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# 2024-05-27 - The Country of the Blind by H.G. Wells
I found this short story referenced in a philosophical paper about the
relative merits of hearing and sight. The philosophical question of:
"Is it better to be blind or deaf?"
This story presents a thought experiment where a seeing man is
abruptly dumped into an all-blind community. The premise reminds me
a little of A Connecticut Yankee In King Arthur's Court, where the
Connecticut Yankee has the advantage of future knowledge and
technology that nobody else has. Only in this story, the main
character, Nunez, has sight, not future knowledge. One can imagine
how that might turn out...
Without further do, here is the full text of the short story.
# The Country of the Blind
Three hundred miles and more from Chimborazo, one hundred from the snows
of Cotopaxi, in the wildest wastes of Ecuador's Andes, there lies that
mysterious mountain valley, cut off from the world of men, the Country
of the Blind. Long years ago that valley lay so far open to the world
that men might come at last through frightful gorges and over an icy
pass into its equable meadows; and thither indeed men came, a family
or so of Peruvian half-breeds fleeing from the lust and tyranny of an
evil Spanish ruler. Then came the stupendous outbreak of Mindobamba,
when it was night in Quito for seventeen days, and the water was boiling
at Yaguachi and all the fish floating dying even as far as Guayaquil;
everywhere along the Pacific slopes there were land-slips and swift
thawings and sudden floods, and one whole side of the old Arauca crest
slipped and came down in thunder, and cut off the Country of the Blind
for ever from the exploring feet of men. But one of these early settlers
had chanced to be on the hither side of the gorges when the world had
so terribly shaken itself, and he perforce had to forget his wife and
his child and all the friends and possessions he had left up there, and
start life over again in the lower world. He started it again but ill,
blindness overtook him, and he died of punishment in the mines; but
the story he told begot a legend that lingers along the length of the
Cordilleras of the Andes to this day.
He told of his reason for venturing back from that fastness, into which
he had first been carried lashed to a llama, beside a vast bale of
gear, when he was a child. The valley, he said, had in it all that the
heart of man could desire--sweet water, pasture, and even climate,
slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an excellent
fruit, and on one side great hanging forests of pine that held the
avalanches high. Far overhead, on three sides, vast cliffs of grey-green
rock were capped by cliffs of ice; but the glacier stream came not to
them but flowed away by the farther slopes, and only now and then huge
ice masses fell on the valley side. In this valley it neither rained
nor snowed, but the abundant springs gave a rich green pasture, that
irrigation would spread over all the valley space. The settlers did well
indeed there. Their beasts did well and multiplied, and but one thing
marred their happiness. Yet it was enough to mar it greatly. A strange
disease had come upon them, and had made all the children born to them
there--and indeed, several older children also--blind. It was to seek
some charm or antidote against this plague of blindness that he had with
fatigue and danger and difficulty returned down the gorge. In those
days, in such cases, men did not think of germs and infections but of
sins; and it seemed to him that the reason of this affliction must lie
in the negligence of these priestless immigrants to set up a shrine so
soon as they entered the valley. He wanted a shrine--a handsome, cheap,
effectual shrine--to be erected in the valley; he wanted relics and
such-like potent things of faith, blessed objects and mysterious medals
and prayers. In his wallet he had a bar of native silver for which
he would not account; he insisted there was none in the valley with
something of the insistence of an inexpert liar. They had all clubbed
their money and ornaments together, having little need for such treasure
up there, he said, to buy them holy help against their ill. I figure
this dim-eyed young mountaineer, sunburnt, gaunt, and anxious, hat-brim
clutched feverishly, a man all unused to the ways of the lower world,
telling this story to some keen-eyed, attentive priest before the great
convulsion; I can picture him presently seeking to return with pious and
infallible remedies against that trouble, and the infinite dismay with
which he must have faced the tumbled vastness where the gorge had once
come out. But the rest of his story of mischances is lost to me, save
that I know of his evil death after several years. Poor stray from that
remoteness! The stream that had once made the gorge now bursts from the
mouth of a rocky cave, and the legend his poor, ill-told story set going
developed into the legend of a race of blind men somewhere "over there"
one may still hear to-day.
And amidst the little population of that now isolated and forgotten
valley the disease ran its course. The old became groping and purblind,
the young saw but dimly, and the children that were born to them saw
never at all. But life was very easy in that snow-rimmed basin, lost to
all the world, with neither thorns nor briars, with no evil insects nor
any beasts save the gentle breed of llamas they had lugged and thrust
and followed up the beds of the shrunken rivers in the gorges up which
they had come. The seeing had become purblind so gradually that they
scarcely noted their loss. They guided the sightless youngsters hither
and thither until they knew the whole Valley marvellously, and when at
last sight died out among them the race lived on. They had even time to
adapt themselves to the blind control of fire, which they made carefully
in stoves of stone. They were a simple strain of people at the first,
unlettered, only slightly touched with the Spanish civilisation, but
with something of a tradition of the arts of old Peru and of its lost
philosophy. Generation followed generation. They forgot many things;
they devised many things. Their tradition of the greater world they
came from became mythical in colour and uncertain. In all things save
sight they were strong and able, and presently the chance of birth
and heredity sent one who had an original mind and who could talk and
persuade among them, and then afterwards another. These two passed,
leaving their effects, and the little community grew in numbers and in
understanding, and met and settled social and economic problems that
arose. Generation followed generation. Generation followed generation.
There came a time when a child was born who was fifteen generations from
that ancestor who went out of the valley with a bar of silver to seek
God's aid, and who never returned. Thereabouts it chanced that a man
came into this community from the outer world. And this is the story of
that man.
