326–7, 328

Nomus, ambassador to Attila, 333–4

Noricum: Alaric’s advance, 221; Gothic settlement, 225; kingdom, 407; life after Roman rule, 412–15; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194; rebellion, 285; refuge centres, 410–11; relationship with Rome, 407–8; Roman defences, 409–10, 411–12, 414; Roman province, 408; Severinus in, 407

Notitia Dignitatum, 63, 246–8, 272–3, 298, 385, 387, 409, 411, 434

Novae, legionary base, 170, 172

Noviodunum, fortress, 72, 172

Numerianus, emperor, 60

Numidia, province: administration, 275, 292; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295–6, 438; peace treaties, 286, 295; rural settlement, 113; taxation, 295, 296, 298; Vandal-Alan control, 286, 292, 294, 382, 432; Vandal-Alan invasion, 270–2, 281

Octavian, see Augustus

Odessus, city, 171

Odotheus, leader of Greuthungi, 154

Odovacar, ‘king’ in Italy, 357, 367, 428–30, 445, 452

Oescus, legionary base, 170, 360

olives, 277–8

Olybrius, Anicius, emperor, 396, 425

Olympiodorus of Thebes, historian and diplomat: on Alaric, 226; on Constantius, 236, 252; embassy to Goths, 203, 313, 324–5; on Gothic lands, 242; on Honorius and Placidia, 258; on Hunnic kings, 157; journeys, 203, 324; on Placidia’s wedding, 239–40; as source, 192, 194, 206, 239, 260, 304–5; style, 192

Olympius, politician: career, 223–4, 225, 253, 255; death, 237; plot against Stilicho, 222, 233; regime, 223–4, 225

Onegesius, notable at court of Attila: house, 318; meeting with, 314; name, 329; Roman embassy strategy, 313, 316; Roman prisoner of, 361; subduing Akatziri, 325; wife, 321

Onoulph, son of Edeco, 357

Oppida culture, 56

Optila, guards officer, 373–4

Orestes, ambassador of Attila, general, 314–16, 323–4, 426, 427, 428

Orientus (poet), 207

Orléans, siege, 337, 338, 342

Orosius, Spanish chronicler, 198, 208, 211, 212, 239

Orsova, 193, 194, 196

Osrhoene, province, 60

Ostia, port, 15

Ostrogoths: creation of, 330, 353, 452, 454; freeman class, 94–5; Italian kingdom, 95, 452; law code, 431; relationship with Noricans, 413; relationship with Roman empire, 454

Padusia, wife of Felix, 258, 261, 321

palatini (imperial bureaucracy), 28, 134, 296

Palentia, sack, 381

Palladius, bishop of Ratiaria, 76, 79

Palladius, imperial bureaucrat, 100, 101, 103, 104, 254

Palladius, son of Petronius Maximus, 378

Pannonia: expulsion of Huns, 203; Goth advance, 408; Goths in, 224, 353, 355–6, 359, 362, 388; Hunnic power, 362, 388; Nedao battle, 354; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194; Roman forces, 177

Pannonians, 195

Panormus, siege, 290

Papirius, Marcus, senator, 228

Parisinus Latinus 8907, 76, 78

Parthia, 59

Passion of St Saba, 92–3, 96

Patrick, St, 37

Paul, brother of Orestes, 427, 428

Paul, count, 416

Paulinus, bishop of Nola, 122, 123, 126

Paulinus of Pella, poet, 249

Pavia, mutiny, 222–3

Pax Romana, 134, 171, 173, 231, 439

peasants, 111, 112, 115, 134–5, 444

Pechenegs, 150

Pentadius, bureaucrat, 290

Persia: Achaemenid dynasty, 58, 59; Arsacid dynasty, 59–60, 61; Attila’s plans, 334–5, 336; conflict with Rome, 59–62, 65, 70–1, 141–2, 166, 173, 181, 189, 386; relationship with Huns, 387; relationship with Rome, 386–7; Sasanian dynasty, 60–2, 64, 67, 97, 110, 141, 333, 386, 447, 459; Shapur inscription, 58–9; territorial gains in 363, 61 (map); threat to Rome, 48, 65, 67, 97, 98, 131, 142, 161, 386, 447

