Acco, Gallic leader, 12
Ad Salices, battle, 174
Addax, king of the Alans, 264
Adiuvense, legionary base, 409
Aedui, 56
Aegidius, general, 391
Aelia Marcia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian, 393
Aetius, general: achievements, 283, 285, 288, 339, 381; appearance and character, 282; British appeal to, 347–8; campaigns: against Franks, 285; against Huns, 338–9, 341, 344; against Iuthungi, 285; against Visigoths, 285, 286, 287–8, 289, 299; career, 259, 260–2, 281–2, 347, 378, 434, 448; confidants of, 427; death, 372–3, 383, 390, 397; defeat of Boniface, 261–2, 268; fall of, 369–75; Merobaudes on, 284–5, 286–8, 291–3; relationship with Goths, 259; relationship with Huns, 259, 261, 262, 281, 286–8, 303, 327, 330, 343, 374, 378, 435; relationship with Placidia, 261, 335; relationship with Suevi, 288; response to Geiseric’s attacks, 289–91, 292–3; son, 289, 372, 379; strategy against Burgundians, 287, 299, 374; support of Aspar, 285–6; treaty with Geiseric (442), 292–3, 345, 429
Africa, North: climate, 273–4; grain supply, 15, 273, 275, 276, 277, 292, 296; Justinian’s campaigns, 431; landowners, 294–5, 438; loss of, 300–4, 344; nomads, 275–6; revolt (397–8), 218; Roman forces, 271, 275–6; Roman settlement, 274–7; treaty (435), 286, 289; treaty (442), 292, 395; Vandal- Alan attack (439), 288–90; Vandal-Alan invasion (429), 267–72, 434; Vandal lands, 293–4; Vandals in, 269 (map)
Aga, Hassan, archer, 157
Agathias, historian, 63
Agintheus, general, 315
Agricola, son of Avitus, 380
agriculture: in Africa, 277–9; in eastern empire, 385; Germanic, 86–7; productivity, 110–15, 447
Aguntum, town defences, 410
Alamanni: kings, 85, 90, 95, 458–9; leadership, 394; raids, 281, 302–3, 413; relationship with Burgundians, 459; relationship with Romans, 165, 177, 178, 195, 394, 451, 452; relationship with Visigoths, 416; reparations, 83; social structure, 90–1, 94; Strasbourg battle (357), ix, 82, 83, 90; territories, 81, 84, 86, 206, 283, 288; treaty with Constantine III, 211; unrest, 263
Alans: in Africa, 267–82, 283, 445; alliances, 175, 242, 264–5, 287, 329, 452, 453–4; forces, 198, 445, 446; in Gaul, 208, 221, 287, 434; language, 265; losses, 241–2, 244; migrations, 197–8; origins, 147, 195–6, 204, 263; relationship with Huns, 151, 155, 190, 195–6, 330; relationship with Julian, 455–6; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 201, 206, 221, 242, 433; in Roman army, 367; Roman war against, 286; social structure, 263–4; in Spain, 209, 241–2, 264, 265–6, 288, 344, 434; support for Jovinus, 237; territory, 147
Alaric, Gothic king: African invasion plans (410), 267; alliance with Stilicho, 216, 219–22, 223; death, 238; in Epirus, 220–1; forces, 221, 445; hostages, 281; invasion of Italy (408–10), 224–9, 243; in Italy (401), 215; leadership of Goths, 211, 213, 221, 265, 418, 451, 454; in Noricum, 221–2; Noricum plans, 407; payment by Rome, 221; peace negotiations (409), 225–6, 229, 248; peace settlement (397), 214; political strategy, 216, 219, 225–6, 229, 248; relationship with Priscus Attalus, 226–7, 255, 384; relationship with western empire, 378, 379; revolt (395), 213–14; sack of Rome (410), 227–9, 232, 388; Sarus’ attack on, 227; sieges of Rome, 224–5, 226, 227, 248
Alaric II, son of Euric, Visigothic king, 424
Alesia, siege, 7–8
Alexandria, city, 109
Alexandrovka, fortified centre, 91
Allobichus, general, 256
Almus, fortress, 360
Altava, inscription, 270
Alypia, daughter of Anthemius, wife of Ricimer, 393
Amber Route, 456–7
