Interpreting For Park Visitors by William J. Lewis ================================================== LOC SB482.A4L48 1980 Chapter 9 Communication Theory -------------------- * Fabun, Don. Communications: The transfer of Meaning. Beverly Hills: Glencoe Press, 1968. A concise, stimulating view of communication, written in a lively style and well illustrated. * Haney, William V. Communication and Organizational Behavior, 3d. ed. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1973 Clearly explains some of the major reasons for breakdowns in human communication. Gives specific suggestions for avoiding these breakdowns. * Johnson, Kenneth G., Mark C. Liebig, Gene Minor, and John J. Senatore, Nothing Never Happens, teacher's ed. Beverly Hills: Glencoe Press, 1974. A collection of exercises which promotes self-discovery. Includes thought-provoking articles. Excellent for group training. * Johnson, Wendell. People in Quandries. N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1946. A classic. Although a few of the examples are out of date, this is the best treatment of the relationship between language and behavior I know of. * Lee, Irving J. Handling Barriers in Communication. San Francisco: International Society for General Semantics, 1968. A series of presentations used in training people to overcome communication barriers. Excellent for training purposes. * Postman, Neil and Charles Wingarter. Teaching as a Subversive Activity. N.Y. Publishing Co., 1969. Interpretation can be thought of as a specialized form of teaching. This is my favorite book on teaching. * Rogers, Carl R. On Begoming a Person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961. Developing one's self is essential to good interpretation. This book, more than any other I know, can be helpful with this. * Verdeber, Rudolph F. The Challenge of Effective Speaking. 3d ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1976 An outstanding overview of the speaking process. Resources Prepared For Interpreters ----------------------------------- * Alderson, William T. and Shirley Payne Low. Interpretation of Historic Sites. Nashville: American Assoc. for State and Local History, 1976. The best book I know of on the subject. A must for all interpreters of historic sites. * Beechel, Jacque. Interpretation for Handicapped Persons: A Handbook for Outdoor Recreational Personel. Seattle: National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, 1975. Many helpful suggestions on an important subject. * Bernard, Nelson T., Jr. (compiler). One Step Beyond. Southwestern Region, U.S. Forest Service, n. d. A good, brief discussion of the interpretive walk. Contains some excellent suggestions on involving children that would work just as well for adults. * Harrison, Anne. Interpreting the River Resource. Wahsington D.C.: U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977. * Knudsen, George J. Nature Hike Themes. Madison: Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, 1976. If you need help thinking of possible themes for your nature walk, this booklet is a goldmine of ideas. * Lewis, William J. the Fine Art of Interpretive Critiquing. Washington D.C.: National Park Service, Division of Interpretation, 1975. A series of four videotapes showing excerpts from actual interpretive activities at Independence National Park and Yellowstone National Park together with critiques of the excerpts. * National Park Service, Division of Interpretation. A Personal Training Program for Interpreters. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. Designed for use with or without an accompanying set of videotapes, this manual is especially helpful in the development of skills which lead to /involvement/ in interpretation. * National Park Service. Training Methods Manual: A Training Guide for Supervisors and other Instructors to Enable Them to Increase the Effectiveness of all National Park Service Training Activities, rev. ed. Washington D.C.: National Park Service, 1967. Designed for supervisors and instructors, this manual can be just as helpful to the trainee. * Sharpe, Grant. Interpreting the Environment. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1976. An excellent overview of the field of interpretation. Highly recommended. * Stephenson, Lee and Nancy Strader. Energy Workbook for Parks. Arlington, Va.: Park Project on Energy Interpretation, National Recreation and Park Assoc., 1977. Develops six energy themes and gives many exercises interpreters can use when interpreting energy. * Tilden, Freeman. Interpreting Our Heritage, 3d. ed. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1977. A classic! This book has influenced interpretation more during the last two decades than any other single source. * Van Matre, Steve. Acclimatization: A Sensory and Conceptual Approach to Ecological Involvement. Martinsville, Ind.: American Camping Assoc., 1972. * Van Matre, Steve. Acclimatizing: A Personal and Reflective Approach to A Natural Relationship. Martinsville, Ind.: American Camping Assoc., 1974 Van Matre shows more clearly than any other person I know how to develop concepts, ideas, and philosophy from one's experiences. His inductive, experiential approach is outstanding. Especially helpful are the many suggested activities. Additional Resources -------------------- Resources which combine the philosophy of interpretation, the art of interpretation, excellent communicative style, and thought-stirring points of view: * Brown, Dee A. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. N.Y.: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1970. * Brown, William E. Islands of Hope. Parks and Recreation in Environmental Crisis. Washington, D.C.: National Recreation and Park Assoc., 1971. * Carrighar, Sally. One Day at Teton Marsh. N.Y.: Ballantine Books, 1947. * Clark, Kenneth. Civilization: A Personal View. N.Y.: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1969. * Dillard, Annie. Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. N.Y.: Harper's Magazine Press, 1974. * Dubos, Rene. So Human an Animal. N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968. * Eiseley, Loren. The Immense Journey. N.Y.: Vintage Books, 1957. * Everhart, William C. The National Park Service. N.Y.: Praeger Publishers, 1972. * Fabun, Don. The Dynamics of Change. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967. * Frings, Hubert and Mable. Animal Communication. Waltham, Mass.: Blaisdell Publishing Co., 1964. * Leopold, Aldo. A Sand County Almnanac. N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1949. * Lewis, Meriwether. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. The 1814 edition, unabridged, 3 vols. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1961. * Lindbergh, A. M. Gift from the Sea. N.Y.: Vintage, 1965. * Sarett, Lew. Covenant with Earth: A Selection from the Poetry of Lew Sarett. Gainesville, Fla.: Univ. of Fla. Press, 1956. * Thomas, Lewis. The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher. N.Y.: Bantam Books, Inc., 1971. * Toffler, Alvin. Future Shock. N.Y.: Random House, 1970.