Petronius of Arles, 419

Petronius Maximus, senator and usurper, 372–3, 375, 377, 378–9, 390, 395

Petrosidius, Lucius, 6

Peutinger Table, 272, 279

Philip, emperor, 59, 63

Philippopolis, city, 171; fall, 310

Philippus, praetorian prefect, 116

Photius, bibliophile and patriarch of Constantinople, 192, 206, 257, 25

Picts, 345

Pietroasa: fort, 91, 93; treasure, 88

Placentia, battles, 384, 428

Placidia, daughter of Valentinian III, 371–2, 379, 396

Placidia, Galla, see Galla Placidia

Pliny, natural historian, 19

poetry, 441

Poland: agriculture, 87; amber trade, 456–7; iron production, 87–8

Polybius, historian, 443

Pompey, soldier and statesman, 9, 275

Portchester, fort, 346

Portus, port, 272–3, 276

pottery, 88, 113–14, 200, 278, 437

Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius, 19

principales (elite), 117

Priscus, historian: on Aetius, 374; on Akatziri, 325, 360; on assassination plot, 253, 323, 333; on Attila, 319–20, 334, 340; on Attila’s court, 318–22, 329; embassy to Attila, 313–24; on fall of Hunnic empire, 351, 368; on Honoria, 335; on Hunnic campaigns, 361–2; on Hunnic fugitives, 321, 326; on Naissus siege, 301–2; on peace treaty with Huns, 312; on Roman- Hun meeting, 300–1; on Roman and Hunnic societies, 138–9; on Sciri, 359; as source, 305, 306, 307, 329, 351, 372, 403; on tribute, 368

prisoners: civilian, 361, 362; Gallic, 12; Roman, 61, 76–7, 301, 341, 361

Probus, Petronius, 254–5

Proconsularis, province: administration, 275; confiscation of estates, 293–4; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295, 429, 438; lost revenue, 296, 298; peace treaty, 286; rural settlement, 113; Vandal- Alan control, 292, 293–4, 432; Vandal- Alan invasion, 270, 271

Procopius, father of Anthemius, 392–3

Procopius, historian, 208, 268, 400, 403, 405–6

Procopius, uncle of Julian, 73, 74, 75

Procopius, usurper, 393

professional class, 133

Profuturus, general, 173–4

Prosper of Aquitaine, poet, 207–8

Przeworsk culture, 87, 88, 199–200

Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II, wife of Marcian, 371

Punic wars, 8, 12, 16, 273

Quadi, 81, 195

quaestor (legal officer), 43, 253

Quintanis: defences, 411; raids on, 413

Quintilian, lawyer, 42

Radagaisus, Gothic king: defeat and death, 194, 204, 205, 216; followers, 194, 197–8, 201, 205–6, 223, 224, 352–3, 445, 451, 453; invasion of Italy, 194, 205, 218, 408, 433; origin of attack, 196

Raetia, province, 177, 195, 206

Ratiaria, fortress, 308, 310

Ravenna: garrison, 388; imperial capital, 225, 226, 229, 237, 263, 284; Nepos’ departure, 426; Paul’s death, 428; siege, 226–7; Stilicho’s death, 223

receptio (Roman treatment of immigrants), 159

Rechila, king of the Suevi, 344

religion: Mediterranean, 83; persecutions, 75, 92–3, 96, 293; promoted by emperors, 76; rise of Christianity, 14, 123–4; sack of Rome, 229; Zoroastrianism, 58; see also Augustine, Christianity, Severinus, Ulfilas

Remigius, magister officiorum, 100, 101, 103, 104

Renatus Frigiderus, historian, 206, 282

rescript system, 108–9, 117

Respendial, king of the Alans, 264

Rhine: army revolt, 394; bridges, 7; coinage, 89; crossing (406), 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 204, 206, 249; Germanic peoples, 48, 49, 98; population, 85, 114; raids, 113; Roman defences, 13, 199, 394, 416, 425; Roman frontier, 9, 26, 28, 42, 56–8, 66–7, 71–2, 81, 103, 281; settlements, 86, 90–1; summit meeting, 74

