INDEX

 

Acco, Gallic leader, 12

Achaemenid dynasty, 58, 59, 71

Ad Salices, battle, 174

Addax, king of the Alans, 264

Adiuvense, legionary base, 409

Aedui, 56

Aegidius, general, 391

Aelia Marcia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian, 393

Aetius, general: achievements, 283, 285, 288, 339, 381; appearance and character, 282; British appeal to, 347–8; campaigns: against Franks, 285; against Huns, 338–9, 341, 344; against Iuthungi, 285; against Visigoths, 285, 286, 287–8, 289, 299; career, 259, 260–2, 281–2, 347, 378, 434, 448; confidants of, 427; death, 372–3, 383, 390, 397; defeat of Boniface, 261–2, 268; fall of, 369–75; Merobaudes on, 284–5, 286–8, 291–3; relationship with Goths, 259; relationship with Huns, 259, 261, 262, 281, 286–8, 303, 327, 330, 343, 374, 378, 435; relationship with Placidia, 261, 335; relationship with Suevi, 288; response to Geiseric’s attacks, 289–91, 292–3; son, 289, 372, 379; strategy against Burgundians, 287, 299, 374; support of Aspar, 285–6; treaty with Geiseric (442), 292–3, 345, 429

Africa, North: climate, 273–4; grain supply, 15, 273, 275, 276, 277, 292, 296; Justinian’s campaigns, 431; landowners, 294–5, 438; loss of, 300–4, 344; nomads, 275–6; revolt (397–8), 218; Roman forces, 271, 275–6; Roman settlement, 274–7; treaty (435), 286, 289; treaty (442), 292, 395; Vandal- Alan attack (439), 288–90; Vandal-Alan invasion (429), 267–72, 434; Vandal lands, 293–4; Vandals in, 269 (map)

Aga, Hassan, archer, 157

Agathias, historian, 63

Agintheus, general, 315

agri deserti (deserted lands), 112, 114–15

Agricola, son of Avitus, 380

agriculture: in Africa, 277–9; in eastern empire, 385; Germanic, 86–7; productivity, 110–15, 447

Aguntum, town defences, 410

Akatziri, 325, 360–1, 363

Alamanni: kings, 85, 90, 95, 458–9; leadership, 394; raids, 281, 302–3, 413; relationship with Burgundians, 459; relationship with Romans, 165, 177, 178, 195, 394, 451, 452; relationship with Visigoths, 416; reparations, 83; social structure, 90–1, 94; Strasbourg battle (357), ix, 82, 83, 90; territories, 81, 84, 86, 206, 283, 288; treaty with Constantine III, 211; unrest, 263

Alans: in Africa, 267–82, 283, 445; alliances, 175, 242, 264–5, 287, 329, 452, 453–4; forces, 198, 445, 446; in Gaul, 208, 221, 287, 434; language, 265; losses, 241–2, 244; migrations, 197–8; origins, 147, 195–6, 204, 263; relationship with Huns, 151, 155, 190, 195–6, 330; relationship with Julian, 455–6; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 201, 206, 221, 242, 433; in Roman army, 367; Roman war against, 286; social structure, 263–4; in Spain, 209, 241–2, 264, 265–6, 288, 344, 434; support for Jovinus, 237; territory, 147

Alaric, Gothic king: African invasion plans (410), 267; alliance with Stilicho, 216, 219–22, 223; death, 238; in Epirus, 220–1; forces, 221, 445; hostages, 281; invasion of Italy (408–10), 224–9, 243; in Italy (401), 215; leadership of Goths, 211, 213, 221, 265, 418, 451, 454; in Noricum, 221–2; Noricum plans, 407; payment by Rome, 221; peace negotiations (409), 225–6, 229, 248; peace settlement (397), 214; political strategy, 216, 219, 225–6, 229, 248; relationship with Priscus Attalus, 226–7, 255, 384; relationship with western empire, 378, 379; revolt (395), 213–14; sack of Rome (410), 227–9, 232, 388; Sarus’ attack on, 227; sieges of Rome, 224–5, 226, 227, 248

Alaric II, son of Euric, Visigothic king, 424

Alatheus, Gothic leader, 151, 152, 179, 183, 185, 213

Alavivus, leader of Tervingi, 145, 152, 154, 164–5

Alesia, siege, 7–8

Alexander the Great, 18, 23

Alexandria, city, 109

Alexandrovka, fortified centre, 91

Allobichus, general, 256

Almus, fortress, 360

Altava, inscription, 270

Alypia, daughter of Anthemius, wife of Ricimer, 393

Amal dynasty, 330, 352, 353, 357

Amber Route, 456–7

Ambiorix, king of Eburones, 3–4, 5, 7, 13

Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 76, 133, 190

Amida: capture, 65; sack, 121

Ammianus Marcellinus, historian: on Ad Salices battle, 174; on Alans, 263; assassination mission, 215; on barbarians, 82; on Constantius II, 23; on Germani, 455, 459; on Goths, 145, 151, 172, 173, 175; on Hadrianople battle, 167, 178–80; history, 192, 458; on Huns, 146, 148, 149–51, 154–5, 158; on Julian, 252; on Petronius Probus, 254–5; on Roman kidnaps, 165; on Sarmatians, 160; on Saxons, 67–8; on Valens, 166