He was a mountaineer from the country near Quito, a man who had been
down to the sea and had seen the world, a reader of books in an original
way, an acute and enterprising man, and he was taken on by a party of
Englishmen who had come out to Ecuador to climb mountains, to replace
one of their three Swiss guides who had fallen ill. He climbed here
and he climbed there, and then came the attempt on Parascotopetl, the
Matterhorn of the Andes, in which he was lost to the outer world.
The story of the accident has been written a dozen times. Pointer's
narrative is the best. He tells how the little party worked their
difficult and almost vertical way up to the very foot of the last and
greatest precipice, and how they built a night shelter amidst the snow
upon a little shelf of rock, and, with a touch of real dramatic power,
how presently they found Nunez had gone from them. They shouted, and
there was no reply; shouted and whistled, and for the rest of that night
they slept no more.
As the morning broke they saw the traces of his fall. It seems
impossible he could have uttered a sound. He had slipped eastward
towards the unknown side of the mountain; far below he had struck a
steep slope of snow, and ploughed his way down it in the midst of a
snow avalanche. His track went straight to the edge of a frightful
precipice, and beyond that everything was hidden. Far, far below, and
hazy with distance, they could see trees rising out of a narrow, shut-in
valley--the lost Country of the Blind. But they did not know it was
the lost Country of the Blind, nor distinguish it in any way from any
other narrow streak of upland valley. Unnerved by this disaster, they
abandoned their attempt in the afternoon, and Pointer was called away to
the war before he could make another attack. To this day Parascotopetl
lifts an unconquered crest, and Pointer's shelter crumbles unvisited
amidst the snows.
And the man who fell survived.
At the end of the slope he fell a thousand feet, and came down in the
midst of a cloud of snow upon a snow slope even steeper than the one
above. Down this he was whirled, stunned and insensible, but without a
bone broken in his body; and then at last came to gentler slopes, and
at last rolled out and lay still, buried amidst a softening heap of the
white masses that had accompanied and saved him. He came to himself with
a dim fancy that he was ill in bed; then realised his position with a
mountaineer's intelligence, and worked himself loose and, after a rest
or so, out until he saw the stars. He rested flat upon his chest for a
space, wondering where he was and what had happened to him. He explored
his limbs, and discovered that several of his buttons were gone and his
coat turned over his head. His knife had gone from his pocket and his
hat was lost, though he had tied it under his chin. He recalled that
he had been looking for loose stones to raise his piece of the shelter
wall. His ice-axe had disappeared.
He decided he must have fallen, and looked up to see, exaggerated by the
ghastly light of the rising moon, the tremendous flight he had taken.
For a while he lay, gazing blankly at that vast pale cliff towering
above, rising moment by moment out of a subsiding tide of darkness. Its
phantasmal, mysterious beauty held him for a space, and then he was
seized with a paroxysm of sobbing laughter...
After a great interval of time he became aware that he was near
the lower edge of the snow. Below, down what was now a moonlit and
practicable slope, he saw the dark and broken appearance of rock-strewn
turf. He struggled to his feet, aching in every joint and limb, got down
painfully from the heaped loose snow about him, went downward until he
was on the turf, and there dropped rather than lay beside a boulder,
drank deep from the flask in his inner pocket, and instantly fell
asleep...
He was awakened by the singing of birds in the trees far below.
He sat up and perceived he was on a little alp at the foot of a vast
precipice, that was grooved by the gully down which he and his snow
had come. Over against him another wall of rock reared itself against
the sky. The gorge between these precipices ran east and west and was
full of the morning sunlight, which lit to the westward the mass of
fallen mountain that closed the descending gorge. Below him it seemed
there was a precipice equally steep, but behind the snow in the gully
he found a sort of chimney-cleft dripping with snow-water down which
a desperate man might venture. He found it easier than it seemed, and
came at last to another desolate alp, and then after a rock climb of no
particular difficulty to a steep slope of trees. He took his bearings
and turned his face up the gorge, for he saw it opened out above upon
green meadows, among which he now glimpsed quite distinctly a cluster
of stone huts of unfamiliar fashion. At times his progress was like
clambering along the face of a wall, and after a time the rising sun
ceased to strike along the gorge, the voices of the singing birds died
away, and the air grew cold and dark about him. But the distant valley
with its houses was all the brighter for that. He came presently to
talus, and among the rocks he noted--for he was an observant man--an
unfamiliar fern that seemed to clutch out of the crevices with intense
green hands. He picked a frond or so and gnawed its stalk and found it
helpful.
About midday he came at last out of the throat of the gorge into the
plain and the sunlight. He was stiff and weary; he sat down in the
shadow of a rock, filled up his flask with water from a spring and
drank it down, and remained for a time resting before he went on to the
houses.
They were very strange to his eyes, and indeed the whole aspect of
that valley became, as he regarded it, queerer and more unfamiliar.
The greater part of its surface was lush green meadow, starred with
many beautiful flowers, irrigated with extraordinary care, and bearing
evidence of systematic cropping piece by piece. High up and ringing
the valley about was a wall, and what appeared to be a circumferential
water-channel, from which the little trickles of water that fed the
meadow plants came, and on the higher slopes above this flocks of llamas
cropped the scanty herbage. Sheds, apparently shelters or feeding-places
for the llamas, stood against the boundary wall here and there. The
irrigation streams ran together into a main channel down the centre of
the valley, and this was enclosed on either side by a wall breast high.
This gave a singularly urban quality to this secluded place, a quality
that was greatly enhanced by the fact that a number of paths paved with
black and white stones, and each with a curious little kerb at the side,
ran hither and thither in an orderly manner. The houses of the central
village were quite unlike the casual and higgledy-piggledy agglomeration
of the mountain villages he knew; they stood in a continuous row on
either side of a central street of astonishing cleanness; here and
there their particoloured facade was pierced by a door, and not a
solitary window broke their even frontage. They were particoloured with
extraordinary irregularity, smeared with a sort of plaster that was
sometimes grey, sometimes drab, sometimes slate-coloured or dark brown;
and it was the sight of this wild plastering first brought the word
"blind" into the thoughts of the explorer. "The good man who did that,"
he thought, "must have been as blind as a bat."