Rhine invaders (406): Constantius’ campaigns against, 264–5; crossing, 201, 206; in Gaul, 207–8 (map); impact on Roman strategy, 221; languages, 263; mixed population group, 197; numbers, 198, 445, 446; origins, 194–5, 196, 204, 433; relationship between groups, 264–5; route, 206–8 (map), 210–11; in Spain, 208–9 (map)

Rhodope, province, 175

Rhodope mountains, 168, 175, 178

Rhône, river, 7, 22

Rhône valley, Burgundian presence, 382, 397

Richomeres, general, 173

Ricimer, patrician and general: forces, 427; marriage, 393; negotiations with Constantinople, 392–3; relationship with Avitus, 379, 384, 390; relationship with Libius Severus, 391, 392; relationship with Majorian, 390–1, 399; resources, 406; war with Anthemius, 435–6, 428

Riothamus, king of the Bretons, 416

rivers, 55–6

Roman empire: army, see army; bureaucracy, 116–18; components of collapse, 443–9; corruption, 101–3; council, 253; creation, 8–9; crisis of 405–8, 193 (map); duration, 13–14; eastern front in 363, 61 (map); eastern survival, 431; economy, 111; emperors, see emperors; fall, 99; fourth century, 10–11 (map); frontiers, 9, 13, 28, 48, 55–8, 201–2, 387; legal system, 24; limits of government, 103–10, 448–9; polity, 128–40; size, 106–7, 448; western losses, 347–8 (map)

Romanization, 439–40

Romanness, 431–2; destruction of central, 432–7; local, 437–43

Romanus, comes Africae, 100, 101, 103, 104

Rome: Attila’s retreat, 340–1; basilicas, 227–8; bishop of, 126; citizenship, 108, 439; city, 15, 26; forum, 284; games, 21, 68, 184; population, 20–1; ports, 15; sack by Celts (390 BC), 228; sack by Goths (410), 191, 227–32, 267, 434; sack by Vandal-Alan coalition (455), 379, 382, 395; Salerian Gate, 227, 228; senate, 15–17, 24, 26–7, 28, 30–1, 74, 124–5, 128, 132, 139, 221, 224–5, 248; sieges by Goths, 224–5, 227, 228, 248

Romulus, father-in-law of Orestes, 427

Romulus ‘Augustulus’, emperor: accession, 427; deposition, ix, 146, 430, 431, 434, 445, 446; rule, 429

Rua (Ruga), Hunnic king, 300, 326, 327, 362

Rugi: conflict with Goths, 358; Hunnic control, 330; recruited by Rome, 427, 445; relationship with Norican communities, 413, 414, 415; territory, 355

Runderberg, the, 91, 93

Rusticius, prisoner of Huns, 341

Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, master of offices and poet, 233–5, 244, 245, 250

Saba, St, 92–3, 96

Sabinus, Quintus Titurius, legate, 4, 5, 22, 55

sacrificial goods, 92, 93–4

St Bernard Pass, 7, 22

Sallust, historian, 17, 102, 231

Salona, port, 260

Sangara, city, 70

Saône, river, 22

Saphrax, leader of Greuthungi, 151, 152, 179, 183, 185, 213

Sardinia, Vandals expelled, 400

Sardis, city, 118

Sarmatians: armour, 156; burials, 98; cavalry, 155, 157; conflict with Goths, 358; conflict with migrant groups, 85; culture, 199; impact of migration, 450, 455; language, 49; relationship with Huns, 330, 355; relationship with Rome, 98; slaughtered in Colosseum, 68, 184; territory, 49, 81, 98, 147, 154, 195, 355, 358

Sarus, general, 198, 221, 227

Sasanian dynasty: rise, 60–2, 64, 67, 110, 141, 459; threat to Rome, 97, 110, 333, 386, 447

Saxons: in Britain, 245, 345–6, 415; political units, 86, 94; Roman massacre of raiders, 67–8, 69, 81, 82; territory, 84

Sciri: captives (409), 160; conflict with Goths, 358–9, 367, 368–9; followers of Uldin, 329; Hunnic control, 330; invasion under Uldin, 196, 198; kingdom destroyed, 367; leadership, 357–8, 367, 428; recruited into Roman army, 367, 427–8, 445; territory, 355