Ampsivarii, 54, 85

Anagastes, general, 359

Anastasius, emperor, 400

Anatolius, ambassador to Attila, 333–4

Anchialus, city, 171

Angles, 414

Anglo-Saxons, 94, 95

annona militaris (tax), 65

Ansilas, general, 290

Anthemiolus, son of Anthemius, 416, 425

Anthemius, emperor: accession, 392–3; African policy, 399, 400–1; armada, 400–1, 415, 416; background, 392–3; death, 425, 427; defeats, 415, 416, 425; finances, 399–400; in Italy, 392–4, 433; reception by Gallo-Roman landowners, 394–5, 397, 419; territories, 406; victory over Huns, 368; war with Ricimer, 425–6, 428

Anthemius, praetorian prefect, 392

Antioch: city, 25, 29; Gothic embassy, 153; imperial headquarters, 28; late Roman villages, 112, 444; regional headquarters, 161; sack, 386; suburbs, 118; tax riot, 120; Theophanes’ journey, 105

Apahida, burial, 364, 365

Aphrodias, city, 133

Apollinaris, son of Sidonius, 420

Aquileia: city, 202; council (381), 86; port, 260; siege, 339–40; trade with Noricum, 407

Aquitaine, Gothic settlement, 242, 263, 265, 408, 451

Arab forces, 175

Aral Sea, 150

Arbogast, army officer, 394

Arcadiopolis, fall of, 310

Arcadius, emperor, 214, 217, 222, 240, 387

Arcadius, son of Theodosius II, 371

archers, 155–7

architecture, 439

Ardaburius, general, 259–60

Ardashir I, king of Persia, 60, 97

Arderic, king of the Gepids, 354

Areobindus, general, 290

Arintheus, general, 290

Ariovistus, king of the Suebi, 54

aristocratic class, 94, 95, see also landowners

Aristotle, philosopher, 19

Arles: administrative capital, 281, 379; archbishops, 442; Burgundian plans, 417; council, 250; Roman victory, 285; Visigothic victory, 416

Armenia: frontier, 386; Persian control (367–8), 73–4, 161; Roman forces, 161, 173, 387

Arminius (Hermann the German), chieftain of Cherusci: death, 55; defeat of Varus, 46–7, 55, 451, 457; leadership, 54, 457; monument, 47, 52, 58; relationship with Rome, 48

Armorica: Bagaudae revolt, 287; banditry, 449; independence, 245, 283

army, Roman: barbarian troops, 119, 158, 185–6, 196, 222–3; building skills, 7; Carolingian comparison, 449; cost of, 64, 248, 297–8; discipline, 6; eagles, 6; food, 55; generals of barbarian origin, 215; lists, 246; losses, 181, 247, 434; in Noricum, 409; officers, 27–8, 29; organization, 62–3; political influence, 27–8; Radagaisus’ troops, 198, 206, 223; recruitment, 82–3, 118–19, 160, 196, 215, 447–8; reorganization, 214–15; share of spoils, 29; siege warfare, 7–8; size, 63–4, 182, 198, 247–8, 385, 387, 446–7; specialist units, 62–3; tactics, 180; training, 6, 7; weapons, 6–7; see also garrison troops

Arnegisclus, magister militum per Thraciam, 309

Arsacid dynasty, 59–60, 61

Arvandus, praetorian prefect, 419

Ascaricus, Frankish king, 68

Asemus, town, 311

Asia, province, 116

Asian Vespers, 12

Aspar, general, 259–60, 285–6, 388, 393

Asterius, Roman officer, 265

Asturica, sack, 381

Asturis, destruction, 413

Asturius, general, 345

Atakam, Hunnic fugitive, 321, 326

Athanaric, leader of Gothic Tervingi: agenda, 75, 76, 80; family background, 75, 77, 90; Hun attack on, 151–2, 153; leadership, 86, 90, 94, 145, 152, 166; meeting with Valens, 72–3, 74, 83, 96, 161; relationship with Rome, 72–3, 457; religion, 92, 96; strategy, 80

Athaulf, Visigothic ruler: ambitions, 378, 379; death, 241; in Gaul, 238–40, 345, 435; in Italy, 224, 243; leadership, 238, 241, 242; marriage, 239–40, 249, 257, 292, 378; relationship with Jovinus, 237–8, 239, 241; relationship with Priscus Attalus, 239, 249, 384; relationship with Sarus, 227; son, 240; in Spain, 240–1

Attalus, Priscus, senator, 226–7, 239, 248–9, 255, 384

Attalus III, ruler of Pergamum, 12

Attila, ruler of the Huns: appearance and character, 319–22, 334, 340; base, 202; campaigns (441–2), 301–2, 307, 310 (map), 351, 389, (447), 307, 308–12, 310 (map), (451), 336–9, 341, 342, 343, 366, 375, 408, (452), 339–42, 343, 366; court, 318–19; death, 157, 342, 353, 362, 365, 369, 388, 390, 409, 435; defeats, 339, 341; embassies to, 313–24, 333–4; empire, 331 (map), 351, 360–6; leadership, 325–6; meeting with pope Leo, 340–1; murder of brother, 308, 321, 325, 326; name, 329; Persian plans, 334–5, 336; portrait, 340; reputation, 300, 360, 365; Roman tribute to, 301, 304, 307–8, 327, 454; Scythian campaign, 362; sons, 353–4, 359, 361, 401; treaty with Constantinople (450), 336, 389; wives, 314, 318, 321, 342