Ammianus Marcellinus, historian: on Ad Salices battle, 174; on Alans, 263; assassination mission, 215; on barbarians, 82; on Constantius II, 23; on Germani, 455, 459; on Goths, 145, 151, 172, 173, 175; on Hadrianople battle, 167, 178–80; history, 192, 458; on Huns, 146, 148, 149–51, 154–5, 158; on Julian, 252; on Petronius Probus, 254–5; on Roman kidnaps, 165; on Sarmatians, 160; on Saxons, 67–8; on Valens, 166
Anagastes, general, 359
Anastasius, emperor, 400
Anatolius, ambassador to Attila, 333–4
Anchialus, city, 171
Angles, 414
annona militaris (tax), 65
Ansilas, general, 290
Anthemius, emperor: accession, 392–3; African policy, 399, 400–1; armada, 400–1, 415, 416; background, 392–3; death, 425, 427; defeats, 415, 416, 425; finances, 399–400; in Italy, 392–4, 433; reception by Gallo-Roman landowners, 394–5, 397, 419; territories, 406; victory over Huns, 368; war with Ricimer, 425–6, 428
Anthemius, praetorian prefect, 392
Antioch: city, 25, 29; Gothic embassy, 153; imperial headquarters, 28; late Roman villages, 112, 444; regional headquarters, 161; sack, 386; suburbs, 118; tax riot, 120; Theophanes’ journey, 105
Aphrodias, city, 133
Apollinaris, son of Sidonius, 420
Aquileia: city, 202; council (381), 86; port, 260; siege, 339–40; trade with Noricum, 407
Arab forces, 175
Aral Sea, 150
Arbogast, army officer, 394
Arcadiopolis, fall of, 310
Arcadius, son of Theodosius II, 371
archers, 155–7
architecture, 439
Ardaburius, general, 259–60
Arderic, king of the Gepids, 354
Areobindus, general, 290
Arintheus, general, 290
Ariovistus, king of the Suebi, 54
Aristotle, philosopher, 19
Arles: administrative capital, 281, 379; archbishops, 442; Burgundian plans, 417; council, 250; Roman victory, 285; Visigothic victory, 416
Armenia: frontier, 386; Persian control (367–8), 73–4, 161; Roman forces, 161, 173, 387
Arminius (Hermann the German), chieftain of Cherusci: death, 55; defeat of Varus, 46–7, 55, 451, 457; leadership, 54, 457; monument, 47, 52, 58; relationship with Rome, 48
Armorica: Bagaudae revolt, 287; banditry, 449; independence, 245, 283
army, Roman: barbarian troops, 119, 158, 185–6, 196, 222–3; building skills, 7; Carolingian comparison, 449; cost of, 64, 248, 297–8; discipline, 6; eagles, 6; food, 55; generals of barbarian origin, 215; lists, 246; losses, 181, 247, 434; in Noricum, 409; officers, 27–8, 29; organization, 62–3; political influence, 27–8; Radagaisus’ troops, 198, 206, 223; recruitment, 82–3, 118–19, 160, 196, 215, 447–8; reorganization, 214–15; share of spoils, 29; siege warfare, 7–8; size, 63–4, 182, 198, 247–8, 385, 387, 446–7; specialist units, 62–3; tactics, 180; training, 6, 7; weapons, 6–7; see also garrison troops
Arnegisclus, magister militum per Thraciam, 309
Arvandus, praetorian prefect, 419
Ascaricus, Frankish king, 68
Asemus, town, 311
Asia, province, 116
Asian Vespers, 12
Asterius, Roman officer, 265
Asturica, sack, 381
Asturis, destruction, 413
Asturius, general, 345
Athanaric, leader of Gothic Tervingi: agenda, 75, 76, 80; family background, 75, 77, 90; Hun attack on, 151–2, 153; leadership, 86, 90, 94, 145, 152, 166; meeting with Valens, 72–3, 74, 83, 96, 161; relationship with Rome, 72–3, 457; religion, 92, 96; strategy, 80
Athaulf, Visigothic ruler: ambitions, 378, 379; death, 241; in Gaul, 238–40, 345, 435; in Italy, 224, 243; leadership, 238, 241, 242; marriage, 239–40, 249, 257, 292, 378; relationship with Jovinus, 237–8, 239, 241; relationship with Priscus Attalus, 239, 249, 384; relationship with Sarus, 227; son, 240; in Spain, 240–1
Attalus III, ruler of Pergamum, 12