Scots, 345

Scottas, follower of Attila, 316–17, 325, 329

Scupi, city, 168

scutum (shield), 6

Scythia: Aetius’ successes, 286; food supplies, 175; Goths in, 185; Huns in, 298, 362; province, 281; Roman garrisons, 172

Scythians, 69, 147, 154, 155, 156

Sebastianus, son-in-law of Boniface, 262, 281

Segestes, leader of Cherusci, 55

Senones, 12

Serapio, king of Alamanni, 83, 90

Serapis, Egyptian god, 83

Serdica, city, 168, 171, 301, 315, 368

Sergeric, brother of Sarus, 227, 241

Seronatus, deputy prefect of Gaul, 420

Severinus, saint, 407, 409, 410, 412, 413–14, 428

Severus, Alexander, emperor, 66

Severus, Lucius Septimius, emperor, 60, 109

Seville, province, 39

Shan-Yu, leader of Hsiung-Nu, 148, 149

Shapur I, ruler of Persia, 58–9, 60, 62, 65, 161

Shapur II, ruler of Persia, 70, 73–4

Shipka pass, 168, 174, 177

shipping, 63, 268, 276, 277, 398–9, 400–6

Sicily: Geiseric’s control, 382; imperial army, 290, 292, 298, 303–4, 306; imperial expeditions, 399, 400; revenue from, 406; Vandal attacks, 290, 395

Sidonius Apollinaris, poet and letter writer: on Anthemius, 393, 401; on Avitus, 377–8, 382–4; on Burgundians, 196–7, 420; career, 394, 418–19, 422–3, 435; on Goths, 422; on Hunnic invasion, 337; on Libius Severus, 391; literary style, 376; on Majorian, 397–8; relationship with Avitus, 375, 382; relationship with Majorian, 394–5; on Theoderic II, 380–1, 418; on Valentinian III, 382; on Vandals, 402; works, 375–7, 415

siege warfare, 7–8, 65, 301–3, 343

Siling Vandals: alliances, 206, 264–5, 452, 453, 454; language, 263; losses, 198, 241–2, 244; origins, 263; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 206; in Spain, 241, 264, 265

Silk Road, 148, 150, 303

Silvanus, banker, 336

Silvanus, general, 215

silver, 88

Sinicy, smithies, 88

Sirmium, city, 25, 28, 355

Sitifensis, city, 286

slaves: Alan society, 263; in Alaric’s army, 224; exchanged for food, 159; in Germanic societies, 94, 95; of Huns, 361; Theophanes’ journey, 106

Snake Mountain, battle, 287–8

Sorogsi, 362

Sozomen, historian, 192

Spain: Alans in, 209, 241–2, 264, 265–6, 288, 344, 434; division in 411, 209 (map), 264; inscriptions, 108; invasion (411), 208–9, 241, 246; Justinian’s campaigns, 431; landowners, 438; revolts, 344–5; Roman conquest, 39; Roman control, 288; Suevi in, 396; Vandals in, 209, 221, 241, 266, 288, 344, 434; Visigoths in, 417 (map), 431

Sredna Gora, 168, 171

Stilicho, general: African policy, 218; ambitions for eastern empire, 217–18; career, 216–17, 236; death, 223, 224, 254, 255, 453; defeat of Radagaisus, 205–6, 218; fall, 222–3, 248, 255; guardianship of Honorius, 216–17, 218; plot against, 222, 233, 237; regime, 205, 210, 215, 217, 223–4, 253, 257, 281; relationship with Alaric, 215–16, 218, 219–22, 223, 390; relationship with Constantinople, 217–18, 219, 222; relationship with Honorius, 218, 222, 448; response to British revolt, 218–19, 221; title, 429; unrest against his rule, 211; wife, 321

Strasbourg, battle (357), ix, 82, 85, 92, 458

Succi pass, 168, 173, 178, 181, 183, 315

Suda, 399

Sueridas, Gothic commander, 172

Suevi: alliances, 264, 452; forces, 198; in Gaul, 208, 221, 434; language, 263; migrations, 197; origins, 195, 204, 263; relationship with Huns, 330; relationship with Visigoths, 416; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 201, 206, 433; in Spain, 209, 221, 241, 244, 264, 281, 288, 344, 381, 396, 417; territory, 264, 355, 358