He descended a steep place, and so came to the wall and channel that ran
about the valley, near where the latter spouted out its surplus contents
into the deeps of the gorge in a thin and wavering thread of cascade. He
could now see a number of men and women resting on piled heaps of grass,
as if taking a siesta, in the remoter part of the meadow, and nearer
the village a number of recumbent children, and then nearer at hand
three men carrying pails on yokes along a little path that ran from the
encircling wall towards the houses. These latter were clad in garments
of llama cloth and boots and belts of leather, and they wore caps of
cloth with back and ear flaps. They followed one another in single file,
walking slowly and yawning as they walked, like men who have been up all
night. There was something so reassuringly prosperous and respectable in
their bearing that after a moment's hesitation Nunez stood forward as
conspicuously as possible upon his rock, and gave vent to a mighty shout
that echoed round the valley.
The three men stopped, and moved their heads as though they were
looking about them. They turned their faces this way and that, and
Nunez gesticulated with freedom. But they did not appear to see him for
all his gestures, and after a time, directing themselves towards the
mountains far away to the right, they shouted as if in answer. Nunez
bawled again, and then once more, and as he gestured ineffectually the
word "blind" came up to the top of his thoughts. "The fools must be
blind," he said.
When at last, after much shouting and wrath, Nunez crossed the stream by
a little bridge, came through a gate in the wall, and approached them,
he was sure that they were blind. He was sure that this was the Country
of the Blind of which the legends told. Conviction had sprung upon him,
and a sense of great and rather enviable adventure. The three stood side
by side, not looking at him, but with their ears directed towards him,
judging him by his unfamiliar steps. They stood close together like men
a little afraid, and he could see their eyelids closed and sunken, as
though the very balls beneath had shrunk away. There was an expression
near awe on their faces.
"A man," one said, in hardly recognisable Spanish--"a man it is--a man
or a spirit--coming down from the rocks."
But Nunez advanced with the confident steps of a youth who enters upon
life. All the old stories of the lost valley and the Country of the
Blind had come back to his mind, and through his thoughts ran this old
proverb, as if it were a refrain--
"In the Country of the Blind the One-eyed Man is King."
"In the Country of the Blind the One-eyed Man is King."
And very civilly he gave them greeting. He talked to them and used his
eyes.
"Where does he come from, brother Pedro?" asked one.
"Down out of the rocks."
"Over the mountains I come," said Nunez, "out of the country beyond
there--where men can see. From near Bogota, where there are a hundred
thousands of people, and where the city passes out of sight."
"Sight?" muttered Pedro. "Sight?"
"He comes," said the second blind man, "out of the rocks."
The cloth of their coats Nunez saw was curiously fashioned, each with a
different sort of stitching.
They startled him by a simultaneous movement towards him, each with a
hand outstretched. He stepped back from the advance of these spread
fingers.
"Come hither," said the third blind man, following his motion and
clutching him neatly.
And they held Nunez and felt him over, saying no word further until they
had done so.
"Carefully," he cried, with a finger in his eye, and found they thought
that organ, with its fluttering lids, a queer thing in him. They went
over it again.
"A strange creature, Correa," said the one called Pedro. "Feel the
coarseness of his hair. Like a llama's hair."
"Rough he is as the rocks that begot him," said Correa, investigating
Nunez's unshaven chin with a soft and slightly moist hand. "Perhaps he
will grow finer." Nunez struggled a little under their examination, but
they gripped him firm.
"Carefully," he said again.
"He speaks," said the third man. "Certainly he is a man."
"Ugh!" said Pedro, at the roughness of his coat.
"And you have come into the world?" asked Pedro.
"_Out_ of the world. Over mountains and glaciers; right over above
there, half-way to the sun. Out of the great big world that goes down,
twelve days' journey to the sea."
They scarcely seemed to heed him. "Our fathers have told us men may be
made by the forces of Nature," said Correa. "It is the warmth of things
and moisture, and rottenness--rottenness."
"Let us lead him to the elders," said Pedro.
"Shout first," said Correa, "lest the children be afraid... This is a
marvellous occasion."
So they shouted, and Pedro went first and took Nunez by the hand to lead
him to the houses.
He drew his hand away. "I can see," he said.
"See?" said Correa.
"Yes, see," said Nunez, turning towards him, and stumbled against
Pedro's pail.
"His senses are still imperfect," said the third blind man. "He
stumbles, and talks unmeaning words. Lead him by the hand."
"As you will," said Nunez, and was led along, laughing.
It seemed they knew nothing of sight.
Well, all in good time he would teach them.
He heard people shouting, and saw a number of figures gathering together
in the middle roadway of the village.
He found it tax his nerve and patience more than he had anticipated,
that first encounter with the population of the Country of the Blind.
The place seemed larger as he drew near to it, and the smeared
plasterings queerer, and a crowd of children and men and women (the
women and girls, he was pleased to note, had some of them quite sweet
faces, for all that their eyes were shut and sunken) came about him,
holding on to him, touching him with soft, sensitive hands, smelling
at him, and listening at every word he spoke. Some of the maidens and
children, however, kept aloof as if afraid, and indeed his voice seemed
coarse and rude beside their softer notes. They mobbed him. His three
guides kept close to him with an effect of proprietorship, and said
again and again, "A wild man out of the rock."
"Bogota," he said. "Bogota. Over the mountain crests."