Attila, ruler of the Huns: appearance and character, 319–22, 334, 340; base, 202; campaigns (441–2), 301–2, 307, 310 (map), 351, 389, (447), 307, 308–12, 310 (map), (451), 336–9, 341, 342, 343, 366, 375, 408, (452), 339–42, 343, 366; court, 318–19; death, 157, 342, 353, 362, 365, 369, 388, 390, 409, 435; defeats, 339, 341; embassies to, 313–24, 333–4; empire, 331 (map), 351, 360–6; leadership, 325–6; meeting with pope Leo, 340–1; murder of brother, 308, 321, 325, 326; name, 329; Persian plans, 334–5, 336; portrait, 340; reputation, 300, 360, 365; Roman tribute to, 301, 304, 307–8, 327, 454; Scythian campaign, 362; sons, 353–4, 359, 361, 401; treaty with Constantinople (450), 336, 389; wives, 314, 318, 321, 342
Augustine of Hippo, St: on Carthage, 279; City of God, 230–2; Confessions, 122; death, 267; education, 37, 133, 280; family background, 132–3; on grammarians, 122; letters, 267, 271; sermons, 229–30, 267
Autun, school, 37
Avaricum, siege, 12–13
Avars, 150
Avienus, ex-consul, 340
Avienus, Gennadius, 395
Axiopolis, fort, 172
Bagaudae: in Gaul, 282–3, 287, 397; identity, 282–3; in Spain, 282, 344, 345; subdued by Aetius, 288, 374
Balamber, Hunnic ruler, 356–7
Balaton, lake, 355
Balkhash, lake, 156
barbarians: generals in Roman army, 215; inclusion into western empire, 381–2; Roman expectations of, 49, 80, 379–80; Roman order and, 67–72; troops in Roman army, 119, 158, 185–6, 196, 222–3
Basil, bishop of Caesarea, 133
Basilius, Flavius Caecina Decius, 395
Basilius, rebel leader, 345
Batavis: defences, 411; destruction, 414; military base, 409, 411; raids on, 413
Bauto, army officer, 394
Baynes, N. H., 444
Bede, historian, 346
Belgica Secunda, province, 418
Beremund, son of Thorismund, 357
Birlad-Valea Seaca, village, 88–9
Black Sea: coast, 154, 171, 202; Gothic presence, 72, 98; Hunnic presence, 150, 151, 158, 204; migrations, 84–5, 145, 150, 199; region and impact of Huns, 152 (map); warfare, 145–6
Bleda, brother of Attila: joint ruler of Huns, 300; murdered by brother, 308, 325–6; name, 329; Roman embassy to, 300, 326; Scythian campaign, 362; tribute to, 304, 327; war with Roman empire, 301, 302, 351, 389; wives, 313, 317, 321
Bobbio, monastery, 233
Boethius, senator, 373
Boniface, general: in Africa, 265, 266, 268, 271; campaign against Vandals, 265, 266; charge of treachery, 268, 406; death, 262, 285; defeat of Aetius, 261–2, 286, 374; defeat of Felix, 261; defeated by Geiseric, 271; forces, 268; power struggle, 260–1, 285; relationship with Placidia, 258–9, 261, 265
Book of Constitutions, 423–4
Book of the Popes, 121
Bourges, Visigothic control, 416
bows, 156–7
Braga, sack, 381
Britain: after Roman rule, 437, 438; Anglo- Saxon kings, 415; appeal to Rome, 347–8; defences, 411; Honorius’ policy, 245, 345; kingdoms, 437; landowners, 437; leadership, 346; raiders, 345–7; refugees from, 394; revolt (407), 209–10, 218–19; revolts, 244–5, 283, 449; Roman conquest, 9, 56; Roman forces, 275; Roman rule, 39–40, 437
Budesty, settlement, 87
buildings, public, 115–16
burials: Christian, 121; Danubian style, 331–2; Germanic, 88–90, 94, 364–5, 454; Graeco- Roman pagan, 121; grave goods, 88–90, 94, 98, 332, 364–5, 455; Hunnic royal, 203, 301; Sarmatian, 98
Burgundian language, 420
Burgundians: Aetius’ strategy against, 287, 299, 374; appearance, 196–7; Christianity, 442; forces, 198, 446; forces with Roman army, 338; in Gaul, 382, 394, 396, 417–18 (map), 424; invasion, 193 (map), 197, 198, 201, 204, 445; kingdom, 424, 426, 429, 435, 438; landowners, 438; laws, 423, 431; raids, 281, 287; relationship with Alamanni, 459; relationship with Huns, 361; relationship with Rome, 394; subdued, 288; support for Jovinus, 237; territories, 84, 85, 197, 283, 382, 416, 417–18, 421–2, 423–4; treaty with Constantine III, 211