Suleiman Pasha, 174

Syagrius, correspondent of Sidonius, 420, 421

Sylla, Roman captive, 322

Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, senator and author: career, 22, 30, 40, 137, 217, 280; at court of Valentinian I, 33, 35, 36, 42, 45; education, 18, 36; embassy to Valentinian I, 22–3, 29, 44–5, 72; estates, 16, 135–6, 293; on gladiators, 68; houses, 137; journey to Trier, 22, 31–2, 105; on Latin, 18; literary style, 19; marriage, 136; organization of games, 21; on plebeians, 20–1; relationship with Ausonius, 36, 40–4; on Rhine frontier, 42; on senate, 17; studies, 138; wealth, 16, 135; works, 16, 19–20

Syria: agriculture, 112–13; bandits, 134; Persian invasions, 65; Roman annexation, 9; Valens in, 166

Tacitus, historian: on coins, 89; on Germanic leadership, 95; on Germanic wars, 54, 93, 455; on Marcomanni trade, 456; works, 84

Taifali, 190

Tangier, port, 269, 270

Tarifa, port, 267, 269

Tarraconensis, province, 344, 345

Tarragona, capture, 417

Tatulus, father of Orestes, 427

Taurus, praetorian prefect, 116

taxation: African grain tax, 276, 296; for armies, 65, 120–1, 447–8; attitudes to, 120, 140; Carolingian empire, 436–7; effect on agriculture, 114–15, 140; emergency, 65; fraudulent collectors, 134; Hunnic influence, 435; impact on landowners, 116, 296–7; imperial role, 24, 116, 120, 140, 440; levels of, 110; local influence, 116, 440; losses from invasions, 246, 295–8, 345; patron’s influence, 136–7; in post-Roman Italy, 429; as reason for decline and fall of Roman empire, 110; reasons for, 70, 120; redistributive, 436, 454; reductions and remissions, 246, 295–6; riot, 120; sales tax, 297; shipping concessions, 277; withdrawal of imperial grants, 296

Tchalenko, Georges, 112–13, 444

Terence, dramatist, 17, 394

Tervingi: confederation, 86, 94; conflict with Huns, 151–2, 158, 361, 433; Danube asylum seekers, 145, 152, 158, 361, 433; forces, 445; Hadrianople battle, 179, 181; leadership, 72, 86, 90, 95–6, 145, 152, 166, 183, 213; relationship with Greuthungi, 164, 167, 213, 451, 453; relationship with Romans, 72–6, 162–3, 165, 167, 182, 453, 456, 457; religion, 75–6, 76–8, 92–3, 96, 162, 457; revolt, 163–4; territory, 85, 146, 154; in Thrace (376), 194; trade, 89, 456; treaty (332), 73, 75, 82, 162; treaty (369), 72–6, 92, 162; treaty (376), 162–3, 167; treaty (382), 184, 213; wars with Rome, 72, 73, 179, 183–4; see also Goths

Tetrarchy (‘rule of four’), 25, 130, 131, 262

Tetraxitae, 353

Teutoburger Wald: massacre, 46–7, 51 (map), 54; visit of Germanicus, 46, 55

Thalassius, senatorial candidate, 116

Thaumastius, uncle of Sidonius, 419

Themistius, philosopher: on barbarians, 69; on Constantinople and Rome, 25–6; on emperor’s circle, 102; on Gothic policy, 186–8, 189–90; on Gothic treaty, 184, 212; influence, 102, 166, 377; on journey from Syria, 163–4, 166; on Persians, 71; on Theodosius’ appointment, 187–8, 188–9; on Valens and Athanaric, 72–3, 74, 76, 81