Augustine of Hippo, St: on Carthage, 279; City of God, 230–2; Confessions, 122; death, 267; education, 37, 133, 280; family background, 132–3; on grammarians, 122; letters, 267, 271; sermons, 229–30, 267

Augustus (Octavian), emperor, 9, 23, 38, 125, 282

Ausonius, Decimius Magnus, teacher of rhetoric, 36–7, 40–4

Autun, school, 37

Auvergne: struggle over, 419, 420; Visigothic control, 417

Auxentius of Durostorum, 76, 78, 79

Avaricum, siege, 12–13

Avars, 150

Avienus, ex-consul, 340

Avienus, Gennadius, 395

Avitus, Eparchius, emperor, 375–81, 382–4, 390, 415

Axiopolis, fort, 172

Baetica, province, 208, 241, 265, 268, 344, 345

Bagaudae: in Gaul, 282–3, 287, 397; identity, 282–3; in Spain, 282, 344, 345; subdued by Aetius, 288, 374

Baiae, spa resort, 41, 43, 137

Balamber, Hunnic ruler, 356–7

Balaton, lake, 355

Balearic islands, 267, 382

Balkhash, lake, 156

barbarians: generals in Roman army, 215; inclusion into western empire, 381–2; Roman expectations of, 49, 80, 379–80; Roman order and, 67–72; troops in Roman army, 119, 158, 185–6, 196, 222–3

Basil, bishop of Caesarea, 133

Basiliscus, general, 401, 402, 405–6, 425, 427

Basilius, Flavius Caecina Decius, 395

Basilius, rebel leader, 345

Bastarnae, 49, 154

Batavis: defences, 411; destruction, 414; military base, 409, 411; raids on, 413

Bauto, army officer, 394

Baynes, N. H., 444

Bede, historian, 346

Belgica Secunda, province, 418

Berber tribes, 100–1, 272, 275

Beremund, son of Thorismund, 357

Berichus, follower of Attila, 322, 325, 329

Bigelis, Gothic leader, 330, 353, 368, 388

Birlad-Valea Seaca, village, 88–9

Bismarck, Otto von, 47, 52

Black Sea: coast, 154, 171, 202; Gothic presence, 72, 98; Hunnic presence, 150, 151, 158, 204; migrations, 84–5, 145, 150, 199; region and impact of Huns, 152 (map); warfare, 145–6

Bleda, brother of Attila: joint ruler of Huns, 300; murdered by brother, 308, 325–6; name, 329; Roman embassy to, 300, 326; Scythian campaign, 362; tribute to, 304, 327; war with Roman empire, 301, 302, 351, 389; wives, 313, 317, 321

Bobbio, monastery, 233

Boethius, senator, 373

Boniface, general: in Africa, 265, 266, 268, 271; campaign against Vandals, 265, 266; charge of treachery, 268, 406; death, 262, 285; defeat of Aetius, 261–2, 286, 374; defeat of Felix, 261; defeated by Geiseric, 271; forces, 268; power struggle, 260–1, 285; relationship with Placidia, 258–9, 261, 265

Book of Constitutions, 423–4

Book of the Popes, 121

Bordeaux: university, 36; Visigoths, 287, 379

Bourges, Visigothic control, 416

bows, 156–7

Braga, sack, 381

Bretons, 416, 418, 419, 425

Britain: after Roman rule, 437, 438; Anglo- Saxon kings, 415; appeal to Rome, 347–8; defences, 411; Honorius’ policy, 245, 345; kingdoms, 437; landowners, 437; leadership, 346; raiders, 345–7; refugees from, 394; revolt (407), 209–10, 218–19; revolts, 244–5, 283, 449; Roman conquest, 9, 56; Roman forces, 275; Roman rule, 39–40, 437

Bructeri, 54, 85

Budesty, settlement, 87

buildings, public, 115–16

bureaucracy, 28, 116–18

burials: Christian, 121; Danubian style, 331–2; Germanic, 88–90, 94, 364–5, 454; Graeco- Roman pagan, 121; grave goods, 88–90, 94, 98, 332, 364–5, 455; Hunnic royal, 203, 301; Sarmatian, 98

Burgundian language, 420

Burgundians: Aetius’ strategy against, 287, 299, 374; appearance, 196–7; Christianity, 442; forces, 198, 446; forces with Roman army, 338; in Gaul, 382, 394, 396, 417–18 (map), 424; invasion, 193 (map), 197, 198, 201, 204, 445; kingdom, 424, 426, 429, 435, 438; landowners, 438; laws, 423, 431; raids, 281, 287; relationship with Alamanni, 459; relationship with Huns, 361; relationship with Rome, 394; subdued, 288; support for Jovinus, 237; territories, 84, 85, 197, 283, 382, 416, 417–18, 421–2, 423–4; treaty with Constantine III, 211

Byzacena, province: administration, 275; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295, 438; lost revenue, 296, 298; peace treaty, 286, 296; rural settlement, 113; Vandal-Alan control, 292, 294, 295–6, 432, 438; Vandal-Alan invasion, 270;