Byzacena, province: administration, 275; importance to Roman empire, 272; land policy, 295, 438; lost revenue, 296, 298; peace treaty, 286, 296; rural settlement, 113; Vandal-Alan control, 292, 294, 295–6, 432, 438; Vandal-Alan invasion, 270;
Byzantium, see Constantinople
Caerleon, fort, 346
Calama, city, 286
Calminius, son of Eucherius, 420
campus Mauriacus, battle, 338–9
Candidianus, general, 260
Candidus, historian, 399–400
Cappadocian Fathers, 133
Caracalla, emperor, 109
Carmen de Providentia Dei, 235
Carpathian mountains: agriculture, 154; geography, 193–4; Gothic presence, 72, 151; Hun advance, 205; Hunnic presence, 351, 355–6; Iron Gates, 170; migrations, 85, 204
Carrhae, city, 60
Carthage: Augustine in, 267, 280; city, 279–80; defeat by Rome, 8, 12, 102; defences, 271; Geiseric’s advance, 271, 388; Geiseric’s capture, 288–9, 295, 344, 395, 402, 433, 438, 451; Geiseric’s control, 290, 292, 293; harbour, 15, 273, 276, 402; Punic wars, 8, 12, 16, 231; relationship with Rome, 272–3
Cassiodorus, senator, author and administrator of Ostrogothic kings, 352, 353
Catalaunian fields, battle, 338–9
Caucasia, 73
Caucasus: Hunnic presence, 204, 286, 386–7, 433–4; Hunnic raid, 202; Valens’ concessions, 176
Celestiacus, landowner, 294
Censorius, count, 344
Cernjachov culture, 199–200
Charaton, king of the Huns, 324–5
Charlemagne, emperor, 436
Chionitae, 150
Chnodomarius, over-king of Alamanni, 82, 83, 85, 90, 92, 458
Christianity: architecture, 121; Arian, 267; bishops, 125, 126, 133; Catholic, 293, 438; Church hierarchy, 126, 441–3; Constantine’s conversion, 78, 119, 121; doctrine, 78–9, 126; education, 442; endowments, 121, 123; Germanic, 58; Gibbon’s view, 14, 119–20, 121, 122–3, 443; Gothic, 76–80, 162, 227, 267, 457; Nicene definition, 78–9; Pelagian, 345; persecutions, 75, 92, 96, 293; relationship with emperor, 123–5, 126–8, 441–3; values, 121–2
Chrysaphius, eunuch, 322–3
churches, 121
Claudian, poet, 217
Clermont-Ferrand: Avitus’ estates, 375; siege, 416, 418–19, 422
Clovis, king of Salian Franks, 452–3
Codex Sangallensis, 283
Colias, Gothic commander, 172
combs, 88–9
comitatenses (mobile field forces), 28, 62, 63, 215, 246, 247
Constans, brother of Constantius, 83
Constans, emperor, 130
Constantia, fall of, 310
Constantine I, emperor: arch, 15; conversion to Christianity, 78, 119, 121, 123, 127, 442; creation of counts, 40; foundation of Constantinople, 170, 385; gifts to churches, 121; military organization, 63; pacification of Rhine frontier, 81; powersharing, 24; religious authority, 125, 441; sons, 24, 130; treatment of captured kings, 68; treaty with Tervingi, 162; victory over Goths, 73, 75, 77, 82; victory over Licinius, 130, 262
Constantine II, emperor, 130
Constantine III, usurper: accession in Britain, 209; challenges to, 237; defeat and death, 237, 238, 256; in Gaul, 210–11, 221, 222, 225, 247, 264; head displayed, 254; sons, 225, 254; Stilicho’s assassination plan, 221; threat to Rome, 236, 243; treaties, 211
Constantine VII Porphyryogenitus, emperor, 305–6, 319, 351, 372
Constantinople: armada, 400–6, 412, 426–7; bishop of, 126; council (381), 78, 80; defences, 203–4, 343, 366, 388; earthquake, 309; foundation, 170; Gothic advance, 175, 182, 229; Haghia Sophia, 400, 427; hostages at, 75; Hunnic embassy, 314; Hunnic threat, 298, 388; imperial capital, 25, 26, 28, 29; infrastructure, 170–1; mob lynching, 211; Ottoman capture, 431; patriarchate, 126, 442–3; relationship with western empire, 385–9, 426; religion, 443–4; resistance to Valens, 176; senate, 31, 69, 72, 116, 186, 212, 312; Stilicho’s policy, 216, 219–20; tribute to Goths, 368, 388; tribute to Huns, 301, 304, 307–8, 312, 327, 366