"A wild man--using wild words," said Pedro. "Did you hear that--
_Bogota_? His mind is hardly formed yet. He has only the beginnings of
speech."
A little boy nipped his hand. "Bogota!" he said mockingly.
"Ay! A city to your village. I come from the great world--where men have
eyes and see."
"His name's Bogota," they said.
"He stumbled," said Correa, "stumbled twice as we came hither."
"Bring him to the elders."
And they thrust him suddenly through a doorway into a room as black as
pitch, save at the end there faintly glowed a fire. The crowd closed in
behind him and shut out all but the faintest glimmer of day, and before
he could arrest himself he had fallen headlong over the feet of a seated
man. His arm, outflung, struck the face of someone else as he went down;
he felt the soft impact of features and heard a cry of anger, and for a
moment he struggled against a number of hands that clutched him. It was
a one-sided fight. An inkling of the situation came to him, and he lay
quiet.
"I fell down," he said; "I couldn't see in this pitchy darkness."
There was a pause as if the unseen persons about him tried to understand
his words. Then the voice of Correa said: "He is but newly formed.
He stumbles as he walks and mingles words that mean nothing with his
speech."
Others also said things about him that he heard or understood
imperfectly.
"May I sit up?" he asked, in a pause. "I will not struggle against you
again."
They consulted and let him rise.
The voice of an older man began to question him, and Nunez found himself
trying to explain the great world out of which he had fallen, and the
sky and mountains and sight and such-like marvels, to these elders who
sat in darkness in the Country of the Blind. And they would believe
and understand nothing whatever he told them, a thing quite outside
his expectation. They would not even understand many of his words. For
fourteen generations these people had been blind and cut off from all
the seeing world; the names for all the things of sight had faded and
changed; the story of the outer world was faded and changed to a child's
story; and they had ceased to concern themselves with anything beyond
the rocky slopes above their circling wall. Blind men of genius had
arisen among them and questioned the shreds of belief and tradition
they had brought with them from their seeing days, and had dismissed
all these things as idle fancies, and replaced them with new and saner
explanations. Much of their imagination had shrivelled with their eyes,
and they had made for themselves new imaginations with their ever more
sensitive ears and finger-tips. Slowly Nunez realised this; that his
expectation of wonder and reverence at his origin and his gifts was not
to be borne out; and after his poor attempt to explain sight to them had
been set aside as the confused version of a new-made being describing
the marvels of his incoherent sensations, he subsided, a little dashed,
into listening to their instruction. And the eldest of the blind men
explained to him life and philosophy and religion, how that the world
(meaning their valley) had been first an empty hollow in the rocks, and
then had come, first, inanimate things without the gift of touch, and
llamas and a few other creatures that had little sense, and then men,
and at last angels, whom one could hear singing and making fluttering
sounds, but whom no one could touch at all, which puzzled Nunez greatly
until he thought of the birds.
He went on to tell Nunez how this time had been divided into the warm
and the cold, which are the blind equivalents of day and night, and how
it was good to sleep in the warm and work during the cold, so that now,
but for his advent, the whole town of the blind would have been asleep.
He said Nunez must have been specially created to learn and serve the
wisdom, they had acquired, and that for all his mental incoherency and
stumbling behaviour he must have courage, and do his best to learn, and
at that all the people in the doorway murmured encouragingly. He said
the night--for the blind call their day night--was now far gone, and it
behoved every one to go back to sleep. He asked Nunez if he knew how to
sleep, and Nunez said he did, but that before sleep he wanted food.
They brought him food--llama's milk in a bowl, and rough salted
bread--and led him into a lonely place, to eat out of their hearing, and
afterwards to slumber until the chill of the mountain evening roused
them to begin their day again. But Nunez slumbered not at all.
Instead, he sat up in the place where they had left him, resting his
limbs and turning the unanticipated circumstances of his arrival over
and over in his mind.
Every now and then he laughed, sometimes with amusement, and sometimes
with indignation.
"Unformed mind!" he said. "Got no senses yet! They little know they've
been insulting their heaven-sent king and master. I see I must bring
them to reason. Let me think--let me think."
He was still thinking when the sun set.
Nunez had an eye for all beautiful things, and it seemed to him that
the glow upon the snowfields and glaciers that rose about the valley on
every side was the most beautiful thing he had ever seen. His eyes went
from that inaccessible glory to the village and irrigated fields, fast
sinking into the twilight, and suddenly a wave of emotion took him, and
he thanked God from the bottom of his heart that the power of sight had
been given him.
He heard a voice calling to him from out of the village. "Ya ho there,
Bogota! Come hither!"
At that he stood up smiling. He would show these people once and for all
what sight would do for a man. They would seek him, but not find him.
"You move not, Bogota," said the voice.
He laughed noiselessly, and made two stealthy steps aside from the path.
"Trample not on the grass, Bogota; that is not allowed."
Nunez had scarcely heard the sound he made himself. He stopped amazed.
The owner of the voice came running up the piebald path towards him.
He stepped back into the pathway. "Here I am," he said.
"Why did you not come when I called you?" said the blind man. "Must you
be led like a child? Cannot you hear the path as you walk?"
Nunez laughed. "I can see it," he said.
"There is no such word as _see_," said the blind man, after a pause.
"Cease this folly, and follow the sound of my feet."
Nunez followed, a little annoyed.
"My time will come," he said.
"You'll learn," the blind man answered. "There is much to learn in the
world."
"Has no one told you, 'In the Country of the Blind the One-eyed Man is
King'?"
"What is blind?" asked the blind man carelessly over his shoulder.
Four days passed, and the fifth found the King of the Blind still
incognito, as a clumsy and useless stranger among his subjects.