Byzantium, see Constantinople

Caerleon, fort, 346

Calama, city, 286

Calminius, son of Eucherius, 420

campus Mauriacus, battle, 338–9

Candidianus, general, 260

Candidus, historian, 399–400

Cape Bon, 402, 403–4

Cappadocian Fathers, 133

Caracalla, emperor, 109

Carmen de Providentia Dei, 235

Carolingian state, 436–7, 449

Carpathian mountains: agriculture, 154; geography, 193–4; Gothic presence, 72, 151; Hun advance, 205; Hunnic presence, 351, 355–6; Iron Gates, 170; migrations, 85, 204

Carpi, 81, 159, 185

Carrhae, city, 60

Carthage: Augustine in, 267, 280; city, 279–80; defeat by Rome, 8, 12, 102; defences, 271; Geiseric’s advance, 271, 388; Geiseric’s capture, 288–9, 295, 344, 395, 402, 433, 438, 451; Geiseric’s control, 290, 292, 293; harbour, 15, 273, 276, 402; Punic wars, 8, 12, 16, 231; relationship with Rome, 272–3

Carthaginiensis, province, 208, 209, 344, 345, 398

Caspian Sea, 147, 150

Cassiodorus, senator, author and administrator of Ostrogothic kings, 352, 353

Castinus, commander, 258, 259, 261, 265–6

Castra Martis, 195, 196, 198, 388

Catalaunian fields, battle, 338–9

Catuvoleus, king of Eburones, 3, 13

Caucasia, 73

Caucasus: Hunnic presence, 204, 286, 386–7, 433–4; Hunnic raid, 202; Valens’ concessions, 176

cavalry, 62–3, 155, 179–80, 247

Celestiacus, landowner, 294

Celtic language, 189, 245, 407

Celts, 6, 9, 53, 57, 228

cemeteries, 121, 331–2, 364

Censorius, count, 344

Cernjachov culture, 199–200

Charaton, king of the Huns, 324–5

Charlemagne, emperor, 436

Chatti, 54, 84, 85, 93

Chersonesus, Roman defeats, 309, 312, 342

Cherusci, 46, 48, 49, 55, 84, 85

Childeric, leader of group of Salian Franks, 416, 418, 452

China, 148–9, 303, 446

Chionitae, 150

Chnodomarius, over-king of Alamanni, 82, 83, 85, 90, 92, 458

Christianity: architecture, 121; Arian, 267; bishops, 125, 126, 133; Catholic, 293, 438; Church hierarchy, 126, 441–3; Constantine’s conversion, 78, 119, 121; doctrine, 78–9, 126; education, 442; endowments, 121, 123; Germanic, 58; Gibbon’s view, 14, 119–20, 121, 122–3, 443; Gothic, 76–80, 162, 227, 267, 457; Nicene definition, 78–9; Pelagian, 345; persecutions, 75, 92, 96, 293; relationship with emperor, 123–5, 126–8, 441–3; values, 121–2

Chrysaphius, eunuch, 322–3

churches, 121

Cicero, orator, 17, 20, 42, 252

cities, Roman, 33–5, 38–9, 302–3

citizenship, Roman, 108, 439

Claudian, poet, 217

Claudius, emperor, 9, 56, 275

Clermont-Ferrand: Avitus’ estates, 375; siege, 416, 418–19, 422

client kingdoms, 80–4, 97–8, 292, 451

Clovis, king of Salian Franks, 452–3

Codex Argenteus, 76, 78

Codex Sangallensis, 283

cohortales (bureaucratic functionaries), 133, 134

coinage, 56, 64–5, 70, 71, 89, 456

Colias, Gothic commander, 172

Comagenis: defences, 411; military base, 411

combs, 88–9

comitatenses (mobile field forces), 28, 62, 63, 215, 246, 247

comites (counts), 40, 43

communications, 106–7, 170

Constans, brother of Constantius, 83

Constans, emperor, 130

Constantia, fall of, 310

Constantine I, emperor: arch, 15; conversion to Christianity, 78, 119, 121, 123, 127, 442; creation of counts, 40; foundation of Constantinople, 170, 385; gifts to churches, 121; military organization, 63; pacification of Rhine frontier, 81; powersharing, 24; religious authority, 125, 441; sons, 24, 130; treatment of captured kings, 68; treaty with Tervingi, 162; victory over Goths, 73, 75, 77, 82; victory over Licinius, 130, 262

Constantine II, emperor, 130

Constantine III, usurper: accession in Britain, 209; challenges to, 237; defeat and death, 237, 238, 256; in Gaul, 210–11, 221, 222, 225, 247, 264; head displayed, 254; sons, 225, 254; Stilicho’s assassination plan, 221; threat to Rome, 236, 243; treaties, 211

Constantine VII Porphyryogenitus, emperor, 305–6, 319, 351, 372

Constantinople: armada, 400–6, 412, 426–7; bishop of, 126; council (381), 78, 80; defences, 203–4, 343, 366, 388; earthquake, 309; foundation, 170; Gothic advance, 175, 182, 229; Haghia Sophia, 400, 427; hostages at, 75; Hunnic embassy, 314; Hunnic threat, 298, 388; imperial capital, 25, 26, 28, 29; infrastructure, 170–1; mob lynching, 211; Ottoman capture, 431; patriarchate, 126, 442–3; relationship with western empire, 385–9, 426; religion, 443–4; resistance to Valens, 176; senate, 31, 69, 72, 116, 186, 212, 312; Stilicho’s policy, 216, 219–20; tribute to Goths, 368, 388; tribute to Huns, 301, 304, 307–8, 312, 327, 366