Constantinus, praetorian prefect, 309
Constantius II, emperor: agreement with Limigantes, 159–61; appearance, 23; death, 121; paranoia, 131; reign, 24, 82; religion, 77–8, 79; shared sovereignty, 24; suppression of usurpers, 83; Themistius’ influence, 102; Zizais’ appeal to, 98
Constantius, Flavius, emperor: army, 434; background, 281; career, 236–8, 239, 240–1, 243, 247–8, 454; death, 251, 255, 258, 263, 265, 281; marriage, 251, 255, 257; relationship with Goths, 378, 390; relationship with Huns, 303, 327, 343; rise to power, 238, 250, 255–6; rule, 252–3, 264, 265, 266
Cornuti, 12
Corsica, 382
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, triumvir, 59
Ctesiphon, city, 70
cursus publicus (public transport system), 105, 106, 125, 313, 394, 395
Dacia: abandoned by Rome (275), 85; Gothic presence, 183, 214, 215, 220; Hunnic raid, 368; Stilicho’s demand, 219; Theodosius’ control, 187
Dacian language, 49
Dacians, 199
Dahn, Felix, 48
Danube, river: bridges, 73; Carpathian mountains, 193–4; Dacia, 85; ferrymen, 315–16; Germanic peoples, 49; Gothic presence, 72–4, 81–2, 84, 86, 146, 154, 202; Gothic refugees, 145, 151–3, 158–64, 169, 433, 436, 445; Gothic war, 73–4, 82; Hunnic attack, 298; Hunnic crossing (447), 308; Hunnic groups, 202; Hunnic resettlement, 360; Hunnic tombs, 203; migration across, 367–8; nomadic populations, 147–8; peace treaties, 72–3, 82, 162; Roman advance, 9; Roman communications, 73, 170; Roman defences, 28, 73, 81, 171, 199, 211; Roman frontier, 9, 26, 48, 58, 67, 71, 367; summit meeting (369), 72
denarii (coins), 64–5
Dengizich, son of Attila: defeat and death, 359; invasion (467/8), 353, 356, 361, 363, 368; leadership, 354, 363
Dibaltum, battle, 175
Dill, Sir Samuel, 376
Diocletian, emperor: financial reforms, 64, 110, 114, 386; military strength, 63, 386; Prices Edict, 65, 111; Tetrarchy, 25, 130, 131, 262
Domitianus, praetorian prefect, 116
Donatus, death of, 324–5
Dory, Goths, 353
Dulcitius, governor of Asia, 116
Dyrrhachium, city, 170
Ecdicius, son of Avitus, 418–19
Edeco, ambassador of Attila, king of the Sciri, 314–17, 323, 325, 329, 357–8
Edobichus, general, 237
education: bishops, 133; law, 133; literacy, 49, 56, 80, 441; schools, 37, 44; traditional Roman, 17–19, 20, 117, 440–1
Egypt: army, 400; climate, 274; province, 104, 105; religion, 83; Roman annexation, 9; Roman defences, 387; Theophanes’ journey, 105
Ellac, son of Attila, 354
Elpidia, nurse to Placidia, 258
emperors: authority and control, 108–10, 120–1, 130–1; divine status and Christianity, 123–5, 441–3; imperial bureaucracy, 28, 116–18; imperial court, 27, 252–3; modes of succession, 28–9; power-sharing, 24, 66, 130; power struggles, 262; taxation, 120–1; usurpers, 66
Eslas, ambassador of Attila, 323–4
Eucherius, defender of Auvergne, 420
Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III, wife of Huneric, 292, 371, 378, 379, 395–6
Eudoxia, Licinia, daughter of Theodosius II, wife of Valentinian III, 129, 371, 379, 396
Eugenius, lover of Honoria, 335
Euphrates, river: irrigation, 62; Persian frontier, 59; Roman frontier, 13, 26, 40, 44, 106
Eupraxius, praetorian prefect, 253
Eurasian steppe, see Great Eurasian Steppe
Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, 125
Eusebius, imperial official, 256
Eutropius, chamberlain, 214
Expositio Totius Mundi, 279
Feddersen Wierde, farming settlement, 86–7
Felix, martyr, 122