It was, he found, much more difficult to proclaim himself than he had
supposed, and in the meantime, while he meditated his _coup d'etat,_ he
did what he was told and learnt the manners and customs of the Country
of the Blind. He found working and going about at night a particularly
irksome thing, and he decided that that should be the first thing he
would change.
They led a simple, laborious life, these people, with all the elements
of virtue and happiness, as these things can be understood by men. They
toiled, but not oppressively; they had food and clothing sufficient for
their needs; they had days and seasons of rest; they made much of music
and singing, and there was love among them, and little children.
It was marvellous with what confidence and precision they went about
their ordered world. Everything, you see, had been made to fit their
needs; each of the radiating paths of the valley area had a constant
angle to the others, and was distinguished by a special notch upon its
kerbing; all obstacles and irregularities of path or meadow had long
since been cleared away; all their methods and procedure arose naturally
from their special needs. Their senses had become marvellously acute;
they could hear and judge the slightest gesture of a man a dozen paces
away--could hear the very beating of his heart. Intonation had long
replaced expression with them, and touches gesture, and their work with
hoe and spade and fork was as free and confident as garden work can be.
Their sense of smell was extraordinarily fine; they could distinguish
individual differences as readily as a dog can, and they went about the
tending of the llamas, who lived among the rocks above and came to the
wall for food and shelter, with ease and confidence. It was only when at
last Nunez sought to assert himself that he found how easy and confident
their movements could be.
He rebelled only after he had tried persuasion.
He tried at first on several occasions to tell them of sight. "Look you
here, you people," he said. "There are things you do not understand in
me."
Once or twice one or two of them attended to him; they sat with faces
downcast and ears turned intelligently towards him, and he did his
best to tell them what it was to see. Among his hearers was a girl,
with eyelids less red and sunken than the others, so that one could
almost fancy she was hiding eyes, whom especially he hoped to persuade.
He spoke of the beauties of sight, of watching the mountains, of
the sky and the sunrise, and they heard him with amused incredulity
that presently became condemnatory. They told him there were indeed
no mountains at all, but that the end of the rocks where the llamas
grazed was indeed the end of the world; thence sprang a cavernous
roof of the universe, from which the dew and the avalanches fell; and
when he maintained stoutly the world had neither end nor roof such
as they supposed, they said his thoughts were wicked. So far as he
could describe sky and clouds and stars to them it seemed to them a
hideous void, a terrible blankness in the place of the smooth roof to
things in which they believed--it was an article of faith with them
that the cavern roof was exquisitely smooth to the touch. He saw that
in some manner he shocked them, and gave up that aspect of the matter
altogether, and tried to show them the practical value of sight. One
morning he saw Pedro in the path called Seventeen and coming towards
the central houses, but still too far off for hearing or scent, and he
told them as much. "In a little while," he prophesied, "Pedro will be
here." An old man remarked that Pedro had no business on path Seventeen,
and then, as if in confirmation, that individual as he drew near turned
and went transversely into path Ten, and so back with nimble paces
towards the outer wall. They mocked Nunez when Pedro did not arrive, and
afterwards, when he asked Pedro questions to clear his character, Pedro
denied and outfaced him, and was afterwards hostile to him.
Then he induced them to let him go a long way up the sloping meadows
towards the wall with one complacent individual, and to him he promised
to describe all that happened among the houses. He noted certain goings
and comings, but the things that really seemed to signify to these
people happened inside of or behind the windowless houses--the only
things they took note of to test him by--and of these he could see or
tell nothing; and it was after the failure of this attempt, and the
ridicule they could not repress, that he resorted to force. He thought
of seizing a spade and suddenly smiting one or two of them to earth, and
so in fair combat showing the advantage of eyes. He went so far with
that resolution as to seize his spade, and then he discovered a new
thing about himself, and that was that it was impossible for him to hit
a blind man in cold blood.
He hesitated, and found them all aware that he had snatched up the
spade. They stood alert, with their heads on one side, and bent ears
towards him for what he would do next.
"Put that spade down," said one, and he felt a sort of helpless horror.
He came near obedience.
Then he thrust one backwards against a house wall, and fled past him and
out of the village.
He went athwart one of their meadows, leaving a track of trampled grass
behind his feet, and presently sat down by the side of one of their
ways. He felt something of the buoyancy that comes to all men in the
beginning of a fight, but more perplexity. He began to realise that you
cannot even fight happily with creatures who stand upon a different
mental basis to yourself. Far away he saw a number of men carrying
spades and sticks come out of the street of houses, and advance in
a spreading line along the several paths towards him. They advanced
slowly, speaking frequently to one another, and ever and again the whole
cordon would halt and sniff the air and listen.
The first time they did this Nunez laughed. But afterwards he did not
laugh.
One struck his trail in the meadow grass, and came stooping and feeling
his way along it.
For five minutes he watched the slow extension of the cordon, and then
his vague disposition to do something forthwith became frantic. He stood
up, went a pace or so towards the circumferential wall, turned, and
went back a little way. There they all stood in a crescent, still and
listening.
He also stood still, gripping his spade very tightly in both hands.
Should he charge them?
The pulse in his ears ran into the rhythm of "In the Country of the
Blind the One-eyed Man is King!"
Should he charge them?
He looked back at the high and unclimbable wall behind--unclimbable
because of its smooth plastering, but withal pierced with many little
doors, and at the approaching line of seekers. Behind these others were
now coming out of the street of houses.
Should he charge them?
"Bogota!" called one. "Bogota! where are you?"
He gripped his spade still tighter, and advanced down the meadows
towards the place of habitations, and directly he moved they converged
upon him. "I'll hit them if they touch me," he swore; "by Heaven, I
will. I'll hit." He called aloud, "Look here, I'm going to do what I
like in this valley. Do you hear? I'm going to do what I like and go
where I like!"