Constantinus, praetorian prefect, 309

Constantius II, emperor: agreement with Limigantes, 159–61; appearance, 23; death, 121; paranoia, 131; reign, 24, 82; religion, 77–8, 79; shared sovereignty, 24; suppression of usurpers, 83; Themistius’ influence, 102; Zizais’ appeal to, 98

Constantius, Flavius, emperor: army, 434; background, 281; career, 236–8, 239, 240–1, 243, 247–8, 454; death, 251, 255, 258, 263, 265, 281; marriage, 251, 255, 257; relationship with Goths, 378, 390; relationship with Huns, 303, 327, 343; rise to power, 238, 250, 255–6; rule, 252–3, 264, 265, 266

Cornuti, 12

corruption, 101–3, 439

Corsica, 382

Cotta, Lucius Aurunculeius, legate, 4–7, 13, 22, 38, 48, 55

Crassus, Marcus Licinius, triumvir, 59

Crimea, 12, 353

Ctesiphon, city, 70

curials, 111, 117, 118, 133, 440

cursus publicus (public transport system), 105, 106, 125, 313, 394, 395

Dacia: abandoned by Rome (275), 85; Gothic presence, 183, 214, 215, 220; Hunnic raid, 368; Stilicho’s demand, 219; Theodosius’ control, 187

Dacia Ripensis, 196, 388

Dacian language, 49

Dacians, 199

Dahn, Felix, 48

Dalmatia, 225, 426, 428

Danube, river: bridges, 73; Carpathian mountains, 193–4; Dacia, 85; ferrymen, 315–16; Germanic peoples, 49; Gothic presence, 72–4, 81–2, 84, 86, 146, 154, 202; Gothic refugees, 145, 151–3, 158–64, 169, 433, 436, 445; Gothic war, 73–4, 82; Hunnic attack, 298; Hunnic crossing (447), 308; Hunnic groups, 202; Hunnic resettlement, 360; Hunnic tombs, 203; migration across, 367–8; nomadic populations, 147–8; peace treaties, 72–3, 82, 162; Roman advance, 9; Roman communications, 73, 170; Roman defences, 28, 73, 81, 171, 199, 211; Roman frontier, 9, 26, 48, 58, 67, 71, 367; summit meeting (369), 72

Danubian plain, 168, 170, 171, 172

Darius I, king of Persia, 58, 59, 71

denarii (coins), 64–5

Dengizich, son of Attila: defeat and death, 359; invasion (467/8), 353, 356, 361, 363, 368; leadership, 354, 363

Dibaltum, battle, 175

Dill, Sir Samuel, 376

Diocletian, emperor: financial reforms, 64, 110, 114, 386; military strength, 63, 386; Prices Edict, 65, 111; Tetrarchy, 25, 130, 131, 262

diplomacy, 12, 173, 306

Dniester, river, 145, 151

Domitianus, praetorian prefect, 116

Don, river, 84, 154, 195, 286

Donatus, death of, 324–5

Dory, Goths, 353

Dulcitius, governor of Asia, 116

Durostorum, fortress, 158, 172

Dyrrhachium, city, 170

Eburones, 3, 4, 7, 13, 22, 48

Ecdicius, son of Avitus, 418–19

Edeco, ambassador of Attila, king of the Sciri, 314–17, 323, 325, 329, 357–8

Edobichus, general, 237

education: bishops, 133; law, 133; literacy, 49, 56, 80, 441; schools, 37, 44; traditional Roman, 17–19, 20, 117, 440–1

Egypt: army, 400; climate, 274; province, 104, 105; religion, 83; Roman annexation, 9; Roman defences, 387; Theophanes’ journey, 105

Ejsbøl Mose, weapon sacrifice, 92, 93

Elbe, river, 9, 48, 56, 67

elites, 90–1, 117, 440, see also landowners

Ellac, son of Attila, 354

Elpidia, nurse to Placidia, 258

emperors: authority and control, 108–10, 120–1, 130–1; divine status and Christianity, 123–5, 441–3; imperial bureaucracy, 28, 116–18; imperial court, 27, 252–3; modes of succession, 28–9; power-sharing, 24, 66, 130; power struggles, 262; taxation, 120–1; usurpers, 66

Epirus, Gothic invasion, 214, 220, 221, 225

Ermenaric, leader of Greuthungi, 151, 153

Eslas, ambassador of Attila, 323–4

Eucherius, defender of Auvergne, 420

Eucherius, son of Stilicho, 222, 223, 254

Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III, wife of Huneric, 292, 371, 378, 379, 395–6

Eudoxia, Licinia, daughter of Theodosius II, wife of Valentinian III, 129, 371, 379, 396

Eugenius, lover of Honoria, 335

Eugenius, usurper, 212, 216, 217, 236, 254

Eugippius, monk, 407, 413

Eunapius, historian, 155, 192, 194, 223

Euphrates, river: irrigation, 62; Persian frontier, 59; Roman frontier, 13, 26, 40, 44, 106