Ferreolus, Tonantius, praetorian prefect, 419
feudalism, beginnings of, 94–6
Finno-Ugrian languages, 148
fireships, 403–4
Fishbourne, palace, 36
Flavianus, Nicomachus, son-in-law of Symmachus, 217
Florence, siege, 205
food supplies: African, 15, 273, 275, 276, 277, 292, 296; for Goths, 163, 172; grain for Rome, 15, 218, 273, 275, 289–90, 292; Hunnic army, 341
forts, 172
Fortunatus, Venantius, 441
Franks: classes of society, 94–5; defeat (428), 261; forces, 446; in Gaul, 418, 446; hairstyles, 89; kingdom, 452; laws, 431; leadership, 336, 394, 418; raids, 281; relationship with Alamanni, 84; relationship with Romans, 394, 416, 452; relationship with Vandals, 264; Roman campaigns against, 285, 288; rulers, 89, 94; Salian, 416, 425; territories, 81, 84, 86, 283, 363, 418; treaty with Constantine III, 211; unification, 453; unrest, 263
Fredibald, king of the Siling Vandals, 264
Fritigern, leader of Tervingi: dinner party with Lupicinus, 164–5, 167; Hadrianople battle, 177–9; invasion of Macedonia and Thessaly, 184; leadership, 145, 182–3, 185, 213; peace overtures, 179, 182–3, 185, 213; seeking asylum at Danube, 152, 154; strategy, 172, 173, 184
Fulvius, marriage of, 136
Galatia, 190
Galerius, emperor, 65
Galla Placidia, sister of Honorius, wife of Athaulf, wife of Flavius Constantius: capture by Goths, 191, 239; children, 240, 251; exile, 259, 265; marriage to Athaulf, 239–40, 292, 335; marriage to Constantius, 251, 255, 257; rank of Augusta, 258; regency, 260–1, 370; return to Rome, 241; son’s accession, 259–60
Gallia Belgica, province, 113
Gallienus, emperor, 65
garrison troops: disbanding, 412; eastern empire, 385, 387; limitanei, 62, 63; in Noricum, 409; regraded, 247, 434; relationship with Goths, 211–12; role, 172, 199, 447; training, 172
Gaudentius, father of Flavius Constantius, 281
Gaul: Aetius’ campaigns, 286, 287; after Roman rule, 437–8; Alans in, 208, 221, 287, 434; army, 382; Burgundians in, 348, 382, 394, 396, 417–18 (map), 424; Caesar’s wars, 7–8, 12–13; council, 250; Franks in, 418, 446; Gothic presence, 250; Hunnic attack, 335–6, 337–9, 343; invasion (406), 194, 206–9; landowners, 382, 395, 419–23, 435, 438; regime (259), 66; revolt (69), 45; Rhine invaders in, 207 (map); Roman forces, 447; Roman losses, 245–6, 247; Suevi in, 208, 221, 434; Vandals in, 208, 221, 434; Visigothic rebellion, 287–8; Visigoths in, 348, 415–17, 418–23, 424, 446
Geiseric, king of Vandal-Alan coalition: accession, 266; Aetius’ campaign against, 285–6; appearance and character, 266, 398; attacks on Sicily, 290, 395; capture of Carthage, 288–9, 295, 344; conquest of North Africa, 288–9, 298; defeat of Roman fleet, 403, 404, 406; invasion of Italy, 378–9; invasion of North Africa, 267–72, 281; peace treaty (435), 286, 388; peace treaty (442), 292–3; political strategy, 396, 425; relationship with Attila, 336; sack of Rome (455), 379, 382, 395, 396; Spanish raid (461), 399; status of client king, 292
Georgia, 73
Germani, Germania, Germanic: burials, 88–90, 94, 332, 364–5, 454; cities, 302–3; confederations of the fourth century, 81 (map); cultures, 56–8, 200; in early Roman period, 50–1 (map); economy, 67, 89, 91, 93, 456; elite in fourth century, 90–1; languages, 48, 53, 78, 84, 263, 265, 329; limits of Roman expansion, 55–8, 67; literacy, 49; migrations, 201–2, 204–5; political units, 54, 67, 451, 454–5; raids, 451; relationship with Roman empire, 455, 457–9; religion, 75–6, 92–3, 96; threat to Rome, 97–8; warfare, 54, 67
Germania Inferior, province, 113
Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, 345
Germanus, general, 290