Theoderic I, king of the Visigoths, 338–9

Theoderic II, king of the Visigoths, 380–1, 415–16, 418

Theoderic the Amal, king in Italy, 76, 352, 353, 452, 454

Theodorus, conspirator, 29

Theodosian Code, 109, 124, 128–32, 139, 370, 402

Theodosius, count, 254, 449

Theodosius I, emperor: accession, 28, 29, 187; death, 216, 246, 281; father’s death, 254; Gothic policy, 184, 186–9, 211–12; grandson, 240; Persian policy, 386; relationship with western empire, 29–30; response to tax riot, 120; rule, 24; sons, 24, 29, 205, 216–17; successor, 216–17

Theodosius II, emperor: accession, 222, 387; Attila’s embassy to, 323–4; cousin, 240; death, 371, 389; relationship with Aetius, 285; support for Valentinian III, 259, 260; Theodosian Code, 129–30

Theodosius, magister militum, 100

Theodosius, son of Athaulf, 240, 378

Theophanes, bureaucrat in Egypt, 104–6, 170, 233, 307, 310, 313

Thermopylae, pass, 309

Thessalonica, city, 168, 170, 171, 184, 301

Thessaly, province, 184, 188

Thompson, Edward, 360, 389

Thorismund, son of Hunimund, 357

Thrace: administration, 194; Gothic invasion (378), 183; Gothic revolt (395), 214; Gothic settlement, 184, 353, 388; Roman control, 9, 71; Roman forces, 159

Thracian plain, 168, 173, 175, 178, 180, 309

Thraustila, guards officer, 373–4

Thuringi, 414

Tibatto, leader of Bagaudae, 287

Tiberius, emperor, 57

Tiburnia, Gothic raid, 413

Ticinum, army headquarters, 222

Tigris, river, 13, 26, 62

Tingitana, count of, 270

Tomi, Roman garrison, 211

Tongres, battle, 3–5, 6

Torcilingi, 367

Toulouse: siege, 303; Visigoths, 339

Tournai, capital city, 418

Tours, Visigothic control, 416

Trajanus, general, 173–4

Transmarisca, fort, 172

Transoxiana, 386

Treveri, 3, 13, 22, 32, 38, 48

tribute: to Goths, 368, 388; to Huns, 301, 304, 307–8, 312, 327, 360, 366, 454

Trier: description of, 32–4; embassy to, 22, 105; fall of, 337; games, 68; imperial capital, 22, 25, 28, 29, 100, 103; rural life around, 41–2; Symmachus in, 33–4, 36; taxation, 245; urban life, 37–8; villas, 35, 41

Tripolitania, province, 100, 382, 396, 400

Troesmis, fort, 172

Trygetius, prefect, 340

Tunisia, rural prosperity, 113

Turkic language, 147–8

Uldin, Hunnic leader: career, 196; followers, 196, 198, 327, 329; invasion, 196, 201–2, 204, 388

Ulfilas, apostle of the Goths, 76–80, 85, 267

Ursulus, financial minister, 121

Utica, port, 276, 279

Utus: battle of the, 309; fortress, 360

Uxellodunum, siege, 8

Vadomarius, leader of the Alamanni, 85–6, 90

Valamer, Ostrogothic leader: death, 358; invasion, 368, 413; Jordanes’ account of, 356–7; unification of Ostrogoths, 418, 452, 453

Valens, emperor: accession, 71; admission of Gothic asylum seekers, 158–9, 162–3, 166–7, 253, 352, 436, 453; advance into Thrace, 177; army, 176, 178; campaign against Goths, 73–4, 81, 161; in Constantinople, 176, 177; Danube fortifications, 81; death, ix, 180, 181; Gothic embassies to, 153; Gothic peace overtures, 179, 182; Hadrianople battle, ix, 178–81, 182; meeting with Athanaric, 72–3, 75, 83; peace treaty with Goths (369), 72–6, 161; peace treaty with Persians, 173, 176, 386; Persian threat, 73–4, 161, 173; power-sharing, 25, 130; relationship with Gratian, 163, 176–8, 181, 196; religious policy, 79; response to Danube crisis, 163–4, 165, 173, 175; successor, 29; Symmachus on, 42; taxation, 140; Themistius’ speech to, 25, 71