Eupraxius, praetorian prefect, 253

Eurasian steppe, see Great Eurasian Steppe

Euric, king of the Visigoths, 415–17, 418–25, 429, 435–6

Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 125

Eusebius, imperial official, 256

Eutropius, chamberlain, 214

Expositio Totius Mundi, 279

Faviana: defences, 411; military base, 409, 412

Feddersen Wierde, farming settlement, 86–7

Felix, general, 258, 260–1, 285, 321, 374

Felix, martyr, 122

Ferreolus, Tonantius, praetorian prefect, 419

feudalism, beginnings of, 94–6

Fiesole, defeat of Radagaisus, 194, 205

Finno-Ugrian languages, 148

fireships, 403–4

Fishbourne, palace, 36

Flavianus, Nicomachus, son-in-law of Symmachus, 217

Fliehburgen (refuge centres), 410, 414

Florence, siege, 205

food supplies: African, 15, 273, 275, 276, 277, 292, 296; for Goths, 163, 172; grain for Rome, 15, 218, 273, 275, 289–90, 292; Hunnic army, 341

forts, 172

Fortunatus, Venantius, 441

Franks: classes of society, 94–5; defeat (428), 261; forces, 446; in Gaul, 418, 446; hairstyles, 89; kingdom, 452; laws, 431; leadership, 336, 394, 418; raids, 281; relationship with Alamanni, 84; relationship with Romans, 394, 416, 452; relationship with Vandals, 264; Roman campaigns against, 285, 288; rulers, 89, 94; Salian, 416, 425; territories, 81, 84, 86, 283, 363, 418; treaty with Constantine III, 211; unification, 453; unrest, 263

Fredibald, king of the Siling Vandals, 264

freeman class, 94–5, 96

Frigidus, battle of the river, 212, 213

Fritigern, leader of Tervingi: dinner party with Lupicinus, 164–5, 167; Hadrianople battle, 177–9; invasion of Macedonia and Thessaly, 184; leadership, 145, 182–3, 185, 213; peace overtures, 179, 182–3, 185, 213; seeking asylum at Danube, 152, 154; strategy, 172, 173, 184

Fulvius, marriage of, 136

Gainas, general, 214–15, 216

Galatia, 190

Galerius, emperor, 65

Galla Placidia, sister of Honorius, wife of Athaulf, wife of Flavius Constantius: capture by Goths, 191, 239; children, 240, 251; exile, 259, 265; marriage to Athaulf, 239–40, 292, 335; marriage to Constantius, 251, 255, 257; rank of Augusta, 258; regency, 260–1, 370; return to Rome, 241; son’s accession, 259–60

Gallaecia, province, 208, 241, 265, 288, 344

Gallia Belgica, province, 113

Gallia Narbonensis, province, 9, 36–7

Gallienus, emperor, 65

Gallus, nephew of Constantius II, 24, 130

garrison troops: disbanding, 412; eastern empire, 385, 387; limitanei, 62, 63; in Noricum, 409; regraded, 247, 434; relationship with Goths, 211–12; role, 172, 199, 447; training, 172

Gaudentius, father of Flavius Constantius, 281

Gaudentius, son of Aetius, 289, 372, 379

Gaul: Aetius’ campaigns, 286, 287; after Roman rule, 437–8; Alans in, 208, 221, 287, 434; army, 382; Burgundians in, 348, 382, 394, 396, 417–18 (map), 424; Caesar’s wars, 7–8, 12–13; council, 250; Franks in, 418, 446; Gothic presence, 250; Hunnic attack, 335–6, 337–9, 343; invasion (406), 194, 206–9; landowners, 382, 395, 419–23, 435, 438; regime (259), 66; revolt (69), 45; Rhine invaders in, 207 (map); Roman forces, 447; Roman losses, 245–6, 247; Suevi in, 208, 221, 434; Vandals in, 208, 221, 434; Visigothic rebellion, 287–8; Visigoths in, 348, 415–17, 418–23, 424, 446

Geiseric, king of Vandal-Alan coalition: accession, 266; Aetius’ campaign against, 285–6; appearance and character, 266, 398; attacks on Sicily, 290, 395; capture of Carthage, 288–9, 295, 344; conquest of North Africa, 288–9, 298; defeat of Roman fleet, 403, 404, 406; invasion of Italy, 378–9; invasion of North Africa, 267–72, 281; peace treaty (435), 286, 388; peace treaty (442), 292–3; political strategy, 396, 425; relationship with Attila, 336; sack of Rome (455), 379, 382, 395, 396; Spanish raid (461), 399; status of client king, 292

Georgia, 73

Gepids, 330, 354–5, 357, 358, 363

Germani, Germania, Germanic: burials, 88–90, 94, 332, 364–5, 454; cities, 302–3; confederations of the fourth century, 81 (map); cultures, 56–8, 200; in early Roman period, 50–1 (map); economy, 67, 89, 91, 93, 456; elite in fourth century, 90–1; languages, 48, 53, 78, 84, 263, 265, 329; limits of Roman expansion, 55–8, 67; literacy, 49; migrations, 201–2, 204–5; political units, 54, 67, 451, 454–5; raids, 451; relationship with Roman empire, 455, 457–9; religion, 75–6, 92–3, 96; threat to Rome, 97–8; warfare, 54, 67