Gesimund, brother of Thorismund, 357
Getica, see Jordanes
Gibbon, Edward: on Attila, 300; on Christianity, 14, 119, 121, 122–3, 443; on corruption, 101; on eastern empire, 431; on fall of Roman empire, x, 443
Gildas, chronicler, 346–7
Glabrio Faustus, praetorian prefect, 124
gladius (sword), 7
glass, 88
Glycerius, emperor, 426
Goffart, Walter, 424
gold: crown gold for emperor, 22; grave goods, 332, 364–5, 454; taxation and confiscations, 399–400; tribute, 301, 304, 307–8, 312, 327, 360, 368, 388, 454
Goths: Alaric’s leadership, 211–16, 237–8, 265, 453, 454; Amal-led, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358–9, 363, 367, 368, 369, 388; Ammianus’ account, 151–3; in Aquitaine, 242, 263, 265, 451; Athaulf’s, 238–41; classes of society, 94; conflict with Sciri, 368–9; conflict with Valens (365–9), 73–5; culture, 200; drinking, 75, 422–3; forces, 446; in Gaul, 303; groups, 352–3, 356; invasion of Italy under Radagaisus, 194–8, 205–6, 451; migrations, 98, 151–4; peace treaty (332), 73; peace treaty (369), 72–3, 75–6; peace treaty (382), 184–5, 211, 212, 213; peace treaty (418), 263; refugees, 145–6, 151–4, 158–64, 169, 436; relationship with Huns, 195, 327, 329–30, 352, 356; relationship with Romans, 80, 190, 241–3, 451; revolts, 212–14; Roman prisoners, 77; in Spain, 241–2; support for Jovinus, 237–8; in Thrace, 353, 388; unification, 213; war with Roman empire (377–382), 167–9 (map), 188; see also Greuthungi, Ostrogoths, Tervingi, Visigoths
Gratian, emperor: appointment of Theodosius, 187; conflict with Goths, 175, 177–8, 181, 185; defeat of Lentienses, 177, 178; education, 36; encounter with Alans, 195–6; forces, 181; relationship with Valens, 163, 176–8, 181, 196
Gratian, usurper, 209
grave goods: Danubian style, 332, 364–5; Germanic burials, 88–90, 94, 332, 364–5, 454, 455; Sarmatian, 98
Great Eurasian Steppe: geography, 146–7, 194; Hunnic migration, 328; Hunnic presence, 149–50, 158; population movements, 450
Great Hungarian Plain: armed groups, 358; cemeteries, 330–1; grazing, 328; Hunnic presence, 203, 204, 351, 367, 433; Sarmatian presence, 450
Gregory Nazianzus, 133
Gregory of Nyssa, 133
Greuthungi: conflict with Huns, 151, 329; Danube asylum seekers, 145, 152, 158, 162, 213, 361, 433; Danube crossing, 164; defeated by Gratian, 183; flight from Huns, 152, 153, 158, 361, 433; forces, 445; Hadrianople battle, 179; leadership, 151, 154, 213; relationship with Romans, 162; relationship with Tervingi, 164, 167, 213, 451, 453; territory, 145; in Thrace (376), 194; treaty (382), 213; war with Rome, 171, 179, 183; see also Goths, Tervingi
Gundioc, king of Burgundians, 426
Hadrianople: battle, ix, 167, 178–81, 183, 190, 249, 329, 384; city, 172, 177, 310
Haemus mountains: geography, 168, 170; Gothic presence, 172, 173–5, 177–8, 185; Hunnic presence, 308, 311; Roman presence, 174–5, 176, 195, 311
Hasding Vandals: alliances, 206, 264–5, 452, 453, 454; language, 263; origins, 263; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 206; in Spain, 241, 243, 244, 264
Hatra, city, 60
Helpidius, praetorian prefect, 116
Hephthalite Huns, 150
Heracleia, city, 310
Heraclianus, general, 256–7
Heraclius, general, 400
Heraclius, head of emperor’s household, 372–3
Herculianus, senator, 335
Hermann the German, see Arminius
Hermeric, king of the Suevi, 265
Hermopolis, 104
honorati (imperial bureaucrats), 116
Honoria, Iusta Grata, daughter of Galla Placidia, 251, 335–6, 370