They were moving in upon him quickly, groping, yet moving rapidly. It
was like playing blind man's buff, with everyone blindfolded except one.
"Get hold of him!" cried one. He found himself in the arc of a loose
curve of pursuers. He felt suddenly he must be active and resolute.
"You don't understand," he cried in a voice that was meant to be great
and resolute, and which broke. "You are blind, and I can see. Leave me
alone!"
"Bogota! Put down that spade, and come off the grass!"
The last order, grotesque in its urban familiarity, produced a gust of
anger.
"I'll hurt you," he said, sobbing with emotion. "By Heaven, I'll hurt
you. Leave me alone!"
He began to run, not knowing clearly where to run. He ran from the
nearest blind man, because it was a horror to hit him. He stopped, and
then made a dash to escape from their closing ranks. He made for where a
gap was wide, and the men on either side, with a quick perception of the
approach of his paces, rushed in on one another. He sprang forward, and
then saw he must be caught, and _swish_! the spade had struck. He felt
the soft thud of hand and arm, and the man was down with a yell of pain,
and he was through.
Through! And then he was close to the street of houses again, and blind
men, whirling spades and stakes, were running with a sort of reasoned
swiftness hither and thither.
He heard steps behind him just in time, and found a tall man rushing
forward and swiping at the sound of him. He lost his nerve, hurled his
spade a yard wide at his antagonist, and whirled about and fled, fairly
yelling as he dodged another.
He was panic-stricken. He ran furiously to and fro, dodging when there
was no need to dodge, and in his anxiety to see on every side of him at
once, stumbling. For a moment he was down and they heard his fall. Far
away in the circumferential wall a little doorway looked like heaven,
and he set off in a wild rush for it. He did not even look round at his
pursuers until it was gained, and he had stumbled across the bridge,
clambered a little way among the rocks, to the surprise and dismay of
a young llama, who went leaping out of sight, and lay down sobbing for
breath.
And so his _coup d'etat_ came to an end.
He stayed outside the wall of the valley of the Blind for two nights
and days without food or shelter, and meditated upon the unexpected.
During these meditations he repeated very frequently and always with
a profounder note of derision the exploded proverb: "In the Country
of the Blind the One-Eyed Man is King." He thought chiefly of ways of
fighting and conquering these people, and it grew clear that for him no
practicable way was possible. He had no weapons, and now it would be
hard to get one.
The canker of civilisation had got to him even in Bogota, and he could
not find it in himself to go down and assassinate a blind man. Of
course, if he did that, he might then dictate terms on the threat of
assassinating them all. But--sooner or later he must sleep!...
He tried also to find food among the pine trees, to be comfortable under
pine boughs while the frost fell at night, and--with less confidence--to
catch a llama by artifice in order to try to kill it--perhaps by
hammering it with a stone--and so finally, perhaps, to eat some of it.
But the llamas had a doubt of him and regarded him with distrustful
brown eyes, and spat when he drew near. Fear came on him the second
day and fits of shivering. Finally he crawled down to the wall of the
Country of the Blind and tried to make terms. He crawled along by the
stream, shouting, until two blind men came out to the gate and talked to
him.
"I was mad," he said. "But I was only newly made."
They said that was better.
He told them he was wiser now, and repented of all he had done.
Then he wept without intention, for he was very weak and ill now, and
they took that as a favourable sign.
They asked him if he still thought he could "_see_"
"No," he said. "That was folly. The word means nothing--less than
nothing!"
They asked him what was overhead.
"About ten times ten the height of a man there is a roof above the
world-- of rock--and very, very smooth." ... He burst again into
hysterical tears. "Before you ask me any more, give me some food or I
shall die."
He expected dire punishments, but these blind people were capable of
toleration. They regarded his rebellion as but one more proof of his
general idiocy and inferiority; and after they had whipped him they
appointed him to do the simplest and heaviest work they had for anyone
to do, and he, seeing no other way of living, did submissively what he
was told.
He was ill for some days, and they nursed him kindly. That refined his
submission. But they insisted on his lying in the dark, and that was
a great misery. And blind philosophers came and talked to him of the
wicked levity of his mind, and reproved him so impressively for his
doubts about the lid of rock that covered their cosmic casserole that he
almost doubted whether indeed he was not the victim of hallucination in
not seeing it overhead.
So Nunez became a citizen of the Country of the Blind, and these
people ceased to be a generalised people and became individualities
and familiar to him, while the world beyond the mountains became more
and more remote and unreal. There was Yacob, his master, a kindly
man when not annoyed; there was Pedro, Yacob's nephew; and there was
Medina-sarote, who was the youngest daughter of Yacob. She was little
esteemed in the world of the blind, because she had a clear-cut face,
and lacked that satisfying, glossy smoothness that is the blind man's
ideal of feminine beauty; but Nunez thought her beautiful at first, and
presently the most beautiful thing in the whole creation. Her closed
eyelids were not sunken and red after the common way of the valley, but
lay as though they might open again at any moment; and she had long
eyelashes, which were considered a grave disfigurement. And her voice
was strong, and did not satisfy the acute hearing of the valley swains.
So that she had no lover.
There came a time when Nunez thought that, could he win her, he would be
resigned to live in the valley for all the rest of his days.
He watched her; he sought opportunities of doing her little services,
and presently he found that she observed him. Once at a rest-day
gathering they sat side by side in the dim starlight, and the music
was sweet. His hand came upon hers and he dared to clasp it. Then very
tenderly she returned his pressure. And one day, as they were at their
meal in the darkness, he felt her hand very softly seeking him, and as
it chanced the fire leapt then and he saw the tenderness of her face.
He sought to speak to her.