Germania Inferior, province, 113

Germanicus Caesar, 46, 55

Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, 345

Germanus, general, 290

Germany, 9, 46–7, 52

Gerontius, general, 237, 238, 256

Gesimund, brother of Thorismund, 357

Getica, see Jordanes

Gibbon, Edward: on Attila, 300; on Christianity, 14, 119, 121, 122–3, 443; on corruption, 101; on eastern empire, 431; on fall of Roman empire, x, 443

Gildas, chronicler, 346–7

Gildo, commander in North Africa, 217, 218

Glabrio Faustus, praetorian prefect, 124

gladius (sword), 7

glass, 88

Glycerius, emperor, 426

Goffart, Walter, 424

gold: crown gold for emperor, 22; grave goods, 332, 364–5, 454; taxation and confiscations, 399–400; tribute, 301, 304, 307–8, 312, 327, 360, 368, 388, 454

Gordian, emperor, 58–9, 63

Gothic language, 76, 77

Goths: Alaric’s leadership, 211–16, 237–8, 265, 453, 454; Amal-led, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358–9, 363, 367, 368, 369, 388; Ammianus’ account, 151–3; in Aquitaine, 242, 263, 265, 451; Athaulf’s, 238–41; classes of society, 94; conflict with Sciri, 368–9; conflict with Valens (365–9), 73–5; culture, 200; drinking, 75, 422–3; forces, 446; in Gaul, 303; groups, 352–3, 356; invasion of Italy under Radagaisus, 194–8, 205–6, 451; migrations, 98, 151–4; peace treaty (332), 73; peace treaty (369), 72–3, 75–6; peace treaty (382), 184–5, 211, 212, 213; peace treaty (418), 263; refugees, 145–6, 151–4, 158–64, 169, 436; relationship with Huns, 195, 327, 329–30, 352, 356; relationship with Romans, 80, 190, 241–3, 451; revolts, 212–14; Roman prisoners, 77; in Spain, 241–2; support for Jovinus, 237–8; in Thrace, 353, 388; unification, 213; war with Roman empire (377–382), 167–9 (map), 188; see also Greuthungi, Ostrogoths, Tervingi, Visigoths

Gratian, emperor: appointment of Theodosius, 187; conflict with Goths, 175, 177–8, 181, 185; defeat of Lentienses, 177, 178; education, 36; encounter with Alans, 195–6; forces, 181; relationship with Valens, 163, 176–8, 181, 196

Gratian, usurper, 209

grave goods: Danubian style, 332, 364–5; Germanic burials, 88–90, 94, 332, 364–5, 454, 455; Sarmatian, 98

Great Eurasian Steppe: geography, 146–7, 194; Hunnic migration, 328; Hunnic presence, 149–50, 158; population movements, 450

Great Hungarian Plain: armed groups, 358; cemeteries, 330–1; grazing, 328; Hunnic presence, 203, 204, 351, 367, 433; Sarmatian presence, 450

Greece: Gothic invasion, 214; rural prosperity, 113

Greek language, 77, 78, 80, 117, 440

Gregory, bishop of Tours, 206, 264, 282, 453

Gregory Nazianzus, 133

Gregory of Nyssa, 133

Greuthungi: conflict with Huns, 151, 329; Danube asylum seekers, 145, 152, 158, 162, 213, 361, 433; Danube crossing, 164; defeated by Gratian, 183; flight from Huns, 152, 153, 158, 361, 433; forces, 445; Hadrianople battle, 179; leadership, 151, 154, 213; relationship with Romans, 162; relationship with Tervingi, 164, 167, 213, 451, 453; territory, 145; in Thrace (376), 194; treaty (382), 213; war with Rome, 171, 179, 183; see also Goths, Tervingi

Gunderic, king of the Hasding Vandals, 264, 265, 266

Gundioc, king of Burgundians, 426

Gundobad, king of the Burgundians, 425–6 Guptas, 150

Hadrianople: battle, ix, 167, 178–81, 183, 190, 249, 329, 384; city, 172, 177, 310

Hadrian’s Wall, 13, 40, 44, 106

Haemus mountains: geography, 168, 170; Gothic presence, 172, 173–5, 177–8, 185; Hunnic presence, 308, 311; Roman presence, 174–5, 176, 195, 311

hairstyles, 88–9, 149

Hasding Vandals: alliances, 206, 264–5, 452, 453, 454; language, 263; origins, 263; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 206; in Spain, 241, 243, 244, 264

Hatra, city, 60

Helion, master of offices, 259, 260

Helpidius, praetorian prefect, 116

Hephthalite Huns, 150

Heracleia, city, 310

Heraclianus, general, 256–7

Heraclius, general, 400

Heraclius, head of emperor’s household, 372–3

Herculianus, senator, 335

Hereka, wife of Attila, 314, 318

Hermann the German, see Arminius

Hermenduri, 54, 93

Hermeric, king of the Suevi, 265

Hermopolis, 104

Hernac, son of Attila, 354, 359–60

Heruli, 330, 355, 367, 413, 414, 445

Hippo Regius, city, 267, 269–70, 271, 272

honorati (imperial bureaucrats), 116

Honoria, Iusta Grata, daughter of Galla Placidia, 251, 335–6, 370

Honorius, emperor: accession, 205, 216–17; army, 247; British policy, 245, 345; British revolt, 209, 210; Constantine III’s threat, 236, 237; court, 234; death, 258, 259, 266; Gothic policy, 225–7, 229, 248, 255–6, 378; Gothic sack of Rome, 191, 227, 229; marriages, 257; reign, 305; relationship with Constantinople, 243, 388; relationship with Constantius, 251, 253, 256; relationship with Huns, 244; relationship with Stilicho, 205, 210, 216–18, 222–3, 252–3; sister, 191, 239, 240, 251; succession, 251; taxation, 246