Valentinian I, emperor: accession, 29; army, 187; Ausonius on, 42; award of titles, 40; council, 253; court, 35; embassy to, 22, 31, 33, 72; empire, 433; Lepcis Magna scandal, 100, 101, 103–4; meeting with Macrianus on Rhine, 74, 83, 86; powersharing, 24–5, 130; sons, 28, 163; son’s tutor, 36; taxation, 140

Valentinian II, emperor, 28, 68, 280

Valentinian III, emperor; accession, 259–60, 281, 369; birth, 251; daughters, 371–2; death, 373–4, 377, 382, 383, 390, 391; death of Aetius, 372–3; heir to throne, 258; laws, 289, 295; lifestyle, 370–1; marriage, 129, 260, 371; power struggle for control of, 268, 281, 369–70; relationship with Aetius, 369–71, 372–5; relationship with Constantinople, 129–30, 382, 388, 389; Sidonius on, 382; sister, 335, 370; succession issue, 371–2

Valerian, emperor, 59, 60, 63, 66

Vallia, Visigothic king, 267, 390

Vandals: in Africa, 267–72 (map), 283, 288–90, 292–6, 395–6, 434, 445, 451; coalition, 453; culture, 200; fleet, 402–5; forces, 198, 445; in Gaul, 208, 221, 434; Justinian’s campaigns against, 431; language, 263; migrations, 197–8; origins, 195, 202, 204; peace treaty (435), 286, 289, 292; peace treaty (442), 292; relationship with Romans, 395; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 201, 206, 433; Roman war against, 286; sack of Rome, 379, 395; social structure, 263; in Spain, 209, 221, 241, 266, 288, 344, 434; territory, 358; treaty with Constantinople, 427; see also Hasding Vandals, Siling Vandals

Vannius, king of the Marcomanni, 97, 456

Vardar valley, 168

Varronianus, son of Jovian, 258

Varus, P. Quinctilius, general, 46–7, 55, 228, 451, 457

Veii, siege, 228

Veleda, prophetess, 54

Venantius Fortunatus, poet,

Vercingetorix, Gallic leader, 7

Vergil, poet, 17, 37, 122, 394

Via Aurelia, 233

Via Egnatia, 170, 184

Victor, bishop of Vita, 293, 382

Victor, general, 173

Victorius, general, 420

Vigilas, interpreter, 314–17, 322–3, 334

villas, Roman, 35–6, 41, 311, 410, 439

Viminacium, military base, 301, 302, 303, 304, 326, 361

Vincentius, general, 420

Vindicianus, proconsul of Africa, 280

Vinitharius, Gothic ruler, 357

Visigoths: Alaric’s leadership, 211–16, 237–8, 265, 453–4; in Aquitaine, 263, 265, 338, 408; campaign against Huns, 338–9; Christianity, 442; conflict with Suevi, 381; conquest of Rome, 191, 227–32, 267, 434; defeat (426), 261; defeat (439), 287–8, 289, 299; in Gaul, 283, 287, 396, 415–17, 451; Justinian’s campaigns against, 431; laws, 431; relationship with Huns, 336; relationship with Romans, 265–6, 377–8, 379–80, 383–4, 394; revolts, 281, 287; Roman campaigns against, 285, 374; in Spain, 417 (map), 431; see also Alaric, Euric, Goths

Vistula, river, 49

Vitalis, finance officer in Egypt, 104, 105

Vitheric, son of Vithimer, 151

Vithicabius, son of Vadomarius, 90

Vithimer, leader of Greuthungi, 151, 152, 153

Vitus, general, 345

Volga Steppe, 202, 331

Volubilis, tribal centre, 279

Vortigern, ruler in Britain, 346

Wallia, leader of Goths, 241

weapons: grave goods, 200; Hunnic, 155–8; Roman, 6–7, 458; sacrifices, 92, 93–4

Wielbark culture, 87

Wijster, farming settlement, 86–7

wills, 136, 139

wine, 75, 93, 277–8

Zeno, emperor, 406, 429, 454

Zizais, client king, 98

Zosimus, historian: on Alaric, 225; on Bagaudae, 282; on Britain, 244–5; on Hunnic cavalry, 155; on Olympius’ plot, 222; on Radagaisus, 194; on Radagaisus’ followers, 197; as source, 192–3, 194; source for, 192; on Valens, 196