He went to her one day when she was sitting in the summer moonlight
spinning. The light made her a thing of silver and mystery. He sat
down at her feet and told her he loved her, and told her how beautiful
she seemed to him. He had a lover's voice, he spoke with a tender
reverence that came near to awe, and she had never before been touched
by adoration. She made him no definite answer, but it was clear his
words pleased her.
After that he talked to her whenever he could take an opportunity. The
valley became the world for him, and the world beyond the mountains
where men lived in sunlight seemed no more than a fairy tale he would
some day pour into her ears. Very tentatively and timidly he spoke to
her of sight.
Sight seemed to her the most poetical of fancies, and she listened
to his description of the stars and the mountains and her own sweet
white-lit beauty as though it was a guilty indulgence. She did not
believe, she could only half understand, but she was mysteriously
delighted, and it seemed to him that she completely understood.
His love lost its awe and took courage. Presently he was for demanding
her of Yacob and the elders in marriage, but she became fearful and
delayed. And it was one of her elder sisters who first told Yacob that
Medina-sarote and Nunez were in love.
There was from the first very great opposition to the marriage of Nunez
and Medina-sarote; not so much because they valued her as because
they held him as a being apart, an idiot, incompetent thing below the
permissible level of a man. Her sisters opposed it bitterly as bringing
discredit on them all; and old Yacob, though he had formed a sort of
liking for his clumsy, obedient serf, shook his head and said the thing
could not be. The young men were all angry at the idea of corrupting
the race, and one went so far as to revile and strike Nunez. He struck
back. Then for the first time he found an advantage in seeing, even by
twilight, and after that fight was over no one was disposed to raise a
hand against him. But they still found his marriage impossible.
Old Yacob had a tenderness for his last little daughter, and was grieved
to have her weep upon his shoulder.
"You see, my dear, he's an idiot. He has delusions; he can't do anything
right."
"I know," wept Medina-sarote. "But he's better than he was. He's getting
better. And he's strong, dear father, and kind--stronger and kinder than
any other man in the world. And he loves me--and, father, I love him."
Old Yacob was greatly distressed to find her inconsolable, and,
besides-- what made it more distressing--he liked Nunez for many things.
So he went and sat in the windowless council-chamber with the other
elders and watched the trend of the talk, and said, at the proper time,
"He's better than he was. Very likely, some day, we shall find him as
sane as ourselves."
Then afterwards one of the elders, who thought deeply, had an idea. He
was the great doctor among these people, their medicine-man, and he had
a very philosophical and inventive mind, and the idea of curing Nunez
of his peculiarities appealed to him. One day when Yacob was present he
returned to the topic of Nunez.
"I have examined Bogota," he said, "and the case is clearer to me. I
think very probably he might be cured."
"That is what I have always hoped," said old Yacob.
"His brain is affected," said the blind doctor.
The elders murmured assent.
"Now, _what_ affects it?"
"Ah!" said old Yacob.
"_This_," said the doctor, answering his own question. "Those queer
things that are called the eyes, and which exist to make an agreeable
soft depression in the face, are diseased, in the case of Bogota, in
such a way as to affect his brain. They are greatly distended, he has
eyelashes, and his eyelids move, and consequently his brain is in a
state of constant irritation and distraction."
"Yes?" said old Yacob. "Yes?"
"And I think I may say with reasonable certainty that, in order to
cure him completely, all that we need do is a simple and easy surgical
operation--namely, to remove these irritant bodies."
"And then he will be sane?"
"Then he will be perfectly sane, and a quite admirable citizen."
"Thank Heaven for science!" said old Yacob, and went forth at once to
tell Nunez of his happy hopes.
But Nunez's manner of receiving the good news struck him as being cold
and disappointing.
"One might think," he said, "from the tone you take, that you did not
care for my daughter."
It was Medina-sarote who persuaded Nunez to face the blind surgeons.
"_You_ do not want me," he said, "to lose my gift of sight?"
She shook her head.
"My world is sight."
Her head drooped lower.
"There are the beautiful things, the beautiful little things--the
flowers, the lichens among the rocks, the lightness and softness on a
piece of fur, the far sky with its drifting down of clouds, the sunsets
and the stars. And there is _you_. For you alone it is good to have
sight, to see your sweet, serene face, your kindly lips, your dear,
beautiful hands folded together... It is these eyes of mine you won,
these eyes that hold me to you, that these idiots seek. Instead, I must
touch you, hear you, and never see you again. I must come under that
roof of rock and stone and darkness, that horrible roof under which your
imagination stoops... No; you would not have me do that?"
A disagreeable doubt had arisen in him. He stopped, and left the thing a
question.
"I wish," she said, "sometimes----" She paused.
"Yes," said he, a little apprehensively.
"I wish sometimes--you would not talk like that."
"Like what?"
"I know it's pretty--it's your imagination. I love it, but _now_----"
He felt cold. "_Now_?" he said faintly.
She sat quite still.
"You mean--you think--I should be better, better perhaps-----"
He was realising things very swiftly. He felt anger, indeed, anger
at the dull course of fate, but also sympathy for her lack of
understanding--a sympathy near akin to pity.
"_Dear_," he said, and he could see by her whiteness how intensely her
spirit pressed against the things she could not say. He put his arms
about her, he kissed her ear, and they sat for a time in silence.
"If I were to consent to this?" he said at last, in a voice that was
very gentle.
She flung her arms about him, weeping wildly. "Oh, if you would," she
sobbed, "if only you would!"
* * * * *
For a week before the operation that was to raise him from his servitude
and inferiority to the level of a blind citizen, Nunez knew nothing of
sleep, and all through the warm sunlit hours, while the others slumbered
happily, he sat brooding or wandered aimlessly, trying to bring his
mind to bear on his dilemma. He had given his answer, he had given his
consent, and still he was not sure. And at last work-time was over, the
sun rose in splendour over the golden crests, and his last day of vision
began for him. He had a few minutes with Medina-sarote before she went
apart to sleep.