Hormidac, Hunnic leader, 368, 388

horses, 71, 105, 155, 157, 328

hostages, 67, 75, 83, 162, 281, 292

Hsien-Pi, 148–9

Hsiung-Nu, 148–9, 303

Huneric, son of Geiseric, king of Vandal-Alan coalition, 292, 293, 371, 395–6, 425

Hungarian steppe, see Great Hungarian Steppe

Hunimund, Gothic ruler, 357

Huns: arrival (376), 151, 204–5; burials, 203, 301, 331–2; comparison with Romans, 138–9; court of Attila, 317–19, 325; crisis (405–8), 204–5; embassies to, 203, 313–23, 324–5, 333–4; embassies to Constantinople, 314, 323–4; empire, 329–32 (map), 360–6; fall of empire, 351–60, 363, 366, 427, 435; horses, 328; impact on Alans, 190; impact in Black Sea region, 152 (map); impact on Goths, 151–3, 166, 170, 204; impact on Roman empire, 146, 166, 343–8, 433–4, 435, 445, 450, 454–5, 459; invasions, 298–9, 301–4, 307–12, 333, 335–42, 356, 433–4; leadership, 300, 308, 325–6, 356, 365, 366; mercenary service, 327; migration, 149–50, 450; military strength, 154–5, 332; nomadism, 147–8, 326; origins, 146–9; peace treaty (442/3), 307–8; peace treaty (447), 312; raid (395), 202, 387; relationship with Aetius, 259, 261, 262, 281, 286–8, 303, 327, 330, 343, 374, 378, 435; relationship with Alans, 151, 155, 190, 195–6, 330; relationship with Constantinople, 300–1, 323–4, 333–4, 336; relationship with Goths, 175, 327, 329–30, 352, 356; siege warfare, 301–3; sources, 304–6, 307, 351–4, 356; territory, 202–3, 286–7; territory in 465, 355 (map); trade, 326–7; tribute, 301, 304, 307–8, 327–8, 360, 366, 368; Uldin’s invasion, 196, 202, 204; wealth, 364–5, 366; weapons, 155–8; western campaigns, 338 (map)

Hunt, A. S., 104

Hydatius, bishop and chronicler: on Aetius, 288; on Bagaudae, 282; on Burgundian losses, 287; on Gotho-Roman campaigns, 241–2, 265–6; on Huns, 340–1; on Rhine invaders in Spain, 208, 264; on Vitus’ campaign, 345

Hypatius, saint, 309–10

Iberia, 161, see also Spain

Illyrian language, 407

Illyricum: army in, 382, 411, 447; control of, 219; Goths in, 219, 220

immigrants, Roman policy, 159–60, 204

Indus, river, 59

Indutiomarus, leader of Treveri, 3, 13, 22, 38

Inobindus, general, 290

inscriptions, decline in number, 111, 115

invaders, numbers, 445–6

Iol Caesarea, tribal centre, 279

Ioviacum, destruction, 414

Iranian language, 49, 68, 147, 265, 329, 330

Iron Gates, 170, 435

iron production, 87–8

irrigation, 278

Isauria, bandits, 134

Islam, rise of, 431

Italy: departure of Huns (425), 286; economic decline, 114; Gothic invasions, 246, 434; Hunnic invasion, 339–41, 343; landowners, 382, 438; Odovacar’s regime, 428–30; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194, 197, 205–6, 433, 445, 451; revenue from, 406; Roman army, 382, 447; Roman control, 426; taxation, 246

Iuthungi, 285

Jastorf culture, 56–8, 93

Jerome, St, 191, 195, 198, 229, 232, 239

John, general, 405

John, usurper, 259–60, 261, 266, 281, 286, 374

John of Antioch, 372

Jones, A. H. M., 14, 444

Jordanes, historian: on Attila, 319, 342; on Bigelis, 368; career, 351–2; on Geiseric, 266; Getica, 266, 351, 352–6, 358–9, 416; historical perspective, 352–6, 358–9; on Hun army, 337

Jovian, emperor: accession, 29, 70–1; peace treaty with Persia, 70–1, 73, 293, 386; rule, 24; son, 28, 258; successor, 28

Jovinus, usurper, 237–8, 241, 254

Jovius, praetorian prefect, 225, 255–6

Julian, emperor: conduct as emperor, 252; death, 70; defeat of Persian expedition, 70, 386; relationship with Alamanni, 455–6, 458; religion, 127; rule, 24, 127, 130, 253, 385; Strasbourg battle, ix, 82, 85, 92, 458; uncle, 73

Julius Caesar: African campaigns, 275; Alesia siege, 7–8; campaigns in Gaul, 8, 9, 12–13, 54, 55; career, 22–3, 26–7; death, 27; Gallic War, 56; literary skills, 20; reputation, 5; response to Germanic revolt, 4; winter quarters, 3

Justinian I, emperor, 400, 431

Jutland, sacrificial goods, 91–2