Honorius, emperor: accession, 205, 216–17; army, 247; British policy, 245, 345; British revolt, 209, 210; Constantine III’s threat, 236, 237; court, 234; death, 258, 259, 266; Gothic policy, 225–7, 229, 248, 255–6, 378; Gothic sack of Rome, 191, 227, 229; marriages, 257; reign, 305; relationship with Constantinople, 243, 388; relationship with Constantius, 251, 253, 256; relationship with Huns, 244; relationship with Stilicho, 205, 210, 216–18, 222–3, 252–3; sister, 191, 239, 240, 251; succession, 251; taxation, 246
Hsien-Pi, 148–9
Huneric, son of Geiseric, king of Vandal-Alan coalition, 292, 293, 371, 395–6, 425
Hungarian steppe, see Great Hungarian Steppe
Hunimund, Gothic ruler, 357
Huns: arrival (376), 151, 204–5; burials, 203, 301, 331–2; comparison with Romans, 138–9; court of Attila, 317–19, 325; crisis (405–8), 204–5; embassies to, 203, 313–23, 324–5, 333–4; embassies to Constantinople, 314, 323–4; empire, 329–32 (map), 360–6; fall of empire, 351–60, 363, 366, 427, 435; horses, 328; impact on Alans, 190; impact in Black Sea region, 152 (map); impact on Goths, 151–3, 166, 170, 204; impact on Roman empire, 146, 166, 343–8, 433–4, 435, 445, 450, 454–5, 459; invasions, 298–9, 301–4, 307–12, 333, 335–42, 356, 433–4; leadership, 300, 308, 325–6, 356, 365, 366; mercenary service, 327; migration, 149–50, 450; military strength, 154–5, 332; nomadism, 147–8, 326; origins, 146–9; peace treaty (442/3), 307–8; peace treaty (447), 312; raid (395), 202, 387; relationship with Aetius, 259, 261, 262, 281, 286–8, 303, 327, 330, 343, 374, 378, 435; relationship with Alans, 151, 155, 190, 195–6, 330; relationship with Constantinople, 300–1, 323–4, 333–4, 336; relationship with Goths, 175, 327, 329–30, 352, 356; siege warfare, 301–3; sources, 304–6, 307, 351–4, 356; territory, 202–3, 286–7; territory in 465, 355 (map); trade, 326–7; tribute, 301, 304, 307–8, 327–8, 360, 366, 368; Uldin’s invasion, 196, 202, 204; wealth, 364–5, 366; weapons, 155–8; western campaigns, 338 (map)
Hunt, A. S., 104
Hydatius, bishop and chronicler: on Aetius, 288; on Bagaudae, 282; on Burgundian losses, 287; on Gotho-Roman campaigns, 241–2, 265–6; on Huns, 340–1; on Rhine invaders in Spain, 208, 264; on Vitus’ campaign, 345
Hypatius, saint, 309–10
Iberia, 161, see also Spain
Illyrian language, 407
Illyricum: army in, 382, 411, 447; control of, 219; Goths in, 219, 220
Indus, river, 59
Inobindus, general, 290
invaders, numbers, 445–6
Iol Caesarea, tribal centre, 279
Ioviacum, destruction, 414
iron production, 87–8
irrigation, 278
Isauria, bandits, 134
Islam, rise of, 431
Italy: departure of Huns (425), 286; economic decline, 114; Gothic invasions, 246, 434; Hunnic invasion, 339–41, 343; landowners, 382, 438; Odovacar’s regime, 428–30; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194, 197, 205–6, 433, 445, 451; revenue from, 406; Roman army, 382, 447; Roman control, 426; taxation, 246
Iuthungi, 285
John, general, 405
John of Antioch, 372
Jordanes, historian: on Attila, 319, 342; on Bigelis, 368; career, 351–2; on Geiseric, 266; Getica, 266, 351, 352–6, 358–9, 416; historical perspective, 352–6, 358–9; on Hun army, 337
Jovian, emperor: accession, 29, 70–1; peace treaty with Persia, 70–1, 73, 293, 386; rule, 24; son, 28, 258; successor, 28
Julian, emperor: conduct as emperor, 252; death, 70; defeat of Persian expedition, 70, 386; relationship with Alamanni, 455–6, 458; religion, 127; rule, 24, 127, 130, 253, 385; Strasbourg battle, ix, 82, 85, 92, 458; uncle, 73
Julius Caesar: African campaigns, 275; Alesia siege, 7–8; campaigns in Gaul, 8, 9, 12–13, 54, 55; career, 22–3, 26–7; death, 27; Gallic War, 56; literary skills, 20; reputation, 5; response to Germanic revolt, 4; winter quarters, 3
Jutland, sacrificial goods, 91–2