"To-morrow," he said, "I shall see no more."
"Dear heart!" she answered, and pressed his hands with all her strength.
"They will hurt you but little," she said; "and you are going through
this pain--you are going through it, dear lover, for _me_... Dear, if a
woman's heart and life can do it, I will repay you. My dearest one, my
dearest with the tender voice, I will repay."
He was drenched in pity for himself and her.
He held her in his arms, and pressed his lips to hers, and looked on
her sweet face for the last time. "Good-bye!" he whispered at that dear
sight, "good-bye!"
And then in silence he turned away from her.
She could hear his slow retreating footsteps, and something in the
rhythm of them threw her into a passion of weeping.
He had fully meant to go to a lonely place where the meadows were
beautiful with white narcissus, and there remain until the hour of his
sacrifice should come, but as he went he lifted up his eyes and saw the
morning, the morning like an angel in golden armour, marching down the
steeps...
It seemed to him that before this splendour he, and this blind world in
the valley, and his love, and all, were no more than a pit of sin.
He did not turn aside as he had meant to do, but went on, and passed
through the wall of the circumference and out upon the rocks, and his
eyes were always upon the sunlit ice and snow.
He saw their infinite beauty, and his imagination soared over them to
the things beyond he was now to resign for ever.
He thought of that great free world he was parted from, the world that
was his own, and he had a vision of those further slopes, distance
beyond distance, with Bogota, a place of multitudinous stirring beauty,
a glory by day, a luminous mystery by night, a place of palaces and
fountains and statues and white houses, lying beautifully in the middle
distance. He thought how for a day or so one might come down through
passes, drawing ever nearer and nearer to its busy streets and ways.
He thought of the river journey, day by day, from great Bogota to the
still vaster world beyond, through towns and villages, forest and desert
places, the rushing river day by day, until its banks receded and
the big steamers came splashing by, and one had reached the sea--the
limitless sea, with its thousand islands, its thousands of islands,
and its ships seen dimly far away in their incessant journeyings round
and about that greater world. And there, unpent by mountains, one saw
the sky--the sky, not such a disc as one saw it here, but an arch of
immeasurable blue, a deep of deeps in which the circling stars were
floating...
His eyes scrutinised the great curtain of the mountains with a keener
inquiry.
For example, if one went so, up that gully and to that chimney there,
then one might come out high among those stunted pines that ran round
in a sort of shelf and rose still higher and higher as it passed above
the gorge. And then? That talus might be managed. Thence perhaps a climb
might be found to take him up to the precipice that came below the snow;
and if that chimney failed, then another farther to the east might serve
his purpose better. And then? Then one would be out upon the amber-lit
snow there, and half-way up to the crest of those beautiful desolations.
He glanced back at the village, then turned right round and regarded it
steadfastly.
He thought of Medina-sarote, and she had become small and remote.
He turned again towards the mountain wall, down which the day had come
to him.
Then very circumspectly he began to climb.
When sunset came he was no longer climbing, but he was far and high. He
had been higher, but he was still very high. His clothes were torn, his
limbs were blood-stained, he was bruised in many places, but he lay as
if he were at his ease, and there was a smile on his face.
From where he rested the valley seemed as if it were in a pit and nearly
a mile below. Already it was dim with haze and shadow, though the
mountain summits around him were things of light and fire. The mountain
summits around him were things of light and fire, and the little details
of the rocks near at hand were drenched with subtle beauty--a vein of
green mineral piercing the grey, the flash of crystal faces here and
there, a minute, minutely-beautiful orange lichen close beside his
face. There were deep mysterious shadows in the gorge, blue deepening
into purple, and purple into a luminous darkness, and overhead was the
illimitable vastness of the sky. But he heeded these things no longer,
but lay quite inactive there, smiling as if he were satisfied merely to
have escaped from the valley of the Blind in which he had thought to be
King.
The glow of the sunset passed, and the night came, and still he lay
peacefully contented under the cold clear stars.
# The Relative Value of Sight and Hearing
H.G. Wells, in his fanciful novelette, The Country of the Blind, has
a well-thought-out sequence of the various phenomena that would
accompany total and universal blindness in an entire community. In
the case of the full-sensed intruder, Nunez, sight is described as a
handicap rendering its possessor a degraded and undesirable addition,
to be regarded with contempt, pity and even aversion. The main
complaint against Nunez is that he has too much imagination, and his
descriptions of the splendors of the outside world are regarded as
the vagaries of a madman. When it is discovered that his affliction
seems due to his eyes and mobile lids, lacking among the natives, it
is proposed to remove his handicap with a surgical operation that,
after cutting out the eyeballs, it was hoped would lift him, from a
grossly inferior plane to the level of the normal citizen.
The domestic life, the limitations imposed by blindness, the various
ingenious means and makeshifts to render it a minimum of a handicap,
the living and routine habits rendered not merely convenient but
imperative, are interestingly described. The seeing man, Nunez, is at
an acute disadvantage in his blind entourage, and so far from being a
help, his vision is a detriment. In a country of the blind, not even a
full-visioned man, let alone a one-eyed man, can be king.
-- George Williams Veditz
(HTM) From: https://archive.org/details/relativevalueofs00geor
author: Wells, H. G. (Herbert George), 1866-1946,
(TXT) detail: gopher://gopherpedia.com/0/The_Country_of_the_Blind
LOC: PR5774 .C6
(DIR) source: gopher://gopher.pglaf.org/1/1/1/8/7/11870/
tags: ebook,fiction
title: The Country of the Blind
# Tags
(DIR) ebook
(DIR) fiction